Test Bank for Couple and Family Therapy A Case Approach 1st ed by Nancy L Murdock

Test Bank for Couple and Family Therapy: A Case Approach, 1st ed by Nancy L Murdock

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Test Bank D. Robert Casares, Jr., Wake Forest University

Couples and Family Therapy: A Case Approach 1st Edition

Nancy L. Murdock University of Missouri–Kansas City

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ISBN-10:

0-13-278027-5

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-278027-8

Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE: TEST BANK

1

CHAPTER TWO: TEST BANK

4

CHAPTER THREE: TEST BANK

9

CHAPTER FOUR: TEST BANK

14

CHAPTER FIVE: TEST BANK

19

CHAPTER SIX: TEST BANK

23

CHAPTER SEVEN: TEST BANK

28

CHAPTER EIGHT: TEST BANK

32

CHAPTER NINE: TEST BANK

37

CHAPTER TEN: TEST BANK

42

CHAPTER ELEVEN: TEST BANK

47

ANSWER KEY

50

iii Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 1: Test Bank

TEST ITEMS Short-Answer Questions 1. Why is it important for therapists to operate from a particular theoretical approach?

Explain.

2. Briefly explain the author’s purpose for writing this book.

3. Define the term identified patient and briefly explain how this concept relates to the practice of couple and family therapy.

Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Theories offer therapists a roadmap for how to help clients get from the presenting problem to the: a. desired goal b. fastest fix c. easiest outcome d. all of the above 2. Most observers locate the distant beginnings of family therapy in the: a. 1920s b. 1930s and 1940s c. 1940s and 1950s d. 1960s 3. In the 1940s and 1950s, the primary leaders of the family therapy movement came from each of the following backgrounds except: a. social workers b. psychologists c. psychiatrists d. pediatricians 4. Systems theory was developed by: a. Nathan Ackerman b. Gregory Bateson c. Ludwig von Bertalanffy d. Murry Bowen

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Chapter 1: Test Bank

5. Each of the following individuals were members with the Palo Alto Group except: a. Jay Haley b. Murry Bowen c. John Weakland d. Virginia Satir 6. Gregory Bateson was largely responsible for contributing each of the following concepts to couples family therapy except: a. systems thinking b. cybernetics c. feedback d. social constructionism 7. The best way to approach helping individuals, from a family systems perspective, is to view them as: a. distinct from a particular system b. part of a larger system c. unique individuals d. a and c 8. A form of communication in which contradictory messages are given to a family member who is unable to protest or escape the situation is described by the theory of the: a. double bind b. double speak c. circular causality d. relational paradox 9. Since a system is an interlocking chain of events, the causes of a given behavior or problem are irrelevant. The term used by systems theorists to describe this view of interaction is: a. double bind b. causal relationship c. circular causality d. cybernetics

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Chapter 1: Test Bank

10. Each of the following theories emerged during the “golden age of family therapy” except: a. strategic b. structural c. experiential d. social constructivist 11. Couple and family therapy traditionally views problems as a. between b. within c. outside d. a and b 12. Family systems theorists are more interested in: a. content over process b. problems over process c. process over content d. process over problems 13. The constructivist movement influenced which of the following theories? a. narrative b. solution-focused c. Bowenian d. a and b 14. Homeostasis refers to the idea that systems: a. are constantly changing b. tend to self-regulate c. are rigid and incapable of change d. prevent information flowing in or out 15. Each of the following are important criteria for choosing a theory except: a. research support b. fits your assumptions about the world c. can be easily combined with other theories

d. fits your style of relating to others 3 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

people.

Chapter 2: Test Bank

TEST ITEMS Short-Answer Questions 1. Briefly summarize how problems and dysfunction are conceptualized from a strategic point of view.

2. How do the goal-setting stage and the task-setting stage differ?

3. Explain the three characteristics of ordeals, according to Haley, and provide an example of one such directive.

4. Discuss the clinical rationale and goals behind issuing pretend directives to clients.

5. Explain some of the relative strengths and shortcomings of strategic family therapy from a multicultural perspective.

Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Each of the following researchers were members of the Mental Research Institute Except: a. Milton Erickson b. Gregory Bateson c. John Weakland d. Jay Haley 2. The MRI is most well-known for studying families that had an individual diagnosed with: a. bipolar disorder b. schizophrenia c. oppositional defiant disorder d. multiple personality disorder 3. Each of the following couple and family therapy theories are interested in hierarchies except: a. strategic b. structural c. multisystemic d. experiential 4. The focus/emphasis of strategic therapy is: a. action b. insight 4 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 2: Test Bank

c. past events d. b and c 5. According to strategic theorists, relationships between people happen on a level of communication. a. subconscious b. unconscious c. metaphorical d. metaphysical 6. According to Jay Haley, the report level of communication is concerned with the aspect of a message. a. content b. critical c. combative d. relational 7. According to Jay Haley, the command level of communication is concerned with the aspect of a message. a. content b. critical c. combative d. relational 8. When parents become too involved with a child in a problematic way, this situation is referred to as: a. dysfunctional coalitions b. cross-generational coalitions c. overcompensating d. overstepping 9. According to Jay Haley, hierarchies are only meant to be changed when necessary to change: a. systems b. symptoms c. structures d. stages

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Chapter 2: Test Bank

10. The important life stages for strategic therapists include each of the following except: a. early marriage b. middle marriage c. retirement and old age d. life as a widow(er) 11. When parents become too involved with a child in a problematic way, this situation is at its worst when it is: a. denied b. overlooked c. concealed d. a and c 12. Strategic therapists do not utilize formal assessments because they believe diagnostic labels are: a. inaccurate b. subjective c. problematic d. restrictive 13. From a strategic point of view, the symptom is seen as a(n): a. attempt to protect someone b. attempt to solve the problem c. metaphor for the problem d. all of the above 14. Each of the following are descriptions of the strategic therapist’s roles except: a. they exhibit empathy b. they take a very directive role in therapy c. they interpret past issues to generate new insights d. they shoulder full responsibility for the outcome of therapy 15. Strategic therapists may assess a family through: a. observation b. questioning c. individual interviews d. all of the above 6 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 2: Test Bank

