Test Bank for Personality, 10th Edition Jerry M Burger

Test Bank for Personality, 10th Edition Jerry M. Burger

richard@qwconsultancy.com

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1. When we look closely at the reactions of people to the same situation, we see a. evidence that most people behave in typical ways. b. that people are more alike than they are different. c. each individual’s personality is overwhelmed by the demands of the situation. d. that characteristic differences between people begin to emerge.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Person and the Situation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 2. The more closely we look at the characteristic ways people deal with emotional situations, the more we a. begin to see how people are much the same. b. see that people are not alike. c. how each individual’s responses are overwhelmed by the demands of the situation. d. understand where the personality comes from.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Person and the Situation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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3. Which of the following statements is an axiom that best reflects the personality psychologist’s point of view? a. “People are the same the world over.” b. “Most people are other people. Their thoughts are someone else’s opinions, their passions a quotation.” c. “There are few differences between people, but what differences there are, really matter.” d. “Life is like a box of chocolates: you never know what you’ll get.”

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Person and the Situation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 4. Which of the following statements best describes the study of personality? a. Personality psychologists are interested in how people react to different situations. b. Personality psychologists now recognize that early explanations of personality, such as Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, are incorrect. c. Personality psychologists are interested in consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual. d. Personality psychologists are interested in the consistent behavior patterns caused either by something about the person or by placing the person in the same situation.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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5. Which of the following questions would a personality psychologist be most likely to ask? a. How do people change between childhood and adolescence? b. Why are some people introverted, whereas others are outgoing? c. Is excessive anxiety better treated with therapy or medication? d. Is a person charged with murder capable of contributing to her own legal defense?

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 6. When personality researchers use the term individual differences they are referring to a. the different behavior patterns individuals display across time. b. the interpersonal processes that originate within the individual. c. the consistent behavior patterns that individuals display across situations. d. fluctuations in behavior patterns for individual situations.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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7. Consistent behavior patterns that people display in many different situations are a. very difficult to identify. b. often called individual differences by personality psychologists. c. predictive of personality traits. d. likely to be found in depressed personalities.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 8. The emotional, motivational, and cognitive processes that go on inside of a person are called ________ processes. a. assessment b. interpersonal c. nomothetic d. intrapersonal ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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9. Which statement would be endorsed by a person who studies personality? a. The way we behave is determined entirely by what is going on around us. b. Most of the time we are actually not in control of our own actions. c. Behaviors originate within a person but can be influenced by outside factors. d. We are at the whim of our genetics, and must act as our inheritance determines.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 10. Although Sally is well behaved and polite at home, she can be really mean to the other children at school.

Psychologists who adhere to the trait approach to personality would say Sally’s behavior a. can be identified along a continuum of personality characteristics. b. is the result of unconscious mental activity. c. results from conditioning and expectations. d. is a reaction to changing feelings of self-acceptance.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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11. A psychologist explains a woman’s fear of snakes in terms of her unconscious fear of her father. This psychologist is using which approach to personality? a. Psychoanalytic b. Trait c. Humanistic d. Behavioral/social learning ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 12. Sarah’s mother receives a call from her daughter’s teacher telling her that Sarah has been misbehaving during class time. According to the psychoanalytic approach, her daughter’s misbehavior a. results from a poorly formed self-concept. b. is a reaction to her parent’s expectations. c. is the result of unconscious mental activity. d. results from conditioning processes.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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13. The approach to personality that explains aggressive behavior as unconscious impulses turned outward on other people is the a. psychoanalytic approach. b. trait approach. c. behavioral/social learning approach. d. cognitive approach.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Two Examples: Aggression and Depression KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 14. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship among the six approaches to understanding personality? a. Only one of the approaches is probably correct. b. The six approaches complement one another and differ primarily in their focus. c. Although the six approaches occasionally vary only in emphasis, two or more approaches often provide incompatible explanations. d. Because each of the approaches is comprehensive, personality psychologists need to align themselves with only one approach.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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15. A personality psychologist who focuses on the stable patterns of aggressive behavior in schoolchildren that may be related to inherited predispositions and physiological processes follows the ________ approach. a. psychoanalytic b. biological c. humanistic d. behavioral/social learning ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 16. A psychologist attributes a boy’s poor social skills to his lack of contact with children who model appropriate behavior. The psychologist is using which approach to personality? a. Humanistic b. Cognitive c. Behavioral/social learning d. Psychoanalytic ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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17. Greg believes that aggressive behavior in his coworkers is an expression of frustration that results from unsatisfied basic needs. He believes in the ________ approach to the study of personality. a. cognitive b. biological c. behavioral/social learning d. humanistic ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Two Examples: Aggression and Depression KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 18. The ________ approach to personality emphasizes the role of an individual’s personal responsibility and feelings of self-acceptance. a. psychoanalytic b. trait c. humanistic d. behavioral/social learning ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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19. The ________ approach to personality focuses on the importance of conditioning and expectations. a. psychoanalytic b. behavioral/social learning c. biological d. cognitive ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 20. Which of the following is not an explanation that personality researchers from the biological approach give for aggressive behavior? a. A genetic tendency to be aggressive. b. The way specific hormones in the endocrine system are released in response to perceived threats. c. The way certain neurotransmitters function in the brain. d. Unconscious conflicts from an abusive childhood are expressed during adolescence and adulthood.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Two Examples: Aggression and Depression KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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21. A psychologist develops a test to measure individual differences in social anxiety. She obtains social anxiety scores from a large group of participants, and then tries to predict how those scoring high on the test will act in a social situation as compared to those scoring low. This psychologist would probably be identified with which approach to personality? a. Psychoanalytic b. Trait c. Humanistic d. Behavioral/social learning ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 22. According to the psychoanalytic approach, a diagnosis of depression is most likely a. a result of feelings of hostility turned inward. b. predictable from earlier episodes of sadness and loneliness. c. due to a malfunction of receptors in the brain. d. due to low self-esteem.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Two Examples: Aggression and Depression KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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23. To explain depression, trait theorists would most likely focus on a. identifying people with a stable tendency toward depressive symptoms. b. the genetic susceptibility individuals have toward depression. c. the unconscious feelings of anger within people. d. how people interpret a world that seems uncontrollable.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Two Examples: Aggression and Depression KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 24. Which approach to personality is most likely to argue that genetics play an important role in determining personality and behavior? a. Psychoanalytic b. Biological c. Humanistic d. Behavioral/social learning ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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25. Depression can be best explained by how situations are interpreted and processed through the most highly accessible thoughts according to the ________ approach. a. psychoanalytic b. behavioral/social learning c. trait d. cognitive ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Two Examples: Aggression and Depression KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 26. For people who are depressed, a psychologist following the behavioral/social learning approach to personality would probably examine a. what depressed people say about themselves. b. events in the environment surrounding the depressed person. c. the genetic susceptibility to depression. d. the best predictors of emotional level.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Two Examples: Aggression and Depression KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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27. In contrast to the other approaches, the behavioral/social learning approach and the psychoanalytic approach to personality are similar because they both a. maintain that we are often not aware of the causes of our behavior. b. emphasize the importance of environmental determinants of behavior. c. emphasize genetic determinants of behavior. d. maintain that behavior is often the result of free choices (free will).

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 28. Which of the following statements is true about the different approaches to personality? a. One must adhere to the same approach when giving explanations for different phenomena. b. The strength of some approaches in explaining behavior patterns makes up for the weaknesses of other approaches. c. The best way to show contradictions is to explain phenomena using different approaches. d. One need not align oneself with only one approach when explaining different phenomena.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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29. A psychologist argues that people are often not aware of why they act the way they do. Further, although he acknowledges that genetics may play a role in determining personality, our behavior is determined by the environment more than we recognize. This psychologist probably aligns himself with which approach to personality? a. Psychoanalytic b. Trait c. Humanistic d. Behavioral/social learning ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 30. Of the following approaches, which ignores inherited influences the most? a. Cognitive b. Biological c. Trait d. Psychoanalytic ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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31. Of the following approaches, which places the least emphasis on conscious determinants of behavior? a. Cognitive b. Biological c. Trait d. Psychoanalytic ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 32. Behavioral psychologists try to apply personality research to practical concerns by a. controlling the way people process information. b. identifying characteristics of individuals in the workplace. c. creating environments to increase the frequency of desired behaviors. d. facilitating people in the development of their self-concept.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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33. Which of the following is correct about the relation between personality and culture? a. Because personality is concerned with the person, personality psychologists are not interested in cultural differences. b. Most studies to date find few if any significant cross-cultural differences in personality phenomena. c. People and their personalities exist within a cultural context. d. Individual differences in personality can be found only in individualistic cultures.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality and Culture QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 34. Which of these is not a characteristic of an individual in a collectivist culture? a. Cooperation b. Belonging to a larger group c. Success identified with personal achievement d. Success identified with group doing well ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality and Culture QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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35. A person from an individualistic culture might write a book with the title a. My family, your family: We’re all one. b. Getting the admiration you want and deserve. c. How to work effectively as part of a team. d. A little cooperation goes a long way.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality and Culture QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 36. Of these choices, which is most likely to be an individualistic society? a. Ghana b. Indonesia c. Brazil d. Germany ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality and Culture QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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37. Most of the research on personality reported in the textbook is based on studies with people a. from individualistic cultures. b. from collectivist cultures. c. with a strong sense of self. d. who prefer cooperation to competition.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality and Culture QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 38. Suppose you meet a new person on campus from a culture different from your own. You soon discover that your new friend has difficulty understanding what you mean by “self-esteem.” You conclude that your friend probably comes from a. an individualistic culture. b. a collectivist culture. c. a nonindustrial culture. d. a large family.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality and Culture QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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39. By __________ we mean the ways psychologists measure the personality constructs that are of interest to them. a. “articulation” b. “application” c. “assessment” d. “actualization” ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Study of Personality: Theory, Application, Assessment, and Research QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 40. The four components necessary for a complete understanding of personality include each of the following except a. application. b. assessment. c. philosophy. d. research.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Study of Personality: Theory, Application, Assessment, and Research QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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41. Your text describes four components that are necessary for a complete understanding of personality. Which one refers to a comprehensive model of how human personality is structured and how it operates? a. application b. assessment c. theory d. research ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Study of Personality: Theory, Application, Assessment, and Research QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 42. Which of the four components necessary for the study of personality is characterized by inventories that measure certain constructs? a. Research b. Theory c. Assessment d. Application ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Study of Personality: Theory, Application, Assessment, and Research QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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43. The component necessary for the study of personality known as assessment is characterized by which of the following? a. Application of theory in the workplace b. Genetic versus environmental influences c. Testing principles and assumptions of theory d. Inventories that examine personality constructs ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 44. According to the textbook, a primary example of applying personality to one’s personal life would be a. sports psychology. b. self-help books. c. personality testing. d. psychotherapy.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Study of Personality: Theory, Application, Assessment, and Research QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understanding DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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45. Asking people to take an inventory where they respond to ambiguous stimuli by talking about what they see in the images is an example of personality a. theory. b. assessment. c. application. d. research.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Study of Personality: Theory, Application, Assessment, and Research QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 46. The author of the textbook defines personality as consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defining Personality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 47. The biological approach argues that people’s unconscious minds are largely responsible for personality differences. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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48. The trait approach identifies where a person might lie along a continuum of personality characteristics. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 49. Psychologists who take the cognitive approach to personality would suggest that aggressive behavior is learned because it has been rewarded.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 50. Cognitive personality psychologists suggest people become depressed because of the way they interpret their inability to control events.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Two Examples: Aggression and Depression KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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51. To achieve a full understanding, personality researchers must examine psychological topics from more than one approach.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 52. State whether our behavior is shaped by the situation or by the kind of person we are and give three reasons for your answer. Distinguish between reactions that are the result of situational factors and those that result from intrapersonal processes.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Person and the Situation QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 53. Annabelle is usually a very reserved person who tries to be polite and friendly to others. She is known as being “sweet but quiet.” One day at a supermarket, she overhears two men making racially bigoted comments about another patron, and she explodes. She screams at the men, tells them how hateful they are, and creates a scene until the store manager has to intervene. How would you analyze this situation while considering the “person” and the “situation?”

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Person and the Situation QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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54. List by name the six general approaches to personality. Using an example of someone you know who is aggressive, discuss how each of the six explain that person’s behavior.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Two Examples: Aggression and Depression KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 55. State which of the six general approaches to personality emphasizes extreme positions with regard to conscious versus unconscious determinants of behavior. Which approach(es) fall(s) between these extremes? Where does the humanistic approach fall in the debate between the two previous positions?

ANSWER:

Answers will vary

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Six Approaches to Personality QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM 56. Compare and contrast the values of an individualistic and a collectivist culture. In which culture were you raised?

How do you know?

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality and Culture QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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57. What are the four essential components for the study of personality? Choose one of the six general approaches to personality and use it as an example to illustrate the differences in these components.

ANSWER:

Answers will vary

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Study of Personality: Theory, Application, Assessment, and Research QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 6:49 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 6:56 AM

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1. Which of the following statements is true about theories of personality? a. They provide only a part of the picture of human personality. b. They support the expert’s viewpoint. c. Theories are predicted from one hypothesis or another. d. They are directly tested using empirical methods.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM 2. A general statement about the relationship between constructs or events is called a a. hypothesis. b. statistic. c. parameter. d. theory.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Theories and Hypotheses KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM

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3. According to the “law of parsimony,” a. a good theory generates a large number of hypotheses. b. the best theory is the one that explains a phenomenon with the fewest constructs. c. hypotheses are generated from theories. d. theories should require as few studies as possible to support them.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Theories and Hypotheses KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM 4. Which saying is the best summary for the law of parsimony? a. What’s good for one might not be good for another. b. Don’t judge a book by its cover. c. Keep it simple. d. Don’t believe everything you read.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Theories and Hypotheses KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM

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5. Which of the following statements is true about theories in personality psychology? a. A good theory generates testable hypotheses. b. A theory proves the relationship between constructs or events. c. The best theory is the one that explains a phenomenon with a large number of constructs. d. There is no way to statistically validate a theory, so theories are accepted or rejected based on opinion.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Theories and Hypotheses KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM 6. A researcher maintains that a person’s self-esteem level is largely inherited from his or her parents. From this, she derives the prediction that children with low self-esteem probably come from homes where one or both parents have low self-esteem. In this case, the formal prediction is the a. theory. b. hypothesis. c. independent variable. d. dependent variable.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Theories and Hypotheses KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM

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7. A formal prediction about the relationship between two or more variables that is logically derived from a theory is called a(n) a. correlation. b. variable. c. assumption. d. hypothesis ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Theories and Hypotheses KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM 8. Personality researchers take steps to discover the nature of personality in which order? a. Generate hypotheses, evaluate data, speculate b. Generate hypotheses, collect data, evaluate data c. Collect data, evaluate data, speculate d. Speculate, collect data, generate hypotheses ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Theories and Hypotheses KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM

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9. The sequence researchers move through when using the hypothesis-testing approach are a. prediction, theory, test. b. theory, prediction, test. c. test, prediction, theory. d. prediction, test, theory.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Theories and Hypotheses KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM 10. When conducting personality research, in most cases, a researcher should a. begin with a theory from which the hypothesis is derived. b. wait until the results are in before deciding what the hypothesis is. c. use the most recent personality tests available. d. wait until seeing the data before deciding which theory the results support.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Theories and Hypotheses KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM

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11. Which of the following is not true about a good theory? a. It uses as few concepts as necessary to explain a phenomenon. b. It can generate many testable hypotheses. c. It is never proved or disproved. d. All experts agree it is correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Theories and Hypotheses KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM 12. A researcher divides participants into those who suffer from insomnia and those who sleep well. He compares the two groups on the number of hours each spends at leisure activities in an average week. He finds the insomniacs spend significantly fewer hours at such activities than do the participants who sleep well. In this example, the number of hours spent at leisure activities is a. the independent variable. b. the dependent variable. c. confounded with which group the participant is in. d. the hypothesis.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Experimental Variables KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM

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13. In experimental research, the ________ variable is sometimes referred to as a treatment variable. a. dependent b. confounding c. independent d. extraneous ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Experimental Variables KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM 14. You are studying the immediate effects of alcohol on people’s feelings of well-being. Which of the following could be the dependent variable in this study? a. Score on a measure of well-being b. Amount of alcohol consumed within one hour prior to test c. Level of alcohol in the blood d. The psychological background of the participants ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Experimental Variables KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM

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15. Dr. Pennington is conducting an experiment in which she alters, or manipulates, one variable to see if it causes an effect or a change in a second variable. In this study, the second variable that is being observed is called a(n) ________ variable. a. independent b. dependent c. manipulated d. treatment ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Experimental Variables KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM 16. To obtain an interaction in your research findings, you would need more than one a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. hypothesis. d. statistical test.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Experimental Variables KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:58 AM

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17. A researcher finds that males make fewer errors than females when working in a competitive situation. However, women make fewer errors than men when working in a cooperative situation. This is an example of a. a confound. b. two manipulated independent variables. c. an interaction. d. a failure to replicate.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Experimental Variables KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 18. A subject variable, which is a characteristic of research participants, is also known as a. a hypothesis. b. a manipulated independent variable. c. a nonmanipulated independent variable. d. a personality assessment.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Manipulated Versus Nonmanipulated Independent Variables KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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19. A researcher compares people who have gone to college with those who have not. He predicts and finds that people with a college education are less likely to smoke or drink than those who never went. In this example, the researcher is using a. randomly assigned participants. b. a manipulated independent variable. c. a nonmanipulated independent variable. d. a correlation coefficient.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Manipulated Versus Nonmanipulated Independent Variables KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 20. A researcher uses a manipulated independent variable in his or her experiment. This means she a. conducts her research in a laboratory. b. uses comparison groups. c. makes her prediction before conducting the study. d. randomly assigns participants to conditions.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Manipulated Versus Nonmanipulated Independent Variables KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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21. Experimenters can be most confident in making statements about cause and effect when they conduct research using which of the following? a. Correlation coefficients b. Manipulated independent variables c. Nonmanipulated independent variables d. Case studies ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Manipulated Versus Nonmanipulated Independent Variables KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 22. A psychologist gives several personality tests to a group of participants. When sifting through her data, she is surprised to find that people born in the summer have a slightly higher (but statistically significant) need for Achievement than those born in the winter. She concludes that exposing children to the stimulation of the outdoors during the first few months of life (as the summer-born children were) results in a higher need for Achievement when the children become adults. How might we evaluate this conclusion? a. The hypothesis needs to be tested with a controlled lab study. b. The hypothesis has not been tested because the researcher explained the findings after seeing the results. c. The hypothesis is supported with these data but probably should be replicated to see if it generalizes to other samples. d. The hypothesis is useless because it cannot be tested.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Prediction Versus Hindsight KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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23. If you were asked to describe the process of replication using only one word, what would be your best response? a. Fabricate b. Repeat c. Change d. Explain ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Replication KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 24. A statistically significant finding can sometimes be the result of chance fluctuation. This concern can be eased by a. replication. b. using case studies. c. making predictions before seeing the data. d. using manipulated independent variables.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Replication KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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25. The file drawer problem makes it difficult to determine a. the prediction was made before or after seeing the results. b. the appropriate statistical tests were used. c. the strength of an effect due to lack of replication. d. how valid the measures were.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Replication KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 26. Which of the following is true about replication in experimental research? a. We often use different experimental methods to reach different conclusions. b. We deal with the problem of prediction versus hindsight by replicating the results of original research. c. We often use participant populations different from those used in the original research. d. We tend to explain effect after the data are in.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Replication KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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27. A psychologist is working with a patient who suffers from a very rare disorder. Which type of research is the psychologist likely to use? a. Laboratory research b. Survey research c. Case study d. Replication ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Case Study Method QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 28. Which of the following is correct about the case study method? a. It should only be used when a large number of participants cannot be examined. b. It has been used almost exclusively by psychologists from the psychoanalytic perspective. c. It is used only to generate hypotheses and illustrate treatments. d. Sometimes it is more appropriate than conducting an experiment.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Case Study Method QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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29. Typically, a case study a. cannot compare the person being studied to a comparison group. b. is of little interest to personality theorists. c. reports a large amount of numerical data. d. allows researchers to draw strong conclusions about cause and effect.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Case Study Method QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 30. Some researchers try to understand personality with in-depth evaluations of individuals (or sometimes a few individuals). This approach is better known as the ________ method. a. hypothesis-testing b. experimental c. correlational d. case study ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Case Study Method QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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31. Among the disadvantages of the case study method is the a. problem of replicating a treatment. b. difficulty with determining relationships among variables. c. difficulty of examining certain concepts experimentally. d. issue of generalizability.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Case Study Method QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 32. A researcher finds that men make more errors on a memory task than do women. After conducting the appropriate statistical test on this difference, he finds a probability level of less than .05. The researcher will probably conclude that a. the difference represents a chance fluctuation. b. the difference is statistically significant. c. if he conducts the study again, there is a high probability that no difference would be found or that women would make more errors. d. there is only a 5 in 100 chance that his finding represents a real difference between men and women.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Statistical Analysis of Data QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Statistical Significance KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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33. If the difference in a measured behavior is so small between experimental groups that it could be caused by a chance fluctuation, then we would say that the result a. failed to reach statistical significance. b. reached statistical significance. c. was reliable between groups. d. established a cause-and-effect relationship.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Statistical Analysis of Data QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Statistical Significance KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 34. Which of the following is correct about interpreting the results of statistical tests? a. Obtaining a probability value of .05 tells us the difference between groups is definitely not caused by chance fluctuation. b. If a probability value falls above .05, then the results will have to be replicated before we can have confidence in them. c. Obtaining a probability value of .05 gives us confidence that the findings are not the result of chance but does not eliminate this possibility. d. A .05 probability value means there is a 5 percent chance the finding reflects a real difference.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Statistical Analysis of Data QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Statistical Significance KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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35. A psychologist gives a group of participants 20 personality tests. He looks at the correlations between each test and each of the other 19 (a total of 180 correlation coefficients). He finds two correlations that are statistically significant—that is, that his statistical tests tell him would not occur more than five times out of 100. What should the psychologist conclude from his study? a. The two statistically significant correlations probably represent “real” relationships. b. The tests he used probably were not valid. c. The two statistically significant correlations might very well be chance findings. d. The tests he used may not be reliable.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Statistical Analysis of Data QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Statistical Significance KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 36. Statistical tests of significance provide a yes or no answer to which question? a. Is there a correlation between variable X and variable Y? b. Does the treatment cause changes in behavior? c. Is any difference between the participant groups due to chance? d. Are there any confounding variables in the research?

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Statistical Analysis of Data QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Statistical Significance KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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37. Which of the following describes the relationship between your credit card balance each month and the amount of interest you are paying (not interest rate)? a. A perfect negative correlation b. A weak negative correlation c. No correlation d. A strong positive correlation ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Statistical Analysis of Data QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Correlation Coefficients KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 38. Tony found in his study of introversion that the more introverted subjects in his sample had fewer problems at work. Tony has found evidence for a a. cause of work-related satisfaction. b. a positive correlation. c. a negative correlation. d. a nonmanipulated independent variable.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Statistical Analysis of Data QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Correlation Coefficients KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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39. Which of the following does a correlation coefficient not tell us? a. If the difference between two means reflects a real difference or can be attributed to chance fluctuation. b. The strength of a relationship between two measures. c. The direction of a relationship between two measures. d. How well a score on one measure can be predicted by a score on another.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Statistical Analysis of Data QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Correlation Coefficients KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 40. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship? a. .5 b. .2 c. 0 d. –.60 ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Statistical Analysis of Data QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Correlation Coefficients KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:01 PM

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41. Which of the following is the correlation coefficient indicating the strongest relationship? a. –.62 b. 00 c. .89 d. –.05 ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Statistical Analysis of Data QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Correlation Coefficients KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:02 PM 42. Which of the following is true about reliability? a. Reliability is basically a “yes” or “no” question. A test either is or is not reliable. b. A test does not need reliability if it has good face validity. c. If a test has reliability, it also has validity. d. A test’s reliability is shown by how well the test items correlate with each other.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reliability KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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43. A test maker conducts the appropriate statistical tests to make sure that all the items on his new personality test are measuring the same basic concept. He or she wants to demonstrate that the test has good a. discriminant validity. b. congruent validity. c. test–retest reliability. d. internal consistency.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reliability KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 44. A test that produces approximately the same results upon being readministered would be described as having a high level of a. test retest coefficient. b. internal consistency. c. face validity. d. internal validity.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reliability KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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45. A personality researcher administered her new measure of self-esteem to a group of participants. She waited two weeks and then gave the test to the same people again. She found that scores on the test changed quite a bit during the two-week period. Many participants who had scored low during the first administration scored high the second time, and many who had scored high initially scored low on the second administration. What problem does the researcher have with the new test? a. Poor reliability b. Poor internal consistency c. Poor congruent validity d. Poor face validity ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reliability KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 46. A reliable test a. measures what it was designed to measure. b. measures what it measures consistently. c. has good validity. d. measures many different concepts at once.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reliability KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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47. Jessica is conducting a study of the personality of eighth-graders with high achievement motivation. She discovers from statistical analysis that her test’s items are measuring more than one concept. You might tell Jessica that she has a problem with a. internal consistency. b. reliability. c. statistical significance. d. predictive validity.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reliability KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 48. Which of the following is a problem of test validity? a. When test responses are depend on recent events. b. When test questions are vague. c. When test responses do not reflect the hypothetical constructs being measured. d. When similar test responses cannot be obtained in a second testing.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Validity KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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49. Which of the following statements is correct about hypothetical constructs? a. They are useful inventions by researchers that have no physical reality. b. They are easier to measure than personality variables. c. They cannot be measured with personality tests. d. They have poor reliability and validity.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Validity KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 50. A psychologist developed a new measure of “stage fright.” He gave the test to 30 students and divided them into those scoring high and those scoring low. Next, he watched the students for signs of anxiety just before each was to give a talk in front of a class. What was the psychologist trying to establish by watching the students before their talk? a. Internal consistency b. Behavioral validation c. Discriminant validity d. Test retest reliability ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Validity KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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51. When scores from a test correlate with other measures of the same construct, researchers can determine the test’s a. face validity. b. congruent validity. c. construct validity. d. discriminant validity.

ANSWER: POINTS: REFERENCES:

b 1 Personality Assessment

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Validity KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 52. A psychologist develops a new test for measuring a construct he calls “need for Status.” However, another psychologist to whom he shows the test says it looks like a measure of “need for Achievement.” What type of evidence does the first psychologist need to collect to persuade the second psychologist? a. Internal consistency b. Congruent validity c. Discriminant validity d. Behavioral validation ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Validity KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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53. A test maker wants to show that scores on his or her new measure of schizophrenia are correlated with professional psychologists’ ratings of schizophrenia. He or she is interested in establishing a. face validity. b. congruent validity. c. discriminant validity. d. behavioral validation.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Validity KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 54. A test maker wants to make sure his or her new measure of social anxiety appears to be measuring the construct.

The test maker is interested in a. face validity. b. congruent validity. c. discriminant validity. d. behavioral validation.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Validity KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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55. A test is said to have good validity if there is good evidence that a. all the test items are measuring the same thing. b. it has been used previously by many different researchers. c. test scores are relatively stable over time. d. the test measures what it was designed to measure.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Validity KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 56. Most personality research begins with an assessment. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Theories and Hypotheses KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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57. A formal prediction about the relationship between two or more variables is more commonly called a correlation. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Theories and Hypotheses KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 58. The use of nonmanipulated variables is required when an independent variable exists without the experimenter’s intervention.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Manipulated Versus Nonmanipulated Independent Variables KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 59. Case studies have played a minor role in the history of personality psychology. a. True b. False ANSWER: POINTS: REFERENCES:

False 1 The Case Study Approach

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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60. A statistical test can give us a solid “yes” or “no” answer to the question of whether the differences between research groups were caused by chance.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Statistical Analysis of Data QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Statistical Significance KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 61. The correlation coefficient is an appropriate statistic when we want to understand the relationship between two measures.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Statistical Analysis of Data QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Correlation Coefficients KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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62. A test is said to have high internal consistency when it yields similar scores each time it is administered to the same people.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reliability KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 63. State in general terms a psychological theory you know about. From the theory, develop a hypothesis of your own that is a prediction from the theory. Identify the independent and dependent variables in your hypothesis and briefly describe an experimental test you could use to evaluate your hypothesis. Does your study use manipulated or nonmanipulated independent variables?

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Hypothesis-Testing Approach QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Theories and Hypotheses KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 64. Discuss the strengths and limitations of the case study method when conducting research into personality.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Case Study Method QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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65. Give three reasons why statistically significant findings for a hypothesis may be, in reality, due to chance.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Statistical Analysis of Data QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Statistical Significance KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 66. Describe a test or measure that is low in reliability. How can you know that it has poor reliability? Would a correlation coefficient for reliability be closer to 1.00 or –1.00 for this test? List some reasons why personality tests can be low in reliability.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reliability KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM 67. List and identify three different forms of reliability, making sure to discuss why each is important when research is being conducted.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reliability KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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68. Define validity. List by name the several kinds of test validity. Discuss each kind of validity by contrasting examples of tests that are low and high in it.

ANSWER: POINTS:

Answers will vary

1

REFERENCES: Personality Assessment QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Validity KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 11:53 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:59 AM

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1. In his work with Joseph Breuer helping to treat a patient named “Anna O,” Freud developed an early appreciation for ________, even though he would later become disillusioned with this approach. a. dream interpretation b. the importance of one’s conscious mind c. Freudian slips d. hypnosis ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Freud Discovers the Unconscious QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 2. Which of the following came first in Freud’s career? a. The case of Anna O. b. His transition from neurologist to psychologist. c. His theory of dream interpretation d. The formation of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Freud Discovers the Unconscious QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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3. In 1885, Freud traveled to Paris to study with a French neurologist by the name of ________. During this time, Freud was first exposed to early versions of hypnosis. a. Carl Jung b. Joseph Breuer c. Jean-Martin Charcot d. Bertha Pappenheim ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Freud Discovers the Unconscious QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 4. Which of the following is true about hypnosis? a. Hypnosis is not a real phenomenon because hypnotized people are faking it. b. After using hypnosis for a time, Freud began using it exclusively. c. Freud always made hypnosis a large part of therapy. d. Freud grew disillusioned by the limitations of hypnosis and turned to free association as a treatment technique.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Freud Discovers the Unconscious QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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5. Freud and Breuer used which procedure when working with Anna O? a. Hypnosis b. Free association c. Dream interpretation d. Projective tests ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Freud Discovers the Unconscious QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 6. Which text did Freud write with Joseph Breuer in which they presented the case of Anna O. as well as their use of hypnosis in her treatment? a. Sturm und Drang b. Studies in Hysteria c. Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious d. A Topographical Model of the Psyche ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Freud Discovers the Unconscious QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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7. One discovery that was surprising to Freud was that many of the memories that patients uncovered during free association concerned: a. frightening dreams that the patient has no conscious recollection of. b. intense desires to harm other people who the patient felt were deserving of some form of punishment. c. issues related to the patients’ sexual orientation. d. traumatic sexual experiences, many of which occurred in early childhood.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Freud Discovers the Unconscious QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 8. According to the cover of Time magazine at the end of the 1900s, the two greatest minds of the century were a. Albert Einstein and Jean-Martin Charcot. b. Stephen Hawking and Joseph Breuer. c. Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein. d. Anna Freud and John B. Watson.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Freud Discovers the Unconscious QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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9. Information about where you parked your car or the name of an uncle who you rarely see is probably stored in which part of the mind, according to Freud’s topographic model? a. Conscious b. Preconscious c. Unconscious d. Subconscious ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Topographic Model KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 10. Which components make up the topographic model of Freud’s theory of personality? a. The id, ego, and superego b. The conscious, preconscious, and unconscious c. The oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages of development d. Denial, repression, and regression ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Topographic Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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11. Carlotta was not thinking about the fight that she had with her boyfriend last week, but when she was watching a television show two of the characters started bickering about the same issue. Carlotta immediately thought about the fight and began to get angry all over again. The fight that she and her boyfriend had was stored in her a. unconscious. b. conscious. c. superego. d. preconscious.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Topographic Model KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 12. Elisa was put up for adoption when she was 4 years of age. She was old enough to remember her mother taking her to the center, leaving her there, and then the subsequent stays at home while waiting for a new family. Now an adult, Elisa does not have immediate access to those memories even though they are buried deep inside her. Freud would argue that these painful memories are stored in Elisa’s ________. a. unconscious b. preconscious c. libido d. Oedipus complex ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Topographic Model KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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13. As you examine the relationship between the structural and topographic models of Freud’s theory, the ego is found in which part of Freud’s topographic model? a. Conscious b. Preconscious c. Unconscious d. Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structural Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 14. “I’m going to say what’s on my mind, and I don’t care who likes it!” This phrase, which might come from a movie scene, refers to the content in the speaker’s ________. a. preconscious b. conscious c. unconscious d. id ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Topographic Model KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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15. A man has the opportunity to cheat his business partner, but he knows that this would be the wrong thing to do in a number of different ways. According to the structural model of Freudian theory, the ________ is what held them man back from cheating his partner. a. id. b. ego. c. superego. d. conscience.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structural Model KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 16. In Freud’s structural model, which part of the adult personality is housed completely in the unconscious? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. Memory ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structural Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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17. The id, ego, and superego are three parts of the ______ model of personality. a. topographic b. iceberg c. structural d. libido ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structural Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 18. Which statement is true about the superego? a. The superego is present in newborn children. b. The healthiest personality is one in which superego has control over ego and id. c. The actions of the superego are based on the reality principle. d. The superego represents society’s standards and values, most notably those of one’s parents.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structural Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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19. The id uses reflexive action and wish fulfillment to a. reduce guilt. b. satisfy the reality principle. c. satisfy the ego and superego needs. d. produce pleasurable outcomes.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structural Model KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 20. According to Freud, which is an example of wish fulfillment? a. Dreams b. Hysteria c. Reflexive action d. Defense mechanisms ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structural Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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21. A woman sets excessively high moral and ethical standards for herself. As a result, she constantly feels ashamed and guilty for making small mistakes and minor transgressions. Freud might say that a. her id has become too powerful. b. she has too much psychic energy fixated at the oral stage of development. c. her ego has become too powerful. d. her superego has become too powerful.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structural Model KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 22. Freud said the actions of the ego were guided by the need to adhere to the ________ principle. a. pleasure b. ethical c. morality d. reality ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structural Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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23. According to Freud, the superego is guided by the ________ principle. a. pleasure b. reality c. hospitality d. morality ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structural Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 24. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the id, ego, and superego? a. The ego’s function is to continually silence the impulses of the id to please the superego. b. The ego and id work together to overcome powerful superego impulses. c. The ego works to satisfy id impulses in manner that is acceptable to the superego. d. The ego works with the superego to block the expression of id impulses.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structural Model KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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25. According to Freud, each of us is born with a(n) a. sexual attraction for the opposite sex parent. b. desire to die and return to the earth. c. id, ego, and superego. d. total absence of instinctive psychic energy.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Libido and Thanatos KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 26. In Freudian theory, “libido” is a. an unlimited source of psychic energy. b. the death, or aggressive, instinct. c. the life, or sexual, instinct. d. the same thing as “Thanatos.”

