Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10th Edition Robert E. Taylor Solution ManualScientific Farm Anim

Online Instructor’s Manual to accompany

Scientific Farm Animal Production Tenth Edition Tom G. Field

Contents Class Syllabus Lab Syllabus Chapter 1

Animal Contribution to Human Needs

1

Chapter 2

Overview of the Livestock and Poultry Industries

2

Chapter 3

Red Meat Products

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Chapter 4

Poultry and Egg Products

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Chapter 5

Milk and Milk Products

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Chapter 6

Wool and Mohair

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Chapter 7

By-Products of Meat Animals

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Chapter 8

Market Classes and Grades of Livestock, Poultry, and Eggs

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Chapter 9

Visual Evaluation of Market Animals

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Chapter 10 Reproduction

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Chapter 11 Artificial Insemination, Estrous Synchronization, and Embryo Transfer

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Chapter 12 Genetics

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Chapter 13 Genetic Change through Selection

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Chapter 14 Mating Systems

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Chapter 15 Nutrients and Their Functions

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Chapter 16 Digestion and Absorption of Feed

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Chapter 17 Providing Nutrients for Body Functions

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Chapter 18 Growth and Development

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Chapter 19 Lactation

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Chapter 20 Adaptation to the Environment

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Chapter 21 Animal Health

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Chapter 22 Animal Behavior

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Chapter 23 Issues in Animal Agriculture

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Chapter 24 Beef Cattle Breeds and Breeding

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Chapter 25 Feeding and Managing Beef Cattle

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Chapter 26 Dairy Cattle Breeds and Breeding

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Chapter 27 Feeding and Managing Dairy Cattle

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Chapter 28 Swine Breeds and Breeding

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Chapter 29 Feeding and Managing Swine

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Chapter 30 Sheep and Goat Breeds and Breeding

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Chapter 31 Feeding and Managing Sheep and Goats

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Chapter 32 Horse Breeds and Breeding

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Chapter 33 Feeding and Managing Horses

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Chapter 34 Poultry Breeding, Feeding, and Management

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Chapter 35 Aquaculture

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Visuals for Instructors

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Food Animal Sciences Time: Instructor: I.

Phone:

Email:

Course Objectives 1.

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Office: .

Define the professional/career opportunities available in the livestock and related industries.

Describe the components of the U.S. animal products food system.

Quantify and describe the economic impact, structure, and geographic concentration of the primary livestock industries.

Outline the major scientific disciplines that contribute to the ability of livestock managers to make sound decisions.

Define the impacts of societal issues on the livestock industry – animal welfare, environment, food safety, diet-health – and develop management strategies to successfully deal with these issues.

Understand the major drivers of consumer demand for animal products.

Describe the role of genetics, nutrition, reproduction, growth, health, quality assurance, and management in the production cycle of beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry.

Stimulate student enthusiasm for additional educational experiences in the animal sciences.

Encourage students to be involved in departmental and university extracurricular experiences.

Grading Lecture material will account for 75% of the grade and Lab material will account for 25%.

Grade Scale Lecture (75%) A = 90-100% 3 midterm exams (100-125 points each) B = 80-89.9% 1 midterm exam (80 – 100 points) C = 70-79.9% Quizzes and problem sets (150 points) D = 60-69.9%

An optional final exam will be given. The score on the optional final will be used to substitute for missed midterm exams. No make-up exams or quizzes will be given.

Homework assignments will be assessed a discount of 5% for every day late.

LECTURE SCHEDULE Expectations/professionalism Global food demand and global animal agriculture Global food demand and global animal agriculture Domestic Consumer demand Meeting domestic consumer demand Determining value of livestock and meat Determining value of livestock and meat Food safety management Environmental management Animal Welfare management Exam I Genetic concepts Genetic concepts Selection Crossing systems Reproduction – anatomy Reproduction – endocrinology Reproductive cycles Reproductive management Lactation Animal Growth - Principles Animal Growth - Management Exam II Nutrients Digestive systems Determining feed value Low cost feed management Environmental adaptation Environmental adaptation Animal health principals Animal health management Sheep industry Sheep production cycle Exam III The dairy industry Dairy production cycle The beef industry Beef cattle production cycle Beef cattle production cycle The swine industry Swine production cycle Swine production cycle Poultry industry Poultry production cycle Exam IV and Final (optional)

37 1 2 3, 4, 5, 7 3, 4, 5, 7 8 and 9 8 and 9 23 23 23 12 12 13 14 10 10 11 11 19 18 18 15 16 17 17 20 20 21 21 31 and 32 31 and 32 27, 28 27, 28 25, 26 25, 26 25, 26 29 and 30 29 and 30 29 and 30 35 35

Lab Syllabus The goals of the laboratory are: 1. Students will learn livestock terminology.

2. Students will have a “hands–on experience” with livestock.

3. Students will participate in a variety of exercises that demonstrate the application of principles learned in AN101 lecture.

4. Students will work in small groups to accomplish group goals.

5. Students will learn and practice using calculations common to the commercial livestock industry.

6. Students will learn to identify and use a variety of livestock related equipment.

7. Students will learn and practice a variety of livestock related procedures.

Topic and Activity Historical Perspective History of livestock in the United States and across the globe.

Lab will use video and PowerPoint presentations Livestock Breeds and Terminology A discussion and brief understanding of sheep, swine, beef and dairy breeds in the United States. Terminology used in the industry will also be discussed.