16. Ideally, strategic therapy is conducted when which family member(s) is/are present? a. all members b. only parents c. only the symptomatic child d. concerned parent and symptomatic child 17. Strategic family therapy is generally: a. focused on the present b. flexible c. brief d. all of the above 18. Which of the following is a goal of strategic therapy? a. help people to behave differently b. help people better understand their feelings c. help people learn more complex ways of communicating d. help people make sense of their childhood and upbringing e. a and c 19. During the goal-setting stage, the problem must be: a. discussed b. clearly defined c. diagnosed d. debated 20. The social stage of therapy is important because: a. it allows the therapist to observe important family processes b. family members talk to each other about the problem c. family members express their feelings about the situation d. family members express their thoughts about the situation 21. The interaction stage of therapy is important because: a. it allows the therapist to observe important family processes b. family members talk to each other about the problem c. family members express their feelings about the situation d. family members express their thoughts about the situation 7 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 2: Test Bank

22. Strategic therapists use paradoxical directives as a way of inducing change through: a. transference b. countertransference c. resistance d. engagement 23. Paradoxical directives are also referred to as: a. indirect directives b. ironic directives c. incongruous directives d. irrational directives 24. Feminist therapists have critiqued strategic theory because it locates problems people. a. inside b. outside c. between d. beyond 25. Which of the following is an example of a paradoxical directive? a. symptom prescription b. restraining order c. ordeal d. all of the above e. a and b

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Chapter 3: Test Bank

TEST ITEMS Short-Answer Questions 1. According to Minuchin, what are the benefits and drawbacks of framing clients within their family structure? Explain.

2. Briefly discuss the SFT concept of boundaries and explain the relational impact of strong and weak boundaries.

3. Briefly explain the SFT perspective on health and dysfunction.

4. Discuss the concept of joining and explain the importance and goals of this therapeutic approach.

5. Explain the technique of unbalancing and highlight the fundamental challenges/considerations associated with this approach.

Multiple-Choice Questions 1. According to Minuchin, families are constantly balancing the tension between: a. stability and conflict b. harmony and frustration c. belonging and autonomy d. stagnation and growth 2. Each of the following, according to Minuchin, are universals of family life except: a. exclusion and abandonment b. belonging and loyalty c. issues of aggression d. irreconcilable differences 3. According to SFT, healthy relational boundaries should be: a. flexible b. permeable c. rigid d. diffused 4. Family structure is a set of rules that tell us who: a. handles what tasks b. plays with whom 9 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 3: Test Bank

c. talks to whom d. all of the above e. b and c 5. According to SFT theorists, it is important to differentiate between the parental and the partner subsystems because they have different: a. functions b. influences c. dynamics d. all of the above e. b and c 6. When a parent and a child form a coalition, that pattern is indictive of what type of boundary between the parental subsystem and the child? a. fluid b. flexible c. enmeshed d. permeable 7. Significant deviations from the typical family hierarchy (e.g., parental figures are at the highest level with children in the subsystem below), signify dysfunction: a. sometimes b. always c. never d. none of the above 8. Each of the following are typical characteristics of enmeshed families except: a. overprotective of members b. rigid in the face of change c. intense transmission of stress d. difficulty resolving conflict 9. Transitioning to a family with grown children can be difficult for members of a partner unit because it requires: a. adapting to children becoming adults b. reinforcing existing boundaries c. maintaining the existing hierarchy 10 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 3: Test Bank

d. all of the above e. a and c 10. Each transition from one stage of family development to another involves: a. removing a subsystem b. adding a subsystem c. a challenge to an established subsystem d. b and c 11. In a healthy family, minimal levels of

are present.

a. triangling b. parent–child coalition c. detouring d. all of the above e. a and b 12. During the assessment phase of SFT, each of the following questions are considered except: a. Who is the true executive of the family? b. Who is the spokesperson of the family? c. Can the spokesperson articulate the family’s problem? d. Are family members dismissive?

13. The therapist role in SFT is that of a(n): a. expert b. leader c. positive influence d. all of the above 14. Each of the following are goals of SFT except: a. strengthening current ways of relating b. impeding old patterns of thinking c. broadening the identity of the identified patient d. challenge family’s view of presenting problem

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Chapter 3: Test Bank

15. The second step of Minuchin’s four-step model of family assessment involves: a. helping the family reframe the problem as systemic b. exploring how past experiences have shaped the present c. clarifying and emphasizing things the family does to reinforce problems d. explore alternatives to problem-maintaining interactions 16. The technique of reframing is utilized to help families change their view of themselves to one that is more: a. positive b. detailed c. flexible d. all of the above e. a and c 17. Minuchin contends that it is important, when working with really stressed families, to: a. deescalate relational tensions b. recognize and acknowledge family strengths c. allow each family member to share their frustrations d. join with the family’s view of how problems should be solved 18. Each of the following are SFT techniques except: a. unbalancing b. focusing c. diffusing intensity d. directives 19. A recent development in the practice of SFT is an openness to: a. identifying the problematic family member b. diagnosing dysfunctional behavior c. analyzing unconscious motivations d. exploring the past 20. Minuchin utilized the technique of enactments because he believed: a. interactions are cathartic for family members b. watching interactions is instructive c. it provides the therapist with an opportunity to revise the family structure 12 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 3: Test Bank

d. all of the above e. b and c 21. Each of the following are therapeutic approaches related to boundary making except: a. parents enlisting the help of a relative to watch children b. family members changing seats in session c. allowing family members to speak on behalf of one another d. seeing adolescents individually to support their sense of self 22. Which of the following techniques most closely overlaps with reframing? a. teaching complementarity b. focusing c. enactment d. unbalancing 23. The technique called stroke and kick aims to do the opposite of which of the following techniques? a. directives b. reframing c. focusing d. enactment 24. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the existing research on SFT? a. outcome research on SFT is extensive b. the theoretical structure of SFT has been conclusively supported c. research indicates that SFT approaches produce desired client change d. all of the above 25. Simon views the therapist role in SFT as that of: a. actor b. director c. audience d. all of the above e. b and c

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Chapter 4: Test Bank

TEST ITEMS Short-Answer Questions 1. Briefly describe Virginia Satir’s view of people and how they operate in the world.