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Libido and Thanatos KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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27. The life instinct to which Freud attributed most of our behaviors is called a. id. b. neurotic impulse. c. libido. d. the structural model.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Libido and Thanatos KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 28. In his early work, Freud described two different types of human instincts. They included a. the conscious and the unconscious. b. normal and neurotic. c. life instincts and death instincts. d. manifest instincts and latent instincts.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Libido and Thanatos KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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29. An honors student is caught stealing money from his teacher’s desk. The teacher tells the student to report after school to discuss the incident. However, when the student arrives later that day, he cannot remember doing what the teacher accuses him of. This is an example of a. repression. b. sublimation. c. displacement. d. denial.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 30. According to Freud, the ego uses defense mechanisms in order to a. reduce anxiety. b. help the id get what it wants. c. satisfy the superego's demands. d. channel psychic energy into a socially productive action.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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31. A woman is very upset with her mother, but her ego will not allow her to express her hostility openly. According to Freud, what might we expect this woman to do? a. Explain to everyone how much she loves her mother. b. Accidentally destroy one of her mother’s favorite dishes. c. Express her hostility toward her own children. d. The woman might do any of these actions, as they involve different defense mechanisms.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 32. A man is angry with his wife, but instead of confronting her, he begins to shout at their children for leaving a single toy on the floor. This is an example of a defense mechanism called a. repression. b. sublimation. c. displacement. d. projection.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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33. Orlando has recently felt a few pangs of pain in his upper molars, and on two occasions has been unable to eat.

“It’s probably nothing. I don’t need to go to the dentist,” he tells himself. Orlando has had a fear of dental work for many years, and is unconsciously terrified that he may need a root canal. Which defense mechanism is he currently employing as he refuses to accept that he may need extensive dental work? a. Intellectualization b. Rationalization c. Denial d. Repression ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 34. The refusal to accept difficult, threatening, or painful situations is a defense mechanism that Freud called ________. a. reaction formation b. regression c. identification d. denial ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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35. A man has a strong unconscious urge to cheat his business associates, but he complains that he can’t trust them because they will cheat and steal from him if he gives them half a chance. This tendency to attribute an unacceptable unconscious impulse onto other people is the defense mechanism called ________. a. displacement b. denial c. reaction formation d. projection ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 36. If you see your own unwanted thoughts and undesirable impulses in other people, then you are using the defense mechanism called a. displacement. b. reaction formation. c. intellectualization. d. projection.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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37. A businesswoman is upset with her husband. She channels this anger into her work and increases her productivity dramatically. This tendency to refocus an unacceptable or threatening impulse into a socially acceptable outlet is the defense mechanism called ________. a. sublimation b. displacement c. reaction formation d. projection ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 38. Repression is an __________ effort by the ego to push out threatening material out of consciousness or to keep the material from ever reaching consciousness. a. occasional b. organic c. active d. irrational ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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39. A man becomes a leader in a crusade promoting sexual morality. A year later, he is arrested for a variety of sex crimes. Freud might have interpreted the man’s earlier behavior as an example of the psychological defense mechanism called a. repression. b. denial. c. reaction formation. d. projection.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 40. Suppose you use one of the defense mechanisms described by Freud significantly more than any of the others. If you are a well adjusted and productive person, which defense mechanism would that probably be? a. Repression b. Sublimation c. Displacement d. Reaction formation ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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41. Freud identified each of the stages of development according to a. the primary erogenous zone during that stage. b. how much energy is fixated at the stage. c. the extent to which the ego and superego are able to influence the child’s behavior. d. the extent to which id impulses are repressed by the ego.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychosexual Stages of Development KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 42. According to Freud, fixation results in a. adult personality characteristics related to the stage at which the fixation occurred. b. an increase in the amount of psychic energy available to the adult ego. c. either castration anxiety or penis envy, depending on the gender of the child. d. an increase in Freudian slips.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychosexual Stages of Development KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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43. Nathan is 37 years old. He smokes and drinks excessively and is constantly putting his hand to his mouth. What might Freud have said about Nathan? a. Nathan had an excessive amount of psychic energy fixated during the resolution of his Oedipus complex. b. Nathan had some traumatic experiences that led to an oral personality. c. Nathan has a weak superego. d. Nathan has not yet resolved his Oedipus complex.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychosexual Stages of Development KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 44. Which of the following is the most important (and potentially most traumatic) developmental task of Freud’s anal stage of psychosexual development? a. Overcoming the Oedipus complex b. Discovering masturbation c. Weaning from breastfeeding d. Toilet training ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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45. Little Timmy is extremely jealous whenever his mommy and daddy kiss or show affection. Timmy wants to get kisses from his mommy. Little Timmy is in which stage of psychosexual development? a. Oral b. Anal c. Phallic d. Genital ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychosexual Stages of Development KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 46. According to Freud, the conflicts that arise during the Oedipus conflict are pushed out of awareness by the use of a defense mechanism called ________. a. repression b. sublimation c. displacement d. projection ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychosexual Stages of Development KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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47. Which of the following is correct about Freud’s description of the Oedipus complex that occurs during the phallic stage of psychosexual development? a. Resolution of the Oedipus complex leads to the development of the superego. b. During this stage, girls wish they had male genitals and boys wish they had female genitals. c. Resolution of the Oedipus complex sends children into a stage in which they are physically attracted to members of the opposite sex but not their parents. d. It takes place during the end of the oral stage.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychosexual Stages of Development KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 48. Five-year-old Maxwell has recently been going through the Oedipus complex. He has been unconsciously resentful of his father because of his father’s “possession” of Maxwell’s mother. According to Freud, Maxwell fears that if his father learns of these feelings, which punishment will be delivered? a. Maxwell’s father will leave, abandoning Maxwell and his mother. b. Maxwell’s father will cut off Maxwell’s penis. c. Maxwell’s father will take Maxwell’s mother away to a new home. d. Maxwell’s father will insist on having a new child with which to “replace” Maxwell.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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49. Which of the following is the best way to think of fixation? a. It occurs when we use defense mechanisms to deal with unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses. b. In development, it occurs when children leave behind some psychic energy tied up in resolving a crisis. c. In development, the rewards in the environment take control of our behaviors. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: POINTS: REFERENCES:

b 1 The Freudian Theory of Personality

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychosexual Stages of Development KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 50. If Sigmund Freud were to have abandoned his concept of the Oedipus complex, he would have needed to come up with another explanation for how a. unconscious needs are expressed in dreams. b. the superego develops. c. fixation affects adult personalities. d. defense mechanisms work.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychosexual Stages of Development KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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51. In Freud’s view of castration anxiety, what would be a healthy result for males? a. Identifying with the same-sex parent b. Repression of sexual desires for opposite sex people c. Strong moral anxiety d. A powerful superego ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychosexual Stages of Development KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 52. According to Freud, there is a difference between the manifest content and the latent content of our dreams because a. one is controlled by the id and one by the ego and superego. b. many of our unconscious thoughts and desires would be difficult for us to face upon waking. c. we can only recall the manifest content after waking up. d. one is conscious and the other unconscious.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Getting at Unconscious Material KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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53. According to Freud, to make sense of the symbols in a patient’s dream, a therapist needs to understand the a. dream’s manifest content. b. dream’s latent content. c. part of the dream recalled best by the dreamer. d. parts of the dream that recur in many different dreams.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Getting at Unconscious Material KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 54. The use of ___________ requires an individual to respond to ambiguous stimuli. a. free association b. dream analysis c. projective tests d. hypnosis ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Getting at Unconscious Material KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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55. During free association, a patient is encouraged to a. search his or her mind for clues about unconscious thoughts. b. report only those thoughts that seem psychologically significant. c. lapse into silence on occasion to get in touch with unconscious thoughts. d. say whatever comes into his or her mind.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Getting at Unconscious Material KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 56. In psychoanalysis, patients are asked to lie on a couch while the therapist sits out of sight. This arrangement is designed to create a space where the client can say whatever comes to mind. This is called a. dream interpretation. b. free association. c. projection. d. transference.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Getting at Unconscious Material KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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57. According to Freud, “Freudian slips” a. are an example of free association. b. provide clues about unconscious associations. c. indicate that psychoanalysis is progressing because the crucial unconscious material is close to breaking into consciousness. d. occur almost exclusively during psychoanalysis.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Getting at Unconscious Material KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 58. A man refers to his “martial status” instead of his “marital status” during a job interview. Freud might have seen this as an example of a. projection. b. symbolic behavior. c. a Freudian slip. d. free association.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Getting at Unconscious Material KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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59. According to Freud, many accidents are a. caused by the death instinct. b. unconsciously motivated. c. a type of defense mechanism. d. repressed immediately.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Getting at Unconscious Material KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 60. A patient in psychoanalysis begins to speak to the therapist as if the therapist were the patient’s deceased brother.

This is an example of a. resistance. b. transference. c. countertransference. d. denial.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Psychoanalysis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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61. A patient in psychoanalysis suddenly begins to miss his regularly scheduled therapy appointment. When he does make his appointment, he complains that the therapy is not making progress and should be brought to an end.

Freud might have made each of the following statements about this behavior except one. Which one? a. The patient is engaging in resistance. b. The therapist is off track and should explore new directions in trying to uncover the source of the patient’s problem. c. The therapist is on the right track and a significant breakthrough may be at hand. d. The patient consciously believes therapy is not making progress.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Psychoanalysis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 62. Clients in therapy who claim they forgot a regular appointment with their therapist could be displaying a form of a. resistance. b. reaction formation. c. symbolic behavior. d. denial.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Psychoanalysis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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63. Which of the following, which describes the case where a therapist displaces their own feelings toward other individuals onto a client, is not a step in successful psychoanalysis? a. Resistance b. Transference c. Countertransference d. Dream interpretation ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Psychoanalysis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 64. Which of the following is correct about research with the Rorschach inkblot test? a. Researchers find consistently strong evidence for high reliability and validity. b. Relatively few studies have been conducted to examine the validity of the test. c. Researchers find virtually no evidence for the validity of the test. d. Researchers disagree on how to interpret the evidence for the validity of the test.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Psychoanalysis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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65. Sandy is given a set of cards by her therapist on which ambiguous pictures of people are displayed. Sandy is asked to tell a story about what is happening in each picture. To understand and treat her psychological problems, Sandy’s therapist is using the a. Rorschach inkblot test. b. Thematic Apperception Test. c. free association test. d. Human Figure Drawing Test.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Projective Tests QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Some Popular Projective Tests KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 66. Which of the following is true about projective tests? a. Test-takers are presented with ambiguous stimuli. b. Test-givers are trained to recognize correct and incorrect answers. c. Projective tests are typically used to determine where a person lies on a particular personality trait dimension. d. Although once popular, projective tests are rarely used by psychologists today.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Projective Tests QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Some Popular Projective Tests KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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67. Users of the Rorschach inkblot test point out that projective tests must be used because there are no objective criteria to assess the kinds of unconscious thoughts that projective tests measure. They make this point when arguing against the criticism that there is little evidence for a. the reliability of the test. b. the internal consistency of the test. c. the validity of the test. d. interjudge agreement on what responses mean.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Projective Tests QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evaluation of Projective Tests KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 68. Critics argue that if one of Freud’s patients said “I love my father,” Freud would take this as evidence of a reaction formation, yet if the same patient said “I hate my father,” he would see this as a breakthrough and confirmation of his hypothesis. Critics use this example to try to make which point? a. Freud relied too heavily on case study data. b. Most of the information we have about Freud’s case studies was subject to Freud’s interpretation. c. Freud’s patients may not be representative of the average person. d. Many of the hypotheses generated from Freud’s theory are not testable.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of Freud’s Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Criticisms KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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69. When Freud was invited to give lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University in 1909, his work was generally accepted by academic psychologists.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Freud Discovers the Unconscious QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 70. Three parts of the personality that differ in terms of their level of awareness make up the structural model in Freudian theory.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Topographic Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 71. The primary job of the ego is to satisfy id impulses in a manner that does not upset the moral needs of the superego. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structural Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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72. The techniques the ego uses to deal with unwanted thoughts and desires are collectively known as defense mechanisms.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 73. The defense mechanism upon which the whole structure of psychoanalysis rests is the one known as repression. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 74. One defense mechanism that is successful, productive, and adaptive is reaction formation. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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75. In the interpretation of dreams, Freud called what the dreamer sees and remembers the latent content of the dream. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Getting at Unconscious Material KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 76. When a patient declares to his or her therapist that the therapy isn’t helping and he or she wants to stop treatment, the patient is developing a necessary part of therapy called transference.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Psychoanalysis QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 77. Describe Freud’s collaboration with Joseph Breuer, noting their work with Anna O. and identifying the treatment techniques that emerged from that famous case.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Freud Discovers the Unconscious QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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78. Discuss how Freud discovered the unconscious, including his use of hypnosis and free association to get at unconscious material. Describe the relationship between the topographical model and the structural model Freud proposed.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Getting at Unconscious Material KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 79. Make a list of the defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. For each mechanism, give an example from your own life or someone you know who has used the defense mechanism to reduce or avoid anxiety.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defense Mechanisms KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM 80. Describe each stage of psychosexual development in order, giving the approximate age when it takes place and an example of a fixation during the stage. Include in your description which structures emerge and when, according to Freud.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Freudian Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Psychosexual Stages of Development KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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81. Choose one of the projective tests described in the text and discuss its use during psychotherapy. Explain what is accomplished with the test. Evaluate the test you chose, giving both its strengths and weaknesses.

ANSWER: POINTS:

Answers will vary

1

REFERENCES: Assessment: Projective Tests QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Some Popular Projective Tests KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 12:10 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 12:12 PM

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1. According to Freud, the content of our dreams reveals a. what has been on our mind when we are awake. b. implicit punishments and rewards. c. what is going on in our unconscious. d. what we value the most about ourselves.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The meaning of dream content KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 2. Your very good friend is a psychotherapist who adheres to the model of Sigmund Freud. As such, you can assume that she believes that the content of our dreams reveals a. unacceptable ideas that are actually acceptable. b. unconscious conflicts and desires. c. anxieties with which we were born. d. much useless information.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The meaning of dream content KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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3. In dream research, sleepers are sometimes awakened when __________ indicates they are probably dreaming. a. a physiological measure b. sleeptalking c. the time of night d. their body temperature ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The meaning of dream content KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 4. Which of the following best summarizes research on the frequency of male and female characters in dreams? a. Both men and women have more male than female characters in their dreams. b. Men have more male than female characters in their dreams, whereas women have more female than male characters in their dreams. c. Men have more female than male characters in their dreams, whereas women have more male than female characters in their dreams. d. Men have more male than female characters in their dreams, but women have approximately equal numbers of male and female characters in their dreams.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The meaning of dream content KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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5. Which of the following best describes the cross-cultural findings when comparing the frequencies of male and female characters in dreams? a. Although there are a few exceptions, the frequencies found in American samples tend to be found in other cultures as well. b. American and European samples show different frequencies than non-Western samples. c. Male characters tend to show up in dreams more frequently in male-dominated societies. d. Although a consistent pattern is found in the results from different American samples, no clear pattern emerges when looking at studies using participants from other cultures.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The meaning of dream content KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 6. Which statement best summarizes what researchers have found about the changes in frequencies of male and female dream characters at different age levels? a. The adult pattern of frequencies of dream characters does not emerge until the teenage years. b. The pattern changes for males as they pass through the Oedipus complex. c. The frequencies of male and female characters completely reverse for both males and females as they age from childhood to adulthood. d. The pattern found in adult males and females is also found in samples of children of various ages.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The meaning of dream content KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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7. Psychoanalytic researchers have used the results of studies on the frequencies of male and female dream characters to support which aspect of Freud’s theory? a. Repression b. The Oedipus complex c. Projection d. The pleasure principle ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The meaning of dream content KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 8. Marcellus frequently has the same dream about being chased by his wife’s first husband. In the dream, the man is angry at Marcellus, and screams “you stole her from me.” He has this dream at least once or twice a month.

Marcellus is having a _______ dream. a. conscious b. lucid c. surreal d. recurrent ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The meaning of dream content KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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9. Some psychoanalytic researchers have argued that dreams represent unresolved conflicts. As evidence for this interpretation, they point to a. how much more men sleep than women. b. the results of sleep-deprivation studies. c. the existence of recurrent dreams. d. how much babies dream compared to adults.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The meaning of dream content KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 10. Assessment of recurrent dreams finds that the content of such dreams usually includes ________. This is used to support the notion that dreams reflect conflicts that are rooted in the dreamer’s unconscious. a. threatening images b. one’s parents or siblings c. sexual content d. physical activity ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The meaning of dream content KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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11. In one dream study, researchers compared the dreams of Palestinian children who lived in the Gaza Strip where they had experienced years of violence with children living in the more peaceful Galilee area. The findings from dream reports revealed that a. children living under constant stress had fewer dreams. b. the dreams of children living under constant stress included more threatening events. c. those who received suggestions prior to sleep had more threatening events in their dreams regardless of living circumstances. d. both a and b ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The meaning of dream content KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 12. People who are deprived of ________ may have more difficulty with stressful tasks than those who do not experience such deprivation. a. Delta wave sleep b. REM sleep c. 9 to 10 nightly sleep hours d. psychotherapy ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The function of dreams KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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13. According to recent research findings, REM sleep appears to be necessary to a. maintain one’s mental health. b. guard against serious psychological disturbances. c. prepare us for dealing with anxiety-arousing events. d. allow any consolidation of memories of events that take place during waking hours.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The function of dreams KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 14. Which of the following is true about REM sleep? a. Most adults spend 1 ½ to 2 hour a night in REM, spread over several periods. b. Adults spend most of their sleeping hours in REM sleep. c. Muscles are more tense and active during REM sleep than non-REM sleep. d. Only about half of all adults experience REM sleep.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The function of dreams KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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15. Which of the following conclusions has been supported by the results of REM sleep research? a. Depriving someone of REM sleep leads to severe psychological disturbances. b. Dreaming does have psychological benefits, but a reduced amount of REM sleep is not necessary associated with serious psychological problems. c. Greater than average amounts of REM sleep indicates psychological problems. d. Without REM sleep, it is impossible to perform stressful tasks.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The function of dreams KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 16. Which of the following findings challenges the Freudian interpretation of dreams? a. People often dream during REM sleep, but they also dream during NREM sleep. b. Newborn babies experience large amounts of REM sleep on a daily basis. c. People deprived of REM sleep have difficulty with anxiety-provoking material. d. People have longer periods of REM sleep as the night progresses.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interpreting the evidence KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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17. Freud identified which defense mechanism as the cornerstone of psychoanalysis? a. Sublimation b. Dreaming c. Repression d. Denial ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Identifying and measuring defense mechanisms KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 18. According to Freud, the type of defense mechanisms that adults are likely to use is related to a. whether or not they are in a stable, romantic relationship. b. adequate resolution of the psychosexual stages of development. c. the level of neurotic anxiety they experience. d. their childhood experiences.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Identifying and measuring defense mechanisms KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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19. Researchers draw a distinction between defense mechanisms and coping strategies, in that defense mechanisms are ________, whereas coping strategies are _________. a. negative; positive b. ineffective; effective c. innate; learned d. unconscious; conscious ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Identifying and measuring defense mechanisms KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 20. Some male participants in one study by Cramer (1998) gave threatening information about their masculinity and femininity. The investigator then asked the participants to tell stories about pictures in TAT cards. The investigator was studying a. masculinity and femininity. b. coping strategies. c. aggression. d. defense mechanisms.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Identifying and measuring defense mechanisms KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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21. Which of the following do researchers commonly use to measure defense mechanisms? a. Self-report inventories b. Projective tests c. Behavioral interviews d. Hypnosis ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Identifying and measuring defense mechanisms KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 22. You are thinking of having an affair by having sex with someone other than you partner, but you feel very guilty for wanting to do this. That night you accuse your partner of having been unfaithful to you, even though there is no real evidence of such betrayal. Which defense mechanism are you using? a. Sublimation b. Reaction formation c. Denial d. Projection ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Identifying and measuring defense mechanisms KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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23. According to several research findings (Brody, Rozek, & Muten, 1985; Cramer, 1997; Cramer & Brilliant, 2001), children rely most heavily on which of the following unconscious defense mechanisms? a. Denial b. Identification c. Reaction formation d. Sublimation ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Developmental differences KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 24. Sammy is 12 years old. Which of the following defense mechanisms is he likely to resort to when dealing with the fact that he just accidentally broke his mother’s favorite vase by playing with his baseball in the house? a. Denial b. Projection c. Identification d. Sublimation ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Developmental differences KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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25. Researchers find that some people tend to rely on unconscious defense mechanisms more than others. They refer to these individual patterns as the person’s a. coping style. b. developmental level. c. emotional maturity level. d. defensive style.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defensive style KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 26. Each person relies more on some defense mechanisms and less on others when the ego is threatened.

Psychologists refer to this contrast as differences in a. defensive style. b. ego strength. c. preferred id impulses. d. mental health.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defensive style KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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27. According to Anna Freud, daughter of noted psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, the use of a defense mechanism can be either adaptive or maladaptive. Which one it is depends on a. the user’s age. b. whether the user distorts reality. c. whether the user is aware of the defense mechanism. d. the user’s gender.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defensive style KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 28. Researchers find frequent use of ___________ is associated with a higher rate of interpersonal and psychological problems. a. sublimation b. immature defense mechanisms c. coping strategies d. hostile humor ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defensive style KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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29. When Tony was three years old, he experienced a great deal of stress at home. As an adult, he tends to have problems with hostility, depression, and alcohol abuse. Which defense mechanism might he use more than others? a. Reaction formation b. Sublimation c. Denial. d. Rationalization ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Defensive style KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 30. According to Freud, which of the following functions is served by telling or listening to jokes? a. One’s enemy can be attacked through humor. b. The punch line of a joke provides the satisfaction that comes with tension release. c. Sexual thoughts can be expressed in socially acceptable outlets. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humor QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Freud’s theory of humor KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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31. Which of the following is false about sexual jokes? a. Freud suggested we laugh at sexual jokes to reduce tension. b. Jokes are often tolerated when open discussions of sex are inappropriate. c. Most of the sexually oriented jokes contain a great deal of humor. d. Freud argued that the humor content of a sexual joke rarely justifies the laughter.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humor QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Freud’s theory of humor KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 32. After a tragic event, like hurricane Katrina, people often make jokes about the tragedy. Freud might explain this behavior in terms of a. denial. b. symbolic expression of hostility. c. reaction formation. d. tension reduction.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humor QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Freud’s theory of humor KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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33. When researchers asked people to rate cartoons for funniness, they found that a. each participant experienced a cathartic release of tension. b. men rated cartoons that ridiculed women as funnier. c. the likelihood of participants acting aggressively significantly increased. d. women were more amused by cartoons that targeted women than by those that targeted men.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humor QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Research on Freud’s theory of humor KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 34. According to Freud, presenting angry people with hostile humor should a. lead to an increase in aggression. b. lead to a cathartic release of tension and an increase in aggression. c. lead to a cathartic release of tension and a decrease in aggression. d. increase anger but not aggression.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humor QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Research on Freud’s theory of humor KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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35. Research on Freud’s theory of humor has found all of the following results except one. Which one? a. People find mildly hostile humor funnier when it is aimed at a person or group they do not like. b. Angry people may react in different ways to jokes that include aggressive themes. c. The greater the tension build-up to a joke, the funnier people find the punch line. d. Anxious people are not able to enjoy a joke.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humor QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Research on Freud’s theory of humor KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 36. According to Freud, a good joke teller should a. get to the punch line quickly. b. get people to relax as the punch line approaches. c. build tension in the audience as the joke is told. d. avoid jokes with hostile or aggressive content.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humor QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Research on Freud’s theory of humor KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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37. According to Freud, in order to reduce the likelihood that an angry person will behave in aggressive ways, you should tell that person a ________ joke. a. hostile b. sexual c. “corny” d. really funny ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humor QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Research on Freud’s theory of humor KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 38. Which statement best summarizes the results of research that presents hostile humor to angry participants? a. The findings are almost completely consistent with Freud’s theory. b. The findings support the Freudian prediction about catharsis but not the prediction about reducing aggression. c. The findings are mixed, sometimes supporting Freud’s predictions, sometimes not. d. The findings are almost completely at odds with Freud’s theory.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humor QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Research on Freud’s theory of humor KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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39. Many of the research findings in support of Freud’s theory of humor can also be explained by the fact that people find ________ funny. a. incongruity b. all forms of humor c. what others laugh at to be d. what society tells them to laugh at to be ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humor QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Research on Freud’s theory of humor KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 40. Based on the results of research on humor, under which condition would you expect people to laugh the loudest at a joke? a. When at an otherwise boring party b. After finishing a five-mile race c. After watching an anxiety-provoking film d. When relaxing ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humor QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Research on Freud’s theory of humor KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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41. Which statement best summarizes the results of research on Freud’s theory of humor? a. Very few of the research findings are consistent with Freud’s predictions. b. Almost all of this research supports Freud’s theory of humor. c. Although a few of the minor predictions from Freud’s theory are supported, most of the major predictions have not been supported. d. Although many of the research findings are consistent with Freud’s predictions, they are subject to alternative interpretations.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humor QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Research on Freud’s theory of humor KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 42. From Freud’s view of tension reduction, one can conclude that a joke will be received as funnier when a. it is sexual than when it is hostile. b. more tension is experienced before the punch line. c. tension increases rapidly. d. less tension is experienced before the punch line.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humor QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Research on Freud’s theory of humor KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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43. One problem researchers have had in finding experimental evidence in support of Freud’s theory of humor is that a. many of the findings are subject to alternative explanations. b. predictions can’t be derived from Freud’s theory. c. very few, if any, of the findings have been replicated. d. researchers are unable to manipulate the participant’s unconscious thoughts.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humor QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Research on Freud’s theory of humor KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 44. The influence of psychoanalytic theory can be seen most clearly in the ________ theory of hypnosis. a. absorption b. neodissociation c. nontrance d. role ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What is hypnosis?

KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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45. According to the textbook, the many theories of hypnosis can be roughly placed along a continuum depending on a. whether posthypnotic amnesia is regarded as possible. b. the hypnotic trance is or is not within the control of the person being hypnotized. c. the extent to which the theory reflects psychoanalytic thinking. d. the theory allows for the concept of susceptibility modification.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What is hypnosis?

KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 46. The view that deeply hypnotized people experience a division of their consciousness is known as ________ theory. a. neodissociation b. sociocognitive c. trance d. transactional analysis ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What is hypnosis?

KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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47. The “hidden observer” demonstrations are used to support the ________ theory of hypnosis. a. absorption b. role c. nontrance d. neodissociation ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What is hypnosis?

KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 48. Participants in the “hidden observer” demonstrations placed their arms in painfully cold water. Researchers found that highly hypnotized participants a. reported experiencing no pain. b. could only experience pain after the experimenter told them they could. c. left their arm in the water, but reported through their “hidden observer” that the experience was painful. d. experienced no pain while hypnotized, but recalled the pain after the hypnosis was over.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What is hypnosis?

KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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49. Which of the following concepts do sociocognitive theorists often use to explain the behavior of hypnotic subjects? a. Expectancy b. Motivation c. Concentration d. All of these are correct ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What is hypnosis?

KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 50. According to sociocognitive theorists, participants in hypnosis demonstrations act the way they do because a. the controlling influence of the ego is temporarily removed under hypnosis. b. consciousness has been divided into accessible and nonaccessible pockets. c. participants act the way they think they are supposed to act. d. participants act on the pleasure principle.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What is hypnosis?

KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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51. Critics of the neodissociation theory of hypnosis challenge the interpretation of the “hidden observer” demonstrations by conducting experiments in which they a. tell the “hidden observer” he or she will experience less pain when hypnotized. b. ask the “hidden observer” to report experiences through “automatic writing.” c. tell the participant that the experimenter’s machine can determine if he or she is lying. d. give the same instructions to people who are not hypnotized.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What is hypnosis?

KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 52. Participants in hypnosis research were told the experimenter’s machinery can determine if they are lying or not.

These participants often failed to show posthypnotic amnesia. This finding is seen as evidence for a. neodissociation theory. b. psychoanalytic theories of hypnosis. c. sociocognitive theories of hypnosis. d. the “hidden observer” phenomenon.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What is hypnosis?

KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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53. Psychoanalytically oriented theorists explain posthypnotic amnesia by arguing that a. the experience has been recorded in a part of the mind not accessible to consciousness. b. participants do what they think they are supposed to do. c. participants have not been given an adequate incentive to report the experience. d. participants do not record the experience anywhere in memory.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What is hypnosis?

KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 54. “Posthypnotic amnesia” refers to the hypnotic subjects’ inability to recall a. whether or not they have been hypnotized. b. what happened under hypnosis at any time in the future. c. what happened under hypnosis until the hypnotist tells them to. d. events that happen after hypnosis.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What is hypnosis?

KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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55. Research on the relationship between personality trait measures and hypnotic responsiveness generally has found a. personality traits such as sensation-seeking and extraversion are moderately correlated with hypnotic responsiveness. b. hypnotic responsiveness is related to a person’s ability to become highly involved in sensory or imaginative experiences. c. no consistent evidence relating personality trait measures to hypnotic responsiveness. d. hypnotic responsiveness has more to do with the hypnotist’s talent than the subject’s ability to become hypnotized.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hypnotic responsiveness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 56. How responsive you are to hypnotic suggestions a. depends largely on how good the hypnotist is. b. is fairly stable over time, like a personality trait. c. changes with your amount of experience with hypnosis. d. can be predicted from personality trait measures like intelligence and extraversion.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hypnotic responsiveness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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57. In which of the following circumstances are people more responsive to hypnosis? a. When the situation is not defined as hypnosis b. When the participant has not been responsive to hypnosis in the past c. When the cooperation and trust of the participant is established d. When the hypnosis is more “entertainment based” rather than clinical in nature ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hypnotic responsiveness KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 58. Based on past research, who do you suppose would be the most responsive to a hypnotic suggestions? a. A highly extraverted person b. An intelligent person c. A person who gets highly involved in a book or movie d. A person who has gone through a hypnotic induction before ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hypnotic responsiveness KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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59. A stage hypnotist arranges chairs so that only a few of the many volunteers who rush to the stage are able to participate in the show. She does this to capitalize on which responsiveness-enhancing variable? a. Expectancy b. Attitude c. Motivation d. Absorption ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hypnotic responsiveness KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 60. Which of the following has been found effective for improving a person’s hypnotic responsiveness? a. Finding a compatible hypnotist b. Giving the subject more experience with hypnosis c. Creating a setting of active involvement rather than passive participation d. Changing the subject’s personality ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hypnotic responsiveness KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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61. All but which of the following has been found to enhance hypnotic responsiveness? a. Positive attitudes toward hypnosis b. An expectation that one will become highly hypnotized c. A high level of motivation to become hypnotized d. A high extraversion score ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hypnotic responsiveness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 62. Numerous studies find that people who score high on measures of trait called ________ are more responsive to hypnotic suggestion than those who score low on that same trait. a. psychosis b. expectancy c. extraversion d. absorption ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hypnotic responsiveness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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63. Write about a dream you have had and give an example of a psychoanalytic interpretation of it. Why do people dream, according to Freud? Summarize the research findings on dreams that challenge Freud’s theory of dreaming.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The meaning of dream content KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 64. Give a description of your own of the defense mechanisms used by children and contrast them with those used by adults. Give examples of different individual differences in defense mechanisms.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Identifying and measuring defense mechanisms KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 65. Some theorists argue that psychological defense mechanisms are a healthy part of one’s psyche, while others might argue that such strategies for distorting reality are always unhealthy. Still others believe that defense mechanisms do not truly exist .Which of these positions do you most agree? Defend your answer.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Identifying and measuring defense mechanisms KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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66. State three specific predictions of Freud’s theory about hostile humor. Summarize the evidence for a preference for hostile humor, the reduction of aggression with hostile humor, and the relationship between tension reduction and funniness.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Humor QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Freud’s theory of humor; Research on Freud’s theory of humor KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 67. List and describe the techniques used to increase hypnotic responsiveness. Explain why it can be said that hypnosis is largely a participant variable.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Identifying and measuring defense mechanisms KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 68. In dream research, sleepers are sometimes awakened when physiological measures indicate they are probably dreaming.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The meaning of dream content KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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69. One function of dreams that Freud maintained was they provide a safe and healthy outlet for expressing aggressive desires.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Dream Interpretation QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The function of dreams KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 70. Before the use of more sophisticated defense mechanisms, children most often use projection as a defense mechanism.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Defense Mechanisms QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Developmental differences KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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71. According to the psychoanalytic explanation of hypnosis, the superego forms a new subsystem when a person is under hypnosis.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What is hypnosis?

KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM 72. Sociocognitive theories of hypnosis point out that a person cannot do under hypnosis what they would not do without it.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hypnosis QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What is hypnosis?

KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 9:21 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 9:42 AM

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1. Compared to Freudian theory, neo-Freudian theories are more likely to a. identify fewer differences between men and women. b. attribute differences in the personalities of men and women to instincts. c. identify more differences between men and women. d. attribute differences between the personalities of men and women to cultural forces.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Limits and Liabilities of Freudian Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 2. Which of the following theorists would be most likely to argue that the roots of adult personality are largely formed in childhood? a. Freud b. Erikson c. Horney d. Jung ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Limits and Liabilities of Freudian Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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3. Which of the following is not a key limitation to Freud’s theory? a. The idea that the adult personality is formed by the time a child is five or six b. The idea that the ego defends against anxiety c. Freud’s emphasis on instinctual influences on personality d. The negative tone of Freud’s theory of human personality ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Limits and Liabilities of Freudian Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 10:44 AM 4. Who was the first neo-Freudian theorist to break with Freud? a. Carl Jung b. Karen Horney c. Erik Erikson d. Alfred Adler ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Alfred Adler QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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5. Which of the following is the name Alfred Adler gave his approach to personality? a. Ego psychology b. Individual psychology c. Superior psychology d. Analytic psychology ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Alfred Adler QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 6. Adler experienced each of the following in his own childhood except one. Which one? a. Dethroning by a younger sibling b. Feelings of physical inferiority to children of his age c. Striving for academic superiority after experiencing feelings of academic inferiority d. Being a firstborn child ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Alfred Adler QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 10:44 AM

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7. Which of the following is correct about Adler’s concept of striving for superiority? a. A strong striving for superiority is most likely to develop in children who see their superiority over others very early in life. b. Striving for superiority was one of many equally important motivational forces Adler used to explain achievement behavior. c. Weak and helpless children are unlikely to develop a strong sense of striving for superiority. d. Striving for superiority has its roots in a child’s perception of personal inferiority.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Alfred Adler QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Striving for Superiority KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 8. Wanda was the hardest working student in her school. At graduation, she was awarded the certificate for perfect attendance throughout high school, and was the only student to have zero absences. She later shared with her teacher that she felt being at school every day could help her overcome feeling that she was not as smart as some of her peers. What might Alfred Adler have said about Wanda? a. Wanda is the exception to the rule, in that she should have instead displayed an inferiority complex. b. She most likely is a firstborn child. c. Her striving for achievement resulted from her earlier feelings of inferiority. d. She achieved because she never saw herself as inferior, regardless of what happened to her in elementary school.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Alfred Adler QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Striving for Superiority KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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9. “Parents should allow children to be independent, to make their own choices and mistakes, but without depriving the children of the parental attention they need.” Which theorist is most likely to have said this? a. Adler b. Erikson c. Horney d. Fromm ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Alfred Adler QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Parental Influence on Personality Development KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 10. According to Adler, all but one of the following parental behaviors is likely to lead to personality problems in the children. Which one? a. Giving the child too much attention b. Pampering their children c. Giving too little attention d. Allowing the child to be independent ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Alfred Adler QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Parental Influence on Personality Development KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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11. Ben is one of the hardest working people in his office. He has climbed the corporate ladder in a surprisingly short time. However, he always seems to find someone in the company who is doing a little bit better than he is and sets his mind to surpassing this person. According to Adler, Ben is probably a a. firstborn child. b. middle-born child. c. last-born child. d. only child.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Alfred Adler QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Birth Order KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 12. Which of the following observations did Adler make about the effects of birth order on personality? a. Although middle-born children achieve the most, firstborns are the most well-adjusted. b. Firstborn children are the most well-adjusted and the highest achievers. c. Middle-born children are the most well-adjusted and the highest achievers. d. Because they are neglected by their parents more than their older siblings were neglected, last-born children often develop personality problems.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Alfred Adler QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Birth Order KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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13. Which of the following statements best summarizes research on the effects of birth order on personality? a. Most of the predictions derived from Adler’s theory have been supported. b. Birth order often does not predict how people will score on personality measures. c. Birth order often has a strong influence on shaping the adult personality. d. Most studies find middle-born children to be better adjusted than first- or last-born children.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Alfred Adler QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Birth Order KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 14. Which neo-Freudian theorist served as the first president of the International Psychoanalytic Association? a. Adler b. Jung c. Horney d. Erikson ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Jung QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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15. Which of the following neo-Freudian theorists called his approach “analytic psychology”? a. Adler b. Erikson c. Horney d. Jung ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Jung QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 16. “There are images in your unconscious that you did not repress. You were born with these unconscious images.”

Which theorist is most likely to have said this? a. Freud b. Adler c. Jung d. Erikson ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Jung QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Collective Unconscious KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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17. Which of the following is made up of primordial images (archetypes), according to Jung? a. The inferiority complex b. The Oedipus complex c. The superego d. Collective unconscious ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Jung QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Collective Unconscious KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 18. According to Jung, if a man is attracted to a woman, it is because a. she unconsciously reminds him of his mother. b. marrying her represents for him an achievement that will bolster his feelings of strength and power. c. he has had pleasant experiences in early childhood with a woman with similar features. d. she matches his own unconscious feminine image.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Jung QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Some Important Archetypes KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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19. According to Jung, the unconscious part of ourselves that is essentially negative—the dark side of our identity—is called a. an anima or animus. b. the personal unconscious. c. the shadow. d. an id impulse.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Jung QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evidence for the Collective Unconscious KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 20. Jung identified all but one of the following as a place in which the primordial images in our collective unconscious can surface. Which one? a. Choice of occupation b. Hallucinations c. Cultural symbols d. Our dreams ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Jung QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evidence for the Collective Unconscious KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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21. The snake is a universal symbol of evil. This is represented symbolically in art, folklore, and religious stories throughout time and across cultures. Which theorist would consider this observation as evidence to support his theory? a. Freud b. Jung c. Adler d. Horney ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Jung QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evidence for the Collective Unconscious KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 22. Evidence for the collective unconscious given by Carl Jung included a. folklore, art, mythology, and even hallucinations or dreams. b. data from laboratory experiments and case studies. c. interpretation of Freud’s central writings. d. an in-depth examination of the concept of ego.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Jung QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Evidence for the Collective Unconscious KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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23. The neo-Freudian approach of Erik Erikson has been referred to as ________ psychology. a. ego b. analytic c. self d. gestalt ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Erik Erikson QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 24. According to Erikson, the principal function of the ego is to a. keep unacceptable material out of awareness. b. establish and maintain a sense of identity. c. guide the development of personality through the stages of development. d. balance the needs of the individual against the needs of society.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Erik Erikson QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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25. Erikson talked about people encountering crises in personality development. Which of the following is correct about his description of a crisis? a. How we resolve the crisis determines the direction our personality develops. b. A crisis interrupts the natural development of personality until it is resolved. c. People face an unlimited number of potential crises as they pass through personality development. d. Crises usually don’t occur until after age five.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Erik Erikson QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Personality Development Throughout the Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 26. Erikson proposed eight stages of personality development through the life span, many more than Freud proposed.

In terms of stages, Freud’s anal stage of development takes place roughly the same time of life as which of Erikson’s stages? a. Trust versus mistrust b. Autonomy versus shame and doubt c. Initiative versus guilt d. Industry versus inferiority ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Erik Erikson QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Personality Development Throughout the Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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27. A teenage boy drifts from one religion or social cause to another, in an effort to “find himself.” He seems to be wrestling with the question of “who am I” in a spiritual sort of way. According to Erikson, he is probably struggling with which developmental crisis? a. Initiative versus guilt b. Industry versus inferiority c. Identity versus role confusion d. Generativity versus stagnation ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Erik Erikson QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Personality Development Throughout the Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 28. The last stage of personality development described by Erikson typically occurs when in the life cycle? a. Around age five or six b. Adolescence c. Early adulthood d. Old Age ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Erik Erikson QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Personality Development Throughout the Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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29. According to Erikson, a person in his or her young adulthood years is most likely to be dealing with which of the following issues? a. Whether or not to commit to a romantic relationship. b. Whether or not to take an active role in the lives of young people. c. Whether or not the career they have chosen is exactly right for them. d. Whether or not to feel satisfaction with choices made in life.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Erik Erikson QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Personality Development Throughout the Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:16 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 30. The neo-Freudian approach of Karen Horney has been referred to as ________ psychology. a. client-centered b. eclectic c. cognitive d. feminine ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Karen Horney QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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31. According to Karen Horney, a person who becomes extremely dependent on other people a. is psychotic. b. is using this interpersonal style to avoid feelings of anxiety. c. learned this style of interacting as an adult. d. could be classified as “moving against people.”

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Karen Horney QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Neurosis KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 32. Karen Horney made several important early contributions to understanding personality. One significant idea was her view that neurotic individuals are a. trapped in a self-defeating way of interacting with others. b. insecure about their relationships. c. people who suffer from “womb envy.” d. no less adjusted to the challenges of life than normal people.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Karen Horney QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Neurosis KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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33. Samantha is anxious about socializing with others and she acts so funny toward her peers when they invite her to go out with them that they have stopped asking. Which interaction style does Samantha display, according to Horney? a. Moving toward people b. Moving away from people c. Moving against people d. Moving without people ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Karen Horney QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Neurosis KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 34. According to Horney, which of the three interpersonal styles is likely to lead to a successful relationship? a. Moving toward people b. Moving against people c. Moving away from people d. relationship combination of different interpersonal styles ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Karen Horney QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Neurosis KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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35. Freud introduced the idea of “penis envy” to explain the personality development of young girls. By introducing the concept of “womb envy,” Karen Horney was suggesting that a. men are as dissatisfied with themselves as women. b. men are conflicted as children over wanting a womb like mother has. c. women are ultimately superior to men because they can bear children. d. each gender has attributes that the other admires.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Karen Horney QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Feminine Psychology KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 36. Phil was often picked on and teased by his parents and other children when growing up. He soon learned to keep people at a distance, to spend most of his time alone. He continued this pattern as an adult, settling on a bookkeeping job that keeps him working in solitude most of the time. Which theorist might use Phil as an example to support part of his or her theory? a. Adler b. Erikson c. Horney d. Freud ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Karen Horney QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Neurosis KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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37. Of the neo-Freudian theorists, the one who stimulated the most discussion about religion was a. Karen Horney. b. Alfred Adler. c. Carl Jung. d. Erich Fromm.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 38. Which of the following statements can be attributed to Jung’s view of religion? a. “Authoritarian religions emphasize that we are controlled by a powerful God.” b. “Modern psychotherapy has taken on the role once reserved for the clergy.” c. “Humanistic religions emphasize that there is no God.” d. “The religions of mankind must be classified as a mass-delusion.”

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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39. According to Fromm, people who conform to what society deems to be normal behavior are a. the most well-adjusted. b. the happiest. c. trying to escape from the perception of powerlessness and loneliness. d. probably struggling with an identity crisis.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 40. According to Jung, people in all cultures throughout history have believed in powerful God-like entities because of a. inherent feelings of helplessness and powerlessness. b. the God archetype. c. the power of organized religion to promote its views. d. fear and anxiety about death.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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41. “God is but an unconscious father figure generated in an infantile way to provide us with feelings of security.”

Which theorist is most likely to have made this statement? a. Freud b. Jung c. Fromm d. Adler ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 42. According to Jung, modern psychotherapists often take on the role once provided by a. grandparents. b. the clergy. c. physicians. d. faith healers.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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43. Researchers turn life stories into data by which of the following methods? a. Judging transcripts of interview recordings b. Computing scores on an inventory c. Judging pictures of significant life events d. Coding people’s life stories live as they are spoken ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Personal Narrative QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Measuring Personality with Personal Narratives KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 44. Which of the following theoretical concepts has been given general support from research using personal narratives? a. Horney’s womb envy b. Adler’s strivings for superiority c. Fromm’s authoritarian religions d. Erikson’s generativity versus stagnation stage ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Personal Narrative QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Generativity and Life Stories KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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45. Compared to Freud’s theory, the neo-Freudian theories generally are a. more comprehensive, in that most neo-Freudian theorists tried to explain a wider range of behaviors than did Freud. b. more pessimistic about human nature. c. less biased in their interpretation of data. d. more concerned with the social aspects of personality development.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of Neo-Freudian Theories QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Strengths KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 46. Like Freud’s original theory, the neo-Freudian approach can be criticized for a. a lack of scientific evidence. b. being more descriptive than scientific. c. incomplete or limited accounts of personality. d. all of these are legitimate criticisms ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of Neo-Freudian Theories QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Criticisms KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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47. Adler’s assessment of middle children was positive. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Alfred Adler QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Birth Order KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 48. The neo-Freudian theorist who named his approach analytic psychology was Erik Erikson. a. True b. False ANSWER:

False

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Jung QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 49. Erik Erikson observed that overly protective parents hinder the development of a sense of what he called autonomy. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Erik Erikson QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Personality Development Throughout the Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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50. Karen Horney’s view of personality was that it does not even exist in the absence of interpersonal relations. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Karen Horney QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Neurosis KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 51. To analyze personal narratives, judges may count the number of times certain themes are mentioned. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Personal Narratives QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Measuring Personality with Personal Narratives KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 52. Briefly sketch the life of Alfred Adler, stating how his life experiences may have influenced his theory. Discuss Adler’s contribution to psychoanalytic theory and identify the main points of his approach, including the roles of inferiority, birth order, and other basic factors that influence personality development in Adler’s view.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Alfred Adler QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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53. Briefly sketch the life of Carl Jung including his relationship to Freud. Discuss Jung’s contribution to psychoanalytic theory and identify the main points of his approach, including what he meant by the collective unconscious. Give examples of the content of the collective unconscious and briefly sketch his theory of psychological types.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Jung QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 54. Briefly sketch the life of Erik Erikson and contrast his theory with Freud’s. Discuss Erikson’s contribution to psychoanalytic theory and identify the main points of his approach, including a definition of identity crisis and Erikson’s conception of the ego. List the stages of personality development according to Erikson’s theory and for each stage give an example of the basic crisis involved.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Erik Erikson QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 55. Briefly sketch the life of Karen Horney and describe her relationship to Freud. Discuss Horney’s contribution to psychoanalytic theory and identify the specific objections she had to Freud’s original theory. Explain Horney’s conception of neurosis and discuss three general social interaction styles that neurotic people adopt.

ANSWER: POINTS:

Answers will vary

1

REFERENCES: Karen Horney QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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56. Discuss the way in which neo-Freudians Carl Jung and Erich Fromm regarded religion in terms of the theories of personality that they advanced. Did they feel that religion was a positive or negative force? Was it useful or problematic? What factors informed these opinions?

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Psychoanalytic Theory and Religion QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM 57. Describe the method of personality assessment known as personal narrative. What are the steps involved in their analysis? Give one neo-Freudian theory for which personal narratives have provided support. List and explain the problems associated with this assessment technique.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Personal Narratives QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:17 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:34 AM

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1. Freud wrote about several different types of anxiety. They included all except ________ anxiety. a. reality b. neurotic c. moral d. performance ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 2. According to Freud, a person would be most likely to feel guilty as a result of experiencing ________ anxiety. a. reality b. neurotic c. moral d. performance ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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3. Suppose you have a shy friend who gets anxious whenever there are popular people nearby. The anxiety is so bad that your friend cannot speak around others. Freud would argue that your friend is experiencing ________ anxiety. a. reality b. neurotic c. moral d. superego ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 4. Freud conceived of the concept of neurotic anxiety. Which statement is the most accurate with regard to this sort of anxiety? a. It is experienced when id impulses are dangerously close to breaking into consciousness. b. It prevents the ego from utilizing defense mechanisms that are urgently needed. c. It is created when id impulses violate society’s moral code and the ego cannot counteract these urges. d. People experiencing neurotic anxiety usually are aware of what is making them anxious.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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5. Research on reactions to stressful stimuli finds that people typically use coping strategies to reduce anxiety a. when trained to do so by the experimenter. b. when reminded to do so by the experimenter. c. when given no instructions about coping strategies by the experimenter. d. very rarely, unless the stimulus is extremely anxiety-provoking.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Coping with Anxiety KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 6. Jason is an author who works for a variety of publishing companies. One of them recently informed him that they will no longer be using his services, and this creates a financial hardship for family. Jason responds by contacting the other publishers and accepting additional projects to compensate for the lost income. Jason has dealt with this stressor by using a(n) ________ strategy. a. emotion-focused b. avoidance c. withdrawal d. problem-focused ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Types of Coping Strategies KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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7. Researchers often organize the many kinds of coping strategies into categories. One of the most useful distinctions drawn by these researchers is between _____ and _____ strategies. a. conscious; unconscious b. childish; adult c. active-role; avoidance d. primary; secondary ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Types of Coping Strategies KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 8. Sam is facing a difficult midterm exam and is feeling stressed out about it. As the exam date approaches and his anxiety increases, Sam starts thinking about ways to study more effectively. He schedules a large portion of time for active study of the material on the test so that he is prepared. In terms of coping, Sam is employing a(n) ________ strategy. a. avoidance b. emotion-focused c. problem-focused d. repression ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Types of Coping Strategies KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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9. Researchers find that avoidance coping strategies a. are usually less effective than active-role strategies. b. are particularly effective with severe trauma. c. are about as effective as emotion-focused strategies. d. are most effective with long-term problems.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Effective are Coping Strategies?

KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 10. Under which circumstances might an emotion-focused strategy be more effective in reducing anxiety than a problem-focused strategy? a. When the source of the anxiety is likely to last for a long time. b. When the person does not possess the tools to correct the situation. c. When the anxiety level is not particularly high. d. When the person is very emotional.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Effective are Coping Strategies?

KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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11. Research has found that one gender difference in coping strategies is that a. women take steps to solve problems directly more than men. b. men use emotion-focused strategies more than women. c. women use emotion-focused strategies more than men. d. men and women are equally likely to engage in avoidance strategies.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Types of Coping Strategies KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 12. One team of researchers found that medical students who relied on _________ had better physical heath during the first year of med school. a. active coping b. self-centered coping strategies c. defensive coping d. avoidance strategies ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Effective are Coping Strategies?

KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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13. A friend comes to you with a problem. You determine that there is nothing she can do to solve the problem but also that it is not going to go away any time soon. According to research, you can best help your friend by recommending a(n) ________ strategy. a. emotion-focused b. problem-focused c. avoidant d. defensive ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Effective are Coping Strategies?

KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 14. Researchers find that men are more likely to use ______ coping strategies than women and women are more likely to use ______ coping strategies than men. a. emotion-focused; problem-focused b. active; avoidant c. avoidant; active d. problem-focused; emotion-focused ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Types of Coping Strategies KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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15. Because different coping strategies work under different situations, researchers often call the ability to know when to apply which strategy a. anxiety-reduction style. b. the avoidance approach. c. copying effectiveness. d. coping flexibility.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Coping Flexibility and Resilience KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 16. Researchers who examined student’s reactions to traumas like car accidents and health issue found that students a. low in coping flexibility experienced less stress as a result of the traumas. b. low in coping flexibility experienced no stress from the traumatic events. c. high in coping flexibility experienced less stress as a result of the traumas. d. high in coping flexibility experienced less avoidance of future traumas.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Coping Flexibility and Resilience KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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17. The psychologists who developed the frustration aggression hypothesis borrowed which of the following concepts from Freudian theory? a. Projection b. Death instinct c. Reaction formation d. Catharsis ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 18. According to Freud, we all have an instinctive desire to destroy ourselves. This aggressive instinct, which he called ________, is then directed at others as a defensive reaction by the ego. a. the shadow b. libido c. thanatos d. catharsis ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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19. A woman is frustrated by a person at work. Instead of attacking the coworker who is frustrating her, she yells at her best friend. According to the frustration aggression hypothesis, the woman is a. not really frustrated. b. more likely to act aggressively after yelling at her friend. c. demonstrating displacement. d. demonstrating projection.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 20. Which of the following is true about the frustration–aggression hypothesis? a. Frustration is one cause of aggression. b. Frustrated people act more aggressively than nonfrustrated people. c. Aggressive responses are more likely when a frustrated person is close to their goal. d. All of these options are true ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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21. Which of the following concepts did some of the developers of the original frustration aggression hypothesis use to explain why frustrated people sometimes fail to show signs of aggression? a. Reaction formation and displacement b. Displacement and sublimation c. Sublimation and denial d. Repression and denial ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 22. In which scenario is a person demonstrating sublimation as a defensive response to frustration? a. Carly yells at her husband after having a very difficult day at work. b. Matthias storms out of his office after a customer cancels a major work contract. c. Geno has an intense workout punching his punching bag after his girlfriend breaks up with him. d. Melinda throws the remote control at the television when it isn’t working properly.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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23. Which of the following is predicted from the original frustration aggression hypothesis? a. Aggression is always caused by frustration. b. Aggression is sometimes caused by frustration. c. Frustration is the only one of many causes of aggression. d. Catharsis always leads to frustration.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 24. The psychologists who developed the frustration aggression hypothesis used or adapted all of the following concepts from Freudian theory except one. Which one? a. Displacement b. Sublimation c. Catharsis d. Reinforcement ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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25. Researchers in one study compared the responses of people when someone cut in front of them in line. The researchers expected more aggressive reactions when the people were near the front of the line than near the back of the line. The researchers were testing the effects of _______ on aggression. a. crowd influence b. modeling c. arousal level d. frustration ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Frustration and Aggression KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 26. Research on frustration and aggression generally has found that a. frustration always leads to aggression. b. frustration sometimes leads to aggression. c. frustration rarely leads to aggression. d. frustration always leads to aggression but sometimes in indirect or displaced forms.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Frustration and Aggression KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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27. Participants in one experiment were either frustrated or not frustrated. They then were given what they thought was an opportunity to administer electric shocks to either the person who had frustrated them or a stranger. This experiment was designed to test which part of the frustration aggression hypothesis? a. Catharsis b. Displacement c. Sublimation d. Reinforcement ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Displaced Aggression KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 28. Participants in one study were either frustrated or not frustrated. They then were given what they thought was an opportunity to administer electric shocks to another person. Sometimes this other person was the one who had frustrated them, and sometimes it was a stranger. The researchers found that a. frustration increased aggression but only against the person who frustrated the participants. b. frustration increased aggression against both the person who had frustrated the participants and the stranger. c. frustration led to an increase in aggression against the person who had frustrated the participants, but a decrease in aggression against the stranger. d. frustration did not affect aggression levels in this experiment.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Displaced Aggression KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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29. The concept known as “triggered displaced aggression” refers to displacement that is a. an overreaction. b. targeted toward a specific person. c. generalized aggression to unfamiliar situations. d. rare in response to frustration, if ever, in the personality.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Displaced Aggression KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 30. According to the original frustration aggression hypothesis, what is needed to reduce the likelihood of aggression in a frustrated person? a. Removal of the frustrating agent b. Reduced awareness of the frustrating agent c. Catharsis d. Repression ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Catharsis and Aggression KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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31. To explain why aggression sometimes decreases, many researchers have adopted the Freudian concept of a. the Oedipus complex. b. repression. c. the superego. d. catharsis.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Catharsis and Aggression KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 32. In one research study, participants were either (a) subjected to frustration or (b) not subjected to frustration. They then had the opportunity to deliver shocks to the person who had frustrated them or to an innocent stranger. In which situation were the most shocks delivered? a. A frustrated participant was shocking a stranger. b. A nonfrustrated participant was shocking a stranger. c. A frustrated participant was shocking the person who had frustrated them. d. A nonfrustrated participant was shocking the person who had frustrated them.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Catharsis and Aggression KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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33. Which of the following appears to happen when a frustrated person is allowed to act aggressively? a. His or her need to aggress against others is decreased. b. He or she gets more aroused, thus increasing future aggression. c. The tension release reinforces the aggression. d. He or she becomes more inhibited about aggressing against people in the future.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Catharsis and Aggression KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 34. Frustrated research participants are sometimes given an opportunity to administer an electric shock to another person. Experimenters conducting this research generally find that a. contrary to prediction, participants do not experience a change in their arousal levels following the administration of the shocks. b. participants experience an increase in arousal following the administration of the shocks. c. participants experience a decrease in arousal following the administration of the shocks. d. participants experience a rapid increase followed by a rapid decrease in arousal following the administration of the shocks.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Catharsis and Aggression KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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35. According to research on the frustration aggression hypothesis, we would expect a frustrated man who is allowed to act aggressively to experience a. catharsis and reduce his aggression. b. catharsis and increase his aggression. c. no catharsis and reduce his aggression. d. no catharsis and increase his aggression.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Catharsis and Aggression KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 36. Researchers find that acting aggressively often increases the likelihood of acting aggressively in the future.

Researchers have used all of the following concepts except _________ to explain this finding. a. disinhibition b. cues for aggression c. memories d. catharsis ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Catharsis and Aggression KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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37. According to object relations theory, a child’s relationship with his or her parents a. is not as important as the child’s relationship with peers. b. affects the way the child thinks of others in future relationships. c. is more important as the child grows older, especially in the adolescent years. d. is not as important as neo-Freudian theorists originally claimed.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Object Relations Theory and Attachment Theory KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 38. Researchers have identified attachment styles that affect how people relate to romantic partners. According to attachment theory, these adult styles are primarily determined by a. differences in self-esteem. b. adolescent relationships. c. relationships with parents when the person was an infant. d. inherited temperament.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Object Relations Theory and Attachment Theory KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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39. According to research on attachment theory, a mother who is attentive and responsive to her infant is most likely to develop a ______ relationship with the child. a. secure b. anxious–ambivalent c. avoidant d. dependent ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Object Relations Theory and Attachment Theory KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 40. In contrast to Freud’s theory, object relations theorists a. focus on internal drives and conflicts. b. are interested in the intellectual and emotional development of the infant. c. are interested in an infant’s relationship with his or her parents. d. do not believe that children develop unconscious representations of significant objects in their environment.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Object Relations Theory and Attachment Theory KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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41. Of the following individuals, which was not a figure in the development and advancement of the object-relations approach? a. Alfred Adler b. Donald Winnicott c. Heinz Kohut d. Margaret Mahler ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Object Relations Theory and Attachment Theory KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 42. A woman is uncomfortable getting close to others and has difficulty trusting potential romantic partners. She probably has which kind of adult attachment style? a. Secure b. Anxious–ambivalent c. Avoidant d. Dependent ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Adult Attachment Styles KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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43. A man worries that his romantic partner does not really love him. He becomes demanding and sometimes overwhelming in his effort to secure his partner’s love. The man probably has which kind of attachment style? a. Secure b. Anxious–ambivalent c. Avoidant d. Dependent ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Adult Attachment Styles KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 44. Individuals who see themselves as unworthy of love is characteristic of which of the following categories of adult attachment? a. Secure b. Avoidant c. Dismissing d. Disoriented ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Alternate Models and Measurement KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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45. Carol is having difficulty with her romantic relationship. She is afraid of losing her partner, so she gives in to her partner’s wishes to keep him happy. Carol probably has which kind of attachment style? a. Secure b. Anxious–ambivalent c. Avoidant d. Dependent ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Alternate Models and Measurement KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 46. Francisco has fallen in love many times but has difficulty finding long-term happiness in any of his relationships. He desperately wants to find a romantic partner. Francisco probably has which kind of adult attachment style? a. Secure b. Anxious–ambivalent c. Avoidant d. Dependent ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Attachment Style and Romantic Relationships KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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47. A four-category model of adult attachment styles divides people along which two dimensions? a. Fear of abandonment and fear of closeness b. Feelings about one’s mother and feelings about one’s father c. Fear of closeness and fear of love d. Images of one’s self-worth and belief in one’s abilities ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Alternate Models and Measurement KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 48. People with which kind of adult attachment style are least likely to fall in love? a. Secure b. Anxious–ambivalent c. Avoidant d. Dependent ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Attachment Style and Romantic Relationships KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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49. In terms of the four-category model of adult attachment, preoccupied people a. see themselves as unworthy of love and doubt a romantic relationship would be satisfying. b. have feelings that they are unworthy while they tend to see others as trustworthy. c. shy away from close relationships. d. seek out intimate relationships because of curiosity.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Alternate Models and Measurement KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 50. Although she is involved in a steady romantic relationship, Jackie has an avoidant attachment style. This week she is stressed about an upcoming medical operation. Studies suggest the stress will cause Jackie to a. seek comfort from her partner. b. pull away from her partner. c. seek comfort from many people. d. become excessively dependent on her partner.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Attachment Style and Romantic Relationships KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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51. An attachment style inventory was completed by couples waiting in an airport, their behavior was then observed until departure. Results from this research showed that a. avoidant individuals showed signs of stress over flying. b. most secure participants left the waiting area before their partners departed. c. avoidant couples directly expressed anxiety to the researchers. d. secure participants showed signs of closeness to their partner while waiting.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Attachment Style and Romantic Relationships KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 52. Karen Horney agreed with Freud that unconscious conflicts often trigger anxiety. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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53. In general, avoidance coping strategies are more effective in helping people with a wide variety of stressors than active strategies.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Effective are Coping Strategies?

KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 54. Research consistently finds that any of the coping strategy types discussed in the textbook have the same effectiveness at reducing anxiety.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: How Effective are Coping Strategies?

KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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55. One explanation for why aggression leads to more aggression is that it is reinforced by the cathartic release of tension.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Catharsis and Aggression KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 56. A person who describes his or her relationships with family members as distrustful and emotionally distant most probably has an avoidant style of attachment.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Adult Attachment Styles KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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57. In terms of the four-category model of adult attachment, dismissing people have feelings that they are unworthy while they tend to see others as trustworthy.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Alternate Models and Measurement KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 58. State the early version of the distinction between active-role and avoidant coping strategies. Give some examples of a person’s response to stress from each end of the dimension. Distinguish further the coping strategies that are problem-focused from emotion-focused strategies. State the relative effectiveness of these different strategies.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 59. Think of a time when you have been under an extreme amount of anxiety (you may make one up if you prefer).