Animal and Animal Product Evaluation Animal, carcass and product variables will be discussed and related calculations will be described and practiced. In addition, animal fiber will be used to demonstrate the sorting and classification of an animal product.

Cost calculations for producing a steer, hog and lamb Examples will be used to demonstrate the variables involved in producing retail beef from conception to consumption. Impact of different aspects of the life cycle costs on profitability will be discussed.

Growth and Efficiency Test Hogs will be placed on a feeding test to demonstrate and practice calculating animal performance and efficiency. Hogs will be ranked as they begin the trial and comparisons made at the completion of the trial. Worksheet completion will be discussed.

Complete Level I QA Certification Learn the principles of quality assurance programs and the impacts of management protocol failures on final product merit/value Learn the basic record keeping required for participation in a quality assurance program

Livestock feeds and feeding Learn to identify the major feeds used in livestock diets. Weigh daily rations for different species using feedstuffs and feeding tables. Learn the importance of as fed vs dry matter calculations.

Condition scoring will be discussed.

Selection exercise Sale bulls will be used to demonstrate use of data (using various scenarios) for selection of breeding animals EPD’s and ERT’s incorporated in discussion. Sale bulls will be evaluated.

Bull Sale Students will attend Bull Sale and observe the sale while comparing selection of bulls in previous weeks lab with sale results.

Health Management Learn to identify healthy vs. unhealthy animals. Compare and contrast various classes of animal health care products Learn the various animal health care product administration procedures Learn basic animal handling skills required to administer drugs, take temperature, measure respiration and inject animals.

Livestock related equipment/instrumentation Learn to identify, use, and describe the function of the important equipment/instrumentation used in the typical management of beef cattle, sheep and hogs.

Reproduction Lab – Calving and Calf Care Techniques for baby calves survival will be viewed including dystocia.

End growth test Animals will be weighed and records completed. Selection of hogs will be compared to ranking of steers at beginning of test.

Dairy Tour The lab will involve traveling to a modern working dairy to observe the integrated use of technologies in a commercial setting.

Horse Laboratory The lab will involve a tour of the equine reproduction lab including semen collection, semen evaluation, and the use of technology in the equine.

Chapter 1 1. Q: True or False: Developed nations have less of their population economically involved in agriculture than do developing nations.

A: True. Developing nations have approximately six-times as many people involved in agriculture than do developed nations.

2. Q: True or False: People in developed nations consume more of their daily supply of protein and calories from animal products than do people from developing nations.

A: True. People in less affluent developing nations consume more of their protein and calories from less expensive plant sources than from animal sources.

3. Q: Compare the United States to other countries for percent of income spent on food.

A: Consumers in the United States, Canada, France, Mexico, South Africa, and China spend 11.6, 9.2, 13.7, 24.2, 20.6, and 34.9% of income on food, respectively.

4. Q: What are the two scientifically based reasons that meat is an important food for humans?

A: The amino acids in animal protein more closely match the needs of the human body than do those in plant proteins, and vitamin B12 is obtained in adequate quantities from the consumption of animal products but not from plants.

5. Q: What was the single most important reason for increased food production in the 20th century?

A: agricultural mechanization 6. Q: What percentage of the world’s agricultural land is unsuitable for cultivation of crops and is therefore used to pasture or graze livestock?

A: approximately 60% 7. Q: What are the basic human needs to which animals and animal products contribute?

A: food, shelter, clothing, fuel, and emotional well-being 8. Q. Compare and contrast developed versus developing nations relative to agricultural productivity, management practices, and consumer diets.

A. Developed nations have higher levels of productivity, utilize more technology and sophisticated production practices, and consumers consume a higher proportion of their calories from animal sources.

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Chapter 2 1. Q: True or False: Agricultural products contribute to the trade deficit in the United States.

A: False: The value of agricultural products exported from the United States exceeds the value of agricultural products imported.

2. Q: True or False: In some countries, the most important products of cattle are draft power and milk rather than meat.

A: True. This is especially the case in developing nations that utilize draft animal power because they lack a high degree of agricultural mechanization or in nations in which religious and/or cultural practices prevent the slaughter of cattle.

3. Q: What are the two reasons why world cattle numbers have continued to increase during the last 30 years?

A: greater demand for beef in developing nations and increased export demand – shorter term, the impact of concerns over BSE created trade disruption.

4. Q: What country has the greatest number of cattle?

A: India 5. Q: What country has the greatest production of beef?

A: United States 6. Q: What are the three phases of beef cattle production?

A: cow-calf, stocker-yearling, and feedlot 7. Q: From what segment of cow-calf production do most of the potential slaughter steers and heifers come from?

A: commercial cow-calf producers 8. Q: Seedstock cow-calf producers primarily produce what two products?

A: breeding cattle and semen 9. Q: The primary basis of stocker-yearling operations is to market _____________________.

A: forage and roughage that is highly available and inexpensive.

10. Q: What two segments comprise the feedlot beef industry?

A: commercial feeders and farmer feeders 11. Q: True or False: Commercial feeders have greater capacity (head of cattle) than farmer feeders.

A: True 12. Q: What country produces the most fluid milk?

A: United States as a country but the EU in combination produces the highest amount

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13. Q: What are the three dairy products produced throughout the world in the greatest quantity after fluid milk?

A: butter, cheese, and nonfat dry milk 14. Q: What country has the greatest number of horses, donkeys, and mules?

A: China 15. Q: Why did the numbers of horses, donkeys, and mules in the United States decline after World War I? A: because of the development and use of motor-powered vehicles, this was stimulated by the war 16. Q: Today, horses in the United States are used primarily for what purposes?