2. Discuss Satir’s concept of self-esteem and explain the role that one’s upbring has on their sense of worth.

3. Briefly explain each of Satir’s four problematic patterns of communication.

4. Discuss the nature of triangles and explain the problematic impact and positive potential that this configuration can have on families.

5. Explain Satir’s Iceberg Metaphor, noting the primary goal of this technique.

6. Outline and describe the three stages of counseling proposed by Satir and Baldwin.

Multiple-Choice Questions 1. One of the common criticisms of experiential family therapy is that it is more than other CFT approaches. a. time-consuming b. expensive c. individualistic d. a and b 2. The theorist associated most closely with experiential family therapy is: a. Salvador Minuchin b. Virginia Satir c. Murray Bowen d. Carl Whittaker 3. Each of the following experiential family therapy books were written by Virginia Satir except: a. The Family Crucible b. People Making c. Your Many Faces d. Conjoint Family Therapy

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Chapter 4: Test Bank

4. According to Satir’s threat and reward model, the “bosses” of the world decide what is: a. good b. bad c. pretty d. all of the above e. a and b 5. According to Satir, in order for a person to love others they must first: a. love themselves b. believe all people are inherently good c. accept others’ shortcomings d. all of the above 6. Each of the following are aspects of the self mandala except: a. intellectual b. emotional c. psychosocial d. nutritional 7. According to Satir, functional communication is: a. nonoffensive b. assertive c. succinct d. respectful 8. A person who is both congruent and able to level: a. communicates freely b. has no need to hide c. has high self-esteem d. all of the above 9. Inconsistencies in communication are inevitable and occur in families when there is a discrepancy between: a. what is spoken and unspoken b. the expectations of parents and the needs of children c. the needs of parents and the expectations of children d. the needs and expectations of each parent 15 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 4: Test Bank

10. Under what circumstances are family secrets permitted within Satir’s approach? a. only to maintain peace within the family b. occasionally, to avoid offending a family member c. occasionally, if the secret is relatively harmless d. never 11. Which of the following is placed at the top of Satir’s Iceberg Metaphor (the part that sticks out above the water)? a. behavior b. feelings c. expectations d. core self 12. Each of the following are life stages proposed by Satir except: a. conception to birth b. birth to puberty c. puberty to emerging adult d. adulthood to senior status 13. According to Satir, the most important forces in development occur during which of the following stages? a. conception to birth b. birth to puberty c. puberty to emerging adult d. adulthood to senior status 14. According to Satir, family rules should be: a. doable b. flexible c. age appropriate d. all of the above e. a and b 15. Each of the following are processes that are essential to becoming human except: a. knowing how to connect with self and others b. distinguishing between self and others

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Chapter 4: Test Bank

c. knowing how to rely on others d. demonstrating competence 16. Each of the following statements are consistent with Satir’s concept of health and dysfunction except: a. very few people are truly evil b. healthy people take risks c. high self-esteem reflects psychological health d. behavior is motivated by good intentions 17. Satir was critical of rendering a formal diagnosis, arguing that such labels were only applicable in a particular: a. context b. place c. time d. all of the above e. a and c 18. Which of the following statements best characterizes the therapeutic atmosphere of Satir’s approaches: a. clients should develop greater insights b. treatment is tailored to the situation at hand c. sessions should be structured d. discomfort is created to provoke change 19. Which of the following is an essential quality of an effective experiential therapist? a. humble b. authentic c. congruent d. all of the above 20. According to Satir and Baldwin, each of the following are goals of CFT except: a. strengthening existing coping skills b. helping families find hope c. revitalizing old dreams d. developing new dreams

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Chapter 4: Test Bank

21. Which of the following communication types can be integrated into the family sculpting exercise? a. appeasing b. blaming c. computing d. all of the above 22. What is the name of the technique Satir developed to assist families in the process of examining their communication? a. Family Stress Ballet b. Family Reconstruction c. Ingredients of Interaction d. Parts Party 23. Each of the following communication techniques are utilized within experiential therapy except: a. reauthoring b. reframing c. humor d. metaphor 24. Which of the following themes are discussed during the family temperature reading exercise? a. complaints b. puzzles c. appreciation d. all of the above e. a and c 25. Satir urged her readers to find the good and bad parts within themselves, noting, “There is a germ of usefulness in each part and a germ of destruction in each part.” a. positive, negative b. negative, positive c. optimistic, cautious d. cautious, optimistic

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Chapter 5: Test Bank

TEST ITEMS Short-Answer Questions 1. Provide an overview of the experiences and disciplines that influenced Bowen’s development of BFST. 2. Briefly explain the concept of differentiation as it relates to family relationships and functioning.

3. Describe the impact that triangles have on individuals and relationships.

4. Briefly discuss how the multigenerational transmission process relates to the formation of couples and families.

5. Explain the purpose of utilizing a genogram during the assessment phase of BFST. Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Bowen’s most significant contribution to the field of CFT is the construct of: a. sibling position b. triangles c. chronic anxiety d. differentiation of self 2. BFST practitioners tend to think in terms of: a. individual causality b. unidirectional causality c. circular causality d. cause and effect 3. Which of the following Bowenian concepts reflects the healthiest level of differentiation? a. overfunctioner b. underfunctioner c. emotional reactivity d. I-position

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Chapter 5: Test Bank

4. Chronic anxiety is an organism’s response to what type of threat? a. persistent b. imagined c. particular d. impending 5. According to Bowen, the most important source of chronic anxiety is: a. social strife b. career uncertainty c. relationship disturbance d. physical ailments 6. According to Bowen, the most basic unit of human interaction is the: a. dyad b. triangle c. group d. family 7. From a BFST perspective, each of the following are general patterns of relationship problems except: a. parent–child enmeshment b. conflict in the couple’s relationship c. dysfunction in a member of the parental couple d. dysfunction in a child 8. A therapist in BFST operates from which of the following roles? a. coach b. cheerleader c. teacher d. all of the above 9. In an effort to stay detriangled from the therapeutic process, a therapist in BFST will: a. interpret each client’s feelings b. deal with facts c. speak firmly about key issues d. all of the above