Describe how you might have dealt with this anxiety using a problem-focused strategy, an emotion-focused strategy, and an avoidance strategy .Which would have most likely produced the best outcome?

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Anxiety and Coping Strategies QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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60. Discuss how Freud’s original frustration–aggression hypothesis influenced research by behavioral psychologists on the topic. Give evidence that frustration is one cause of aggression. Define displacement and catharsis and specify their roles in aggressive behavior.

ANSWER:

Answers will vary

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 61. Between sublimation, displacement, and catharsis which would you prefer to use in moments if extreme frustration?

Why? What are the disadvantages of the options that you did not select?

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Psychoanalytic Concepts and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM 62. Describe three kinds of parent–child attachment relationships. Contrast with examples of each of the four categories of adult attachment styles. What are the implications for children in each of the three relationships when they are adults?

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Attachment Style and Adult Relationships QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:40 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 10:49 AM

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1. Typology systems make each of the following assumptions except one. Which one? a. Each person belongs in one personality category. b. All people within a personality category are basically alike. c. The behavior of people in one category is distinctly different from that of people in another category. d. Not all people can be classified into a type category, but most of them can.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Trait Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 2. Which of the following assumptions underlies the trait approach to personality? a. Each person belongs in one and only one personality category. b. Personality characteristics can be represented along a continuum. c. People in one personality category are distinctly different from people in other categories. d. Personality can change as a function of the situation the person is in.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Trait Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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3. The trait approach is built on the assumption that personality characteristics are relatively stable over time and that a. personality characteristics are also relatively stable across different situations. b. through trait descriptions, we can make comparisons across people. c. the typical behavior of a person with one trait is different from that of another. d. while explanation is not possible, trait researchers focus on describing personality.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Trait Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 4. If we say Ted is high on the personality trait of assertiveness, we would expect that he will act assertively a. all of the time. b. more often than someone low in assertiveness. c. in some situations that call for assertiveness, but not in others. d. because he puts himself in situations that call for assertion.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Trait Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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5. Which of the following statements is true about the trait approach? a. No major schools of psychotherapy have evolved from the trait approach. b. The trait approach is the best approach for predicting change in personality. c. Most trait researchers do not focus on predicting behavior. d. Trait theorists place emphasis on identifying the mechanisms that determine behavior.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Trait Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 6. Which of the following is true about the trait approach to personality? a. Trait researchers generally are not interested in predicting the behavior of a single individual. b. It is not easy to make comparisons across people with the trait approach. c. The trait approach has been responsible for generating a number of useful approaches to psychotherapy. d. Trait theorists place a greater emphasis on discovering the mechanisms underlying behavior than do theorists from other approaches to personality.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Trait Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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7. Traits were introduced into the field of personality psychology by a. Gordon Allport. b. Raymond Cattell. c. Carl Jung. d. Henry Murray.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gordon Allport KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 8. According to Allport, which of the following is true about central traits? a. They are basically the same for all people. b. They are useful when examining personality through the nomothetic approach. c. They are useful when examining personality through the idiographic approach. d. They comprise a number of secondary traits.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gordon Allport KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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9. The idiographic approach to personality has advantages. For example, a. researchers can compare all people on measures of a certain trait. b. it reveals common traits. c. the person rather than the researcher determines what traits to examine. d. it provides information about the relationship between traits and behavior.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gordon Allport KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 10. A man is said to have one personality trait that dominates his personality. Allport would identify this personality trait as a ________ trait. a. common b. central c. cardinal d. secondary ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gordon Allport KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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11. A psychologist collects data from a large number of people. She places each person on a continuum ranging from high to low conscientiousness and makes predictions about how people in the high range will act compared to those in the low range. This psychologist is using the ________ approach to understand personality. a. type b. nomothetic c. idiographic d. common trait ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gordon Allport KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 12. People with traits that dominate their personality can be described in terms of what Allport called a ________ trait. a. cardinal b. central c. nomothetic d. secondary ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gordon Allport KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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13. Allport called the 5–10 traits that best describe an individual’s personality _________ traits. a. central b. common c. cardinal d. secondary ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gordon Allport KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 14. Which theorist had a strong influence on Henry Murray’s theorizing about personality? a. Gordon Allport b. Alfred Adler c. Sigmund Freud d. Carl Jung ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Henry Murray KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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15. One of Henry Murray’s chief contributions to the field of personality psychology was the development of the ________. a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory b. Thematic Apperception Test c. 16-PF (16 personality factors) d. Rorschach Inkblot Test ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Henry Murray KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 16. Which theorist identified psychogenic needs as the basic elements of personality? a. Gordon Allport b. Raymond Cattell c. Carl Jung d. Henry Murray ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Henry Murray KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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17. Which of the following is not a psychogenic need that exists as one of the basic elements of personality? a. Dominance b. Affiliation c. Autonomy d. Nutrition ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Henry Murray KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 18. Sometimes a man with a high need for Affiliation will engage in social interactions, but sometimes he will not.

According to Murray, what determines the man’s affiliation behavior? a. Whether or not he has recently spent time with people b. The strength of his need for Affiliation relative to other needs c. The need for Affiliation levels of other people d. His need for Power ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Henry Murray KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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19. According to Murray, we need to know all of the following pieces of information except one in order to predict a woman’s achievement behavior. Which one? a. The strength of her need for Achievement b. Where her need for Achievement fits on her hierarchy of needs c. The amount of external “press” she experiences d. Her fear of failure ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Henry Murray KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 20. A researcher compares the speeches of American presidents to determine the presidents’ needs for Achievement.

The researcher’s research was influenced by which personality theorist’s work? a. Gordon Allport b. Raymond Cattell c. Carl Jung d. Henry Murray ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Henry Murray KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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21. Murray referred to each environmental force that activates a need as a(n) a. trigger. b. repressor. c. press. d. itch.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Henry Murray KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 22. Raymond Cattell argued that in their efforts to understanding the basic structure of personality, psychologists should a. begin with a theory about the basic structure of personality. b. examine personality characteristics shared by everyone as well as those found in only a few people. c. allow empirical data analyses to describe the basic structure of personality to us. d. examine only one type of personality data.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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23. Part of Raymond Cattell’s interest in finding a structure to the existence of personality traits was influenced by his early education in the field of a. chemistry. b. astronomy. c. physics. d. philosophy.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 24. In his quest to understand the basic structure of personality, Cattell relied heavily on a. the idiographic approach. b. factor analysis. c. the examination of central traits. d. case studies.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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25. Personality psychologists use factor analysis to help them determine a. a person’s central traits. b. which personality traits correlate with each other. c. the stability of personality traits over time and situations. d. the validity of personality trait measures.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 26. A psychologist examines six personality tests. She suspects that four of the tests are really measuring the same personality trait and that the other two measure another personality trait. What kind of research should the psychologist conduct to test her hypothesis? a. A field study b. A case study c. Factor analysis d. Idiographic research ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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27. According to Cattell, which of the following traits ultimately constitutes the human personality? a. Cardinal b. Source c. Secondary d. Factor ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 28. Why were pioneers in the study of personality traits limited in what they could discover? a. There were not as many sophisticated statistical tests in those days. b. They had to calculate the factor analyses by hand. c. Their data sets were limited. d. These are all correct answers.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Big Five KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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29. Recent research on the “Big Five” personality factors uses an approach to understanding personality similar to that advocated by a. Gordon Allport. b. Raymond Cattell. c. Carl Jung. d. Henry Murray.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Big Five KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 30. Different teams of researchers examining human personality traits have independently found evidence that there may, in fact, only be _______ such traits. a. 3 b. 5 c. 12 d. 16 ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Big Five KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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31. Karen always approaches tasks in an organized, faithful manner. She persists at a difficult job longer than most people and generally accomplishes more. Karen is probably high in which of the Big Five traits? a. Agreeableness b. Openness c. Conscientiousness d. Extraversion ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Big Five KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 32. Andrew has strong opinions and enjoys a good argument in which he can stand up for his beliefs. He prefers to work where he can compete with others, rather than an organization that stresses cooperation. Andrew would probably score low on a measure of which of the Big Five traits? a. Conscientiousness b. Agreeableness c. Introversion d. Openness ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Big Five KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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33. Alicia has an active imagination and a strong intellectual curiosity. She likes new ideas and unconventional ways of looking at problems. Alicia is probably high in the Big Five trait called a. agreeableness. b. neuroticism. c. conscientiousness. d. openness.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Big Five KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 34. People who score high on a measure of the __________ trait are helpful, trusting, and sympathetic when interacting with others. a. agreeableness b. openness c. conscientiousness d. psychoticism ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Big Five KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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35. Which of the following is true about the five-factor model? a. Few have criticized it for its lack of predictive value. b. Hypotheses about the origin of the Big Five factors were generated after the results of the research were seen. c. Trait theorists would be better off focusing their research on the five main traits. d. It provides the most comprehensive model to explain personality currently in the field.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Big Five KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 36. Tonya often becomes upset over daily stressors. More than most people, she experiences such emotions as sadness, anger, and anxiety. This description of Tonya is best accounted for by which of the factors in the Big Five model? a. Agreeableness b. Neuroticism c. Extraversion d. Openness ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Big Five KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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37. Compared to most of us, individuals who score high on the trait of openness are more likely to a. tell a stranger all about themselves. b. change their self-concept on a regular basis. c. make friends easily in different situations. d. willingly consider new ideas.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Big Five KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 38. Which of the following statements is true about research on the Big Five? a. There are very few findings support general trends in Big Five scores over the lifespan. b. Different findings may reflect differences in how broadly investigators conceive the personality structure. c. All studies using factor analysis include the same kind of data. d. Controversy surrounds the inconsistent findings for the Big Five over different populations.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Big Five KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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39. According to critics of the five-factor model of personality, a. knowing how sociable a person is allows for a better prediction of behavior than knowing how extraverted that person is. b. researchers need to use factor analysis in order to determine the number of basic personality factors. c. although Extraversion is a basic personality factor, there is no evidence that Neuroticism is. d. factor analytic researchers should all use the same personality tests so that they can produce the same results.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Ongoing Questions Related to the Big Five Model KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 40. According to the “person by situation” approach, a. personality is more important than the situation in determining behavior. b. there is little evidence for cross-situational consistency. c. behavior is determined by an interaction of personality and the situation. d. personality researchers need to measure behavior in more than one way.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Situation Versus Trait Controversy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Criticisms of the Trait Approach KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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41. Critics of the trait approach to personality have raised each of the following points except one. Which one? a. Personality researchers do not measure behaviors correctly. b. There is little evidence for cross-situational consistency. c. Psychologists place too much emphasis on personality test scores when making psychological diagnoses. d. Trait measures do not predict behavior well.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Situation Versus Trait Controversy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Criticisms of the Trait Approach KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 42. Critics of the trait approach have argued that there is a. little consistency of behavior across situations. b. no valid prediction of behavior from test scores. c. too much reliance on situational factors rather than the traits themselves. d. all of the above.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Situation Versus Trait Controversy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Criticisms of the Trait Approach KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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43. Many researchers fail to produce strong links between personality traits and behavior. Trait theorists have argued that this is because a. researchers don’t perform the correct statistical analysis. b. researchers don’t measure personality traits correctly. c. researchers don’t measure behavior correctly. d. statistical analyses skew personality data.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Situation Versus Trait Controversy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: In Defense of Personality Traits KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 44. Psychologists often use personality traits to predict behavior in the workplace. This research has benefited recently by looking at a. the Big Five personality dimensions. b. psychogenic needs. c. central traits. d. the idiographic approach.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: The Big Five in the Workplace QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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45. Julie sets high goals for herself at work. She is more committed to reaching these goals than most employees. She is organized, works hard, and remains persistent in the face of obstacles to reaching her work goals. Julie would probably score high on a measure of a. Extraversion. b. Agreeableness. c. Openness. d. Conscientiousness.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: The Big Five in the Workplace QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 46. Among the Big Five personality dimensions, individual differences in _________ typically are the best predictors of job performance. a. Extraversion b. Openness c. Agreeableness d. Conscientiousness ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: The Big Five in the Workplace QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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47. Rather than examine a large number of personality variables that may or may not be related to how well people perform in the workplace, many researchers now address the questions of job performance and personality a. by using the personality dimensions identified in the five-factor model. b. by categorizing workers by personality types. c. by using the several psychogenic needs developed by Murray. d. by responses to work interests on self-report inventories.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: The Big Five in the Workplace QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 48. Each of the following is true about the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) except one. Which one? a. It is among the most widely used psychological tests. b. It provides a pattern of scores on a number of scales. c. It provides test givers with an overall mental health score for each test-taker. d. It is a self-report inventory.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Self-Report Inventories QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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49. Test-takers who “fake good” a. are able to fool most test givers with their inaccurate responses. b. are not likely to be detected unless they admit that they are faking their test answers. c. are trying to present a better image than is accurate. d. are not aware that they are distorting their responses to create a false image.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Self-Report Inventories QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Problems with Self-Report Inventories KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 50. A psychologist knows the man he is testing wants to be admitted into the psychiatric ward of the hospital. With which problem should the psychologist be concerned? a. Faking good b. Faking bad c. Social desirability d. Acquiescence response ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Self-Report Inventories QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Problems with Self-Report Inventories KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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51. Sometimes test makers include the same test questions more than once on the test. This is done to detect which potential problem? a. Faking good b. Faking bad c. Carelessness and sabotage d. Social desirability ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Self-Report Inventories QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Problems with Self-Report Inventories KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 52. Social desirability scales measure the extent to which a person a. possesses socially desirable characteristics. b. understands the rules of social interaction. c. tries to present himself or herself in a favorable light. d. is able to understand the meaning of the test items.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Self-Report Inventories QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Problems with Self-Report Inventories KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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53. A woman indicates on a test that she agrees with the statement, “I am confident in my abilities.” Later on the same test, she agrees with the statement, “I have doubts about my abilities.” This woman’s responses may indicate the presence of which potential problem? a. Faking good b. Faking bad c. Social desirability d. Acquiescence response ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Self-Report Inventories QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Problems with Self-Report Inventories KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 54. Sometimes test makers reverse the direction of the test items. That is, whereas sometimes agreeing with an item indicates a high score on the trait being measured, sometimes disagreeing with the item indicates a high score. Test makers do this to control for which potential problem? a. Faking b. Carelessness and sabotage c. Social desirability d. Acquiescence response ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Self-Report Inventories QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Problems with Self-Report Inventories KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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55. Test makers often examine the correlation between scores on the new test and scores on a measure of social desirability. They do this to a. make certain they are measuring something that is socially appropriate. b. establish the discriminant validity of the new scale. c. ensure that people are not offended by items on the new scale. d. establish the face validity of the new scale.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Self-Report Inventories QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Problems with Self-Report Inventories KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 56. One strength of the trait approach to personality is that it a. predicts behavior in many situations. b. is not necessary to job counselors to do their work. c. does not rely on intuition but instead on objective measures. d. explains the development of personality traits.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of the Trait Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Strengths KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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57. Which approach to personality has relatively little to say about how people develop specific personality characteristics? a. Trait b. Psychoanalytic c. Behavioral/social learning d. Cognitive ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of the Trait Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Criticisms KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 58. Trait psychologists believe that one can take any person and place him or her somewhere in a set of categories. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Trait Approach QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 59. While research shows that personalities continue to develop, the changes are gradual, evolving over a period of years. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Trait Approach QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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60. The nomothetic approach to personality measurement looks at cardinal traits. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gordon Allport KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 61. The projective test that Murray developed was the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). a. True b. False ANSWER:

True

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Henry Murray KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 62. To discover the structure of personality, Cattell used a sophisticated statistical technique called correlation analysis. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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63. Research has shown that among the Big Five personality factors, the best predictor of job performance is conscientiousness.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: The Big Five in the Workplace QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 64. Discuss several ways in which the trait approach differs from other approaches to personality. Distinguish the special features of the trait and what it emphasizes, including the advantages of studying personality through the trait approach.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Trait Approach QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 65. Discuss the contributions of Gordon Allport to understanding personality and distinguish between nomothetic and idiographic approaches to personality. Give three kinds of personality traits proposed by Allport and an example of each. What alternative explanations for adult behavior and personality did Allport propose?

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Important Trait Theorists QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gordon Allport KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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66. Describe two of your best friends in terms of the Big Five factors. For each friend, state where that person fits along each of the dimensions. Give two ways that Henry Murray and Raymond Cattell influenced this model.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Big Five KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 67. Summarize the situation versus trait controversy. Discuss two criticisms of the trait approach given by Mischel with respect to this controversy. Give a defense of the trait approach and specify how the criticisms and defense have improved our understanding of personality traits.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Situation Versus Trait Controversy QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 68. What is meant by using the score on a measure of social desirability to test discriminant validity? List the problems associated with self-report inventories and the logic behind assessment of social desirability.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Self-Report Inventories QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Problems with Self-Report Inventories KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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69. Identify the different measures that are built into the MMPI to identify when people are answering in an invalid way.

Which of these do you think is the most important? Why? Give an example of why someone might try to “outsmart” each of these scales?

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Self-Report Inventories QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Problems with Self-Report Inventories KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM 70. Identify at least three strengths and three criticisms of the trait approach to personality. Do you think that the strengths outweigh the weaknesses enough to make this a dominant force in personality study? Or are the weaknesses salient enough that the trait approach is less effective than other models? Why?

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of the Trait Approach QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 10:58 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 11:02 AM

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1. A psychologist asks you to look at some pictures and tell a story about the people in them. Which test are you probably taking? a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) b. Picture Description Test (PDT) c. Rorschach test d. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 2. The original researchers of achievement motivation were not interested in all kinds of achievement. They were specifically interested in a. achievement in school. b. entrepreneurial behavior. c. individual differences in achievement behavior. d. cultural difference in achievement concepts.

ANSWER: POINTS: REFERENCES:

b 1 Achievement Motivation

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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3. Which of the following did early researchers examining need for Achievement have in common with many psychoanalytic therapists? a. Both based their work on Freud’s theory of personality. b. Both used free association. c. Both used projective tests. d. Both were concerned with repression.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 4. A man with a high need for Achievement is trying to decide between several investment opportunities. He is likely to select an investment with a a. potentially small return but with relatively little risk of losing any money. b. potentially moderate return but with a moderate amount of financial risk. c. potentially huge return but with a significant possibility of losing a large amount of money. d. guaranteed small return rate with absolutely no risk.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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5. Which of the following person is likely to have the highest need for Achievement? a. A highly successful social worker b. An award-winning chemist c. A bank president d. A recognized poet ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 6. Research sometimes finds that high need for Achievement people are ineffective when placed in positions of great responsibility. Researchers say this is probably because these people a. become “burnt-out” in the climb to this position. b. have difficulty delegating authority and relying on subordinates. c. have failed to develop other personality characteristics that might make them effective leaders. d. lose motivation once they reach their goal.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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7. Research on achievement and gender finds that men and women often differ in a. how much they want to succeed. b. how they define success. c. the length of time it takes them to succeed. d. how long they persist in the face of setbacks.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gender, Culture, and Achievement KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 8. Researchers find that men and women sometimes differ in achievement behavior because a. men have an inherently higher need to achieve. b. men are better at tasks calling for organization skills. c. men have higher endurance levels. d. men and women value various kinds of achievement at different levels.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gender, Culture, and Achievement KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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9. Which of the following is true about gender and achievement? a. Men and women act similarly in achievement settings. b. Men are more interested in external standards of success, while women tend to be more interested in internal standards of success. c. Women in our society are more likely to see success in terms of external standards. d. Men and women assign similar values to achievement tasks.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gender, Culture, and Achievement KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 10. Cross-cultural researchers investigating achievement motivation find a. individualistic cultures achieve more than collectivist cultures. b. cultures that emphasize group performance tend to achieve more. c. similar levels of need for Achievement in almost all cultures. d. the meaning of achievement varies as a function of culture.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gender, Culture, and Achievement KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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11. Which of the following is associated with those from a collectivist culture? a. Individual achievement is recognized and rewarded. b. People are singled out for their successes. c. Personal accomplishments drive effort. d. Success is defined in terms of cooperation and group accomplishments.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gender, Culture, and Achievement KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 12. Workers from individualistic cultures may see themselves in competition with their coworkers. What is a potential result of this mindset that is discussed in the textbook? a. The sense of competition makes them work harder. b. They intentionally sabotage their coworkers. c. They are satisfied with their jobs as long as their salaries are acceptable. d. They are always on the lookout for a better opportunity and will change jobs or companies if they get a better opening.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gender, Culture, and Achievement KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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13. According to an attribution analysis of achievement behavior, first-year student Arnold is most likely to improve his academic performance if he attributes poor freshman grades to a. his ability. b. the difficulty of college classes. c. his level of effort. d. inadequate preparation for college.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Attributions KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 14. According to the ___________ approach to achievement motivation, we often ask ourselves why we have done as well as we have. a. achievement goals b. nomothetic c. factor analysis d. attribution ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Attributions KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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15. You are the manager of a little league team. Research indicates that you will help your players the most if you get them to attribute their errors to a. their lack of ability. b. not putting enough effort into practice. c. the difficulty of the game. d. bad luck.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Attributions KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 16. Marisol is highly motivated to do well in her math class. Satisfaction for her comes from the feeling of proficiency she has when she understands difficult material. Researchers would say that Marisol is motivated by a. a high need for Achievement. b. a need for recognition. c. mastery goals. d. performance goals.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Achievement Goals KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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17. One type of achievement goal is a mastery goal, which is focused on developing a. recognition. b. competence. c. affiliations with others. d. public awareness of important issues.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Achievement Goals KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 18. People motivated by mastery goals __________than those driven by performance goals. a. achieve their goals more often b. tend to retain the information and skills they learn longer c. have greater difficulty with specific achievements d. tend to avoid whatever could lead to failure more ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Achievement Goals KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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19. Juanita works hard to do well in her English class. She wants to get the highest grade in the class on each exam and is especially pleased when she is singled out for recognition. Researchers would say that Juanita is motivated by a. a striving for superiority. b. a high need for Achievement. c. mastery goals. d. performance goals.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Achievement Goals KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 20. Arieh enjoys his job, but when the work day is over, he is ready to leave, come home, and enjoy a cigar on his porch. He does not check his work email address on the weekends, and is fine with the fact that he has not been promoted, while others around him have. Arieh probably has a ________ personality style. a. Type A b. Type B c. Type D d. Type H ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Type A, Hostility and Health QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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21. On what kind of an achievement task is a Type A person likely to work harder on than a person who is Type B? a. On virtually every kind of achievement task b. On tasks with visible extrinsic rewards, such as money c. On relatively easy tasks, even when there is no challenge d. When in competition with another person ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Type A, Hostility and Health QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Type A as a Personality Variable KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 22. In a study of varying task difficulty, researchers found that under threat to their perception of control, a. most difficult task aroused Type B participants more than Type A. b. the most difficult task aroused Type A participants more than Type B. c. Type B participants were more aroused than Type A for all difficulty levels. d. arousal levels did not differ between easy and difficult tasks.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Type A, Hostility and Health QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Type A as a Personality Variable KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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23. Monroe is very competitive at work and when playing sports with his friends. He often takes work home with him in the evening and frequently eats lunch at his desk so he can do two things at once. He gets very frustrated and sometimes angry when he can’t do something well the first time. Monroe could best be classified as a(n) a. extravert. b. Type A person. c. person high in need for Achievement. d. person high in need for Power.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Type A, Hostility and Health QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 24. When researchers compare Type A and Type B students on academic performance, they typically find a. Type As do better than Type Bs. b. Type Bs do better than Type As. c. Type As do better on tasks requiring a lot of time and effort, but Type Bs do better on everyday tasks. d. No differences between Type As and Type Bs. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Type A, Hostility and Health QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Type A as a Personality Variable KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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25. Early research found that Type A behavior was related to an increased likelihood of developing coronary disease.

More recent research has a. replicated this finding consistently. b. found that this relationship is more complex than originally thought. c. found no evidence of health differences between Type As and Type Bs. d. found the risk of developing coronary disease in Type As to be even greater than originally estimated.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Type A, Hostility and Health QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hostility and Health KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 26. Most of the early failure to uncover a significant relationship between Type A behavior and heart disease occurred because a. Type A is a collection of several behavioral tendencies only one of which may cause health problems. b. Type A behavior caused heart disease in the past but not anymore. c. the first studies that predicted heart attacks were lucky. d. self-report inventories are unreliable.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Type A, Hostility and Health QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hostility and Health KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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27. Most research identifies the “toxic component” in the Type A behavior pattern as a. achievement striving. b. control motivation. c. time urgency. d. hostility.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Type A, Hostility and Health QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hostility and Health KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 28. Although the subsequent research was inconclusive, an early study of those with Type A personality styles found that those men had more than_______ the incidence of heart disease when compared to participants with a Type B personality style. a. twice b. thrice c. five times d. ten times ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Type A, Hostility and Health QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Hostility and Health KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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29. People high in social anxiety report that their anxiety often is very painful and that they desire to be more sociable.

This finding helps us distinguish between social anxiety and a. shyness. b. introversion. c. neuroticism. d. low self-esteem.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Anxiety QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 30. Research has identified each of the following except one as characteristic of people high in social anxiety. Which one? a. They avoid making eye contact. b. They frequently ask friends to help them. c. They keep conversations short and to the point. d. They interpret feedback from others in a negative light.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Anxiety QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Characteristics of Socially Anxious People KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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31. Which of the following statements is true about social anxiety? a. Socially anxious people rarely recognize the source of their anxiety. b. Social anxiety usually does not result from anticipated social interactions. c. We can identify a relatively stable tendency for people to experience social anxiety. d. Being socially anxious is the same as being introverted.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Anxiety QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Characteristics of Socially Anxious People KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 32. Valerie is interviewing for a job she really wants. However, she also suffers from a high level of social anxiety.

During the 30-minute interview, the interviewer twice pauses for several seconds before commenting on what Valerie has said. Based on research findings, how would we expect Valerie to respond to the silence? a. She enjoys the few moments in which there is no social interaction. b. She says something to keep the conversation going. c. She interprets the silence as a sign the interview is not going well. d. She uses the time to prepare what she wants to say next.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Anxiety QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Characteristics of Socially Anxious People KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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33. Which of the following statements is true about shyness? a. Shy teenagers typically became far shyer in adulthood. b. Shyness can increase satisfaction when a long-term romantic relationship is established. c. Shy people are more likely to talk to a counselor about career advice than to talk with a stranger. d. Shy teenagers have fewer friends than their nonshy peers.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Anxiety QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Characteristics of Socially Anxious People KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 34. Some researchers believe that evaluation apprehension is the underlying cause of social anxiety. This means people high in social anxiety a. are afraid of being graded or tested. b. do not like to meet new people. c. are afraid to speak in front of a large audience. d. are afraid of what other people will think of them.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Anxiety QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Explaining Social Anxiety KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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35. Therapy programs designed to help people overcome shyness often focus on developing the a. client’s network of friends. b. individual’s belief that they are capable of making a good impression. c. ability to say witty things at awkward moments. d. ability to keep a conversation going after it has been initiated.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Anxiety QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Explaining Social Anxiety KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 36. Carlos suffers from high social anxiety. Based on past research, which part of an interaction with a stranger would we expect him to have the most difficulty with? a. Initiating the conversation b. Thinking of something to say after the first few minutes c. Ending the conversation d. Keeping in touch ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Anxiety QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Explaining Social Anxiety KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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37. Research finds that shy people deliberately keep conversations short and polite and avoid potentially controversial or embarrassing topics. Some researchers point to these findings to suggest that social anxiety is caused by excessive a. fear of strangers. b. fear of the unknown. c. evaluation apprehension. d. need for control.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Anxiety QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Explaining Social Anxiety KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 38. Emilion is a very socially anxious individual, and though he tries to interact with others, his shyness sometimes gets in the way. According to research, those with whom he interacts would be more likely to describe him as all but which of the following? a. Inhibited b. Unfriendly c. Tense d. Incompetent ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Anxiety QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Characteristics of Socially Anxious People KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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39. Researchers find that if we know how typically a person experiences positive affect, we can predict that person’s a. emotional expressiveness. b. number of health problems. c. level of social activity. d. affect intensity.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Emotions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Emotional Affectivity KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 40. Among the conclusions we can draw from research on emotional affectivity, which of the following has been clearly demonstrated? a. People with positive affect report more health problems. b. Negative affect is related to psychological stress. c. Negative affect is related to social activity. d. Positive affectivity is indicative of a Type A personality style.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Emotions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Emotional Affectivity KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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41. The strength or degree to which a person typically experiences his or her emotions is called a. emotional stability. b. affective intensity. c. valence lability. d. cognitive expressiveness.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Emotions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Affect Intensity KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 42. Researchers find that people high in negative affect also tend to have a higher number of health complaints. This is probably because a. they have more health problems than most people. b. they complain more than most people. c. they have more health problems and they complain more than most people. d. they are low in positive affect.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Emotions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Emotional Affectivity KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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43. Eric tends to have higher emotional highs than most people and lower emotional lows. He is probably high in a. emotional affectivity. b. affect intensity. c. emotional expressiveness. d. positive and negative affect.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Emotions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Affect Intensity KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 44. Which of the following is correct about the relation between affect intensity and well-being? a. People with high affect intensity are happier than those with low affect intensity. b. People with low affect intensity are happier than those with high affect intensity. c. People with high affect intensity are happier because they do more exciting things. d. People with high and low affect intensity tend to experience happiness differently.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Emotions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Affect Intensity KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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45. Compared to people with low affect intensity, those with high affect intensity are more likely to a. do exciting things, such as go to parties and concerts. b. have more positive experiences. c. have more negative experiences. d. react more strongly to positive and negative experiences.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Emotions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Affect Intensity KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 46. Darlene’s emotions are easy to read: she smiles broadly when happy and looks down when sad. Researchers would say that Darlene is high in a. emotional affectivity. b. affect intensity. c. emotional expressiveness. d. positive and negative affect.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Emotions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Emotional Expressiveness KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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47. Compared to the average person, people high in emotional expressiveness tend to have a. fewer problems in their romantic relationships. b. more health problems. c. more emotional problems. d. more positive affect.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Emotions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Emotional Expressiveness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 48. Researchers have found relatively stable individual differences in each of the following except one. Which one? a. Emotional awareness b. Emotional intensity c. Emotional expressiveness d. Emotional affectivity ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Emotions QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Emotional Expressiveness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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49. Researchers have found an association between health and each of the following personality variables except one.

Which one? a. Type A b. Negative affect c. Dispositional optimism d. Affect intensity ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Optimism and Pessimism QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 50. Researchers have found an association between achievement behavior and each of the following personality variables except one. Which one? a. Social anxiety b. Dispositional optimism c. Defensive pessimism d. Type A ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Optimism and Pessimism QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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51. Researchers find that people who are high in _______ typically achieve more than the average person. a. affect intensity b. dispositional optimism c. social anxiety d. emotional expressiveness ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Optimism and Pessimism QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 52. Research finds that a person who is high in ________ typically does better than the average person when coping with traumatic or stressful events. a. affect intensity b. dispositional optimism c. pessimism d. Type A ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Optimism and Pessimism QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Dealing with Adversity KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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53. One reason dispositional optimists handle stressful situations better than pessimists is that optimists a. have more friends to help them. b. use different kinds of coping strategies. c. have more successes in life to pick them up. d. are more likely to use active coping strategies.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Optimism and Pessimism QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Dealing with Adversity KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 54. Research has found that the strength of students’ immune systems was related to a. the number of exams they had per month. b. their level of optimism. c. the number of classes they felt they were going to pass. d. the number of negative emotions they displayed.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Optimism and Pessimism QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Optimism and Health KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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55. By its very definition, those who are high in the need for Achievement work hard at everything and tackle tasks with the potential for personal achievement with much energy.

a. True b. False ANSWER: POINTS: REFERENCES:

False 1 Achievement Motivation

QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Achievement KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 56. Presidents whose inaugural speeches indicated a high need for Achievement are usually rated by historians as ineffective leaders.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Achievement KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 57. Type A people often find more easygoing people a source of frustration. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Type A, Hostility and Health QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Type KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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58. Those who are shyer tend to use a self-protective interaction style that helps control the impressions others form of them.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Anxiety QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Explaining Social Anxiety KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 59. Researchers have used the factor analysis statistical technique to examine the relation among various emotions. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Emotions QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Emotional Affectivity KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 60. Give your own description of a fictitious person with a very high need for Achievement. In your example, discuss what kinds of careers are best suited for the person and how need for Achievement is like other trait measures. Does high need for Achievement always lead to success in the workplace?