A: pleasure, recreation, and entertainment 17. Q: What is the leading country in egg production?

A: China 18. Q: What is the leading country in production of poultry meat?

A: United States 19. Q: True or False: Most sheep are located in temperate zones, whereas goats occur overwhelmingly in tropical and subtropical zones.

A: True 20. Q: What is the leading country for number of sheep?

A: China 21. Q: What is the leading country for number of goats?

A: China 22. Q: What is the leading country for goat meat production?

A: China 23. Q: What is the leading country for number of swine and production of pork?

A: China 24. Q: What are the segments of the swine industry?

A: feeder-pig production, feeder pig finishing, farrow-to-finish, and seedstock production

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Chapter 3 1. Q: What does dressing percentage represent?

A: the yield of hot carcass weight from live weight 2. Q: How is dressing percentage calculated?

A: dressing percentage = hot carcass weight x 100% live weight 3. Q: What is the “rule of thumb” or approximate dressing percentages of lamb, beef, and hogs?

A: 50%, 60%, and 70% 4. Q: What are the primary factors affecting dressing percentage?

A: fill (contents of digestive tract), fatness, muscling, weight of hide, and in sheep, weight of wool 5. Q: What are the four major physical components of meat?

A: muscle, fat, bone, and connective tissue 6. Q: _________________ are components of muscle fibers and are comprised of two types of myofilaments, myosin, and actin.

A: myofibrils 7. Q: What is the amount of essential nutrients to the number of calories in food referred to?

A: nutrient density 8. Q: True or False: Meat is nutrient dense, meaning that it provides a large proportion of certain nutrients such as essential amino acids, B-vitamins, and iron.

A: True 9. Q: True or False: Most retail cuts of beef, pork, and lamb have greater than 0.1 inch of external fat covering lean muscle.

A: False 10. Q: Describe the motivators and de-motivators relative to purchase of beef.

A: Top three motivators of beef purchases are 1) family favorites, 2) ease of preparation, and 3) knowledge of preparation. Top three de-motivators are 1) too expensive, 2) lack of knowledge about preparation, and 3) takes too long to prepare.

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Chapter 4 1. Q: What major products come from poultry?

A: meat, eggs, and by-products 2. Q: What essential nutrient is poultry meat very high in?

A: protein 3. Q: What is the primary poultry meat exported by the U.S.?

A: broilers

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Chapter 5 1. Q: What is the term used to describe all of the milk components exclusive of water and milk fat?

A: solids nonfat 2. Q: The solids nonfat component of milk consists of which three constituents?

A: protein, lactose, and minerals 3. Q: What is the first milk produced by a female after giving birth called?

A: colostrum 4. Q: What is the most remarkable difference between milk and colostrum?

A: Colostrum contains a high concentration of immunoglobulins. These immunoglobulins are the means by which the dam transfers passive immunity to her offspring.

5. Q: Milk is a rich source of which mineral required in the diets of humans?

A: calcium 6. Q: What is homogenization?

A: A physical manufacturing process that creates a stable emulsion of milk fat and keeps the fluid portion of milk from separating from the fat component.

7. Q: What is the process used to destroy all pathogens in milk during milk processing?

A: Pasteurization 8. Q: True or False: Pasteurization reduces the nutritional value of milk.

A: False. The heating of milk to kill pathogens does not affect the nutritional value of milk products.

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Chapter 6 1. Q: Wool and hair grow from what structure located in the outer layer of skin?

A: the follicle 2. Q: What is ‘felting” of wool? What is responsible for it and why is it important?

A: Felting is when wool fibers intermingle and cling together. It is caused by the rough outer layer or cuticle of the wool fiber and is important because it allows wool to be woven to make woolens.

3. Q: What are the three basic layers in a wool fiber?

A: the innermost medulla, surrounded by cortex, and the outer-most cuticle layer 4. Q: What are waves in the wool fiber and what creates them?

A: Crimp are waves in the wool fiber caused by the hard and soft cellular material in the cortex. The soft cellular material is more elastic and is on the outer side of each crimp.

5. Q: What are hair-like fibers in wool called and why are they important?

A: The hair-like fibers in wool are called kemp. They reduce the value of wool because they do not felt or dye well.

6. Q: What is staple length?

A: Staple length is the length of wool fibers on sheep at shearing. Wool with longer staple length is more valuable.

7. Q: What are tags?

A: sheep feces stuck to the wool that decreases the value of wool 8. Q: What three systems are used to grade wool?

A: the American system, spinning count, and micron diameter 9. Q: True or False: The finer the wool fiber, the more valuable it is.

A: True 10. Q: Which two breeds of sheep produce the finest grade of wool?

A: Merino and Rambouillet 11. Q: What is the process of cleaning wool called?

A: scouring

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Chapter 7 1. Q: What is the most valuable by-product obtained from the slaughter of livestock?

A: hides from cattle 2. Q: What important consumer product are hides used to produce?

A: leather 3. Q: What is the recycling of non-edible animal by-products and carcasses referred to as?

A: rendering

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Chapter 8 1. Q: Slaughter cattle are separated into market classes based upon what two characteristics?

A: age and sex 2. Q: Quality grades for carcasses, which estimate eating quality of meat, are based on what two characteristics?

A: maturity and marbling 3. Q: What do beef carcass yield grades estimate?

A: the quantity of boneless, closely-trimmed retail cuts (BCTRC) from the round, loin, rib, and chuck 4. Q: What do U.S. numerical grades of pork carcasses estimate?