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Chapter 5: Test Bank

10. Each of the following are goals of BFST Except: a. decreasing emotional reactivity b. reducing anxiety c. disrupting dysfunctional anxiety d. decreasing self-focus 11. The process of BFST seeks to promote: a. catharsis through emotional exchanges b. fact-based discussions c. sharing opinions on important issues d. all of the above e. b and c 12. For clients participating in the Journeys Home exercise, it is best for them to go on this this “journey”: a. alone b. with a spouse c. with a sibling d. with their child 13. Each of the following are considered BFST techniques except: a. establishing person-to-person relationships b. detriangling c. miracle questions d. taking an I-position 14. Differentiation refers to people’s ability to act based on their: a. thoughts b. values c. convictions d. all of the above 15. Outcome research on BFST is: a. inconclusive b. supportive c. sparse

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Chapter 5: Test Bank

d. a and c e. b and c 16. BFST theorists tend to take a

view of human beings.

a. critical b. suspicious c. neutral d. cautious 17. Which of the following terms refers to an individual’s reaction to too much closeness or distance within important relationships? a. chronic anxiety b. I-position c. projection process d. detriangling 18. Each of the following books was authored by Murray Bowen except: a. Family Therapy in Clinical Practice b. Family Evaluation c. The Genogram Journey d. Toward the Differentiation of Self in One’s Family of Origin 19. Research has demonstrated a theoretically consistent relationship between differentiation and relationship: a. satisfaction b. quality c. longevity d. all of the above 20. Various studies have found a correlation between differentiation and sex, with men often scoring higher than women on: a. emotional fusion b. emotional cutoff c. emotional reactivity d. all of the above e. a and c

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Chapter 6: Test Bank

TEST ITEMS Short-Answer Questions 1. Briefly describe how the basic philosophy of CBT diverges from traditional behavior therapy.

2. Explain the key differences between positive reinforcers and negative reinforcers and provide an example of each.

3. Discuss Ellis’s perspective on how irrational beliefs impact behavior and relationships.

4. Briefly discuss CBT-CF’s perspective on the qualities of healthy and dysfunctional relationships.

5. Provide a brief overview of the formal assessments that are commonly administered

by CBT-CF therapists.

Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Each of the following theorists developed clinical frameworks that overlap with CBT except: a. Berg b. Ellis c. Beck d. Dattilio 2. Which of the following theorists is associated with the third force in CBT? a. Skinner b. Bandura c. Ellis d. Beck 3. Which of the following is a key tenet of CBT? a. behavior is determined by environment b. behavior serves to obtain things that promote survival c. it is useless to rate people as “good” or “bad” d. all of the above e. a and b

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Chapter 6: Test Bank

4. Each of the following refer to mechanisms that influence behavior except: a. reinforcement b. punishment c. perceptions d. extinction 5. According to social theory, relationship satisfaction is partially determined by the ratio of obtained in the relationship. a. good and bad things b. rewards and costs c. independence and autonomy d. all of the above e. a and b 6. Which of the following emotions are responses typically associated with the extinction process? a. anxiety b. indifference c. anger d. relief 7. The process of changing behavior that can be described as “learning by baby steps” is called: a. shaping b. sculpting c. intermittent reinforcement d. incremental reinforcement 8. The idea that people can learn by observing the behavior of other people was developed by: a. Skinner b. Bandura c. Dattilio d. Epstein 9. Each of the following statements about schemas are true except: a. schemas can be dormant b. schemas can be active 24 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 6: Test Bank

c. schemas are mostly outside of a person’s awareness d. all of the above are true 10. Each of the following statements about automatic thoughts (ATs) are true except: a. ATs are an infrequent feature of our cognitive process b. ATs tend to pop up out of nowhere c. ATs can be functional d. ATs can be distressing 11. According to Nakonezny and Denton, the least committed person in a relationship has the most . a. freedom b. power c. to gain d. to lose 12. Each of the following, according to Epstein and Baucom, are important tasks for forming a therapeutic alliance with couples in CBT-CF except: a. establishing the therapist’s credibility b. demonstrating ethical behavior c. identifying first session goals d. creating a sense of safety 13. Which of the following terms involves removing a reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior? a. extinction b. punishment c. shaping d. altering behavioral exchanges 14. When working with families, CBT-CF therapists are likely to: a. teach the CBT treatment model b. recommend relevant readings c. focus on parenting issues d. all of the above

e. a and c

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Chapter 6: Test Bank

15. According to Epstein and Baucom, each of the following kinds of cognitions/cognitive processes are important in understanding relationship functioning except: a. self-perception b. assumptions c. expectancies d. standards 16. Each of the following are fundamental goals of CBT-CF except: a. replacing negative behaviors with positive ones b. diminishing negative schemas c. changing distorted thinking d. improving communication 17. When attempting to boost positive exchanges with couples, CBT-CF therapists are likely to: a. assign homework b. revisit a past conflict c. facilitate emotional engagement d. all of the above 18. Which of the following terms refers to the process of teaching a desired behavior? a. reinforcement b. modeling c. shaping d. altering behavioral exchanges 19. Which of the following is a drawback associated with changing behavior through the use of punishment? a. punishment only suppresses behavior b. punishment motivates an avoidance of the punisher c. punishment can result in shame and anger d. all of the above 20. Each of the following descriptions highlights the purpose and importance of CBT-CF communication training except: a. the vast majority of couples lack good communication skills b. clients may need help expressing thoughts clearly in the couple relationship 26 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 6: Test Bank

c. couples may need guidance in the skill of active listening d. clients may need assistance with validating the speaker’s position 21. Modeling is used with children to teach which of following skills? a. active listening b. household tasks c. appropriate behavior d. all of the above 22. The technique of Altering Behavioral Exchanges is an example of a: a. collaborative exchange exercise b. behavioral exchange intervention c. time-out from reinforcement d. differential reinforcement of other 23. CBT-CF therapists strive to help couples and families let go of which of the following? a. inappropriate attributions b. selective assumptions c. unrealistic standards d. inaccurate perceptions 24. Families coming from which of the following cultural backgrounds may hold values that clash with the principles of CBT? a. Asian b. Hispanic c. American Indian d. all of the above 25. Empirical evidence to support the theoretical basis of CBT-CF is scarce, potentially because the adherents to this approach: a. are a relatively small group b. tend to borrow from many theoretical systems c. are reluctant to participate in research studies d. tend to emphasize clinical practice over scholarship

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Chapter 7: Test Bank

TEST ITEMS Short Answer Questions 1. Briefly explain why therapists in SFT believe it is unnecessary to know a great deal about a complaint (e.g., cause, function, etc.) to resolve it.