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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61. How did the construct of the Type A personality develop? State specific findings regarding how Type A is related to achievement motivation. What are the driving habits? What are the concerns?

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Type A, Hostility and Health QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 62. What are the differences between introversion and social anxiety? List all of the characteristics you have learned about social anxiety and discuss the relationship of each one to Freud’s original conception of anxiety. From the research presented in the text, contrast between evaluation apprehension as a cause of social anxiety and other possible causes.

ANSWER:

Answers will vary

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Anxiety QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM 63. Define and distinguish among three aspects of emotion that can be examined like personality traits. Describe the characteristics of each aspect of emotion in terms of predictable behavior patterns. What aspects of emotion are related to health and why?

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Emotions QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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64. Provide several reasons why a person who is higher in dispositional optimism may have more academic and/or career success than a person lower in that attribute.

ANSWER:

Answers will vary

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Optimism and Pessimism QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/28/2017 12:26 PM DATE MODIFIED: 10/28/2017 12:30 PM

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1. Compared to theorists from a past “generation” of psychology, personality psychologists today generally are more likely to acknowledge that a. the personalities of newborns resemble a “blank slate.” b. personality cannot be separated from our biology. c. all people have similar biological functioning, such as nearly identical brain-wave activity. d. differences in adult personality are a result of different learning histories.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 2. Compared to a few decades ago, personality psychologists today are much more likely to acknowledge the importance of biological influences on personality. This shift is partly a reflection of the declining influence of ________ on the thinking of academic psychologists. a. psychoanalysis b. the trait model c. humanism d. behaviorism ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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3. According to the text, the growing acceptance of the several biological influences on personality is a. a reflection of the decline of psychoanalysis in academic psychology. b. partly due to a return to the notion of the blank slate. c. a reflection of behaviorism’s decline in academic psychology. d. due to computer technology of the late twentieth century.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 4. Hans Eysenck’s approach to personality research is similar to Cattell’s approach in that a. both emphasized the role of biology in determining personality. b. both were concerned with identifying the underlying structure of personality. c. both identified the same number of basic personality factors. d. both emphasized the distinction between extraversion and introversion.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structure of Personality KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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5. In Eysenck’s model of personality, which of the following is correct about the dimension of extraversion introversion? a. It is an example of a habitual response. b. It is the opposite of neuroticism. c. It is one of two basic personality dimensions. d. It is one of five basic personality dimensions.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structure of Personality KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 6. A woman likes to spend her time with others, enjoys loud music, often acts impulsively, and does not like to be alone. According to Eysenck’s model of personality, this woman is a. sociable. b. highly extraverted. c. low in neuroticism. d. impulsive.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structure of Personality KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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7. Which of the following was the latest “supertrait” proposed by Hans Eysenck in his theory of personality? a. Sociability b. Impulsiveness c. Optimism d. Psychoticism ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structure of Personality KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 8. A man tends to have strong reactions to emotional events. He becomes overly excited and panics when facing even mild stress, and takes a long time to recover from these experiences. Eysenck might say this man is high on which personality dimension? a. Extraversion b. Neuroticism c. Psychoticism d. Emotionality ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structure of Personality KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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9. Using factor analysis, Eysenck found that people who score high on the dimension of psychoticism tend to be a. egocentric and aggressive. b. highly introverted. c. overly concerned with the rights and welfare of others. d. unimpulsive and overly structured.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Structure of Personality KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 10. According to Eysenck, the major source of individual differences in personality is a. early childhood experiences. b. genetic factors. c. social learning history. d. parents’ child-rearing practices.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: A Biological Basis for Personality KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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11. Eysenck provided all of the following evidence except one to make the case for a biological basis of personality.

Which one? a. The results of cross-cultural research b. Research on brain-wave activity c. The consistency of extraversion–introversion over many years d. The findings of research examining the role of genetics ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: A Biological Basis for Personality KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 12. Cross-cultural research on Eysenck’s model of personality tends to find the same three dimensions of personality across cultures. Eysenck points to this finding as evidence for a. a biological basis of personality. b. the importance of environmental influences on personality. c. evolutionary personality theory. d. the need for factor analysis.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: A Biological Basis for Personality KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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13. Cross-cultural research on Eysenck’s model of personality tends to find a. patterns similar to those found in America but only in European countries. b. extraversion–introversion scores vary considerably depending on the child-rearing practices in the culture. c. the same three dimensions of personality across cultures. d. evidence to support a biological basis for extraversion–introversion, but not the other dimensions in the model.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: A Biological Basis for Personality KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 14. According to Eysenck’s original model, which of the following is true about those high in the trait of extraversion? a. They generally have a high level of cortical arousal. b. They have learned through early experiences to enjoy social events. c. They generally have a low level of cortical arousal. d. They are low in neuroticism.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Physiological Differences: Stimulation Sensitivity and Behavioral Activation/Inhibition Systems KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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15. According to Eysenck’s original model, why do introverts often prefer to isolate themselves from others? a. They have had a history of negative social experiences. b. They are trying to keep their arousal levels from getting too high. c. They have failed to develop appropriate social skills. d. They generally do not trust people.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Physiological Differences: Stimulation Sensitivity and Behavioral Activation/Inhibition Systems KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 16. Recent research challenges one aspect of Eysenck’s original theory, suggesting that extraverts and introverts differ in terms of their a. level of cortical arousal. b. impulsiveness. c. sensitivity to stimulation. d. ability to concentrate.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Physiological Differences: Stimulation Sensitivity and Behavioral Activation/Inhibition Systems KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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17. If Jose drinks one cup of coffee in the afternoon, he will have difficulty falling asleep at night. Jose is also more easily annoyed than other people when someone nearby plays loud music. Jose could probably be classified as a. an extravert. b. an introvert. c. neurotic. d. psychotic.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Physiological Differences: Stimulation Sensitivity and Behavioral Activation/Inhibition Systems KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 18. Barnabus has practiced the piano for hours in preparation for his recital. It will be rewarding for him to perform well with everyone in attendance. If you knew that Barnabus has a highly active BAS, which of the following would you predict to be most likely? a. He will take the most pleasure from the ordeal of the recital being over. b. He will take pleasure from just anticipating the feeling of reward. c. His BIS will make him indifferent to the rewards of successful accomplishment. d. Any mistakes during the recital will be ignored.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Physiological Differences: Stimulation Sensitivity and Behavioral Activation/Inhibition Systems KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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19. Which of the following is true about people who are low on the dimension of behavior approach (BAS)? a. They respond to rewards with great pleasure. b. They learn to balance the rewards they receive with the punishments. c. They are less likely to become angry over falling short in their goals. d. They approach new situations with great caution.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Physiological Differences: Stimulation Sensitivity and Behavioral Activation/Inhibition Systems KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 20. People who are easily upset or have a quick temper are high in a. connectivity. b. emotional affectivity. c. neuroticism. d. emotionality ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Temperament QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Temperament and Personality KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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21. Which of the following is not a basic temperament according to the three-dimensional model of Buss and Plomin? a. Activity b. Emotionality c. Connectivity d. Sociability ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Temperament QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Temperament and Personality KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 22. According to a popular model of temperament forwarded by Buss and Plomin, how many general temperaments are there? a. Three b. Four c. Eight d. Sixteen ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Temperament QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Temperament and Personality KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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23. Some researchers identify what they call an “inhibited” style in very young children. This research can be used to argue that a. a child’s personality resembles a “blank slate.” b. all children are born shy, but many learn to overcome it. c. temperament is at least partly inherited. d. there are important evolutionary reasons for shyness.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Temperament QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Temperament and Personality KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 24. According to temperament researchers, which statement is correct about inhibited children? a. They will grow up to be shy adults. b. They are born with a predisposed tendency for anxiety to novelty. c. At least half of all American children can be identified as “inhibited.” d. They cannot be identified until about the age of five.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Temperament QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Inhibited and Uninhibited Children KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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25. A five-year-old boy is controlled and gentle. He is reluctant to play with new children and hesitates when entering new situations. Temperament researchers would probably identify this child as a. shy. b. inhibited. c. introverted. d. low in sociability.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Temperament QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Inhibited and Uninhibited Children KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 26. Donna is a very shy seven-year-old. Research suggests that when she was only a few years old, Donna was probably anxious about a. meeting people. b. being separated from her mother. c. loud noises. d. novel situations.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Temperament QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Inhibited and Uninhibited Children KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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27. The form of anxiety shown by inhibited children that comes from their exposure to unfamiliar people, settings, or challenges is called a. moral anxiety. b. castration anxiety. c. anxiety to novelty. d. neurotic phobia.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Temperament QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Inhibited and Uninhibited Children KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 28. In a review of research, it was estimated that ________ children are seven times more likely to suffer from social anxiety disorder. a. inhibited b. disoriented c. uninhibited d. disengaged ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Temperament QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Inhibited and Uninhibited Children KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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29. Many generations ago, our ancestors were more likely to survive if they lived in groups than if they tried to live by themselves. This argument is used by advocates of evolutionary personality theory to explain a. fear of strangers. b. marriage. c. nationalism. d. anxiety.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Psychology QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Natural Selection and Psychological Mechanism KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 30. According to evolutionary personality theory, anxiety is a. the result of natural selection. b. a positive emotion. c. no longer useful to human beings. d. learned.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Psychology QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Natural Selection and Psychological Mechanism KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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31. According to evolutionary personality theory, psychological mechanisms a. evolved because they were needed for survival. b. helped the species survive and reproduce. c. are identical in all people. d. were once useful, but no longer are.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Psychology QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Natural Selection and Psychological Mechanism KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 32. Alison becomes very anxious when she has to give a speech in front of an audience. Advocates of evolutionary personality theory might call Alison’s problem an example of anxiety caused by a. conditioning. b. an inherited temperament. c. a fear of social exclusion. d. a fear of novel situations.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Psychology QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Anxiety and Social Exclusion KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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33. According to the evolutionary psychology perspective, the process of social exclusion leads to anxiety because a. people fear that others will punish them. b. experiencing anxiety serves an important survival function. c. each of us is reminded of a traumatic experience in childhood. d. human beings are not meant to exist as pack animals.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Psychology QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Anxiety and Social Exclusion KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 34. Theorists give many arguments for the evolution of anxiety. Each of the following is an argument except one. Which one? a. Humans need to belong to groups. b. We all have a need to dominate others. c. Anxiety is found in nearly every culture of the world. d. Anxiety assists the survival needs of the species.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Psychology QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Anxiety and Social Exclusion KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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35. Researchers used measures of inhibition from when children were 21 months of age to predict how they would react upon entering kindergarten. a. That children who were inhibited earlier displayed more risky behavior when playing a ball-tossing game. b. That children who were inhibited earlier displayed more risky behavior when playing on a mattress in a falling game. c. that children who were inhibited earlier were less likely to play with other children, touch classmates, or even laugh. d. That children who were uninhibited earlier had grown out of this tendency and interacted with other kids at about average rates.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Children’s Temperaments and Schools QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Anxiety and Social Exclusion KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 36. Research indicates that a child’s temperament is related to how well he or she performs in school. Researchers explain this finding with each of the following reasons except one. Which one? a. Temperament is related to intelligence. b. Teachers may be more willing to work with students of certain temperament. c. Some temperaments are more compatible with the requirements of the typical classroom than others. d. Teachers sometimes misinterpret temperamental differences in their students.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Children’s Temperaments and Schools QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Temperament and Academic Performance KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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37. Research on the academic performance of elementary school children has found that a. temperament is not related to academic performance. b. children with an “easy” temperament don’t do as well in school as other children. c. students do better when their temperament is similar to that of the teacher. d. temperament plays a role in how well children do in school.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Children’s Temperaments and Schools QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Temperament and Academic Performance KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 38. According to the “goodness of fit” model, educators should ask which question? a. What temperament characteristics contribute to better school performance? b. How can we change temperament in problem children? c. How can we control problem behaviors in children with certain temperaments? d. What kind of environment and procedures are most conducive to learning for this student?

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Children’s Temperaments and Schools QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Matching Temperament and Teaching KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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39. Some psychologists argue that we should utilize different learning procedures to meet the needs of each student’s temperament. This approach is based on which model? a. Eysenck’s model of personality b. The five-factor model c. The “goodness of fit” model d. Evolutionary personality model ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Children’s Temperaments and Schools QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Matching Temperament and Teaching KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 40. Trina is slow to warm up to a new task. Rather than jumping right into a new assignment, she spends a great deal of time getting prepared and trying to understand the entire project. Because of her temperament, Trina usually falls behind the other students in her third-grade class. According to the goodness of fit model, Trina’s teacher should a. work with Trina to overcome her slow-to-warm-up style. b. adapt her teaching to meet Trina’s style of learning. c. give Trina less work to do, even if this means Trina learns less than the other students. d. allow Trina to take the work home with her to finish it all.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Children’s Temperaments and Schools QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Matching Temperament and Teaching KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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41. Which of the following is false about childhood differences in temperament patterns? a. Differences show up on teachers’ evaluations. b. Differences are found in scores on standardized achievement tests. c. Differences are related to intelligence. d. Differences are found in the child’s grades.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Children’s Temperaments and Schools QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Matching Temperament and Teaching KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 42. To get higher grades and better evaluations from teachers, students should a. have a temperament that matches the teacher’s expectations. b. match their interests to the teacher’s interests and focus. c. have a temperament that leads to strong attention to details. d. have a temperament that supports moral values.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Children’s Temperaments and Schools QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Matching Temperament and Teaching KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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43. Sarah is a grade school teacher faced with a variety of student capabilities in her class. According to the goodness of fit model, a good teaching strategy for Sarah would be a. to focus on the students with high ability and request they assist the others. b. to present lessons and assignments that fit with what her students enjoy. c. to optimize learning by matching assignments and tasks with individual students’ learning styles. d. to ignore different temperaments and hold high academic standards for all.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Children’s Temperaments and Schools QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Matching Temperament and Teaching KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 44. What is the best summary of research examining the relationship between temperament and intelligence? a. Temperament is not related to intelligence. b. Those with easy or difficult temperaments are more intelligent than those with a slow-to-warm-up temperament. c. Only those with easy temperaments had an advantage when it came to scores on intelligence tests. d. Contrary to expectations, the highest average intelligence scores were seen in those with difficult temperaments.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Children’s Temperaments and Schools QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Matching Temperament and Teaching KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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45. Which of the following physiological measures have not been used to study arousal? a. Heart rate b. Respiration c. Galvanic skin responses d. Body temperature ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Brain Electrical Activity and Cerebral Asymmetry QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 46. A psychologist purchases an electroencephalograph (EEG) for use in his research. The psychologist is interested in measuring a. intelligence. b. muscle tension. c. heart rate. d. brain-wave activity.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Brain Electrical Activity and Cerebral Asymmetry QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Measuring Brain Activity KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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47. Psychologists have found that using an electroencephalograph (EEG) in their research has all the advantages listed below except one. Which one? a. The EEG allows researchers to record brain activity in quick intervals. b. The EEG electrodes only pierce the scalp in a few places, and participants recover from the procedure after only a few days. c. Participants report that the procedure is not uncomfortable. d. The EEG can measure brain activity level in more than one part of the brain.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Brain Electrical Activity and Cerebral Asymmetry QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Measuring Brain Activity KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 48. A psychologist wants to conduct research on cerebral asymmetry. She wants to examine a. brain damage. b. intelligence. c. intellectual disability d. differences in right- and left-hemisphere activity.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Brain Electrical Activity and Cerebral Asymmetry QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Cerebral Asymmetry KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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49. Which of the following has been found by researchers examining cerebral asymmetry? a. When most people experience positive emotions, they have higher levels of electrical activity in their right hemisphere. b. Most people have more electrical activity in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere. c. Changes in electrical activity can be detected when people experience negative emotions but not when they experience positive emotions. d. Differences in hemispheric activity levels can be detected in children less than one-year old.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Brain Electrical Activity and Cerebral Asymmetry QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Cerebral Asymmetry KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 50. A psychologist shows participants films designed to make them either happy or sad. She measures the participants’ brain activity levels with an electroencephalograph (EEG) during the films. This psychologist is probably conducting research on a. cerebral asymmetry. b. brain damage. c. temperament. d. classical conditioning.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Brain Electrical Activity and Cerebral Asymmetry QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Cerebral Asymmetry KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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51. Using the electroencephalograph (EEG), researchers have found higher activation in the left hemisphere is associated with a. smiling. b. negative mood. c. greater reactions to films that elicit fear. d. feelings of disgust.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Brain Electrical Activity and Cerebral Asymmetry QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Cerebral Asymmetry KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 52. Researchers have examined cerebral asymmetry in depressed people. The results of this research suggests that a. some people may be born with a greater likelihood to become depressed than others. b. our experiences are less important in determining depression than our inherited tendencies. c. whether a person develops a depression-prone brain activity pattern depends on experiences during the first few years of life. d. there is relatively little psychologists can do for depressed people if the depression has a biological component.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Brain Electrical Activity and Cerebral Asymmetry QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Individual Differences in Cerebral Asymmetry KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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53. In a study of college students with no history of emotional disturbance, students with higher right hemisphere activation were a. less likely to experience their first depressive episode. b. more likely to experience their first depressive episode. c. made depressed by the researchers. d. less likely to experience pleasure about routine ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Brain Electrical Activity and Cerebral Asymmetry QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Individual Differences in Cerebral Asymmetry KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 54. According to research on cerebral asymmetry, a person who frequently suffers from depression probably has a. higher right-hemisphere activity than left-hemisphere activity when resting. b. higher left-hemisphere activity than right-hemisphere activity when resting. c. equal right- and left-hemisphere activity when resting but higher right-hemisphere activity when depressed. d. equal right- and left-hemisphere activity when resting but higher left-hemisphere activity when depressed.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Brain Electrical Activity and Cerebral Asymmetry QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Individual Differences in Cerebral Asymmetry KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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55. The biological approach to personality has each of the following strengths except one. Which one? a. It has identified some realistic parameters for psychologists interested in behavior change. b. It has provided a bridge between the study of psychology and the discipline of biology. c. Nearly all of the hypotheses generated from the biological approach can be tested through direct manipulation of the variables of interest. d. Most of the advocates of the biological approach are academic psychologists interested in testing their ideas through research.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of the Biological Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Strengths KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 56. A strength of the biological approach is that a. it has succeeded in identifying specific parameters for psychologists who want to change behavior. b. there seems to be no limit to psychologists’ ability to test for biological factors. c. most of its advocates are medical doctors with an interest in treating disease. d. it makes a variety of suggestions for personality change.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of the Biological Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Strengths KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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57. Eysenck argued that extraverts and introverts differ only in their behavior and not in their physiological makeup. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Physiological Differences: Stimulation Sensitivity and Behavioral Activation/Inhibition Systems KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 58. Scales designed to measure BAS and BIS correlate with measures of extraversion and introversion, respectively. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Physiological Differences: Stimulation Sensitivity and Behavioral Activation/Inhibition Systems KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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59. People who are easily upset or have a quick temper are high in emotionality. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Temperament QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Temperament and Personality KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 60. Proponents of evolutionary personality theory use the process of natural selection to explain universal human characteristics.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Psychology QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 61. The difference in right- and left-hemisphere activity is referred to as cerebral asymmetry by researchers. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Brain Electrical Activity and Cerebral Asymmetry QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Cerebral Asymmetry KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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62. List and discuss three arguments made by Eysenck for the biological basis of personality. Do they each have merit?

State why or why not.

ANSWER: Answers may vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Hans Eysenck’s Theory of Personality QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 63. State the basic tenets of evolutionary personality psychology by describing the role of natural selection and the psychological mechanisms that are thought to determine personality. Explain how unpleasant and problematic human characteristics like anxiety could have evolved.

ANSWER:

Answers may vary

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Psychology QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM 64. Describe how two children, one inhibited and the other uninhibited, would respond to their first day of kindergarten.

Specify a likely example of anxiety to novelty. In your example, discuss Thomas and Chess’s nine temperament dimensions.

ANSWER: Answers may vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Temperament QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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65. What is cerebral asymmetry? How is it measured? Explain how emotion is predicted by individual differences in cerebral asymmetry and the possible role of thresholds in brain activity.

ANSWER:

Answers may vary

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Brain Electrical Activity and Cerebral Asymmetry QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:28 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 5:44 AM

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1. One reason for the resistance by psychologists to acknowledge the important role of biology in human personality is that the a. biological determinants of personality matter little. b. blank slate view has such great appeal. c. field of psychology is determined to remain separate from biology. d. results of biologically based research can always be explained without reference to genetic factors.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Introduction QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 2. For many years, psychologists debated the question of “nature versus nurture” in an “either/or” fashion. In what way has that question changed for today’s personality psychologists? a. Which determines personality—genetics or the environment? b. Which is more important in determining personality—genetics or the environment? c. To what extent are our personalities influenced by genetics? d. To what extent and how do both genetics and the environment influence personality?

ANSWER: POINTS:

d 1

REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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3. Psychologists interested in studying personality might use the twin-study method in order to a. separate environmental from genetic influences. b. determine how much of our personality is inherited from our parents. c. determine how much of our personality is the result of experience. d. all of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 4. A personality psychologist designs an experiment in which she plans to use the twin-study method. The psychologist is probably conducting research to examine the a. stability of temperament over time. b. influence of genetics on personality. c. influence of siblings on personality. d. effects of birth order on personality.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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5. Ray and Tray were born at almost the same moment, share 100% of their genes, and look and act very much alike. Based on this information, you can be sure that they are ________ twins. a. monozygotic b. dizygotic c. difertilized eggs d. fraternal twins ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 6. Suppose you design a personality study in which you plan to use the twin-study method. You are probably conducting research to examine the a. influence of siblings on personality. b. stability of temperament over time. c. influence of genetics on personality. d. effects of birth order on personality.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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7. Researchers have difficulty determining genetic influences on personality when they simply compare children with their parents. This is because a. it is difficult to find comparable measures for children and adults. b. genetic and environmental influences on personality are confounded when using this method. c. it is difficult to find control groups that match the experimental groups. d. we need to follow the development of the children’s personalities for many years to determine genetic influences.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 8. For which of the following reasons might Erika and Mitzi, who are sisters born 3 years apart, have personality traits that are quite similar? a. They both inherited personality traits from their parents. b. They shared the same living environments during childhood. c. They were raised in the same way by their parents. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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9. The twin-study method is used by researchers to get around which methodological problem? a. Biased samples b. A confound between genetic and environmental influences c. Questions about generalizability d. Validity of measures ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 10. Which of the following aspects of twins allows researchers to use the twin-study method to understand genetic similarities or differences? a. Monozygotic twins have identical genes. b. Dizygotic twins have similar genes. c. Monozygotic twins are often treated alike by parents. d. Dizygotic twins are more alike genetically than typical siblings.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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11. Two babies that come from different fertilized eggs may be a. nontwin siblings. b. dizygotic twins. c. unrelated. d. all of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 12. Personality researchers sometimes examine the personalities of children who were adopted shortly after birth. They do this because a. these children were likely raised in a very supportive, nurturing environment. b. genetic and environmental influences are not confounded like they are when examining children raised by their biological parents. c. extensive records of the child’s health and early personality indicators are available. d. the researchers want to know if adoption is traumatic for the children.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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13. A researcher using the twin-study method finds an average correlation of .50 between monozygotic twins’ scores on a measure of self-esteem. The researcher finds an average correlation of .30 between dizygotic twins’ scores on this measure. The difference between the size of the correlations is statistically significant. What conclusion might the researcher draw from these results? a. Genetics has more of an influence on self-esteem than environment has. b. There is evidence for a genetic influence on self-esteem. c. There is no evidence for a genetic influence on self-esteem. d. The results are opposite of what would be expected if there were a genetic influence on self-esteem.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 14. A psychologist conducts research using the twin-study method. He administers a need for Achievement scale to sets of monozygotic and dizygotic twins and finds a correlation of .50 between the scores for pairs of monozygotic twins. If this study is to demonstrate evidence for a genetic influence on need for Achievement, what would we expect the correlation to be between scores for pairs of dizygotic twins? a. Higher than .50 b. Lower than .50 c. Very close to .50 d. There is no way to demonstrate a genetic influence with these data.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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15. Researchers who examine the heritability of personality traits using the twin-study method would probably begin with the assumption that a. dizygotic twins share an environment that is more similar than the environment shared by monozygotic twins. b. monozygotic twins share an environment that is more similar than the environment shared by dizygotic twins. c. dizygotic twins share an environment that is just as similar as the environment shared by monozygotic twins. d. monozygotic twins will be treated more alike than dizygotic twins.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 16. Behavior genetics researchers have taken their data from twin studies and used formulas to estimate that about _________% of the stability in adult personalities can be attributed to genetics. a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 40 ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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17. Isaac is a teenager who has a very difficult relationship with his father. One day he is talking to his girlfriend, Chloie, and he says, “I swear I am never going to be anything like that man when I get older!” Chloie knows about the research in personality and heritability, and smiles as she remembers that about ________% of our adult personality is directly linked to the contribution of genetics. a. 85 b. 60 c. 40 d. 5 ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 18. Compared to the results obtained using other research methods, the results from twin-study research a. probably underestimate the role of genetics in personality. b. make a stronger case for the role of genetic influences on personality. c. are less subject to criticisms about underlying assumptions. d. often are not replicated.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interpreting the Heritability Findings KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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19. One problem with adoption studies is that the homes in which twins are placed a. are so very different that comparisons cannot be made. b. are often very similar because adoptive families are similar in important ways. c. are highly specialized for adoptive parenting. d. allow the same genetic influences to emerge.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interpreting the Heritability Findings KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 20. The assumption that MZ and DZ twins are raised in equally similar environments can be problematic. Which of the following is a problem? a. DZ twins may be treated more alike than identical twins. b. MZ twins purposefully join different clubs and have different friends. c. MZ twins may share more of their environment than DZ twins. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interpreting the Heritability Findings KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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21. Anna and Hannah are monozygotic twins who have agreed to take part in a research study on the heritability of personality traits. Which of the following is an issue that might act as a confound in this research? a. DZ twins may be treated more alike than identical twins. b. MZ twins purposefully join different clubs and have different friends. c. MZ twins may share more of their environment than DZ twins. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interpreting the Heritability Findings KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 22. Which of the following kinds of data provide the weakest scientific evidence for a genetic influence on personality? a. Twin-study b. Similarity between personalities of parents and children raised by their parents c. Adoption studies d. Comparing personalities of twins separated at birth ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interpreting the Heritability Findings KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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23. Critics have pointed to several weaknesses in the research used to make a case for the role of genetics on personality development. Their criticisms include each of the following points except one. Which one? a. Dizygotic twins may share an environment more alike than the environment shared by monozygotic twins. b. Families who adopt children are different from those who do not adopt. c. Parents may treat adopted children differently than they treat biological children. d. Parents of dizygotic twins may look for and emphasize the differences between the twins more than parents of monozygotic twins.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interpreting the Heritability Findings KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 24. Research on genetic determinants of personality tell us that a. personality is fixed at birth. b. most, but not all, of adult personality is determined by genetics. c. somewhere around half of adult personality is determined by genetics, but experience also plays a large role in who we become. d. except for a few traits, there is very little genetic influence on personality.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interpreting the Heritability Findings KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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25. Which of the following hypothetical research findings would present a problem for researchers trying to interpret results from a twin-study design? a. Parents of monozygotic twins treat the two twins more alike than do parents of dizygotic twins. b. Dizygotic twins don’t look as much like one another as do monozygotic twins. c. Parents treat female pairs of twins differently than they treat male twins. d. There are more dizygotic twins born each year than monozygotic twins.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interpreting the Heritability Findings KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 26. Some investigators suggest that genetic influences on personality may not be seen unless a unique combination of more than one gene is inherited. Researchers refer to these complex influences as ________ effects. a. interactive b. nonadditive c. multiple-gene d. compound ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interpreting the Heritability Findings KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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27. Nonadditive effects would be likely to show up in which of the following pairs of siblings? a. Rebekah and Raina, who were both adopted into a family and are not genetically related. b. Lawrence and Ira, who are fraternal twins. c. Monique and James, who were born 2 years apart. d. Rock and Jacque, who are identical twins.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interpreting the Heritability Findings KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 28. One reason twin studies produce higher estimates of heritability than some other methods may be that the twin studies a. capture nonadditive effects of genetics. b. often incorrectly classify dizygotic and monozygotic twins. c. are based on small samples. d. overlook gender differences.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Interpreting the Heritability Findings KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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29. Research on extraversion introversion has found a. consistent evidence for a genetic component to extraversion introversion. b. some evidence for a genetic component to extraversion introversion but a significant amount of research that disputes this. c. almost no evidence for a genetic component to extraversion introversion. d. consistent evidence arguing against a genetic component to extraversion introversion.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Heritability of Extraversion KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 30. As reported in the textbook, research demonstrating a genetic influence on a person’s level of extraversion– introversion comes primarily from research a. using the twin-study method. b. comparing adopted children and biological children to their parents. c. comparing strength of relationship with similarity of personality scores. d. comparing adopted children’s personalities with the personalities of their biological parents.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Heritability of Extraversion KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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31. Research on the genetic heritability of extraversion–introversion has made use of a. brain electrical activity measures. b. the twin-study method. c. differences in sensitivity to stimulation. d. only twins that have been reared together (in the same environment).

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Heritability of Extraversion KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 32. One team of investigators examined where extraverts and introverts sat in the library. They based their predictions on which of the following notions? a. Extraverts enjoy people more than introverts do. b. Introverts are more likely to study in the library than extraverts. c. Extraverts and introverts have different levels of preferred arousal and different sensitivity to stimulation. d. Introverts are less spontaneous than extraverts.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Extraversion and Preferred Arousal Level KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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33. A team of researchers examined where extraverts and introverts sat in the library. Which of the following did the team find? a. Extraverts preferred open, accessible locations, whereas introverts preferred isolated locations. b. Introverts preferred open, accessible locations, whereas extraverts preferred isolated locations. c. Extraverts enjoyed open, accessible locations better but got more work done in an isolated location. d. Researchers found a clear pattern for extraverts but no preferred location for introverts.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Extraversion and Preferred Arousal Level KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 34. Margaret is an extravert. She has to study for a test in the morning. Where is the most likely place she will choose to study? a. In a quiet room b. Alone in an isolated study area in the library c. In an open area in the library where she can see a lot of other students d. Outside in a place where others can’t disturb her ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Extraversion and Preferred Arousal Level KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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35. Those acquaintances of yours who prefer quiet and perhaps isolated rooms in which to study are, according to research, more likely to be a. neurotics. b. extraverts. c. introverts d. of no particular personality.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Extraversion and Preferred Arousal Level KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 36. A researcher asks extraverts and introverts to work on a series of math problems while listening to loud or soft music. Based on past research, we would expect to find that a. the extraverts do better on the test, regardless of the music level. b. the introverts do better when listening to loud music, the extraverts better when listening to soft music. c. the extraverts do better when listening to loud music, the introverts better when listening to soft music. d. introverts and extraverts do equally well regardless of how loud the music is playing.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Extraversion and Preferred Arousal Level KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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37. Based on research on extraversion introversion, which piece of advice seems justified? a. Extraverts should isolate themselves in a quiet place if they are going to get any work done. b. Introverts should move to a more stimulating environment if they are having trouble studying. c. Because they are less aware of external disturbances than extraverts are, introverts should be better able to study in a room filled with potential distractions. d. Introverts should study in quieter places than extraverts study.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Extraversion and Preferred Arousal Level KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 38. Research finds that, compared to introverts, extraverts tend to a. be happier but only on weekends. b. be less happy. c. have higher levels of subjective well-being and happiness. d. be just about as happy, but they enjoy different things.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Extraversion and Happiness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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39. You know a woman who has many friends and is often out having fun. But this woman also typically acts before thinking, thus bringing her a lot of trouble. This woman is probably a. high on neuroticism. b. low on neuroticism. c. an extravert. d. an introvert.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Extraversion and Happiness KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 40. For extraverts, friends often serve as an important buffer against stress. This finding supports the idea that extraverts a. are generally more anxious than introverts. b. often find interacting with friends an unpleasant experience. c. are less sensitive to information about rewards than introverts. d. have higher positive affect due to greater social activity.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Extraversion and Happiness KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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41. In one study, introverts found themselves ________ mood when the experimenter instructed them to act more extraverted. a. in the same b. in a better c. in a sour d. more sad in ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Extraversion and Happiness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 42. Shayla is a very introverted girl. She prefers lower arousal circumstances and has a small group of friends. She has been in a bad mood lately, and her best friend wants to cheer her up while they are at a coffee house with a group of friends. Based on the research of Zelenski and colleagues (2012), what should Shayla’s friend tell her to do? a. Just be yourself, so that you feel authentic. b. Try acting more extraverted when we’re with other people. c. You should probably go home, so that we aren’t disturbing you. d. Have some more coffee so that the caffeine wakes you up.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Extraversion and Happiness KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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43. Research has found that extraverts are not always happier than introverts. Why not? a. Extraverts are more likely to be impulsive. b. Extraverts are more likely to be socially active. c. Introverts do not involve themselves in activities that increase feelings of competence and worth. d. Extraverts are more sensitive to positive feedback.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Extraversion and Happiness KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 44. A researcher reports that men in this country tend to marry younger women and women tend to marry older men.