A: the lean cut yield of the ham, loin, Boston shoulder, and picnic shoulder 5. Q: What do lamb carcass yield grades estimate?

A: the yield of boneless, closely-trimmed retail cuts (BCTRC) from the leg, loin, rack, and shoulder 6. Q: What process is used to appraise the interior quality of table eggs from chicken?

A: candling

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Chapter 9 1. Q: What are the three productive stages of red meat-producing animals?

A: breeding or reproduction, feeder or growth, and slaughter or carcass 2. Q: How do production records compare to visual appraisal for improving reproductive and growth stages of livestock?

A: they are much more effective than visual appraisal 3. Q: What is being estimated during visual evaluation of livestock for carcass merit?

A: the ratio of fat to lean 4. Q: Carcasses are primarily composed of what three types of tissues?

A: fat, lean, and bone

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Chapter 10 1. Q: What are the two functions of the female gonads or ovaries?

A: to produce the female sex cells, called ova (or eggs), and to produce the two female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone 2. Q: What structure on the ovary produces the ovum?

A: the follicle 3. Q: Where does fertilization take place?

A: in the oviduct or fallopian tube 4. Q: In what structure does the embryo and fetus develop during pregnancy in mammals?

A: with the uterus 5. Q: In what three features does reproduction in poultry differ from that in mammals?

A: There is no well-defined estrous cycle or pregnancy, embryonic development occurs outside the body, and the young are not suckled.

6. Q: How does the reproductive tract of female poultry differ from that of female mammals?

A: Only one ovary and one oviduct develop and become functional in the mature female hen.

7. Q: What are the two functions of the male gonads or testicles?

A: to produce male sex cells called sperm or spermatozoa and to produce the male sex hormone testosterone 8. Q: Where are the spermatozoa produced within the testicles?

A: within the seminiferous tubules 9. Q: What cells within the testicles produce testosterone?

A: the Leydig cells or interstitial cells 10. Q: What are two functions of the epididymis?

A: maturation and storage of spermatozoa 11. Q: The scrotum of males helps to maintain the testicles at temperatures several degrees cooler than body temperature. Why is this knowledge important to livestock producers?

A: because the lower temperature of the testicles is required to maintain fertility of males and male livestock exposed to excessive heat on hot days may undergo periods of infertility resulting from excessive warming of the testicles 12. Q: What are the functions of the accessory sex glands in male mammals?

A: to provide volume and nutrition to the sperm-rich fluid coming from the epididymis during ejaculation

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13. Q: What are the organs of copulation in male and female mammals? What is a second function of these organs?

A: the penis and vagina, respectively; to transport urine from the bladder during urination 14. Q: What two hormones from the anterior pituitary gland are responsible for stimulating the gonads?

A: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) 15. Q: What is that period when the female is sexually receptive to the male called? Why is this knowledge important to livestock producers?

A: estrus or heat; it is the period when females can be most successfully mated and have the greatest fertility 16. Q: What hormone is responsible for the occurrence of estrus or heat?

A: estrogen 17. Q: What hormone is responsible for the male sex drive or libido?

A: testosterone 18. Q: What is the termination of pregnancy, resulting in birth, called?

A: parturition 19. Q: Why is the knowledge of the gestation length for individual species of livestock important to producers?

A: It can be used to predict the approximate time of parturition and provide needed assistance to the mother during difficult parturition and care of the young after birth.

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Chapter 11 1. Q: What is artificial insemination?

A: the deposition of semen into the female reproductive tract by artificial techniques rather than by natural mating 2. Q: What is the primary advantage of artificial insemination?

A: it permits the extensive use of outstanding sires to optimize genetic improvement 3. Q: In relation to the time of ovulation, when should animals be inseminated?

A: as close to the time of ovulation as possible 4. Q: When does ovulation usually occur?

A: toward the end of estrus or standing heat 5. Q: In relation to estrus, when should insemination occur?

A: toward the end of estrus which will be close to the time of ovulation 6. Q: Why does fertility in turkey hens persist for 2 to 3 weeks after insemination?

A: because sperm are stored and nourished in sperm host glands located within the oviduct, and therefore retain their fertilizing capacity 7. Q: Why is the use of artificial insemination especially important for turkeys?

A: because they have bred to possess such large, broad breasts that they have difficulty mating naturally 8. Q: What is estrus synchronization?

A: controlling or manipulating the estrous cycle such that many females express estrus at approximately the same time 9. Q: What are three methods of estrous synchronization in cattle?

A: injection of prostaglandin F2a alone (one-injection or two-injection system), feeding of melengestrol acetate (MGA) followed by a single injection of prostaglandin F2a and the use of Synchro-Mate-B which combines an injection of estradiol valerate and norgestopmet with a norgestomet ear implant 10. Q: How can estrus be synchronized in sows?

A: by weaning a group of sows at the same time lactation and suckling suppress estrus, and sows will display estrus 3 to 8 days after weaning.

11. Q: What is embryo transfer?

A: the removal of an early stage embryo from the uterus of its own mother (donor) and transfer to the uterus of another female (recipient)

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12. Q: What is superovulation and why is it important?

A: the production of a greater than normal number of ova by injecting hormones into a female; superovulation combined with embryo transfer, can be used to greatly increase the number of offspring from a genetically superior female and provides embryo transfer with its greatest advantage

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Chapter 12 1. Q: The functional units of inheritance are called _________________ which are located on rodlike bodies called _________________ located within the nucleus of each cell.