2. Discuss the significance of exceptions and explain the role this construct plays in facilitating therapeutic change.

3. Briefly discuss how the key constructs of SFT constitute a strengths-based approach to resolving client complaints.

4. Describe how the concepts of customers and complaints relate to an S F therapist’s view of the therapeutic relationship.

5. Select one of the questions listed in Feature 7.2 and explain how that question aligns with solution-focused theory and/or advances a goal of SFT. Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Each of the following theorists is associated with S F T except: a. Wiener b. Minuchin c. Berg d. O’Hanlon 2. Therapists in SFT believe in the power of reality.

to create and define

a. language b. relationships c. optimism d. creativity 3. SFT theorists contend that change is: a. difficult b. possible c. constant d. gradual 4. The job of the therapist in SFT is to

change.

a. identify b. amplify 28 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 7: Test Bank

c. label d. all of the above e. a and b 5. From a solution-focused perspective, it is great deal about a complaint in order to resolve it.

for a client to know a

a. ideal b. expected c. unusual d. unnecessary 6. Each of the following statements reflects an important assumption of S F therapy except: a. small changes can lead to systemic changes b. therapists define client goals c. rapid change is possible d. clients often forget about their strengths 7. Which of the following sessions is considered particularly powerful in the S F approach? a. first b. third c. fifth d. tenth 8. Therapists in SFT help clients view their problem(s) differently in an effort to yield different: a. strategies b. definitions of the problem c. behaviors d. all of the above 9. Therapists in SFT are likely to address client issues that are the most: a. severe b. persistent c. changeable d. apparent 29 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 7: Test Bank

10. The use of presumptive terms in place of problematic language is an example of which SFT construct? a. exceptions b. change talk c. solutions d. strengths and resources 11. Directing the focus of counseling to what happens when things are going well for a client is an example of which SFT construct? a. exceptions b. change talk c. solutions d. strengths and resources 12. The process of emphasizing and accessing transferable skills is an example of which SFT construct? a. exceptions b. change talk c. solutions d. strengths and resources 13. Most clients working with a therapist in SFT find their solutions in fewer than sessions. a. 5 b. 8 c. 10 d. 12 14. In an effort to identify solutions and resolve client complaints, SF therapists try to change which of the following aspects of their clients? a. personality traits b. attitudes c. motivations d. none of the above e. b and c 15. Therapists in SFT begin interviewing clients for solutions during which session? a. first b. second 30 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 7: Test Bank

c. third d. fourth 16. Therapists in SFT typically avoid making interpretations about the meanings behind client: a. wants b. needs c. behaviors d. all of the above e. a and b 17. Who is expected to take responsibility for what happens in an SFT session? a. client b. counselor c. client and counselor d. changes from session to session 18. Each of the following are types of clients identified by de Shazer except: a. visitors b. customers c. observers d. complainants 19. According to de Shazer, focusing on what works and giving compliments is the best way to work with which type of client? a. visitors b. customers c. observers d. complainants 20. According to de Shazer, which of the following client types come to therapy with some expectation that change will happen as a result of therapy? a. visitors b. customers c. observers d. complainants

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Chapter 8: Test Bank

TEST ITEMS Short-Answer Questions 1. Briefly discuss how the philosophy and approaches of N T constitute a strengthsbased approach to resolving client issues.

2. Explain the role of assessment within the practice of N T. 3. Provide a brief overview of Beels’s three stages of NT. 4. Select a NT technique and explain how that approach aligns with N T theory and/or advances a NT goal.

5. Explain why proponents of N T typically argue against the usefulness and relevance of empirical validity.

Multiple-Choice Questions 1. According to NT, each of the following are powerful influences on how clients determine their reality except: a. social institutions b. cultural norms c. interactions with others d. internal conversations 2. According to NT, each of the following descriptions of the nature and importance of stories is accurate except: a. they are created in isolated moments b. they connect events in our experiences c. some events are “privileged” over others d. some experiences are hidden by dominant stories 3. Problem-saturated stories often take the form of a name. a. pathologized b. decontextualized c. individualized d. all of the above e. b and c

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category or

Chapter 8: Test Bank

4. White also used the term outcomes.

to refer to the NT construct of unique

a. exceptions b. initiatives c. alternate story d. preferred narrative 5. Therapists in NT use which of the following descriptors to refer to the qualities of the stories families tell? a. thinness b. thickness c. unique d. all of the above e. a and b 6. From a NT perspective, which of the following terms is used to describe the process by which adults help children distance from their lived experience so they can learn the relationships between events and behaviors? a. scaffolding b. modeling c. differentiating d. individuating 7. Which of the following themes, according to Doan, is common to all people? a. fear b. love c. community d. all of the above e. a and b 8. According to NT, the term approach.

is the closest thing to healthy in this

a. narrative habitus b. alternate narrative c. preferred narrative d. none of the above e. b and c 33 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 8: Test Bank

9. Each of the following is a reason that therapists in NT are not likely to use formal assessments except: a. they typically assume a single reality b. they tend to be pathology oriented c. they tend to rely too heavily on cultural factors d. they tend to result in a label 10. A therapist in NT will inhabit which of the following roles when working with couples and families? a. collaborator b. consultant c. expert d. all of the above e. a and b 11. One of the goals of therapists in NT is to assist clients in developing new stories that are more: a. sustainable b. satisfying c. accurate d. descriptive 12. Each of the following is a stage of N T identified by Vromans and Schweitzer except: a. establishing a relationship b. eliciting problem stories c. deconstructing preferred stories d. living enriched stories 13. From a NT perspective, asking clients about the effects of their problem(s) on family members and important others is referred to as: a. relative influence questioning b. externalizing questioning c. deconstructive questioning d. all of the above e. a and b