This finding might be used to support which theory? a. Eysenck’s theory of personality b. The five-factor model c. The goodness of fit model d. Evolutionary personality theory ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Theory and Mate Selection QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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45. Which of the following is true about parental investment? a. Males are more selective about with whom they choose to mate than females. b. Males of many species are free to mate with as many females as they can. c. Investment in selecting a mate is larger for males than for females. d. Males select mates who are more likely to be good parents.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Theory and Mate Selection QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 46. According to evolutionary personality theory, men and women base their choice of romantic partners in part on concerns for “parental investment.” This means we a. want the parents of our spouses to be involved in the raising of our children. b. select mates who are likely to contribute to successful reproduction and child-raising. c. consider what the parents of our potential partners are like because personality is partly inherited from one’s parents. d. prefer partners for whom both parents were actively involved with their children.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Theory and Mate Selection QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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47. According to evolutionary personality theory, men prefer physically attractive women because a. the attributes we call beautiful are associated with youth and fertility. b. physically attractive women tend to be in better health. c. physically attractive women tend to be stronger, thus better able to survive. d. they want physically attractive offspring.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Theory and Mate Selection QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What Men Look For in Women KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 48. The “lipstick effect” refers to a. the application of more lipstick at different times during the ovulatory cycle. b. how cosmetic marketing often heightens insecurity about one’s appearance. c. the tendency for women to spend more money on cosmetics during bad economic times. d. men who pay more attention to superficial beauty.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Theory and Mate Selection QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What Men Look For in Women KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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49. According to the “lipstick” effect, when would Syerah be more likely to wear extra makeup when trying to attract the attention of a man? a. During times of economic hardship. b. In the middle of the month between her menstrual periods. c. When she is having extra success at her job. d. When her most recent relationship has just ended.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Theory and Mate Selection QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What Men Look For in Women KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 50. Cross-cultural studies find similar patterns of what men and women look for in their spouses across many different cultures. These findings support evolutionary personality theory because they suggest that mate preferences do not merely reflect differences in a. social learning patterns. b. the genetic makeup of different cultures. c. inherited human characteristics. d. economic opportunities in different cultures.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Theory and Mate Selection QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What Men Look For in Women KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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51. According to the parental investment model, women prefer men who are a. of the same age as they are. b. capable of achieving financial security. c. physically attractive. d. gentle and sensitive to their needs.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Theory and Mate Selection QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What Women Look For in Men KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 52. Which of the following research findings do advocates of evolutionary personality theory point to as strong evidence for their interpretation of mate selection? a. Most people eventually get married and have children. b. College students today tend to get married for the same reasons college students got married a generation ago. c. Men and women say they look for just about the same qualities in their spouses. d. The qualities people say they look for in their spouses are the same reported by men and women from many different cultures.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Theory and Mate Selection QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What Women Look For in Men KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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53. We can safely say that one result of the human male’s preference in mate selection is that a. women share intimate secrets about their sexual encounters. b. women compete for promotions in the workplace. c. women will compete for a man’s attention. d. all of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Theory and Mate Selection QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: What Women Look For in Men KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 54. One limitation of evolutionary personality theory with regard to mate selection is that a. it assumes mate selection is a direct result of environmental influences. b. the methods do not give researchers the ability to make strong predictions. c. researchers cannot manipulate the variables they study. d. our instincts inherited from ancestors may overshadow the characteristics men and women look for in some cultures.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Theory and Mate Selection QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Conclusions and Limitations KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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55. For both technological reasons and ethical reasons, it is not possible to manipulate people’s genes and observe the kind of adult they become.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 56. The most popular method used to examine the role of genetics and the environment in personality is the factor analysis method.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Heritability of Personality Traits QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 57. Extraversion has one of the strongest genetic components of any personality variable. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Heritability of Extraversion KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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58. Each person born an introvert will develop a lower sensitivity to stimulation than those born extraverts. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Extraversion and Preferred Arousal Level KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 59. Extraverts are less likely than introverts to seek out tasks that will make them happy. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Extraversion and Happiness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 60. Discuss the rationale behind the twin-study method and adoption studies of genetic influence. Give the general findings regarding the contribution of genetic influences on personality. Discuss any problems associated with each of these methods of research.

ANSWER: POINTS: REFERENCES:

Answers may vary

1 Heritability of Personality Traits

QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Separating Environmental from Genetic Influences DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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61. Discuss the difference in preference for arousal between extraverts and introverts. Give two ways in which sensitivity to stimulation translates into behavior. What research evidence has been offered for the heritability of the extraversion?

ANSWER: Answers may vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Extraversion–Introversion QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Extraversion and Happiness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM 62. Discuss what men look for in women and describe the research that supports the evolutionary basis of mate selection in men. Discuss what women look for in men and describe the research that supports the evolutionary basis of mate selection in women.

ANSWER: Answers may vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Evolutionary Personality Theory and Mate Selection QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 5:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:04 AM

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1. Emphasis on _________ in the 1960s provided fertile soil for the growth of humanistic psychology. a. civil rights b. the environment and learning c. communism d. individuality and personal expression ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Roots of Humanistic Psychology QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 2. Which of the following concepts from existential philosophy influenced the development of the humanistic approach to personality? a. A lifestyle that counters emptiness, anxiety, and boredom. b. Person-centered psychotherapy c. Hierarchy of needs d. Self-actualization ANSWER: POINTS: REFERENCES:

a 1 The Roots of Humanistic Psychology

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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3. The humanistic approach to personality is most similar to a. behaviorism. b. existential philosophy. c. the trait approach to personality. d. the psychoanalytic approach to personality.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Roots of Humanistic Psychology QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 4. For Abraham Maslow, the turning point in his thinking about human personality came while he was a. watching a World War II parade. b. listening to a lecture on psychoanalysis. c. wondering about the best techniques for therapy. d. playing in a football game in college.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Roots of Humanistic Psychology QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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5. The “third force” in psychology was developed in part to promote a view of humankind different from the ones presented by the a. Freudian and trait approaches. b. Freudian and behaviorism approaches. c. trait and behaviorism approaches. d. Freudian and social learning approaches.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Roots of Humanistic Psychology QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 6. Each of the following is an element of humanistic psychology except one. Which one? a. Personal responsibility b. Fully functioning persons c. Personal growth d. Identity crisis ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Key Elements of the Humanistic Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:34 AM

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7. A woman tells a humanistic psychotherapist that she wants to leave an unhappy relationship, but that she can’t. The therapist will probably set as a goal that the woman comes to understand that a. she must live in the “here and now.” b. there is a good part to everyone, even the man she is having trouble with now. c. she should take responsibility for her choice to stay in or leave the relationship. d. when she gets in touch with who she really is and drops her defenses, many of her relationship problems will also end.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Key Elements of the Humanistic Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Personal Responsibility KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 8. Which of the following would indicate one of the major elements of the humanistic approach to psychology? a. Plan for the future. b. Seize the day. c. Let your past be your guide. d. You’re just a pawn.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Key Elements of the Humanistic Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Here and Now KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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9. Which of the following concepts is generally accepted by advocates of the humanistic approach to psychology? a. No one can know a client in therapy better than the client himself or herself. b. It is the therapist’s job to explain to the client the new goals the client must set for himself or herself. c. People should spend more time thinking about the future and planning the directions of their lives. d. People need to see how their past sets the course for where their lives are going.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Key Elements of the Humanistic Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Experience of the Individual KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 10. Which term did Abraham Maslow use that was roughly equivalent to Carl Rogers’s concept of the fully functioning individual? a. Ego integrity b. Optimal experience c. Flow d. Self-actualization ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Key Elements of the Humanistic Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Personal Growth KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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11. According to the humanistic approach, people will be happy when a. their immediate needs, such as money and shelter, are met. b. they establish meaningful personal relationships. c. their lives are free from problems. d. they move toward becoming fully functioning.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Rogers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Fully Functioning Person KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 12. Which of the following is true about Carl Rogers’ background? a. He entered his undergraduate education eager for a career in psychology. b. Before entering psychology, Rogers planned a career as a minister. c. The interpersonal warmth characteristic of Rogers’ psychotherapy sessions was modeled by his parents as he grew up. d. Rogers studied with the great existential philosophers in Europe.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Rogers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Fully Functioning Person KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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13. To what did Carl Rogers attribute part of his reason to move away from his original career goal and toward psychology as a profession? a. His older brother was awarded a National Science Foundation fellowship. b. He and his wife lost a child during childbirth. c. The study of theology caused him to question his religious beliefs. d. The assassination of John F. Kennedy.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Rogers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Fully Functioning Person KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 14. According to Rogers, fully functioning people a. are more aware of societal norms and more likely to conform to society’s standards. b. put society’s needs ahead of their own personal needs and interests. c. accept and express their anger when they feel it. d. are not concerned with rebellion and so are unlikely to act in nonconforming ways.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Rogers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Fully Functioning Person KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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15. Which of the following is a characteristic of the fully functioning person, according to the psychology of Carl Rogers? a. They are open to their experiences. b. They trust their own feelings. c. They pay attention to what is happening in the here and now. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Rogers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Fully Functioning Person KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 16. According to Carl Rogers, subception a. is the most common defense process. b. only happens in people who are fully functioning. c. takes place at a level somewhere below consciousness. d. results in an increase in anxiety.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Rogers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Anxiety and Defense KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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17. Carl Rogers proposed a defense mechanism not originally identified by Sigmund Freud. This process, called subception, allows people to a. avoid awareness of threatening information. b. move toward self-actualization. c. bring their real and ideal selves closer together. d. come to see themselves as they really are.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Rogers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Anxiety and Defense KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 18. A man thinks of himself as an outstanding athlete. One day, he watches some tennis players at his athletic club who are considerably better than he is. This information is threatening to his self-concept. Because the man is not fully functioning, Rogers might have expected him to do one of the following except one. Which one? a. Experience anxiety. b. Reinterpret what he has seen to make it less threatening. c. Deny that the men are good tennis players. d. Accept that there are better tennis players than himself.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Rogers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Anxiety and Defense KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:35 AM

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19. Carl Rogers suggested that the most commonly used defense process is a. subception. b. distortion. c. denial. d. repression.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Rogers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Anxiety and Defense KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 20. According to Rogers, what are the consequences of using high levels of distortion and denial? a. The person will experience disorganization as their psychological protections collapse. b. The person will begin to experience disequilibrium. c. Distortion increases anxiety, but denial reduces it. d. Some distortion is good for functioning, but denial never is.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Rogers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Anxiety and Defense KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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21. Which of the following does Rogers blame for our inability to incorporate new information into our self-concepts? a. Disorganization b. Conditional positive regard c. Subception d. Anxiety ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Rogers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Conditions of Worth and Unconditional Positive Regard KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 22. A boy hits his younger sister. What might a Rogerian therapist recommend the parents say to the child? a. “Hitting your sister is wrong. You are a bad boy.” b. “You need another way to express your feelings.” c. “I love you very much, but hitting is not an acceptable behavior.” d. “You will be punished if you do that again.”

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Rogers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Conditions of Worth and Unconditional Positive Regard KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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23. A father tells his son that he loves him when the child is good, but says “I do not like you right now” when the child misbehaves. The father neglects to remind the child that he is still loved. The father is engaging in a. denial. b. conditional positive regard. c. classical conditioning. d. an anxiety-reduction technique.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Rogers QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Conditions of Worth and Unconditional Positive Regard KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 24. According to Maslow, which of the following is true about deficiency motives? a. They affect behavior after most of the lower motives on the hierarchy of needs have been satisfied. b. They result from the lack of a needed object. c. They continue to grow even after the target object has been found. d. They cannot be satisfied until the growth needs are satisfied.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Abraham Maslow QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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25. According to Maslow, the motive that results from a lack of some object is called a __________ motive. a. hierarchy b. possession c. envy d. deficiency ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Abraham Maslow QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 26. According to Maslow, an adult is likely to take care of which of the following needs first? a. A steady income b. A romantic relationship c. Discovering one’s true potential d. Obtaining the respect of one’s peers ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Abraham Maslow QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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27. Which of the following is true about Abraham Maslow’s background? a. He had a happy childhood. b. He was drawn to psychology by his interest in behaviorism. c. His writings were not well received by professional psychologists until after his death. d. He worked closely with Carl Rogers.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Abraham Maslow QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 28. Adlai Stevenson once said, “A hungry man is not a free man.” What feature of the humanistic approach to personality does this reflect? a. The emphasis on personal responsibility and free will b. Rogers’ fully functioning person c. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs d. Maslow’s description of psychologically healthy people ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Abraham Maslow QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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29. After a woman has more or less satisfied all of the needs on Maslow’s hierarchy except the last one, what need will now have a strong influence on her behavior? a. The need to perceive herself as competent and achieving b. The need to experience nonpossessive, unselfish love (B love) c. The need to develop her full potential, to be her true self d. The need for self-respect ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Abraham Maslow QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 30. According to Maslow, a man who has satisfied his physiological and safety needs will probably become highly aware of his need for a. friends and a romantic relationship. b. self-respect. c. respect from his peers. d. self-actualization.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Abraham Maslow QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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31. There are many common misconceptions of Maslow’s need hierarchy. Among them is the assumption that a. our lower needs must be satisfied totally before we can turn to higher needs. b. how well our lower needs are satisfied determines how much those needs influence our behavior. c. all needs are included at some level in the need hierarchy. d. all cultures have the same basic need hierarchy.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Abraham Maslow QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Misconceptions about Maslow’s Need Hierarchy KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 32. One of the most basic human behaviors is the need to engage in sexual activities with a partner. According to Maslow, how do such behaviors relate to his hierarchy of needs? a. Sexuality is specifically related to the level of belongingness and love. b. Sexual actions are related to our desire to satisfy esteem needs. c. Sexual functioning exists solely on a “survival needs” level of the hierarchy. d. Sexual behaviors can satisfy one or a combination of several needs.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Abraham Maslow QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Misconceptions about Maslow’s Need Hierarchy KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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33. Which of the following is characteristic of the people Maslow identified as “psychologically healthy”? a. They have many friends. b. They are the only ones who have “peak experiences.” c. They tend to be creative. d. They are unconcerned with what others think of them.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Abraham Maslow QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Study of Psychologically Healthy People KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 34. Among the many characteristics of self-actualized people, they tend to a. admit to personal weakness and attempt to improve themselves. b. ignore their own weaknesses and focus on their personal strengths. c. show higher acceptance of other people for who they are. d. be more greatly inhibited in their social interactions.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Abraham Maslow QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Study of Psychologically Healthy People KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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35. Which of the following is true about peak experiences, as described by Maslow? a. All self-actualized people experience them. b. Only self-actualized people experience them. c. They are unrelated to where one is on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. d. Self-actualized people have more intense and frequent peak experiences than others.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Abraham Maslow QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Study of Psychologically Healthy People KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 36. Each of the following has been identified as a component of optimal experience except one. Which one? a. Our attention is completely absorbed in the activity. b. We experience a loss of self-consciousness. c. People around us recognize and respect our accomplishments. d. We lose a sense of time.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Psychology of Optimal Experience QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Optimal Experience KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:36 AM

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37. When Csikszentmihalyi asked people to identify a moment when they felt most alive, participants in his study said that a. they were engaged in a challenging task. b. the task demanded the person’s full concentration. c. each step in the task seemed to flow automatically to the next. d. all of these are correct ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Psychology of Optimal Experience QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Optimal Experience KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 38. Research suggests that people are most likely to have flow experiences when they a. work at something that has no clear goal. b. relax and do something that is not very taxing. c. are in their leisure time. d. are working at their jobs.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Psychology of Optimal Experience QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Optimal Experience KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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39. All of the following are among the eight components of the optimal experience except one. Which one? a. One can concentrate only on the task at hand. b. Satisfaction is received from a task. c. The activity has clear goals. d. Attention is absorbed by the activity.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Psychology of Optimal Experience QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Optimal Experience KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:36 AM 40. Flow experiences are more likely to happen a. when people are at work. b. when listening to music. c. when people are away from work. d. during sexual intimacy.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Psychology of Optimal Experience QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Optimal Experience KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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41. According to Rogers, the therapist’s job is to a. identify the client’s problems for him or her. b. teach the client what it means to be fully functioning. c. modify the client’s self-destructive behaviors. d. provide an atmosphere within which clients are able to help themselves.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Person-Centered Therapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 42. According to Rogers, clients are able to overcome defenses and accept experiences that have been denied and distorted when they a. experience conditional positive regard. b. experience unconditional positive regard. c. think about what they are saying to the therapist. d. have a good self-concept.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Person-Centered Therapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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43. Rogers and Freud provide distinctly opposite answers to the question of whether or not a. anxiety plays a role in psychological disorders. b. people use defenses to reduce anxiety. c. a psychotherapist should explain to a client what the client really means. d. people are influenced by mental processes of which they are not aware.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Person-Centered Therapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 44. Which of the following is a Rogerian psychotherapist likely to use during therapy? a. Conditional positive regard b. Rephrasing and reflecting clients’ words back to them c. Dream interpretation d. Conditions of worth ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Person-Centered Therapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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45. Rogers recommended that therapists use a process of reflection. By this, he meant that they should a. give clients some quiet time to think about what they are saying. b. repeat clients’ words back to them verbatim so they can hear exactly what they sound like when spoken. c. explain to clients how they are distorting or denying their experiences. d. rephrase and translate vague feelings expressed by clients into more precise words.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Person-Centered Therapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 46. According to Rogers, there is a proper therapeutic relationship that must exist if a client and therapist are to achieve success in counseling. This relationship includes which of the following? a. Repetitive peak experiences b. Unconscious impulses being revealed c. Unconditional positive regard d. Humanistic transference ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Person-Centered Therapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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47. As a client becomes more fully functioning during the course of several psychotherapy sessions, we would expect the correlation between his or her real and ideal selves to a. decrease. b. stay the same. c. increase. d. do any of the above, for the correlation is unrelated to progress in therapy.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Person-Centered Therapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 48. Recent studies of psychotherapists have shown that a. most do not use a humanistic approach. b. many either identify their approach as humanistic or use person-centered techniques in their work. c. the usefulness of humanistic psychotherapy is questionable. d. the effectiveness of the humanistic approach is only temporary.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Person-Centered Therapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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49. Rogerian therapists measure each of the following with the Q Sort technique except one. Which one? a. The client’s self-concept b. The client’s ideal self c. The client’s progress during the course of psychotherapy d. The client’s ability to see things in a realistic manner ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: The Q-Sort Technique QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:37 AM 50. You ask a person to provide a real-self profile and an ideal-self profile with a Q-Sort. Which correlation would you expect to find between the two profiles if the person is approaching fully functioning? a. –.52 b. .04 c. .38 d. .75 ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: The Q-Sort Technique QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:37 AM

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51. The use of the Q-Sort technique of personality assessment fits nicely with Rogers’s theory of personality because a. clients are believed to know themselves best. b. therapists must help clients place the cards into the correct categories. c. clients discover the unrealistic ways in which they see themselves. d. clients must be told how to behave more appropriately by their therapist.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: The Q-Sort Technique QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 52. A Rogerian therapist expects each of the following except one might happen if progress is being made during psychotherapy. Which one? a. The client no longer needs to feel valued by the therapist regardless of what he or she says. b. The client’s ideal self will change to be more like the real self. c. The client’s real self will change to be more like the ideal self. d. The client will begin to accept parts of himself or herself that previously had been denied or distorted.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: The Q-Sort Technique QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:41 AM

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53. Each of the following except one has been identified as a strength of the humanistic approach. Which one? a. Clearly defined concepts b. Focus on the healthy side of personality c. Impact on psychotherapy practices d. Influence in disciplines other than psychology ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Strengths KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:41 AM 54. By using Google search for Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, researchers found a. very few website hits. b. as many website hits for Maslow as they did for Freud. c. more Internet images of the need pyramid than of the Mona Lisa. d. all of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Strengths KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 11:42 AM

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55. All but which of the following has been a criticism of the humanistic approach? a. “Free will” may not be a scientific explanation for behavior. b. Many key concepts are poorly defined. c. Few psychotherapists have been influenced by the humanistic approach. d. The humanistic approach makes some overly naive assumptions about human nature.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Criticisms KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 56. Statistical determinism refers to which of the following? a. The idea that statistical findings are most conclusive. b. The perspective that researchers can predict the likelihood of specific actions. c. Deciding the correct statistical test for studies of self-actualization. d. People are not really free to make choices because they do not know the most likely causes of their choice.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Criticisms KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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57. According to Carl Rogers, individuals progress toward an ultimate satisfying state of being self-actualized. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Abraham Maslow QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 58. The most common defense, according to Rogers, is the process of distortion. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Rogers QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Anxiety and Defense KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 59. Maslow believed that the five-level hierarchy was an oversimplification of his true theory of needs. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Abraham Maslow QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Motivation and the Hierarchy of Needs KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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60. People report that during optimal experiences, they feel as if they are caught in natural and effortless movement from one step to the next.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Psychology of Optimal Experience QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Optimal Experience KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 61. In a correlational analysis of Q-Sort responses, a zero correlation indicates that the client’s real and ideal selves are highly related.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: The Q-Sort Technique QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 62. Discuss the basic tenets of Carl Rogers’s humanistic approach to personality. Discuss where anxiety comes from according to Rogers, including the defenses that he suggested we use against anxiety. Describe Rogers’s characterization of the fully functioning person.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Carl Rogers QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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63. Describe how Maslow went about studying psychologically healthy people. List each of the characteristics of the self-actualized individual he found and define what he meant by peak experience. List and define each of the five levels in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, giving your own example of a need at each level.

ANSWER: POINTS: REFERENCES:

Answers will vary

1 Abraham Maslow

QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Study of Psychologically Healthy People KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 64. Identify an optimal experience you have had. List the eight components of optimal experiences and discuss whether each one was present in yours.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: The Psychology of Optimal Experience QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Optimal Experience KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM 65. Describe your understanding of the therapeutic situation in person-centered therapy. What is the therapist’s job, and what are the key elements and techniques Rogers used? Give one way this approach to psychotherapy is successful.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Person-Centered Therapy QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:12 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:28 AM

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1. According to Frattaroli (2006), our ____________ increases when we disclose personal information to friends and loved ones. a. anxiety b. well-being c. disclosure reciprocity d. all of these are correct ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Disclosing Traumatic Experiences KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 2. Which approach has probably generated the least empirical research in psychology? a. Biological b. Behavioral/social learning c. Humanistic d. Trait ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Introduction QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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3. Humanistic psychologists maintain each of the following about self-disclosure except one. Which one? a. Self-disclosure is an important part of the therapy process. b. Self-disclosure allows people to better understand themselves. c. Self-disclosure by a therapist can be useful in counseling. d. Knowing when to self-disclose and when to avoid disclosure is a sign of good personal adjustment.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 4. Based on research findings, which of the following is the most likely first topic of conversation between two people who have just met for the first time? a. Favorite movies b. Problems with parents c. Embarrassing moments in high school d. Political opinions ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Disclosure Reciprocity KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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5. A man sitting next to you in your doctor’s waiting room strikes up a conversation with you. Although you do not know this man and don’t reveal much about yourself, he tells you all about some very personal aspects of his life.

What might an expert on self-disclosure research say about this interaction? a. It is unusual because people typically don’t self-disclose when in an anxiety-provoking situation, such as in a doctor’s office. b. It is unusual because it violates society’s rules for the way social interaction is supposed to progress. c. It is typical of the way people use self-disclosure to get to know one another. d. This is typical in that men usually disclose more than women.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Disclosure Reciprocity KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 6. According to the rule of disclosure reciprocity a. we should always wait for people to disclose something about themselves before disclosing intimate information about ourselves. b. we should always try to say something self-disclosing when meeting another person first time. c. two people involved in a get-acquainted conversation reveal information about themselves at roughly the same level of intimacy. d. we usually like people who self-disclose to us.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Disclosure Reciprocity KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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7. Lisa and Charlotte are on a first date, and are having a “getting to know you” kind of discussion. According to societal standards, which of the following would be an inappropriate level of self-disclosure at this point in their new relationship? a. “I really enjoy going to art museums.” b. “I know that I want to get married and settle down sometime soon.” c. “I used to smoke but I don’t anymore.” d. “I tried to be vegetarian, but now I eat some fish in my diet too.”

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Disclosure Reciprocity KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 8. According to the rules of disclosure reciprocity, people who disclose personal information in get-acquainted conversations tend to a. talk to themselves spontaneously. b. make judgments about the other person’s self-esteem. c. talk about others more than themselves. d. match each other’s level of intimacy.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Disclosure Reciprocity KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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9. Research examining incoming college freshmen found that those who were more willing to disclose emotions, including fear and anxiety about being at school, were a. far more likely to already have a romantic significant other. b. unlikely to make the choice to live in campus housing. c. less likely to continue on to a degree within four years. d. more likely to develop intimate social relationships in their first semester on campus.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Disclosure Reciprocity KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 10. Compared to two people just getting to know one another, two good friends a. disclose relatively little to one another. b. are more likely to reciprocate their partner’s level of intimacy during a conversation. c. are less likely to reciprocate their partner’s level of intimacy during a conversation. d. typically limit their conversations to intimate topics.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Disclosure Among Friends and Romantic Partners KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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11. Which of the following statements is not supported by research findings? a. We disclose to other people only when we like them. b. We tend to like the people we disclose to. c. We tend to respond to intimate disclosure from new acquaintances with intimate disclosure about ourselves. d. We tend to disclose to people we like.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Disclosure Among Friends and Romantic Partners KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 12. Studies of couples in long-term romantic relationships find a. little or no relationship between self-disclosure and marital satisfaction. b. self-disclosure in a marriage is a reliable predictor of marital satisfaction. c. people who generally are high self-disclosers are more satisfied with their long-term relationships. d. people who generally disclose very little to others are more satisfied with their long-term relationships.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Disclosure Among Friends and Romantic Partners KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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13. Which of the following statements is supported by research findings? a. Women tend to self-disclose more than men. b. Men tend to self-disclose more than women. c. Men and women tend to self-disclose about the same. d. Men self-disclose more than women to friends, females disclose more than males to strangers.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Disclosing Men and Disclosing Women KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 14. Research has shown that men and women are more likely to be accepted when they disclose according to appropriate gender roles in society. For men, this means a. withholding information for the most part. b. disclosing information that is misleading or simply false. c. never revealing anything about one’s self. d. none of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Disclosing Men and Disclosing Women KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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15. Participants in one experiment were asked to write either about something trivial or about an intimate experience they had found upsetting. The researchers found that the people writing about the intimate experience a. were relieved of their anxiety and worry about the event almost immediately after writing about it. b. were more stressed after writing about the experience, but it was good for their health in the long run. c. showed signs of lessened anxiety immediately after the writing task, but showed an increase in health problems later. d. showed signs of being relieved of their anxiety about the event immediately after the task as well as several months later.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Disclosing Traumatic Experiences KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 16. Your best friend has been in a serious automobile accident. According to research on disclosure of traumatic experiences, you might suggest that your friend a. attempt to shut out any thoughts and feelings associated with the accident. b. talk about his or her feelings with friends or a trained therapist. c. avoid talking about the accident until it seems right to do so. d. write down any dreams he or she has for a month.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Disclosing Traumatic Experiences KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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17. Andrea has kept a secret about a traumatic childhood experience to herself for many years. After years of trying to not think about the experience, she decides to write about it in a diary. She spends an hour each night for several days writing about the experience and her feelings surrounding it. Based on research findings, what are the likely effects of Andrea’s writing? a. Andrea’s health should improve. b. Andrea will continue to be bothered by the experience until she shows the diary to someone. c. Andrea will become obsessed with the experience, thinking about it more than ever. d. Andrea will become depressed and require professional help.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Disclosing Traumatic Experiences KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 18. Based on what researchers have found, what advice would you have for a friend who was keeping a traumatic secret concealed from everyone? a. Don’t talk about it unless it starts to upset you. b. Find a close friend, or perhaps a professional counselor, that you can discuss this with. c. As long as it’s something you rarely think about, it is not likely to affect your mental or physical health. d. Try thinking about something you feel good about whenever you find yourself thinking about the traumatic experience.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Disclosing Traumatic Experiences KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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19. Which of the following do researchers find about loneliness? a. It is generally impossible to experience loneliness when one is in a romantic relationship. b. Typically, only college students who have a consistent tendency to feel lonely as a trait experience loneliness. c. Loneliness is a problem on college campuses, but primarily at large, impersonal schools. d. The average number of close friends or personal confidants has dropped over the past few decades.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Loneliness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 20. There are many more lonely people than we tend to think. Some psychologists believe that people’s feelings of loneliness reflect a deeper concern about existential questions of a. the existence of a supreme being. b. alienation. c. the search for meaning in one’s life. d. all of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Loneliness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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21. Researchers define loneliness in terms of a. the number of people we come into contact with on an average day. b. the amount of time we spend alone versus the amount we spend with others. c. how well the amount and quality of our relationships with others satisfies our personal needs. d. the number of friends we have.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Loneliness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 22. According to an AARP survey, one in every _____ Americans over 45 years of age reported feeling chronically lonely. a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 10 ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Loneliness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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23. A woman spends a lot of time by herself. Whether she experiences this time as loneliness depends on a. if she is an introvert or an extravert. b. how much social contact she requires to meet her personal needs. c. how many friends she has. d. how much time she spends interacting with friends.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Loneliness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 24. Correlational research conducted on lonely people has revealed that these individuals may have deficits in social skills and a. tend to have difficulty adjusting to new experiences. b. tend to have difficulty making new friends. c. feel comfortable only when others open up to them. d. all of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Loneliness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Causes of Loneliness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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25. Which of the following is characteristic of people who frequently experience loneliness? a. They enter a conversation with overly high expectations that the other person will like them immediately. b. They have a naively optimistic view of other people. c. They are relatively unaware of their faults and personal limitations. d. They appear to show little interest in getting to know other people.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Loneliness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Causes of Loneliness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 26. Compared to those who score low on loneliness scales, people who score high on these scales tend to a. have just as many friends. b. spend just as much time around other people. c. enter social encounters expecting that things will not go well. d. form just as good a first impression.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Loneliness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Causes of Loneliness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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27. Which of the following statements is not correct about people who score high on measures of loneliness? a. Because they lack social skills, they have difficulty developing relationships. b. Because they have difficulty developing relationships, they have difficulty developing their social skills. c. They have the social skills but lack the opportunity to express them. d. Therapists often help lonely people develop their social skills.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Loneliness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Causes of Loneliness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 28. Efforts to help people overcome their loneliness a. only tend to impact people without a long-term partner. b. often have sought to improve social skills. c. appear to have mixed results. d. only tend to assist those who resist their own loneliness.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Loneliness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: The Causes of Loneliness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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29. Researchers generally conceive of “self-esteem” as how you feel about yourself. They distinguish this from “selfconcept,” which is a. what others think about you. b. the kind of person you believe yourself to be. c. what psychologists can determine empirically through personality tests. d. the unconscious view you hold of yourself.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 30. Although low self-esteem people have good days when they feel good about themselves, compared to others, they a. lack a basic confidence in themselves. b. always appreciate who they are. c. prefer solitude. d. rarely focus on negative feedback from others.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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31. Rosa receives a low grade on her biology midterm exam. If we know that Rosa is low in self-esteem, we might expect her to a. work harder preparing for the next test. b. blame others and make excuses for her failure. c. think about the things she does well. d. perform poorly on the next test.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Esteem and Reaction to Failure KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 32. When high self-esteem people are confronted with a negative evaluation, they a. easily blame others for the results. b. work just as hard to do well on a subsequent evaluation. c. distort the outcome or deny the evaluation. d. begin to self-disclose at higher rates.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Esteem and Reaction to Failure KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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33. William tries out for the high school baseball team but fails to make it. If we know that he is high in self-esteem, what might we expect William’s reaction to be? a. He will attribute his failure to his lack of effort. b. He will blame the coach for making a poor decision. c. He will think about something he does well. d. He will ignore the feedback and continue to think of himself as a gifted baseball player.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Esteem and Reaction to Failure KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 34. If Malory is high in self-esteem, research findings suggest she is probably a. anxious or depressed. b. stable in her feelings of self-worth. c. either low or average in feelings of self-worth. d. either high or low in self-worth, because the two concepts are not correlated.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Contingencies of Self-Worth KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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35. Clarissa feels very good about herself at times but is filled with self-doubt at other times. Researchers would probably describe her as a. low in self-esteem. b. extraverted. c. fluctuating in self-worth. d. in need of self-enhancement.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Contingencies of Self-Worth KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 36. Which of the following is a contingency of self-worth for some college students? a. Family support b. Approval from generalized others c. Competencies d. All of these are correct ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Contingencies of Self-Worth KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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37. People _________ continually put their self-worth on the line when they interact with and are evaluated by others. a. who are low in self-esteem b. who are high in self-esteem c. with uncontrollable self-esteem contingencies d. with stable feelings of self-worth ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Contingencies of Self-Worth KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 38. Suppose you have a stressful appointment for which you have not fully prepared because you want to please the people with whom you will meet. Your self-doubt comes from your constant behavior to always put your selfworth on the line. Personality psychologists would call this a. passive-aggressive. b. an uncontrollable contingency of self-esteem. c. depressed. d. low need for Achievement.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Contingencies of Self-Worth KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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39. Undergraduate students who base their self-worth on academic performance often experience a. depression. b. an increase in self-esteem regardless of grades. c. self-fulfilling prophecies of failure. d. a reduction in stress over exams and other academic work.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Contingencies of Self-Worth KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 40. Cross-cultural researchers find that the causes of high self-esteem are a. similar in nearly all cultures. b. different in individualistic and collectivist cultures. c. similar in nearly all cultures, but what makes people happy varies across cultures. d. impossible to assess because of subtle differences among languages.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Esteem and Culture KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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41. People in collectivist cultures are likely to feel good about themselves when they a. rise to positions of leadership. b. stand out from the crowd with an individual accomplishment. c. stand up for themselves. d. obtain a sense of belonging within the culture.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Esteem and Culture KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 42. Maslow found that self-actualized people tend to a. enjoy time by themselves. b. have little interest in other people. c. spend almost all of their time alone. d. dislike time alone.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Solitude QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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43. Researchers find that most Americans spend a. the majority of their time alone. b. almost no time by themselves. c. more time by themselves as they get older. d. a lot of time alone until they become elderly.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Solitude QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Time Alone KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:50 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 44. One study looked at the effects of solitude in adolescents. These researchers found that the most well-adjusted teenagers were those who spent a. almost all their times in social settings. b. most of their time alone. c. a moderate amount of time alone. d. no time alone.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Solitude QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Time Alone KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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45. People with a high preference for solitude tend to a. dislike the time they have to spend in the presence of others. b. spend most of their time alone. c. enjoy both time alone and time spent with others. d. be lonely and unhappy.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Solitude QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Individual Differences in Preference for Solitude KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 46. Researchers using the experience sampling method typically discover that a. most people find time by themselves less pleasant than time spent with others. b. most people find time spent in solitude more pleasant than time spent with others. c. teenagers spend more time in solitude than adults. d. the amount of time we spend in solitude decreases as we age.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Solitude QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Time Alone KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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47. Whether people enjoy or dislike time alone depends on a. their gender. b. the number of siblings they grew up with. c. how much social contact they have at work and during the day. d. their preference for solitude level.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Solitude QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Individual Differences in Preference for Solitude KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 48. Of the following, which is not a positive aspect of solitude? a. Inner peace b. Creativity c. Spirituality d. All of these are correct are positive aspects.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Solitude QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Individual Differences in Preference for Solitude KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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49. People engage in self-disclosure when they reveal general information about themselves to another person. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 50. Research has shown that the more people talk about a tragedy like the death of a spouse, the fewer health problems they have.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Disclosing Traumatic Experiences KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 51. For psychologists, being “lonely” is the same as being “alone.” a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Loneliness QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Esteem and Reaction to Failure KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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52. In contrast to low self-esteem people, when faced with failure, people with high self-esteem typically work just as hard as they do after successes.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Esteem and Reaction to Failure KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 53. In Western culture, the concept of high self-esteem is related to how one fits with society. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Esteem and Culture KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 54. According to Maslow, people with a high need for privacy are not necessarily trying to escape from relationships. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Solitude QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Self-Esteem DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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55. “Inner peace” has been shown in research to be a positive aspect of solitude. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Individual Differences in Preference for Solitude KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 56. Discuss the concept of self-disclosure, giving an example of the rule of disclosure reciprocity. Explain the role selfdisclosure plays in the development of friendships and romantic relationships. Specify the health benefits of disclosing traumatic experiences and the implications of self-disclosure for psychotherapy.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Disclosure QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 57. Distinguish between self-esteem and self-concept. Discuss the specific research findings on self-esteem and reaction to failure. Explain differences in reactions to failures and how this can influence one’s feelings of self-worth.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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58. How and why do feelings of self-worth fluctuate? Explain how contingencies of self-worth help people feel good about themselves in spite of failures.