A: genes, chromosomes 2. Q: Cell division that yields two daughter cells that have identical chromosomes as compared to the parent cell is termed?

A: mitosis 3. Q: Production of sex cells or gametes is termed? Specifically, what is this process called for the production of ova? For the production of sperm?

A: gametogenesis, oogenesis, spermatogenesis 4. Q: During gametogenesis, what is the unique type of cell division called which reduces the chromosome number of gametes to one-half of that possessed by all other body cells?

A: meiosis 5. Q: Where does meiosis occur in the testicle? In the ovary?

A: seminiferous tubules, follicles 6. Q: What is the union of the sperm and the ovum called?

A: fertilization 7. Q: What is a newly fertilized ovum called?

A: a zygote 8. Q: True or False: A zygote has the haploid number of chromosomes.

A: False. A zygote has the diploid number of chromosomes because it results from the fusion of a sperm and ovum which each possess the haploid number of chromosomes.

9. Q: True or False: All cells in the body except gametes have the diploid number of chromosomes.

A: True. The diploid number of chromosomes is the stable umber of chromosomes possessed by all cells of the body except gametes. It is maintained because gametes have the haploid (or half) number of chromosomes, and when fusion of a sperm and ovum occur during fertilization, the resulting zygote is diploid.

10. Q: Within all cells except gametes, chromosomes are paired, being alike in size and shape and carrying genes that affect the same hereditary traits. Paired chromosomes are said to be _____________________.

A: homologous 11. Q: What is the chemical component of genes?

A: deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA

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12. Q: DNA carries the code of instructions for control of enzymes and __________________.

A: proteins 13. Q: The DNA code of a gene is “read” by what process?

A: transcription 14. Q: Genes are transcribed to produce what type of chemical compound?

A: ribonucleic acid or RNA 15. Q: Through what process does the information in RNA transcripts result in protein synthesis?

A: translation 16. Q: What is the location of a gene on a chromosome called?

A: locus 17. Q: What are a pair of genes which occupy corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes called?

A: alleles 18. Q: An individual processing alleles for a given trait which are identical is said to be ______.

When the alleles for the trait are different, the individual is said to be __________.

A: homozygous, heterozygous 19. Q: When a pair of genes or alleles for a trait differ, and the individual is heterozygous for that trait, one of the genes in the pair is expressed and often overpowers the expression of the other gene. What is the term used to describe the gene that is expressed? What is the gene whose expression is prevented called?

A: dominant, recessive 20. Q: what is the actual gene makeup for a trait called? What is the expression of the gene makeup or appearance of the individual called?

A: genotype, phenotype 21. Q: Crossbreeding animals of different breeds results in offspring with ___________ or hybrid vigor, which means that the offspring are more vigorous than the parents.

A: heterosis

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Chapter 13 1. Q: Phenotype = genotype + ____________.

A: environment 2. Q: Phenotypic variation that is due to differences in an animal’s genotype is ____________.

A: heritability 3. Q: What is the superiority (or inferiority) of animals selected to be parents over the average of the herd called?

A: selection differential 4. Q: The amount of genetic change made in a herd of animals during a year can be predicted by knowing what three variables?

A: heritability of a trait, selection differential, and generation interval 5. Q: What is the average age of parents when their offspring are born called?

A: generation interval 6. Q: What is a sex-limited trait?

A: traits that are limited to expression by one sex, such as milk production 7. Q: Why are EPDs considered to be the most useful selection tools?

A: EPDs are calculated in a process that utilizes information from individuals, parents, siblings, and progeny. The result is a superior estimate of an animal’s breeding value for a given trait.

8. Q: Which selection procedure involves selection for only one trait at a time and is least effective?

A: tandem 9. Q: Which selection procedure involves ranking each individual animal against all others in the herd for the traits being selected and then obtaining a total score of the ranks for each animal, and is most effective?

A: selection index 10. Q: What are the limitations to making selection decisions based on visual appraisal?

A: Selection decisions based on visual appraisal are typically influenced by differences in environment, tend to be highly subjective, and fail to take into account the breadth of information utilized in calculation of EPDs.

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Chapter 14 1. Q: Animals that are derived from matings within a single breed are called ____________.

A: purebred 2. Q: What is inbreeding?

A: the mating of closely related animals 3. Q: How does inbreeding affect homozygosity of traits?

A: it increases homozygosity 4. Q: What is a major disadvantage of inbreeding?

A: it is usually detrimental to economically important traits of livestock such as reproductive performance and growth performance traits 5. Q: What is a major advantage of inbreeding?

A: it quickly identifies desirable genes and undesirable genes, particularly hidden serious recessive genes 6. Q: What is line breeding?

A: a mild form of inbreeding 7. Q: What is crossbreeding?

A: The mating of animals from two or more different breeds.

8. Q: What are the two primary reasons for crossbreeding?

A: for breed complementation and to obtain heterosis 9. Q: What is outcrossing?

A: the mating of unrelated animals within a breed to obtain purebred animals with a maximum amount of heterozygosity 10. Q: What are newly developed breeds that are created from crossing several established breeds called?

A: composite breeds or synthetic breeds 11. Q: What is grading up?

A: The continuous use of purebred sires of the same breed in a herd or flock of grade (purebred, but not registered) animals to improve genetic composition of the herd or flock.

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Chapter 15 1. Q: Any feed constituent that functions in the support of life is a __________________.

A: nutrient 2. Q: What are the two classes into which most animal feeds fall?