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Chapter 8: Test Bank

14. Which of the following concepts forms the basis of the N T technique of double listening? a. definitional ceremony b. katharsis c. consciousness d. absent but implicit 15. The NT term used to refer to the opportunity that clients are given to share their experiences with others who are experiencing similar problems is: a. outsider witness practices b. taking it back practices c. double listening d. reauthoring conversations 16. Which of the following terms refers to a therapist’s careful examination of a problemsaturated story? a. acknowledgment b. relative influence questioning c. deconstructive questioning d. counterdocuments 17. Minuchin criticized the NT approach for: a. ignoring the relationship between people b. relying too heavily on metaphor c. ineffectively assessing contextual influences d. instilling unrealistic hope 18. Which of the following techniques has drawn some concern about its role and potential overemphasis in N T? a. reauthoring conversations b. externalizing conversations c. outside witness practices d. taking it back practices 19. Because NT’s philosophical basis is rooted in social constructivism, many of its practitioners are of scientific approaches to testing it. a. supportive b. suspicious 35 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 8: Test Bank

c. critical d. unsure 20. .According to White, each of the following are categories of inquiry that are used to externalize problems except: a. negotiating a definition of the problem b. mapping the effects of the problem c. evaluating the effects of the problem’s activities d. remapping the effects of the problem

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Chapter 9: Test Bank

TEST ITEMS Short-Answer Questions 1. Provide a summary of the basic philosophy of EFT. 2. Select one of Greenberg’s common destructive cycles and explain the impact that this pattern has on the behavior and relational health of couples.

3. From an EFT perspective, how do good attachment figures impact an individual’s childhood development and eventually influence how adult relationships are managed?

4. Provide a brief overview of Johnson’s three-stage model of EFT. 5. Briefly explain EFT’s strengths and suitability for working with clients from diverse backgrounds.

Multiple-Choice Questions 1. EFT is rooted in which of the following philosophies? a. existential b. phenomenology c. humanistic d. postmodern 2. EFT theorists describe their approach as an integration of systemic and perspectives. a. experiential b. narrative c. behavioral d. constructivist 3. Johnson authored each of the following books on EFT except: a. Hold Me Tight b. Clinical Handbook of Emotion-Focused Therapy c. Emotion-Focused Therapy for Couples d. Attachment Theory in Practice

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Chapter 9: Test Bank

4. According to EFT theorists Greenberg and Goldman, what is the prime motivator for human behavior? a. survival b. the creation of meaning c. affect regulation d. all of the above e. a and c 5. According to Greenberg, instrumental emotions can also be called: a. maladaptive feelings b. racket feelings c. primary emotions d. all of the above e. a and b 6. Which of the following constructs, according Goldberg and Greenberg, is a source of relational dynamics in couples that can lead to distress when couples experience conflict around dominance and control? a. self-esteem maintenance b. systems notions c. circular causality d. secondary emotions 7. According to Greenberg, each of the following are destructive interaction cycles except: a. pursue–distance b. dominate–submit c. blame–retaliate d. blame–withdraw 8. EFT’s view of human development is rooted in the research of: a. John Bowlby b. Albert Ellis c. Aaron Beck d. Irvin Yalom

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Chapter 9: Test Bank

9. From an EFT perspective, healthy couples are able to their relationships.

ruptures in

a. anticipate b. avoid c. diminish d. weather 10. The most important assessment in EFT is of: a. the couple’s attachment dynamic b. the negative interaction cycle c. the presence of circular causality d. each partner’s core feelings 11. Each of the following is a role inhabited by a therapist in EFT except: a. choreographer b. coach c. advisor d. consultant 12. The primary goal of EFT is to: a. change the partner’s experience of the relationship b. establish a secure alliance with the couple c. help partners express emotional responses d. shape emotional accessibility 13. Validating the protective actions clients take while disclosing scary feelings reflects which of the following EFT techniques? a. heightening emotion b. empathic reflections c. enactment d. interpretation 14. The process of inviting couples to directly address each other and offering coaching when a partner stumbles reflects which of the following EFT techniques? a. heightening emotion b. empathic reflections

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Chapter 9: Test Bank

c. enactment d. interpretation 15. According to Greenberg and Goldman, the two types of EFT homework are: a. communication and connection b. expression and validation c. awareness and affirmation d. awareness and expression 16. Which of the following EFT techniques is critical for coping with the injuries to self that we inevitably experience in our lives? a. self-soothing b. heightening emotions c. empathic reflections d. enactment 17. Research generally supports the effectiveness of EFT in: a. improving sexual satisfaction b. improving relationship satisfaction c. decreasing relationship distress d. all of the above e. a and b 18. Critics of EFT have questioned which of the following? a. universality of attachment theory b. uniformity of emotional expression c. generalizability of techniques across cultures d. all of the above e. a and b 19. Which of the following comprises the first stage of EFT? a. accessing underlying feelings b. validation and alliance formation c. consolidation and integration d. restructuring negative interaction and the self

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Chapter 9: Test Bank

20. Which of the following comprises the middle stage of EFT? a. accessing underlying feelings b. validation and alliance formation c. consolidation and integration d. restructuring negative interaction and the self 21. Which of the following comprises the final stage of EFT? a. accessing underlying feelings b. validation and alliance formation c. consolidation and integration d. restructuring negative interaction and the self 22. Johnson maintains that EFT is typically completed in how many sessions? a. 5–8 b. 5–15 c. 8–15 d. 8–20

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Chapter 10: Test Bank

TEST ITEMS Short-Answer Questions 1. Explain why fondness and admiration, along with the act of turning toward, are essential elements of healthy and connected relationships.

2. Describe the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse and highlight the corresponding antidote for of each these challenges.

3. Create a hypothetical case of a couple who routinely struggles with down-regulating negative affect during conflict. Briefly describe the technique(s) you would implement with this couple and explain the purpose and goals of each intervention.

4. Briefly describe each of the tasks that comprise the A TTUNE technique.

Additionally, provide an overview of the relational issues and goals associated with this approach.