ANSWER:

Answers will vary

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 59. Discuss how people from different cultures—individualistic versus collectivist—might define self-esteem differently.

What do you think would provide the foundation of self-esteem for people from these different cultural backgrounds?

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Self-Esteem QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM 60. Define preference for solitude and describe people at either end of this individual difference dimension. Give the humanistic approach’s explanation for why some people desire solitude.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Solitude QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:51 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 7:01 AM

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1. Which of the following was not advocated by John B. Watson? a. Subjective inner feelings can be studied through scientific methods. b. Only that which is observable is reasonable subject matter for science. c. Subjective inner states and feelings have no place in an objective science. d. If psychology is to be a science, psychologists must stop examining mental states.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Behaviorism QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 2. The behavioral approach to personality postulates that personality is a. the combination of environmental circumstances and unconscious impulses. b. a function of how we feel about conditions in the environment. c. habitual behaviors that we learn to demonstrate. d. the result of inherited predispositions to behave in certain ways.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Behaviorism QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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3. What did Watson use to explain human behavior? a. Conditioning b. Traits c. Observational learning d. Unconscious motives ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Behaviorism QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 4. According to B. F. Skinner, we are mistaken when we look to inner causes for our actions because a. inner mental states have no impact on behavior. b. we can’t know if inner states cause or are caused by behaviors (or both). c. only a few of the most obvious inner states, such as anxiety, can be a cause for our behavior. d. subjective feelings are the result of our behavior, not the cause.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Behaviorism QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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5. A woman experiences high levels of nervousness right before she is to speak in front of a large audience. She decides she can’t go through with the speech. She later tells her husband she could not speak because she was anxious. If her husband were B. F. Skinner, how might he respond? a. “Your feelings of anxiety indeed caused you to not speak because they acted like a punishment.” b. “The anxiety is unrelated to the change in your behavior.” c. “The change in your behavior my cause or be caused by your feelings of anxiety.” d. “Anxious feelings do not exist because we cannot observe them.”

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Behaviorism QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 6. After Pavlov conditioned his dogs to salivate upon hearing a bell, the bell acted as a(n) a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classical Conditioning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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7. Pavlovian conditioning, a form of learning first identified by Ivan Pavlov, is also called a. instrumental conditioning. b. classical conditioning. c. operant conditioning. d. behaviorism.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classical Conditioning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 8. Every time a boy visited his grandfather, he would pass a house with a large dog in the yard that would bark and scare the boy. Years later, the boy becomes anxious whenever he visits his grandfather, even though the dog is no longer there. The boy learned to become anxious in this situation through which process? a. Classical conditioning b. Operant conditioning c. Observational learning d. Punishment ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classical Conditioning KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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9. As a child, Mary always had an unpleasant time whenever she visited her cousins. In addition, most of the times she visited, her aunt would serve meatloaf for dinner. As an adult, Mary hates meatloaf. She doesn’t even have a conscious recognition that she associates meatloaf with the nasty way her cousins treated her. If her dislike of meatloaf were classically conditioned, the meatloaf would be the a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned response. d. conditioned stimulus.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classical Conditioning KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 10. Researchers sometimes use second-order conditioning. This means that they a. use operant conditioning to reinforce classically conditioned associations. b. continue to pair the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli to avoid extinction. c. use a newly created stimulus-response association as part of a new classical conditioning procedure. d. begin to reinforce the behavior every other time it is emitted.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classical Conditioning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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11. The process of using one S-R association as a foundation on which to build another is called ________ conditioning. a. reverse b. operant c. associative d. second-order ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classical Conditioning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 12. After a new stimulus-response association is classically conditioned, it must be paired with the old stimulus occasionally or reinforced to avoid a. second-order conditioning. b. extinction. c. stimulus generalization. d. stimulus discrimination.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classical Conditioning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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13. From his observations of cats escaping from a “puzzle box” to obtain a piece of fish, Thorndike developed a theory that is known as the law of a. operant conditioning. b. effect. c. consequences. d. association.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Operant Conditioning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 14. Which classical conditioning procedure might you use if you wanted to decrease the frequency of a response? a. Negative reinforcement b. Extinction c. Punishment d. Shaping ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Classical Conditioning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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15. John’s mother wants her son to stop crying every time something goes wrong. Following a psychologist’s advice, she stops running to comfort John whenever the boy starts crying over some minor incident. After a few weeks, she notices that John cries much less frequently than he used to. This is an example of a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. punishment. d. extinction.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Operant Conditioning KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 16. Marlene’s desk becomes so messy that on occasion she cannot find an important paper she is looking for. After several incidents in which she suffered the consequences of not finding a paper she needed (e.g., a homework assignment), she learned to organize and straighten her desk. Now the distress of being unable to find what she needs has been eliminated. Marlene learned this new behavior through which operant conditioning procedure? a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Punishment d. Extinction ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Operant Conditioning KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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17. Positive and negative reinforcement are similar in that both processes a. are used to increase the frequency of a behavior. b. are used to decrease the frequency of a behavior. c. take away something for inappropriate behaviors. d. are ineffective unless backed up with classical conditioning.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Operant Conditioning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 18. A teacher places a check mark on the chalkboard next to Henry’s name whenever Henry speaks out in class without raising his hand. If he receives three check marks in one day, Henry gets no recess the following day. The teacher is using a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. c. extinction. d. shaping.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Operant Conditioning KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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19. Which of the following statements is not correct? a. Punishment does not teach appropriate behaviors. b. To be effective, punishment must be delivered immediately and consistently. c. Punishment can have negative side effects, such as creating negative associations through classical conditioning. d. In most cases, punishment is the most effective way to reduce an unwanted behavior.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Operant Conditioning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 20. A tennis coach works with players to improve the accuracy of their backhand stroke with successive attempts to produce more hits on target each week of the season. The coach slowly adjusts the form of the backstroke until it is the correct overall swing. The coach is using a form of conditioning known as a. stimulus generalization. b. shaping. c. punishment. d. discrimination.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Operant Conditioning KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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21. Psychologists use shaping because of which of the following limitations of operant conditioning? a. Punishment does not teach new responses, it only inhibits old ones. b. Behaviors will extinguish if they are not reinforced occasionally. c. One must wait for the organism’s response before it can be rewarded or punished. d. Operant procedures condition responses only to very specific stimuli.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Operant Conditioning KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 22. Operant conditioning would be rather limited if every new situation required learning a new response. However, this is not the case because of _________, which allows us to “spread” learning from one situation to another. a. generalization b. partial reinforcement c. second-order conditioning d. discrimination ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Operant Conditioning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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23. Tony’s mother wants him to learn to play with other children. She begins by offering him a quarter whenever he plays with other children nearby, even if he plays by himself. Later, she gives him a quarter only when he plays on the same playground equipment other children are playing on. Finally, she gives him a quarter only if he actually plays with the other children. Tony’s mother is demonstrating how to use a. classical conditioning. b. second-order conditioning. c. shaping. d. stimulus generalization.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Operant Conditioning KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 24. Early social learning theorists introduced the notion of behavior environment behavior interactions. By this, they meant that a. our behavior is a function of the environment in which we interact. b. we are influenced by both the environment and the behavior of others. c. we change our style of interaction depending on our environment. d. the environment influences our behavior, and our behavior influences the kind of environment in which we find ourselves.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Learning Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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25. In Rotter’s model, the behavior that is most likely to be performed in a given situation is a. the one that has been reinforced. b. the one with the strongest behavior potential. c. the one for which a model has been reinforced. d. the one most consistent with the person’s self-concept.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Learning Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 26. Colleen is trying to decide which of two events to enter in the school track meet. She thinks she would have a better chance of winning the 100-meter race but decides to enter the 10,000-meter race instead. According to Rotter’s theory, a. her generalized expectancies determined this decision. b. the reinforcement value of winning the 10,000-meter race is greater than the expectancy of winning the 100meter race. c. the decision illustrates that the behavior potential does not always determine behavior. d. she must have been reinforced for winning the 10,000-meter race in the past.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Learning Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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27. According to Rotter, all of the following are psychological variables that must be considered to account for behavior except one. Which one? a. Locus of control b. Expectations c. Reinforcement values d. Classical conditioning ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Learning Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 28. A man launches a campaign to change a law he does not like. According to Rotter, whether the man persists at this campaign depends on if a. he is reinforced for his behavior. b. he expects to be reinforced for his behavior. c. he has seen a model that was reinforced for similar behavior. d. the rewards he thinks he will receive really exist.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Learning Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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29. In Rotter’s model, a behavior potential is determined in part by a. the estimated likelihood that the behavior will lead to reinforcement. b. the strength of other behavior potentials. c. whether or not the role model was rewarded. d. the distinction between learning and performance.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Learning Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 30. People are more likely to engage in a behavior if it is followed by a reward. According to Rotter, this is because the reward a. creates an association through operant conditioning. b. is delivered immediately after the behavior is enacted. c. changes the environment in which the behavior takes place. d. changes the expectancy that the behavior will lead to rewards in the future.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Learning Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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31. With respect to the locus of control continuum, Sally has an external orientation. Which of the following statements would she least likely make? a. “Hard work and perseverance pay off.” b. “I would be a better basketball player I if I were to spend more time practicing.” c. “I failed my psychology final because the professor doesn’t like me.” d. “I got into a car accident because I was texting while I was driving.”

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Learning Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 32. Bandura’s concept of reciprocal determinism is different from Skinner’s radical behaviorism in that radical behaviorism a. uses a one-way model in which external events cause behavior. b. maintains that behavior influences external events. c. includes internal factors in its explanation of behavior. d. identifies more ways to change behavior.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social-Cognitive Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reciprocal Determinism KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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33. Which of the following is not part of Bandura’s reciprocal determinism model? a. Behavior influences internal factors. b. Behavior influences external factors. c. External factors influence internal factors. d. Reinforcement value influences behavior potential.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social-Cognitive Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reciprocal Determinism KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 34. Bandura argued there are internal determinants as well as external causes of behavior. Which of the following is not an internal influence? a. Thoughts b. Experiences c. Beliefs d. Expectancies ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social-Cognitive Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reciprocal Determinism KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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35. Which of the following is advocated by Bandura in his social-cognitive theory? a. Most behavior is performed in the absence of external reinforcements and punishments. b. People can be induced through external reinforcements to perform just about any behavior. c. We can determine how people learn by observing the behavior of rats in controlled laboratory investigations. d. External forces are almost always more powerful than internal forces in determining behavior.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social-Cognitive Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Imagination and Self-Regulation KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 36. A person can learn a behavior without ever performing it. This concept is part of which approach to personality? a. Skinner’s radical behaviorism b. Bandura’s social-cognitive theory c. Rotter’s social learning theory d. Watson’s behaviorism ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social-Cognitive Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Observational Learning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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37. Children in one study observed a model acting aggressively against an adult-sized plastic Bobo doll. The children were then given an opportunity to imitate the model on their own, followed by an opportunity to demonstrate the aggressive acts for rewards. The study was designed to demonstrate a. that aggression can be learned through classical conditioning. b. the distinction between learning and performance. c. that children will behave aggressively for rewards. d. that children will not imitate aggressive acts unless they are rewarded.

ANSWER:

b

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social-Cognitive Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Observational Learning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 38. According to Bandura, we learn many behaviors by observing models. Whether or not we perform these behaviors depends on a. the consequences we expect for those behaviors. b. the reinforcement value of the rewards. c. generalized expectancies. d. whether we are children or adults.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social-Cognitive Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Observational Learning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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39. From Bandura’s research on observational learning in children, we can conclude that whether a child performs an aggressive act depends on a. the amount of social encouragement the child has received to be aggressive. b. how extremely aggressive the behavior is. c. whether the model’s behavior is observed to be reinforced or punished. d. whether the model is the child’s parent or another respected adult.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social-Cognitive Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Observational Learning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 40. Watson paired a loud noise with the appearance of a white rat to create a fear of the animal in a boy known as Little Albert. Watson performed this experiment to demonstrate that a. phobias can develop through classical conditioning. b. phobias can develop through operant conditioning. c. learning can take place in the absence of language skills. d. behaviors can be conditioned in children as young as 11 months old.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Behavioral Explanations of Psychological Disorders KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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41. The conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Watson and Rayner’s experiment with a baby known as Little Albert were, respectively, a. a white rat and a slap on the wrist. b. a loud noise and crying. c. fear responses and a loud noise. d. a white rat and a loud noise.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Behavioral Explanations of Psychological Disorders KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 42. Aversion therapy is based on which concept? a. Negative reinforcement b. Punishment c. Shaping d. Classical conditioning ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Using Conditioning Principles in Psychotherapy KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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43. Systematic desensitization is used by behavior therapists to help clients suffering from which problem? a. Phobia b. Depression c. Shyness d. An undesirable behavior, such as a bad habit ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Using Conditioning Principles in Psychotherapy KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 44. A psychologist teaches a client who has a pathological fear of snakes to relax. She then has the client imagine increasingly vivid scenes about snakes while relaxing. The psychologist is using which type of therapy technique? a. Systematic desensitization b. Aversion therapy c. Reinforcement therapy d. Biofeedback ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Using Conditioning Principles in Psychotherapy KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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45. A woman shows no interest in socializing with other people. How might a behaviorist explain this behavior? a. The woman does not believe that she can interact effectively with other people. b. The woman has not been reinforced enough for engaging in social behavior or she has been reinforced for keeping to herself. c. The woman experiences anxiety in social situations and uses her asocial style as a defense against this anxiety. d. The woman is either high in social anxiety or low in sociability.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Using Conditioning Principles in Psychotherapy KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 46. According to Bandura, behavior therapy procedures a. are most effective when used in conjunction with other types of treatments. b. provide people with a method to change themselves once they have decided to do so. c. are not as effective as behavior therapists claim. d. are no more effective than providing clients with no treatment.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Using Conditioning Principles in Psychotherapy KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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47. A behavioral therapist wants to teach a client to relax. The therapist wants to teach the client to pay attention to when his muscles are tense. However, the client complains that he cannot tell when his muscles are tense. What type of treatment will the therapist probably try? a. Systematic desensitization b. Aversion therapy c. Shock therapy d. Biofeedback ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Using Conditioning Principles in Psychotherapy KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 48. Which of the following treatments for problem behaviors would be an application of operant conditioning? a. Aversion therapy b. Systematic desensitization c. Biofeedback d. All of these are correct ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Using Conditioning Principles in Psychotherapy KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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49. A woman complains to her therapist that lately she hasn’t “felt like herself.” The therapist plans to use a behavior therapy treatment by altering the rewards and punishments in the woman’s environment. What is likely to be the first step the therapist takes in setting up this treatment? a. Define the woman’s problem in terms of observable behaviors. b. Interview people the woman knows to determine the extent of the problem. c. Obtain baseline data for how often and when the problem occurs. d. Determine what in the woman’s past has been responsible for causing this problem.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Using Conditioning Principles in Psychotherapy KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 50. Therapy based on self-efficacy is designed to help people a. learn to interact better with others. b. develop their skills and natural abilities. c. make the effort necessary to change their behaviors. d. deal with the environment more efficiently.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Efficacy KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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51. According to self-efficacy theory, the extent of people’s beliefs that they can bring about particular outcomes is referred to as a. reinforcement value. b. efficacy expectation. c. outcome expectation. d. performance accomplishments.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Efficacy KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 52. A woman suffers from stage fright. If you were to use the most effective method to change her efficacy expectation for overcoming this problem, you would probably a. help her to have a successful experience speaking in front of a group. b. have her watch models who do well speaking in front of groups. c. give her a persuasive speech to convince her she can perform the behavior. d. point out to her that she does not appear anxious just before taking the stage.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Efficacy KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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53. Which of the following has not been shown to be a result of self-efficacy beliefs? a. Reducing drunk driving b. Overcoming paranoid schizophrenia c. Overcoming childhood depression d. Improving job performance ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Efficacy KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 54. The self-monitoring method may have problems due to the fact that a. it cannot be used to assess the progress of treatment. b. it may be contaminated by self-report measures. c. the client is not a trained psychotherapist. d. the client may be dishonest about his or her behavior.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Behavior Observation Methods QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Monitoring KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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55. A behavioral therapist wants his client to record for a week how often and under what circumstances the client bites his fingernails. The therapist is using which assessment procedure? a. Direct observation b. Observation by others c. Self-report d. Self-monitoring ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Behavior Observation Methods QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Monitoring KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 56. Which problem with self-monitoring methods can be overcome by using observation by others as a data-collection method? a. Some people are unwilling or unable to provide accurate information about themselves. b. The technology used for self-monitoring is confusing and tricky. c. People can’t take the time to monitor their own behaviors. d. Clients don’t have a clear understanding of what behaviors need to be self-monitored.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: Behavior Observation Methods QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Monitoring KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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57. Critics of behaviorism point out that a. behaviorists give too much attention to the role of heredity. b. there are limits on the usefulness and effectiveness of basic conditioning principles. c. behaviorists need to do more research with lab animals and less with human participants. d. behaviorists have failed to test many of their ideas with empirical studies.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of the Behavioral/Social Learning Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Criticisms KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 58. Critics of behaviorism have raised each of the following points except one. Which one? a. Studies with laboratory animals have limited use when explaining human behavior. b. Heredity plays a larger role in personality than behaviorists acknowledge. c. The therapeutic procedures derived from conditioning principles appear to be ineffective. d. Cognition plays a larger role in behavior than strict behaviorists acknowledge.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of the Behavioral/Social Learning Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Criticisms KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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59. Behaviorists believe that conditioning principles can be examined to understand the processes that shape our personalities.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Behaviorism QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 60. When the consequence of a behavior increases the behavior’s frequency, the consequence is referred to as a response.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Operant Conditioning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 61. A basic tenet of Rotter’s social learning theory is that the strength of expectancy is determined by the value we place on reinforcement.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Learning Theory QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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62. Many complex human behaviors cannot be learned through classical or operant conditioning but are acquired through observational learning.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social-Cognitive Theory QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Observational Learning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 63. Using the Q-sort procedure, a therapist arranges a situation so that a successful experience for the client is virtually guaranteed.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Using Conditioning Principles in Psychotherapy KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 64. Define operant conditioning and contrast it with classical conditioning. State the law of effect and describe the nature of the observations made by Thorndike to formulate the law. Give two examples of your own that illustrate the reinforcement strategies used in operant conditioning to increase desired behaviors.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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65. Give your own example of shaping. State the circumstances under which shaping is particularly useful. Explain the meaning of behavior therapy and discuss the basic operant conditioning procedures typically used in it.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Basic Principles of Conditioning QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Operant Conditioning KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 66. Discuss the origins of social learning theory and explain how it expands upon the behavioral approach to personality.

What are the basic tenets of Rotter’s theory? Discuss the relationships among behavior potential, expectancy, and reinforcement value. In your discussion, explain how different personality characteristics are related to differences in locus of control and reinforcement value.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social Learning Theory QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM 67. Define observational learning and distinguish between learning and performance. Name the basic assumptions of Bandura’s social-cognitive theory and give your own comparison to the strict behaviorist approach. Describe Bandura’s experiment with nursery school children that investigated television and aggression. What are the implications from this research for observational learning?

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Social-Cognitive Theory QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Observational Learning KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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68. Explain from where our expectations come for behaviors we have never performed before, according to Bandura.

Define self-efficacy and efficacy expectations and give your own examples of mastery experiences and vicarious experiences.

ANSWER: POINTS:

Answers will vary

1

REFERENCES: Application: Conditioning Principles and Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Efficacy KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 6:45 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 6:56 AM

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1. From your study of the textbook, with which of the following concepts is Rotter associated? a. Learned helplessness b. Observational learning of aggression c. Classical conditioning d. Locus of control ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Introduction QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 2. Operant conditioning affects gender-role behavior a. in early childhood. b. only after children have begun going to school. c. primarily after children reach puberty. d. primarily during the late teens and into emerging adulthood.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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3. Researchers investigating the observational learning of gender-role behaviors find that boys imitate male models instead of female models a. as soon as they develop an identity as a male. b. after they noticed that a certain behavior is performed more by one gender than the other. c. more often than girls imitate female models. d. but that the opposite is not found for girls.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 4. The early masculinity femininity model for describing individual differences in gender-role behavior was based on the assumption that a. gender-role behavior is learned through operant conditioning and observational learning but not through classical conditioning. b. masculinity and femininity represent two extreme positions on a single continuum. c. it is better to be masculine than feminine because of the demands of society. d. masculinity and femininity are independent dimensions of personality that have no true intersection.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Individual Differences: Masculinity and Femininity KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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5. Imagine you present a gender-role inventory to a group of freshmen and discover that one participant scored low on both the masculine and feminine scales. Under which category does this participant belong? a. Feminine b. Masculine c. Androgynous d. Undifferentiated ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Individual Differences: Masculinity and Femininity KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 6. A person who takes a gender-role scale and is typed as masculine is a. high on the androgyny scale and low on femininity. b. low on masculinity and high on androgyny. c. high on masculinity and low on femininity. d. low on masculinity and high on congruence.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Individual Differences: Masculinity and Femininity KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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7. Marius takes a gender-role scale that is based on the androgyny model of gender type. The results will place in in one of ________ different groups. a. two b. four c. six d. eight ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Individual Differences: Masculinity and Femininity KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 8. According to the androgyny model, both women and men will have the highest level of well-being when they are a. high in masculinity but low in femininity. b. low in femininity and low in masculinity. c. high in femininity and high in masculinity. d. high in femininity and low in masculinity.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gender Type and Well-Being KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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9. Which of the following inventories is among the more popular assessment tools for gender-role research? a. California Personality Inventory b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory c. Rotter Androgyny Scale d. All of these are very popular gender-role inventories ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gender Type and Well-Being KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 10. Research finds that happiness with one’s relationship is related to having a partner who is a. masculine or androgynous. b. feminine or androgynous. c. masculine if a male, feminine if a female. d. masculine if you are masculine, feminine if you are feminine.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gender Type and Well-Being KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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11. Femininity is associated with happiness in relationships. Researchers explain this finding in terms of each of the following except one. Which one? a. Feminine people are better able than masculine people to express their romantic needs. b. Feminine people are more sensitive to others’ needs than masculine people. c. Feminine people are more aware of romantic needs than masculine people. d. Feminine people assert themselves in relationships more often than masculine people.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gender Type and Interpersonal Relationships KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 12. Male and female participants in one study were left alone to engage in a short conversation. The researchers found the least active and least enjoyable conversations took place when the couple consisted of a. a masculine male and a feminine female. b. two feminine people. c. two masculine people. d. two androgynous people.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gender Type and Interpersonal Relationships KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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13. All of the following statements are reasons why the most preferable partners in romantic relationships are feminine or androgynous people except one. Which one? a. They are more affectionate. b. They are more controlled and quiet. c. They are more willing to take risks required to make things happen. d. They are more compassionate.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gender Type and Interpersonal Relationships KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 14. Which of the following is the most accurate pairing of terms? a. communion; masculinity b. agency; femininity c. agency; masculinity d. communion; androgyny ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Unmitigated Agency and Unmitigated Communion KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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15. Who among the following is likely high in unmitigated communion? a. Belinda, a surgeon who sacrifices her own needs and interests to care for all her patients. b. Matilda, who sees her personal value in terms of how well others think she takes care of her family. c. Bernard, who cancels the cruise he’s been planning for 3 months because his secretary really wants to see her son’s school play and cannot find anyone to cover for her at work. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Unmitigated Agency and Unmitigated Communion KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 16. Your friend’s grandmother is very sweet and energetic for her age at 72 years. But your friend says her grandmother never takes care of herself: she is always driving other seniors to their doctor’s appointments or visiting sick friends. Your friend is becoming worried because her grandmother’s arthritis is getting worse and she is becoming depressed. The grandmother appears to be a. high in communion. b. low in communion. c. high in unmitigated communion. d. high in unmitigated agency.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Unmitigated Agency and Unmitigated Communion KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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17. People high in unmitigated agency often a. focus only on themselves. b. perform acts of altruism. c. have low scores on self-efficacy measures. d. perform random acts of kindness.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Unmitigated Agency and Unmitigated Communion KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 18. According to Bandura’s model, children can learn aggressive behaviors even when they a. do not pay attention to the model’s behavior. b. do not remember the model’s behavior. c. are not directly rewarded for engaging in the behavior. d. do not notice the model’s behavior.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Observation Learning of Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Bandura’s Four-Step Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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19. The four interrelated processes involved in observational learning of aggression are a. attend, remember, enact, and expect. b. enact, expect, remember, and imitate. c. attend, enact, reinforce, and expect. d. repress, enable, expect, and reinforce.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Observation Learning of Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Bandura’s Four-Step Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 20. Children in one study were given an opportunity to imitate an aggressive model after watching a videotape of the model. The researchers found that the aggressive behavior was most likely to be imitated when the a. experimenter was out of the room. b. children had not been frustrated earlier. c. aggression was performed with a toy the child liked. d. model was a male.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Observation Learning of Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Bandura’s Four-Step Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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21. Children in one study were given an opportunity to imitate an aggressive model after watching a videotape of the model. The researchers found that the aggressive behavior was most likely to be imitated when the model used a toy. How did they describe this effect? a. These acts were consistent with a child’s locus of control. b. Because it was easier for the child to remember. c. Playing with a toy matched the child’s scripts for public behaviors. d. The child felt angry that they were deprived of a toy so they imitated the action to reduce that emotional state.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Observation Learning of Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Bandura’s Four-Step Model KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 22. Under which of the following circumstances would we expect children to be least likely to imitate an aggressive model? a. When the model is declared a hero and rewarded. b. When they see the model engage in justified aggression. c. When the model is punished for aggressive behavior. d. When the child sees a behavior the child likes.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Observation Learning of Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Bandura’s Four-Step Model KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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23. From research on violence, we can say ________ are more likely to turn to violence themselves. a. children exposed to a violent environment b. when children are punished randomly, they c. children who frequently model punishing acts d. nothing about the personalities of children who ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Observation Learning of Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Bandura’s Four-Step Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 24. A large number of studies have examined the relationship between watching aggressive television and acting aggressively. Although there are some exceptions, most of this research finds a. there is little evidence that watching aggressive television increases aggression. b. watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, at least under some circumstances. c. watching aggressive television is related to aggressive behavior, but this is because aggressive people tend to watch aggression on television. d. watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively but only in children.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Observation Learning of Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Mass Media Aggression and Aggressive Behavior KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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25. Controlled laboratory research on observational learning of aggression typically requires participants to __________ and then receive the opportunity to act aggressively. a. receive an aversive or painful stimulus b. complete a questionnaire c. engage in a group discussion d. watch a violent or nonviolent program ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Observation Learning of Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Mass Media Aggression and Aggressive Behavior KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 26. Investigations of the impact of exposure to violence have shown the amount and kind of _______ predicts how aggressive they are later. a. sports children participate in b. environment in which children grew up c. school children attend d. television children watch ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Observation Learning of Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Mass Media Aggression and Aggressive Behavior KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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27. Which of the following is not a reason why increased aggression is of particular concern from playing violent video games? a. Players actively engage in practicing violent acts. b. The increased aggressiveness lasts for several minutes after playing. c. Players are rewarded for participating in violent acts. d. Players pay particular attention to weapons, outfitting, and ammunition types.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Observation Learning of Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Violent Video Games KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 28. Jeff enjoys playing video games on a regular basis, and the more realistic the violence in the combat video games he plays, the more he enjoys it. Because the games in which he is actively engaged are so realistic, you predict that Jeff will a. act more aggressively for several hours after playing. b. commit acts of violence toward his friends that match the violence in the games he plays. c. act more aggressively after playing, but only for a short time frame. d. not act more aggressively than he did before playing his games.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Observation Learning of Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Violent Video Games KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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29. Dogs exposed to aversive stimuli from which they could not escape were found to a. learn through observation how to be helpless. b. avoid the stimulus on every trial. c. stop moving when placed in a shuttle-box situation. d. suffer from neurological damage.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Learned Helplessness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Learning to Be Helpless KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 30. The original learned helplessness experiments placed dogs in a harness where they were exposed to electric shocks. Later, the dogs were placed in a shuttle-box where they experienced more shocks. The dogs that exhibited learned helplessness a. quickly learned to escape the shocks in a shuttle-box. b. failed to escape the shocks in the shuttle-box. c. escaped the shocks in the shuttle-box but only after several trials. d. escaped the shuttle-box shocks but then showed signs of helplessness.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Learned Helplessness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Learning to Be Helpless KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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31. In the original learned helplessness model, people were said to experience learned helplessness when they a. encountered obstacles they could not overcome. b. encountered aversive events. c. generalized their inability to control one unpleasant situation to another situation, even if the second situation was within their control. d. gave up trying after they realized they could not do anything about an aversive situation.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Learned Helplessness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Learned Helplessness in Humans KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 32. Learned helplessness in the elderly often takes the form of a. a lack of motivation and activity. b. depression and suicide attempts. c. extreme agitation. d. none of these are correct.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Learned Helplessness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Some Applications of Learned Helplessness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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33. In one study, policies and procedures were changed for some elderly residents. Which change seemed to have the most beneficial effects on the residents? a. Having the staff do many of the residents’ daily chores and responsibilities for them b. Explaining to the residents how the staff would now take care of their problems c. Explaining to the residents that they have earned their rest and should enjoy it d. Emphasizing a sense of increased control and responsibility to the residents ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Learned Helplessness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Some Applications of Learned Helplessness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 34. Researchers in one study found that residents in an old-age home were more active and healthier when they were given additional control over the events in their daily lives. This finding is consistent with theory and research on a. self-efficacy. b. locus of control. c. behavior therapy. d. learned helplessness.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Learned Helplessness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Some Applications of Learned Helplessness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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35. According to the original learned helplessness model, depression begins when people a. fail at some important task. b. experience an inability to control important events in their lives. c. have a series of aversive experiences. d. lose their motivation to work.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Learned Helplessness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Some Applications of Learned Helplessness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 36. Researchers have found that the basic psychological mechanisms of learned helplessness are similar to the same processes associated with which psychological disorder? a. Anxiety b. Depression c. Schizophrenia d. Obsessive–Compulsive disorder ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Learned Helplessness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Some Applications of Learned Helplessness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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37. The neurotransmitter _______ has been found to play a role in both learned helplessness and depression. a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. serotonin d. adrenalin ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Learned Helplessness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Some Applications of Learned Helplessness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 38. Which of the following accounts for the longer duration of depression relative to the duration of learned helplessness effects? a. There are many causes for depression in addition to learned helplessness. b. Depressed people think about and then re-experience the helplessness-inducing events. c. Reminders of the initial helplessness event can reactivate depression. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Learned Helplessness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Some Applications of Learned Helplessness KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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39. According to the learned helplessness model, one way to treat depression is to a. give the depressed person a successful experience at controlling an important event. b. explain to the depressed person that he or she cannot control everything. c. give the depressed person a series of pleasant experiences. d. pair the unpleasant feelings with a pleasant experience.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Learned Helplessness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Some Applications of Learned Helplessness KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 40. Todd is having difficulty at work and has failed to please his boss on each of the last three projects he has been assigned. He begins to feel as if there is nothing he can do to turn things around. Soon, he starts to feel there is also nothing he can do about some of the difficulties he has been having with members of his family. He starts to act withdrawn and unmotivated most of the time. Todd seems to be suffering from a. anxiety. b. low self-esteem. c. low achievement motivation. d. learned helplessness.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Learned Helplessness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Some Applications of Learned Helplessness KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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41. Which of the following is a similarity between animals exposed to inescapable shock and depressed humans? a. They both have similar changes in neurotransmitters and receptors. b. They both show evidence for internal locus of control. c. They both become highly agitated and aggressive. d. They both continue to try to escape adversity until exhaustion.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Learned Helplessness QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Some Applications of Learned Helplessness KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 42. According to Rotter’s original model, individual differences in locus of control are most likely to affect behavior when a. the reinforcement values for all of the expected outcomes are about equal. b. people have little information upon which to form specific expectancies for the situation. c. success in the situation is largely up to the person rather than the situation. d. there are important external forces controlling the situation.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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43. Larry does not get a job he wanted. In the model of Julian Rotter, Larry would be described as an external.