A: concentrates and roughages 3. Q: What are the six basic classes of nutrients?

A: water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals 4. Q: What is dry matter of feed?

A: that portion of feed remaining after accounting for the water content 5. Q: Fats and oils are referred to as ____________________.

A: lipids 6. Q: What are the three types of carbohydrates?

A: sugars, starch, and cellulose 7. Q: What are the building blocks of protein?

A: amino acids 8. Q: What are the two classes of amino acids?

A: essential and nonessential 9. Q: What is an essential amino acid?

A: one that can’t be synthesized in adequate quantities within an animal’s body and must be supplied throughout the diet 10. Q: What are the two general classes of mineral nutrients?

A: micro (or trace) minerals and macro minerals 11. Q: What are the two groups of vitamins?

A: fat-soluble and water-soluble 12. Q: What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A: vitamins A, D, E, and K 13. Q: What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A: B-complex vitamins and vitamin C 14. Q: What is proximate analysis of feeds?

A: determination of the nutrient content of feeds

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15. Q: The amount of various nutrients in a feed that can be absorbed from the digestive tract is referred to as __________________.

A: digestibility 16. Q: How is energy obtained from feed nutrients?

A: by oxidation of carbon to release chemical energy

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Chapter 16 1. Q: What is the role of digestion?

A: to reduce feed particles to molecules so they can be absorbed into the blood 2. Q: How are animals classified?

A: according to the types of feed they normally eat 3. Q: What are the three classes of animals according to the types of feed they normally eat?

A: Carnivores, which normally eat animal tissue, herbivores, which normally eat plant tissue, and omnivores, which generally eat both animal and plant tissue 4. Q: What are the basic parts of the digestive tract?

A: the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (or colon) 5. Q: The large intestine absorbs water and forms indigestible wastes into a solid form called __________.

A: feces 6. Q: What are the three regions of the small intestine?

A: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum 7. Q: True or False: The stomach of ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats has four compartments.

A: True 8. Q: What is the function of the rumen?

A: fermentative digestion by microorganisms 9. Q: What structure of the colon, in some species such as horses, performs the function of microbial fermentation of feed?

A: the cecum 10. Q: What feed component is most effectively digested by fermentation in the rumen and cecum?

A: cellulose 11. Q: What is the significance of fermentative digestion of cellulose by microorganisms in the rumen and cecum?

A: This is essentially the only way that cellulose can be digested and the energy obtained from this important energy source present in roughage feeds

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12. Q: Why are ruminants more efficient at utilizing roughages than are animals, such as horses, which possess a large active cecum?

A: because the site of fermentative digestion of cellulose in ruminants (the rumen) is located before the site of absorption (the small intestine), whereas in horses, the cecum (site of fermentative digestion of cellulose) is located after the small intestine 13. Q: What are the three regions of the large intestine?

A: the colon, cecum, and rectum 14: Q: What is the glandular stomach in birds called?

A: the proventriculus 15. Q: What is the crop in birds?

A: an enlargement of the esophagus that serves as a storage structure for feed 16. Q: True or False: Mechanical digestion on birds occurs in the mouth, just as it does in mammals.

A: False. Birds have no teeth in their mouth and so mechanical digestion can’t be performed there. Mechanical digestion in birds occurs in the gizzard 17. Q: What are the four stomach compartments in ruminants?

A: rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum 18. Q: Ruminants regurgitate undigested roughages which is referred to as __________ or chewing the _____________.

A: rumination, cud 19. Q: ____________ are organic catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction without being altered by the reaction and are important in digestion of specific nutrients.

A: Enzymes 20. Q: What is the function of the esophageal groove?

A: to direct ingested milk from the esophagus to the abomasum, thereby by-passing fermentation in the rumen 21. Q: What are the products of fermentative digestion in the rumen which ruminant animals utilize as energy?

A: volatile fatty acids

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Chapter 17 1. Q: What are nutrients needed for?

A: body maintenance, growth, fattening, reproduction, lactation, egg laying, wool production, and work 2. Q: What body maintenance functions have a high priority for nutrients?

A: body tissue repair, control of body temperature, vital organ function, and water balance maintenance 3. Q: True or False: Small animals require less nutrients for body maintenance than large animals.

A: True. Small animals require less nutrients for body maintenance than larger animals, but require more nutrients per pound of body weight then larger animals because maintenance requirements are not linearly related to body weight.

4. Q: True or False: Diets of primarily roughage are adequate to meet nutrient requirements for growth in young ruminants.

A: False. Young ruminant animals usually cannot consume enough roughage for maximum growth.

5. Q: What re the two categories of nutrient requirements for reproduction?

A: gamete production and fetal growth in the uterus 6. Q: When is the nutrient requirement for fetal growth greatest?

A: during the last trimester of pregnancy when approximately two-thirds of the fetal growth occurs 7. Q: What are the two most important minerals needed for lactation?

A: calcium and phosphorus 8. Q: What is the most vital requirement for production of large quantities of milk during lactation?

A: energy

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Chapter 18 1. Q: What is the difference between growth and development?

A: Growth is an increase in body weight until mature size is reached whereas development is the directive coordination of all diverse processes until maturity is reached.

2. Q: What are the three phases of prenatal life?

A: the gametes, the embryo, and the fetus 3. Q: When does the greatest increase in prenatal weight occur?

A: during the last trimester 4. Q: True or False: At birth the distal parts of the body (legs) are more developed tan the proximal parts (hips and chest).