5. Discuss potential strengths and challenges of utilizing the Gottman Method with couples from diverse backgrounds.

Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Gottman Method Couple Therapy (G MCT) is a research-based approach that: a. offers a theory of human behavior b. focuses on the good of couple functioning c. focuses on the bad of couple functioning d. all of the above e. b and c 2. Each of the following are elements of the Sound Relationship House except: a. Turn Toward Instead of Away b. The Pragmatic Perspective c. Accept Your Partner’s Influence d. Know One Another’s World 3. According to GMCT, partners in strong and stable relationships: a. are fond of and admire each other b. do not make bids for attention c. resolve most of their conflicts d. value romance over friendship 42 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 10: Test Bank

4. Gottman identifies trust as a(n): a. critical but easily broken bond b. aspirational goal of all relationships c. willingness to value your partner’s needs equally with your own d. fundamental principle for making relationships work 5. Each of the following are Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse except: a. aggressiveness b. criticism c. defensiveness d. contempt 6. According to Gottman’s research, what percentage of problems faced by couples are unsolvable? a. 39% b. 49% c. 59% d. 69% 7. According to Gottman’s research, perpetual problems faced by couples: a. can bring partners closer together b. typically fade away over time c. are never resolved d. can only be resolved through mutual compromise 8. Which of the following practices promote emotional repair: a. using humor b. agreeing with your partner c. taking responsibility d. all of the above e. b and c 9. Each of the following are associated with flooding except: a. increased sweating b. increased anger

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Chapter 10: Test Bank

c. increased heart rate d. increased oxygen in blood 10. When a person experiences flooding, it impairs the ability to: a. think logically b. express one’s own perspective c. remove oneself from a conflict d. all of the above e. a and b 11. Attunement refers to an individual’s ability to: a. anticipate conflict b. avoid disagreements c. understand and tolerate a partner’s emotions d. limit defensiveness and blaming 12. GMCT relies on which of the following theories to understand couple functioning? a. relational frame b. cognitive c. behavioral d. attachment 13. Each of the following descriptions can be applied to how stable couples interact during conflict except: a. validators b. volatiles c. hostiles d. conflict-avoiding 14. Which type(s) of couple seems to treat conflict easily? a. validating b. conflict-avoiding c. detached d. all of the above e. a and c

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Chapter 10: Test Bank

15. During moments of conflict, masters of relationships: a. defuse disagreements before they become fights b. quickly and easily arrive at a compromise c. have an equal number of positive and negative interactions

d. have significantly more positive interactions than negative 16. During the Gottman Oral History Review, the couple is asked to discuss their: a. parents’ relationship b. individual levels of commitment c. expectations for therapy d. past infidelity, if applicable 17. A therapist utilizing the Gottman Approach will terminate therapy with a couple if one partner: a. discloses past infidelity b. refuses to end active infidelity c. has at one time or another contemplated infidelity d. all of the above 18. A role of the therapist in GMCT is to: a. be open to learning from each couple b. provide solutions to perpetual problems c. serve as an emotion coach d. maintain a clinical and detached disposition 19. The therapeutic technique of Dreams Within Conflict is used to help couples: a. accept their differences b. develop problem-solving skills c. understand the frustrations embedded in perpetual problems d. all of the above e. a and c 20. Which of the following is an antidote to defensiveness? a. expressing one’s needs b. building respect c. taking responsibility 45 Copyright © 2022 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 10: Test Bank

d. all of the above e. a and b 21. Which of the following is an antidote to contempt? a. expressing one’s needs b. building respect c. taking responsibility d. all of the above e. a and b 22. While engaged in a Stress-Reducing Conversation, the partner designated as the listener may respond by: a. offering solutions to their partner’s problems b. expressing similar feelings of stress c. siding with their partner d. committing to reduce future stress 23. Conflict Management Training involves teaching couples how to: a. eliminate relational conflict b. express feelings without attacking c. respectfully defend their perspective on the problem d. overcome non-negotiables to achieve a compromise 24. Repair Training invites couples to: a. take responsibility for their individual actions b. describe their feelings about a particular conflict c. acknowledge differences in perceptions d. all of the above e. a and b 25. Research on GMCT indicates each of the following except: a. the most effective repair attempts occur at the end of conflict b. some of the theory’s principles are difficult to replicate c. a couple’s friendship influences their ability to repair during conflict d. physiological arousal was positively correlated with relationship satisfaction

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Chapter 11: Test Bank

TEST ITEMS Short-Answer Questions 1. Briefly explain why there is not a definitive answer to the question, What theory is best?

2. Provide an overview of the four general approaches to eclecticism covered in this chapter and highlight the challenges and drawbacks associated with utilizing integrative approaches.

3. Select a CFT theory from the text that currently resonates with you and discuss how this philosophy/approach aligns with your worldview, personality, clinical style, etc.

Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Each of the following is important to consider when determining which theory is the best fit for you except: a. Does the theory fit your notions about how the world works? b. Does the theory align with the therapeutic structure you would prefer to create? c. Do you think cognitions or emotions are the most important influence on couple or family functioning? d. Does research indicate that a particular theory is the best/most effective approach?

2. Which of the following models requires the highest level of spontaneity and inventiveness in sessions? a. experiential therapy b. cognitive behavior therapy c. emotionally focused therapy d. Gottman Method 3. Which of the following approaches adopts techniques from various models without endorsing the theoretical assumptions behind them? a. theoretical integrationist b. technical eclecticism c. common factors d. assimilative integration

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Chapter 11: Test Bank

4. Which of the following approaches allows therapists who are firmly committed to the theoretical assumption and structures of one model to add techniques from other models in a deliberate way? a. theoretical integrationist b. technical eclecticism c. common factors d. assimilative integration 5. Which of the following approaches allows therapists to merge key ideas from a number of theoretical systems? a. theoretical integrationist b. technical eclecticism c. common factors d. assimilative integration 6. From a common factors perspective, what is the first essential element of effective therapy? a. utilizing an evidence-based theory b. establishing the expectation that help is possible c. a trusting therapeutic relationship d. the client and counselor agree on the goals of therapy 7. Which of the following models ascribes to the belief that there are specific explanations and correct treatments for each disorder? a. contextual b. medical c. wellness d. multisystemic 8. Wampold and Imel argue that the rationale for therapy need not be as long as it is acceptable to both the client and counselor. a. complex b. simple c. true d. expedient