Which of the following reactions would you expect from Larry? a. “I’ll just have to try harder next time.” b. “I guess I did a poor job of selling myself during the interview.” c. “It’s usually a matter of who you know that determines whether you get a job.” d. “I must not have had the right kind of background for this job.”

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 44. Research on individual differences in locus of control originated from the theorizing of a. B. F. Skinner. b. Albert Bandura. c. Julian Rotter. d. Henry Murray.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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45. Although there are exceptions, researchers looking at locus of control and depression typically find a. those with higher internal scores are more susceptible to depression because they tend to blame themselves for things outside of their control. b. those with higher external scores are more susceptible to depression, consistent with research on learned helplessness. c. people on either extreme of the internal external continuum are more susceptible to depression than those in the middle. d. little or no relationship between locus of control and depression.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Locus of Control and Well-Being KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 46. When suicidal patients were asked to relive the events that took place before an attempted suicide, they a. had a peak experience. b. described themselves in terms of an internal locus of control. c. described themselves in terms of an external locus of control. d. had no memory because the events had been repressed.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Locus of Control and Well-Being KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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47. Which of the following has research found to be true of those with a higher internal locus of control? a. They are more likely to complete their college degree than externals. b. They are more ambitious than those who have a higher external locus of control. c. They show higher levels of performance in the workplace. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Locus of Control and Well-Being KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 48. According to studies of achievement and locus of control, someone who has a higher external locus in college is likely to have a. better grades than internals in college. b. received lower scores on achievement tests in high school. c. performed better on academic tests in elementary school than high school. d. all of these are correct.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Locus of Control and Well-Being KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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49. Vicki thinks that whether people make a lot of friends depends on the kind of job a person happens to get and the kinds of people who happen to move into the person’s neighborhood. A personality researcher would probably classify Vicki as having a(n) ________ locus of control. a. internal b. external c. pessimist d. introvert ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Locus of Control and Well-Being KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 50. Research on academic achievement and locus of control typically finds a. those with an internal locus of control perform better academically, but this difference does not surface until students reach college. b. those with an external locus of control perform better academically, but this difference disappears when students reach college. c. those with an internal locus of control perform better academically, and this seems to be true at all age levels. d. those with an external locus of control perform better academically, and this seems to be true at all age levels.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Locus of Control and Well-Being KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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51. Studies of achievement have shown that those with a higher external locus of control a. perform better on academic tests than internals in elementary school. b. get better grades than internals in college. c. receive lower scores on achievement tests in high school. d. all of these are correct.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Locus of Control and Well-Being KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 52. Internals seem to do better in school because they see themselves as a. smarter. b. better test-takers. c. responsible. d. lucky.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Locus of Control and Well-Being KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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53. What might you expect to find when you compare the success rates of those with an internal versus external locus of control undergoing a stop-smoking treatment? a. Those with an internal locus of control will do better. b. Those with an external locus of control will do better. c. Those with an internal locus of control will do better if allowed to feel they control the treatment. d. Those with an internal locus of control will do better if they believe the therapist can do something to control their smoking for them.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Locus of Control and Health KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 54. Researchers looking at the relation between locus of control and health sometimes fail to find the predicted results.

Subsequent research determined that this may be because the researchers failed to consider the participants’ a. gender. b. age. c. health history. d. reinforcement value for good health.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Locus of Control and Health KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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55. Denise and Carla both place a high value on good health. Denise is an internal and Carla is an external. We would predict that a. Denise will probably be in better health than Carla. b. Carla will probably be in better health than Denise. c. both will probably be equally healthy and healthier than the average person their age. d. both will probably be equally healthy and less healthy than the average person their age.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Locus of Control and Health KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 56. Behaviorists and social learning theorists maintain gender differences are the result of a life-long process called identity formation.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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57. Research supports the idea that masculinity and femininity are best conceived as independent traits. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Individual Differences: Masculinity and Femininity KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 58. According to recent research, being married to someone who has feminine characteristics is indicative of an unhappy marriage.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Gender Type and Interpersonal Relationships KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 59. In the very first demonstrations of learned helplessness, dogs were subjected to food deprivation. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Learned Helplessness QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Learning to Be Helpless KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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60. Research on locus of control was developed out of Rotter’s concept of generalized expectancies. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 61. Describe the general processes by which gender-role behaviors are acquired, including a definition of the masculinity–femininity construct. Describe the behavior of two people you know, one male and one female, who seem to cross traditional gender roles. Include examples of behavior that illustrate this reversal and give one explanation for it.

ANSWER:

Answers will vary

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender Roles QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM 62. Describe the circumstances under which people are more likely to imitate aggressive acts. Can it be said with some certainty that viewing aggression increases the likelihood of acting aggressively? For each research finding in support of this assertion, state one alternative explanation for the evidence.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Observation Learning of Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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63. Define locus of control and distinguish between internals and externals. Discuss the relationship between locus of control and well-being and include evidence with regard to personal achievement and psychotherapy.

ANSWER:

Answers will vary

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Locus of Control QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:18 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:32 AM

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1. The cognitive approach to personality explains differences in personality as differences in the way people a. respond to reinforcement. b. process information. c. think about their past. d. dream.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Introduction QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 2. Which of the following would most likely be of interest to a theorist from the cognitive approach? a. The impact of delaying reinforcement on responding b. The number of words recalled from memory c. The effect of self-concept on daily mood d. The best techniques for uncovering unconscious thoughts ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Introduction QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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3. Which of the following was advocated by George Kelly? a. People are largely controlled by the environmental stimuli they encounter. b. People are motivated to make sense out of all the stimuli that impinge on them. c. People are happier when they accept that life is full of unexpected turns and surprises. d. Most of what determines our behavior is not readily accessible to consciousness.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 4. Kelly presented a “man-as-scientist” conception of human personality, meaning that a. no scientist can understand a person better than that person understands himself or herself. b. the human personality can be examined through scientific methods. c. people constantly try to predict and control the events in their lives. d. the best way to obtain answers to our questions about human personality is to examine a single individual in depth.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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5. To obtain a sense of predictability, Kelly suggests that we engage in a. theory construction. b. template matching. c. scientific discovery. d. hypothesis testing.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 6. Joshua classifies each person he meets as either sensitive or insensitive. A cognitive personality theorist would probably say that sensitive–insensitive is an example of a a. personal construct. b. prototype. c. self-schema. d. possible self.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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7. According to Kelly, differences in personality are largely a result of a. variations in our possible selves. b. differences in the way people construe the world. c. incomplete personal constructs. d. a lack of others’ acceptance of our self-schema.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 8. According to Kelly, personal constructs a. consist of a number of possible classifications ranging from one extreme to another. b. are basically the same for all people. c. can be expressed in words. d. are bipolar.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Personal Construct Systems KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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9. According to Kelly, individual differences in personality can be traced to all of the following sources except one.

Which one? a. The number of constructs in a person’s construct system b. The way a person organizes the constructs in his or her construct system c. The person’s level of motivation to make sense out of the world d. The kinds of constructs in a person’s construct system ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Personal Construct Systems KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 10. According to the textbook, George Kelly may have been kept away from the field of psychology for many years because of a. his religious upbringing and the fact that his father was in the clergy. b. the fact that his college, Friends University, did not offer psychology classes. c. his participation on an intercollegiate debate team. d. his relationship with a woman who was devoted to philosophy and felt that psychology was “voodoo science.”

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Personal Construct Systems KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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11. Jason is experiencing anxiety and adjustment problems with his new job. According to Kelly, this is probably because Jason a. has not yet developed constructs that will allow him to deal with the new people and situations he encounters. b. is unable to understand the way other people construe the world. c. has had difficulty in this type of situation before. d. is not yet motivated enough to develop hypotheses about how things operate in this new environment.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Inadequate Personal Constructs KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 12. Kelly suggested that the better we understand another person’s construct system, the better a. chance we will have of forming a romantic relationship. b. we will enjoy one another. c. chance we will have for psychological health. d. we will get along.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Inadequate Personal Constructs KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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13. According to Kelly, psychological problems are caused by a. past traumatic experiences. b. unloving parents. c. inadequate construct systems. d. using irrational logic to explain events.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Inadequate Personal Constructs KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 14. According to Kelly, anxiety results when a. people become aware of inconsistencies between the actual self and the ideal self. b. people can’t predict future events. c. defense mechanisms fail. d. people use faulty logic in arriving at self-defeating conclusions about themselves.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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15. Patsy is not sure how her teacher will react to watch she wrote on her assignment. She’s unable to predict what will happen when the paper is returned. According to personal construct theory, a. anxiety is likely to accompany Patsy’s thoughts. b. Patsy’s constructs will likely fail to become impermeable. c. Patsy’s construct system matches the ideal system instead of the real system. d. it will become impossible to modify Patsy’s construct system.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Inadequate Personal Constructs KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 16. Which of the following is correct about cognitive–affective units? a. They are basically the same for everyone. b. They are equally accessible in memory. c. How we interpret a situation depends on which cognitive–affective units are activated. d. Cognitive therapists try to reduce the number of cognitive–affective units in their clients.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Personality Variables QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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17. Cognitive personality researchers have looked at each of the following kinds of cognitive-affective units except one. Which one? a. Encodings b. Goals and values c. Reinforcement values d. Competencies and self-regulatory plans ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Personality Variables QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 18. The cognitive–affective variable that refers to one’s perceived abilities, plans, and strategies for changing and maintaining one’s behavior and internal states is their a. goals and values. b. competencies and self-regulatory plans. c. affects. d. expectations and beliefs.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Personality Variables QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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19. Which of the following is true about the cognitive processes that produce behavior? a. Behaviorists argued that the situation is processed in the “black box.” b. The processing that takes place between situation and response is of little importance. c. Cognitive–affective units are equally accessible from memory. d. Cognitive theorists acknowledge that the situation often initiates behavior.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Personality Variables QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 20. Which of the following is true about the cognitive processes that produce behavior? a. The situation often initiates behavior. b. Processing information in a “black box” is generally considered a myth. c. Cognitive–affective units are equally accessible from memory. d. Behavior becomes automatic when conscious attention is focused on it.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Personality Variables QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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21. Cognitive personality researchers have looked at each of the following kinds of mental representations except one.

Which one? a. Self-schemas b. Possible selves c. Personal constructs d. Self-efficacy ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Representations of the Self QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 22. Self-schemas help us to do all of the following except one. Which one? a. Process self-relevant information b. Organize information c. Describe oneself d. Avoid stereotyping ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Representations of the Self QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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23. A primary way in which psychologists assess an individual’s self-schema would be to a. examine how that person perceives and uses information presented to them. b. use neuroimaging studies to assess how the brain functions in different situations. c. engage in naturalistic observations of the individual in different settings. d. employ a personality questionnaire like the MMPI. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Representations of the Self QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 24. Participants in one study were divided into those with and without a well-developed “independence” schema.

Later, participants were asked about their own level of independence. Compared to aschematics, participants with a strong independence schema a. took longer to answer because they had more information to process. b. took longer to answer because it was more important to them to give a correct answer. c. took less time to answer. d. took the same amount of time to answer, but were more confident of their answers.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Representations of the Self QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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25. Your self-schema consists of those aspects of your behavior that are a. innate. b. most important to you. c. similar to your parents. d. unique to you alone.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Representations of the Self QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 26. In addition to allowing for rapid processing of schema-relevant information, self-schemas provide a framework for a. organizing and storing relevant information. b. self-understanding. c. processing unconscious feelings. d. recalling life events.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Representations of the Self QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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27. Participants in one study were asked to respond with a yes or no to questions on a series of words. When later asked to recall as many of the words as possible, participants recalled words best when they had been asked a. “Is the word printed in big letters?” b. “Does it rhyme with another word?” c. “Does it mean the same as another word?” d. “Does it describe you?”

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Representations of the Self QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 28. One study of the self-schema presented students with 40 questions for which they pressed yes or no. Researchers found that participants were more likely to remember the information when a. the words had the ability to generate emotions. b. participants were asked about a rhyme. c. a self-referent question was difficult to answer. d. the question was related to themselves.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Representations of the Self QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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29. Participants in one study recalled words better when they had been asked first whether the word described them (rather than, for example, if the word had been printed in large letters). Researchers interpret this to mean that a. the participants had to think about the word more when asked if it described them. b. the self-description questions generated more interest for the participants than the other questions. c. the self-description questions generated a stronger emotional reaction for the participants than the other questions. d. the participants processed the information in a self-referencing manner.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Representations of the Self QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Schemas KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 30. Greater recall for words that describe one’s self than another, like a celebrity, is called the a. locus of control effect. b. memory facilitation. c. self-reference effect. d. personal construct effect.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Representations of the Self QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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31. A researcher examines not only how people think of themselves today but also the kind of person they want to become or are afraid of becoming. The researcher is probably investigating a. stereotypes. b. self-esteem. c. possible selves. d. personal constructs.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Representations of the Self QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Possible Selves KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 32. According to cognitive theorists, one of the two important functions of our possible selves is to a. reduce anxiety associated with our unacceptable behavior. b. provide incentives for future behavior. c. make sense out of all the impinging information we face daily. d. help us find a romantic partner.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Representations of the Self QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Possible Selves KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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33. Possible selves serve which of the following functions? a. Provide plans for how to perform behaviors b. Cause us to feel bad about past behaviors c. Help us interpret the personalities of others d. All of these are correct ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Representations of the Self QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Possible Selves KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 34. Many different therapies fall within the broad cognitive approach, but each cognitive therapy identifies _________ as the cause of behavioral problems and disorders. a. a loss of freedom b. early childhood experiences with caregivers c. inappropriate behaviors d. inappropriate thoughts ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Cognitive (Behavior) Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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35. When cognitive psychotherapists teach clients how to handle recurring problems, it is often an attempt to eliminate a. emotional consequences. b. the ideal self. c. self-defeating thinking. d. negative personal constructs.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Cognitive (Behavior) Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 36. According to Ellis, people have psychological problems due to faulty reasoning based on a. self-defeating thoughts. b. irrational beliefs. c. skewed personal constructs. d. activating experiences.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Cognitive (Behavior) Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Rational Emotive (Behavior) Therapy KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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37. Albert Ellis describes an A-B-C reasoning process that creates unnecessary emotional problems. Which step in this reasoning process does he draw to the client’s attention during rational emotive behavior therapy? a. The activating experience, such as failing a test. b. The unstated belief, such as “I should be good at everything I do.” c. The emotional consequence, such as depression. d. The childhood experiences that made the person vulnerable to emotional problems.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Cognitive (Behavior) Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Rational Emotive (Behavior) Therapy KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 38. Albert Ellis’s goal in rational emotive behavior therapy is to a. help clients repress negative emotion. b. teach clients more effective social skills. c. help clients get in touch with their true emotions. d. help clients replace irrational beliefs with rational ones.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Cognitive (Behavior) Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Rational Emotive (Behavior) Therapy KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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39. When practicing rational emotive behavior therapy, a therapist will typically a. look for the childhood experiences that contributed to the current problem. b. examine the logic the client uses that leads him or her to the emotional reaction. c. wait for the client to discover the source of the problem rather than suggest what the source might be. d. affirm to the client that he or she has good reasons to feel the way he or she does.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Cognitive (Behavior) Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Rational Emotive (Behavior) Therapy KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 40. Which part of the A-B-C process would be saying to yourself, “It is necessary that I get perfect grades in school.”? a. Activating experience b. Irrational Belief c. Emotional Consequence d. Self-defeating thinking ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Cognitive (Behavior) Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Rational Emotive (Behavior) Therapy KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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41. In effect, the Rep Test was designed to measure a. personal constructs. b. possible selves. c. self-schemas. d. the use of irrational beliefs.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: The Repertory Grid Technique QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 42. Which of the following was referred to by Kelly as the “most precarious” of the assumptions made by a therapist using the Rep Test? a. The constructs listed by the clients are unique to the testing situation. b. The constructs listed by the clients are limited to the set of people used in the test. c. All healthy people use basically the same constructs. d. People are able to adequately describe the constructs they use.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: The Repertory Grid Technique QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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43. One of the goals of Kelly’s Rep Test is to obtain a _________ of how clients and those suffering from various psychological disorders construe the world. a. diagnosis b. visual map c. personal construct d. level of achievement ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Assessment: The Repertory Grid Technique QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 44. A strength of the cognitive approach is that it fits well with a. modern artificial intelligence research. b. the psychoanalytic perspective. c. the current mood, or Zeitgeist, of psychology d. the behavioral/social learning approach.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of the Cognitive Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Strengths KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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45. One of the criticisms of the cognitive approach to personality is that many of the concepts introduced by cognitive theorists may not be necessary to explain human behavior. This criticism refers to the a. need to limit science to observable behaviors. b. lack of evidence for consistency in personality over time and across situations. c. law of parsimony. d. need for empirical evidence to support hypotheses derived from theory.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of the Cognitive Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Criticisms KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 46. The cognitive approach has been criticized in which of the following ways? a. It does not fit well with current trends in psychology. b. The research has given it little support. c. It is too specific and needs more abstraction. d. It is not needed to explain individual differences in behavior.

ANSWER:

d

POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Strengths and Criticisms of the Cognitive Approach QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Criticisms KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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47. The cognitive approach to personality explains differences in personality as differences in the way people respond to stress.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Introduction QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 48. According to Kelly, people want to understand the world so that they can predict and control what happens to them. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 49. Kelly suggested that the better we understand another person’s construct system, the better we will get along. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Personal Construct Systems KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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50. The possible self contains all the information one has about the kind of person he or she is. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Representations of the Self QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Self-Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 51. According to Ellis, people have psychological problems because of faulty reasoning due to unconscious impulses. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Cognitive (Behavior) Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Rational Emotive (Behavior) Therapy KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 52. Compare Kelly’s conception of human personality with Freud’s view. Discuss the basic tenets and structure of Kelly’s personal construct theory.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Personal Construct Theory QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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53. Contrast cognitive psychotherapy with Rogers’s approach. Discuss the application of personal construct theory to psychological problems such as anxiety. Explain the significance of self-defeating thinking in typical cognitive therapy.

ANSWER: POINTS:

Answers will vary

1

REFERENCES: Application: Cognitive (Behavior) Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 54. Discuss Albert Ellis’s rational emotive therapy and highlight two goals of this cognitive approach to psychotherapy.

Explain what is meant by the A-B-C process with an example of your own. According to Ellis’s approach to psychotherapy, identify the A, B, and C elements in your experience.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Application: Cognitive (Behavior) Psychotherapy QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Rational Emotive (Behavior) Therapy KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM 55. Describe each of the major cognitive representations of the self and how each fits into a larger theory of personality.

How are these representations measured? Give an example of your own self-schema.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitive Representations of the Self QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:33 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:41 AM

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1. Obtaining a complete understanding of human personality requires that a. we focus on one or two specific approaches as a maximum. b. we examine every aspect of personality from a biological perspective. c. we focus our attention on the cognitive approach. d. we examine personality from several different perspectives.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Introduction QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 2. The way people process information in threatening situations begins with a social encounter and then depends on a. the way other people are acting in the situation. b. the way the situation is appraised in awareness. c. the kind of situation people are in. d. whether or not people are self-actualized.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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3. Among the personal factors, cognitive psychologists consider when predicting aggressive behavior, which of the following is typically included? a. The provocative situation b. Genetic predisposition to aggression c. The ego defense mechanisms the person uses d. Visual cues in the environment.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: General Aggression Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 4. In the general aggression model, the second step on the pathway to aggressive behaviors is a. appraisal and decisions b. aggressive scripts c. hostile thoughts and emotions d. the person and the situation ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: General Aggression Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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5. Which of the following is true about aggressive scripts? a. They represent ways to act that have been learned. b. We can learn them by watching aggressive models. c. When they have been practiced, they are more likely to be acted out. d. All of these are correct ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: General Aggression Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 6. In a study in which researcher presented a series of hypothetical situations to boys, those with a history of reactive aggression a. were more likely to perceive actions as intentional or hostile. b. suppressed their tendency toward aggression. c. learned how to cope with the feelings of hostility. d. hardly ever had aggressive thoughts related to the situations.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reactive Aggression in Boys KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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7. In a study of boys in aggression-provoking situations, such as another student breaking the boy’s radio while he is out of town, researchers found that boys with a history of reactive aggression a. were more likely to interpret the act as intentional. b. were more likely to interpret the act as hostile. c. tended to act more aggressively in response to the act. d. all of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reactive Aggression in Boys KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 8. Researchers have found that prevention programs designed to reduce reactive aggression a. work for female but not male participants. b. do not work because of the rational emotive model they typically employ. c. are successful in reducing antisocial acts like assault and theft. d. only work when the interventions begin in mid-to-late adolescence.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Reactive Aggression in Boys KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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9. Research on recall for events between men and women has shown that men have better recall of __________ events than women. a. personal b. family-related c. impersonal d. emotional ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender, Memory, and Self-Construal QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 10. Which of the following is false about emotional memories? a. The links between emotional memories are stronger for men than women. b. Both happy and sad memories are more accessible for women than men. c. Women attend to and process information about emotions more than men. d. Recalling one sad experience is more likely to trigger another sad memory for women than for men.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender, Memory, and Self-Construal QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Emotional Memories KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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11. Research comparing the memories of men and women tend to find that a. men recall more information than women. b. women recall more information than men. c. women recall more information about emotions, but there was no gender difference for nonemotional information. d. men recall more information about their relationships, whereas women recall more information about emotions.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender, Memory, and Self-Construal QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Emotional Memories KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 12. According to a research study described in your textbook, in which of the following categories did men recall more events than women? a. Personal experiences from the past three years b. Personal experiences from the past year c. Personal experiences from the past week d. Historical events ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender, Memory, and Self-Construal QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Emotional Memories KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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13. Davis (1999) found that men were more likely to report a higher number of memories than women under which recall condition? a. Angry b. Happy c. Guilty d. None of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender, Memory, and Self-Construal QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Emotional Memories KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 14. Studies find that women tend to recall more information about ____________ than do men. a. American history b. emotional experiences c. their childhood d. important issues ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender, Memory, and Self-Construal QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Emotional Memories KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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15. Which of the following do women tend to remember better than men? a. Information about relationships b. Important dates c. Names d. Facts about American history ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender, Memory, and Self-Construal QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Memories About Relationships KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 16. Research findings suggest men are more likely than women to form independent self-construals. This means that men tend to a. think of themselves as independent. b. develop their self-concepts with little help from others. c. have cognitive representations of themselves that are relatively unrelated to the cognitive representations they have of other people. d. have cognitive representations of themselves that are resistant to change.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender, Memory, and Self-Construal QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Memories About Relationships KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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17. Researchers asked participants in one study to take photographs to indicate how the participants thought of themselves. The women in the study were more likely than the men to take pictures of themselves that included other people. The findings support the notion that, compared to men, women a. are more dependent on other people. b. have a larger network of friends. c. are more mature socially. d. are more likely to develop an interdependent self-construal.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender, Memory, and Self-Construal QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Memories About Relationships KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 18. Women and men differ in the kinds of information they recall. Researchers explain this in terms of differences in the way men and women a. make an effort to remember. b. form cognitive representations of themselves. c. have been trained to remember information in school. d. mature intellectually.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender, Memory, and Self-Construal QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Memories About Relationships KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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19. When researchers ask men and women to write descriptions of themselves, women are more likely than men to include statements about a. negative impressions/feelings about themselves. b. their roles as parents and family members. c. their regrets for past decisions. d. the career choices they have made, including opportunities that they passed up.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender, Memory, and Self-Construal QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Memories About Relationships KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 20. Which of the following is a component of the depressive cognitive triad? a. Interpreting ongoing experiences in a negative light. b. Pessimistic thoughts about the future. c. Negative thoughts about oneself. d. All of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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21. According to negative schema theory, compared to nondepressed people, depressed individuals are more likely to a. process thoughts in a way that cause them to become depressed. b. change their ideas about who they are and what they want from life. c. have a high self-image that is consistently contradicted by objective facts. d. have experienced trauma in childhood.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 22. Researchers find that depressed people recall depression-related words better than nondepressed people. This finding is used to support which concept? a. Learned helplessness b. Depressive schema c. Explanatory style d. Locus of control ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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23. According to the cognitive approach to depression, processing information through the negative schema causes people to a. attend to negative information. b. interpret ambiguous information in a depressing way. c. ignore positive information. d. all of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 24. Depressed and nondepressed participants in one study were given a list of words to recall. The researchers found a. the nondepressed participants recalled more words. b. the depressed participants recalled more words. c. the depressed participants recalled more depression-related words, but the nondepressed participants recalled more of the other words. d. differences between the two groups of participants only when the depressed participants knew what the researchers were looking for.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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25. Depressed patients in one study were asked to recall personal experiences associated with words from a list. The researchers found patients were more likely to recall unhappy experiences when feeling particularly depressed.

This finding supports which concept? a. Learned helplessness b. Negative schema c. Explanatory style d. Locus of control ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 26. According to cognitive researchers, the happiest people are those who a. pay attention to negative information so they can deal with it more effectively. b. pay attention to both positive and negative information equally. c. interpret ambiguous information in a positive light. d. are always on the alert for negative information.

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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27. You read about cognitive research that investigated word memory in depressed people between depressionassociated words and nondepression-associated words. Which of the following was not a group that recalled depression-associated words better than normal people? a. Clinically depressed patients b. Mildly depressed college students c. Nondepressed patients d. Students simply asked to think about some sad events ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 28. Researchers use the idea of negative cognitive style to a. identify people at high risk for depression. b. predict students who will have at least one episode of major depression. c. determine those suffering more depressive symptoms after trauma. d. all of these are correct.

ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Cognitive Style KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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29. The cognitive approach to personality suggests that negative thoughts can a. be a symptom of depression. b. cause depression. c. be the result of changes in brain receptors. d. be more slowly processed.

ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Cognitive Style KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 30. When investigators looked at the psychological effects of physical and emotion abuse of women, those suffering from deeper depression showed signs of a. a negative cognitive style. b. curiosity. c. positive emotions beginning to surface after two weeks. d. false interpretations of events since the trauma.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Cognitive Style KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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31. Which of the following have researchers found about negative cognitive style? a. It is related to depression. b. Processing necessarily filters out positive information. c. It tends to identify one’s problems with specific events. d. It is a form of negative reinforcement.

ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Cognitive Style KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 32. People with a negative cognitive style are sometimes described as having a(n) ________ to depression. a. environmental diathesis b. triadic gestalt c. cognitive vulnerability d. behavioral pathway ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Cognitive Style KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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33. Aggressive scripts that have been practiced are the most likely to be ignored first. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: General Aggression Model KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 34. While men and women do not differ in their general memory abilities, they also do not show differences in what they remember.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Gender, Memory, and Self-Construal QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Emotional Memories KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 35. The depressive cognitive triad can involves a vicious cycle where depression causes negative thoughts that lead to more depression.

a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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36. Cognitive theorists see the causal arrow between cognitions and depressive symptoms running in one direction, from thoughts to symptoms.

a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 37. People processing information through a negative schema have greater access to depressing memories. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Schemas KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 38. The cognitive approach maintains that negative life experiences alone are sufficient to produce depression a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Cognitive Style KEYWORDS: Understand DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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39. Discuss the general aggression model proposed by cognitive researchers. What are the components? Give an example of your own of an aggressive response you have recently made and provide an explanation from the model, including all the components.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Aggression QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 40. How do men and women differ in their emotional memories and the kinds of information they process more rapidly?

Give an example of your own of an independent self-construal and an interdependent self-construal. How do the genders differ in these cognitive representations of the self?

ANSWER: POINTS: REFERENCES:

Answers will vary

1 Gender, Memory, and Self-Construal

QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False KEYWORDS: Apply DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM 41. How does the negative (depressive) schema work? Explain how negative thoughts are related to depressing feelings and contrast the outlook on life between most normal people and depressed individuals.

ANSWER: Answers will vary POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Schemas KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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42. Define negative cognitive style and whether the research evidence points to it as a cause of depression or a symptom of it. Indicate the usefulness of studying the negative cognitive styles of students.

ANSWER: POINTS:

Answers will vary

1

REFERENCES: Cognitions and Depression QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False TOPICS: Negative Cognitive Style KEYWORDS: Think Critically DATE CREATED: 10/30/2017 8:43 AM DATE MODIFIED: 10/30/2017 8:55 AM

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