A: True. Body height and leg length at birth are about 50-60% of mature size, whereas birth weight only represents about 5-7% of mature weight.

5. Q: What is the germ spot of a fertilized or nonfertilized poultry egg called?

A: the blastoderm 6. Q: What are the four membranes essential for growth of the chick embryo?

A: the allantois, amnion, yolk sac, and chorion 7. Q: Specialized groups of cells are called?

A: tissues 8. Q: Groups of tissues that perform specific functions are _____________.

A: organs 9. Q: What is a group of organs that function together to accomplish a larger general function called?

A: a system 10. Q: What are the two functions of the skeletal system?

A: to protect vital organs and to give form and shape to an animal’s body 11. Q: What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac 12. Q: ___________ are blood vessels transporting blood away from the heart, whereas ___________ are vessels transporting blood back to the heart.

A: arteries, veins 13. Q: Chemical substances secreted by a ductless gland into the circulatory system that affect a distant gland or organs are called?

A: hormones

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14. Q: When does the greatest postnatal growth occur?

A: early in life after birth; as an animal increases in age and approaches puberty, growth rate declines 15. Q: What are the three primary tissues that a carcass is composed of?

A: fat, lean, and bone 16. Q: When is fat deposition in the body greatest?

A: when growth rate slows near the time of maturity 17. Q: True or False: Females typically are leaner than intact or castrated males.

A: False. Females tend to deposit fat earlier in life than males 18. Q: True or False: An animal’s age can often be estimated by examining its teeth.

A: True. The wear pattern of the incisors is typically related to the age of the animal.

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Chapter 19 1. Q: What are the two functions of the mammary gland?

A: to provide nutrition to the offspring and to provide passive immunity to the offspring 2. Q: What are the secretory units of the milk-secreting tissue within the mammary gland?

A: alveoli 3. Q: What two reproductive hormones directly influence growth and development of the mammary gland?

A: estrogen and progesterone 4. Q: How is milk released from the alveoli during milking or suckling?

A: through the process called milk letdown 5. Q: What hormone is responsible for milk letdown?

A: oxytocin 6. Q: What determines an animal’s potential for milk production?

A: genetic inheritance 7. Q: What determines whether an animal’s genetic potential for milk production is attained?

A: environment (feeding and management) 8. Q: ___________ is an inflammation of the udder, which can reduce milk production by 30% or more.

A: mastitis 9. Q: True or False: Milk from cows and goats is similar to human milk in all components except protein.

A: True.

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Chapter 20 1. Q: Livestock operations, such as integrated poultry enterprises and confinement swine operations, which have highly controlled environmental conditions, are said to be under ____________________ management.

A: intensive 2. Q: Livestock operations with less producer control over the environmental conditions in which animals are expected to produce are under ___________________ management.

A: extensive 3. Q: What are the two major kinds of changes that occur in the environment during changes in season that influence productivity of livestock?

A: changes in temperature and changes in length of daylight 4. Q: What is the range of temperatures called where heat production and heat loss from the body are about the same?

A: thermoneutral zone 5. Q: True or False: When temperatures are below the lower limit of an animal’s thermoneutral zone, additional feed will be required to maintain body temperature.

A: True.

6. Q: True or False: Temperatures exceeding the upper limit of an animal’s thermoneutral zone will have no effect on animals.

A: False. Excessive heat often suppresses appetite and greatly reduces productivity.

7.

Q: Describe animal performance, feed intake, and maintenance requirements during both heat and cold stress.

A: Animal performance declines under both heat and cold stress but more rapidly under heat stress conditions, feed intake increases under cold stress and declines during heat stress, and maintenance requirements increase under both sets of conditions with the most rapid increase occurring with increasing levels of cold.

8. Q: What steps can horse owners take to assure that horses adapt to winter conditions.

A: Assure water availability and intake, avoid over-feeding of grain, maintaining a daily exercise program, feed appropriately, and maintain good housing conditions.

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Chapter 21 1. Q: Death loss or ________________ rate is the most dramatic sign of health problems among animals.

A: mortality rate 2. Q: How is disease defined?

A: as any deviation from normal health in which there are marked physiological, anatomical, or chemical changes 3. Q: What is a contagious disease?

A: an infectious disease caused by a microorganism, which is spread rapidly from animal to animal 4. Q: The best herd health management programs involve ___________________ of disease.

A: prevention 5. Q: What are the nine components of a herd health management program?

A: veterinarian-assisted planning, sanitation, proper nutrition, record analysis, physical facilities, source of livestock, proper use of biologics and pharmaceuticals, minimizing stress, and personnel training 6. Q: What is a quality assurance program?

A: A set of management practices organized around the critical control points, monitoring processes, training programs, and record keeping systems associated with producing safe and wholesome food.

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Chapter 22 1. Q: _______________ is the scientific study of an animal’s behavior in response to its natural environment.

A: ethology 2. Q: _______________, or reflexes and responses, is inherently present at birth, whereas _______________ is learning to respond without thinking.

A: instinct, habituation 3. Q: What are the two types of conditioning?

A: classical conditioning and operant conditioning 4. Q: What is imprinting?

A: the process whereby helpless young bond to their caretakers (usually their dams) 5. Q: What are the nine major systems or patterns of behavior exhibited by farm animals?

A: sexual, care-giving, care-soliciting, agnostic, ingestive, eliminative, shelter-seeking, investigative, and allelomimetic 6: Q: An example of sexual behavior displayed by female farm animals in which they allow a male, or sometimes other females, to mount them and which permits producers to detect them in estrus is _____________.