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Chapter 11: Test Bank

9. When working with couples and families, it becomes more complicated for therapists to with each client in the room. a. establish a trusting relationship b. maintain equal alliance quality c. generate enthusiasm d. all of the above e. a and b 10. Brief strategic family therapy integrates ideas from which of the following theories? a. ecological b. structural c. strategic d. all of the above e. b and c

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ANSWER KEY

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Answers Key

ANSWER KEY FOR MULTIPLE-CHOICE ITEMS Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

1. A, 2

1. A, 15

1. C, 35

1. C, 55

1. D, 75–78

1. A, 98

2. C, 4

2. B, 15

2. D, 35

2. B, 55

2. C, 75

2. B, 100

3. D, 4

3. D, 16

3. A, 37

3. A, 57; 67– 68

3. D, 76

3. D, 100

4. C, 4

4. A, 18

4. D, 35

4. D, 58

4. B, 76

4. C, 100

5. B, 4

5. C, 18

5. A, 35

5. A, 58

5. C, 76

5. E, 100–101

6. D, 5

6. A, 19

6. C, 37

6. C, 59

6. B, 77

6. C, 103

7. B, 6

7. D, 19

7. A, 38

7. B, 59

7. A, 80

7. A, 103

8. A, 4

8. A, 20

8. C, 40

8. D, 60

8. D, 83

8. B, 104

9. C, 5–6

9. B, 19

9. A, 39

9. A, 60

9. B, 83

9. D, 104

10. D, 5

10. D, 19

10. D, 38

10. D, 61

10. D, 84

10. A, 105

11. A, 5

11. D, 20

11. D, 40

11. A, 62

11. E, 84

11. B, 107

12. C, 7

12. C, 21

12. C, 41

12. C, 62

12. A, 85

12. C, 110

13. D, 5

13. D, 20

13. D, 42

13. B, 62

13. C, 85–88

13. A, 113

14. B, 7

14. C, 22

14. A,43

14. D, 61

14. D, 95

14. D, 110

15. C, 7

15. A, 21

15. C, 45

15. C, 62

15. E, 95

15. A, 106

16. A, 21

16. E, 45

16. A, 63

16. C, 74

16. B, 111

17. D, 21– 22

17. B, 44

17. D, 64

17. A, 77

17. A, 111

18. E, 22– 23

18. C, 45–48

18. B, 64

18. C, 82

18. C, 112

19. B, 24

19. D, 41–42

19. D, 64

19. A, 91

19. D, 114

20. A, 23

20. E, 46

20. A, 65

20. B, 93

20. A, 114

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

21. B, 23

21. C, 47

21. D, 66

Blank

21. D, 115 Blank

22. C, 24

22. A, 45–49

22. C, 66–68

23. A, 25

23. 23, 45–49

23. A, 67

Blank

22. B, 115 Blank

Blank

23. C, 116 Blank

24. B, 30

24. C, 49

24. D, 68

Blank

24. D, 121 Blank

25. E, 25

25. D, 44

25. B, 68

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25. B, 123

Answers Key

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

1. B, 125

1. D, 155

1. C, 177

1. E, 200

1. D, 222–223

2. A, 126

2. A, 156

2. A, 177

2. B, 201

2. A, 225

3. C, 126

3. D, 157

3. B, 177

3. A, 201–202

3. B, 226

4. E, 127–128

4. B, 157

4. D, 178

4. D, 203

4. D, 226

5. D, 128

5. E, 157

5. E, 179

5. A, 203

5. A, 226

6. B, 127–130

6. A, 158

6. A, 180

6. D, 204

6. C, 227

7. A, 129

7. E, 159

7. C, 181

7. C, 204

7. B, 227

8. D, 129

8. C, 159

8. A, 182

8. D, 204–205

8. C, 226

9. C, 130

9. C, 160

9. D, 183

9. B, 205

9. E, 227

10. B, 131

10. E, 161

10. B, 184

10. A, 205

10. D, 226

11. A, 130

11. B, 161

11. C, 185

11. C, 205–205

12. D, 131

12. C, 162

12. A, 186

12. D, 206

13. C, 133

13. A, 163

13. B, 189

13. C, 206

14. D, 132

14. D, 167

14. C, 190

14. A, 206

15. A, 133

15. B, 168-169

15. D, 190

15. D, 208

16. D, 134

16. C, 166

16. A, 191

16. A, 208

17. B, 134

17. A, 170

17. D, 192

17. B, 208

18. C, 134

18. B, 164

18. E, 196

18. C, 209

19. A, 135

19. C, 175

19. B, 186

19. A, 211

20. D, 135

20. D, 164

20. A, 187

20. C, 211

Blank

Blank

21. C, 187

21. E, 211

22. D, 186

22. C, 212

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

23. B, 213 Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

24. D, 213–214 Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

25. A, 214–220

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Answers Key

Short-Answer Page References CHAPTER 1 1. p. 2 2. p. 2 3. p. 3 CHAPTER 2 1. pp. 20–21 2. p. 24 3. p. 26 4. p. 27 5. pp. 30–31 CHAPTER 3 1. p. 35 2. pp. 37–38 3. p. 39 4. p. 43 5. p. 48 CHAPTER 4 1. p. 58 2. p. 58 3. pp. 59–60 4. pp. 60–61 5. p. 62 6. 6. pp. 65–66 CHAPTER 5 1. pp. 73–75 2. pp. 75–76 3. pp. 77–78 4. pp. 78–79 5. pp. 81–82 CHAPTER 6 1. pp. 100–101 2. pp. 101–103 3. p. 106 4. pp. 107–108 5. p. 109

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Answers Key

CHAPTER 7 1. p. 128 2. pp. 130–131 3. pp. 130–131 4. pp. 126 5. pp. 127–131; 135–137 CHAPTER 8 1. pp. 154–156; 165–169 2. p. 160 3. p. 162 4. pp. 161–169 5. p. 171 CHAPTER 9 1. pp. 177–179 2. p. 181 3. pp. 182–183 4. pp. 188 5. pp. 195–196 CHAPTER 10 1. pp. 201–202 2. pp. 203; 211–212 3. pp. 204–205; 212–214 4. p. 213 5. p. 220 CHAPTER 11 1. pp. 223–225 2. pp. 225–227 3. Page numbers depend on the theory the student selects.

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