A: standing heat 7. Q: A mare in estrus will display standing heat and ______________ of the vulva when a stallion approaches.

A: winking 8. Q: True or False: Care-giving behavior can originate from either the sire or the dam, but is most often maternally oriented.

A: True.

9. Q: Behavioral activities of fight and flight are examples of what type of behavior?

A: agnostic behavior 10. Q: Interactions with other animals and interactions with humans are types of _______________________ behavior?

A: Social 11. Q: Producers can take advantage of the knowledge of agnostic animal behavior to handle animals in a low stress manner by moving in and out of an animal’s __________ zone.

A: flight 12. Q: What are reasons for culling animals with poor dispositions from the herd or flock?

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A: to reduce the potential for personal injury, economic loss, or excitability of other animals 13. Q: Rumination or “chewing the cud” in ruminants is an example of what type of behavior?

A: ingestive behavior 14. Q: Imitative behavior, when animals of the same species do the same thing at the same time, such as grazing or herding, is an example of what type of behavior?

A: allelomimetic behavior 15. Q: What are two behaviors that are common to the nine systems of behavior?

A: communicative behavior and maladaptive behavior 16. Q: Bellowing and aggressive behavior of bulls is under control of what hormone?

A: testosterone 17. Q: Animals under intensive management systems which cannot adapt to their environment and which exhibit inappropriate or unusual behavior are displaying what type of behavior?

A: maladaptive behavior 18. Q: What is an example of maladaptive behavior exhibited by chickens and swine under confinement housing?

A: cannibalism

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Chapter 23 1. Q: True or False: Special interest groups represent the broad spectrum of societal opinion.

A: False. Special interest groups typically represent narrow viewpoints.

2. Q: Animal agriculturists would most likely fit into which three “animal groups?”

A: animal use, animal control, or animal welfare 3. Q: Rollin categorizes animal welfare concerns into three areas. What are they?

A: production diseases, scale effects, and prolonged confinement 4. Q: What is biotechnology?

A: application of physical, chemical, and engineering principles to biological systems 5. Q: What is BST? A: BST, or bovine sommatotropin, is a genetically engineered hormone, identical to naturally occurring sommatotropin produced by cattle, which can be injected into dairy cows once every 14 days to increase milk production 5 to 15 lb per day.

6. Q: True or False: Consumers universally understand and support application of genetic principles to agriculture.

A: False. Consumers have varied and contradictory views and understanding of genetic applications.

7. Q: To what important diseases of humans have the consumption of red meats, dairy products, and eggs been putatively linked?

A: coronary heart disease and cancer 8. Q: True or False: Consumption of red meats, dairy products, and eggs is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease.

A: False. Consumption of red meats, dairy products, and eggs has never been scientifically shown to increase the risk of coronary heart disease.

9. Q: What are the major known risk factors for coronary heart disease?

A: genetics or family history of coronary heart disease, high blood cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, physical inactivity, and obesity 10. Q: What is the most significant food safety concern according to food scientists?

A: food-borne pathogens 11. Q: What are the keys to preventing illness from food-borne microorganisms?

A: proper handling, storage, and cooking 12. Q: True or False: Although perceived as a major food safety threat, chemical residues in meat and dairy products are not a major problem in the U.S.

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A: True. Random sampling of animal products by the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the USDA. has found residue violations to be extremely low (0.29%).

13. Q: What are some environmental issues facing livestock producers in the U.S.?

A: air quality, endangered species, global warming, water quantity and quality, and interaction of grazing livestock with wildlife 14. Q: What are three specific water quality issues that involve animal agriculture?

A: excess nitrogen and phosphorous in water, facility design to avoid animal waste from contaminating water, preventing pesticides from entering the water supply 15. Q: What are some marketing issues facing livestock producers?

A: Dealing with catastrophic disease outbreaks and their impact on consumer confidence 16. Q: What are the major issues associated with concentration and integration of livestock operations.?

A: environmental impact and animal welfare 17. Q: True or False: Value-based marketing has provided an effective incentive for livestock producers to improve carcass quality through genetic selection and nutrition?

A: True 18. Q: What are some issues concerning use of public lands for livestock production?

A: interactions with wildlife, recreation and other federal lands users, health of ecosystem, range condition

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Chapter 24 1. Q: What is a breed of cattle?

A: a race or variety of cattle, the members of which are related by descendant and similar in certain distinguishable characteristics 2. Q: What does purebred refer to?

A: purity of ancestry, established by the pedigree, which shows that only animals within that particular breed have been mated to produce the animal in question 3. Q: True or False: A herd of purebred cattle, such as Angus or Herefords, which are particularly uniform in one or two characteristics, such as color or color pattern, are highly homozygous.

A: False. They are not highly homozygous unless they have been inbred for many generations.

4. Q: What were the three major breeds of beef cattle in the United States during the early 1900s?

A: Shorthorn, Angus, and Hereford 5. Q: What are three reasons for the large increase in beef cattle breeds in the United States during the second half of the twentieth century?

A: (1) increased feeding of grain to cattle required cattle that would produce a higher ratio of lean to fat at desired slaughter weight; (2) economic pressure to produce more weight in a shorter period of time required cattle which produced more milk and muscle growth; (3) opportunity for some promoter to capitalize on merchandising of certain breeds as being the ultimate in all production traits 6. Q: What are the four most important breeds of beef cattle in the United States today according to breed registration numbers?

A: Angus, Hereford, Limousin, and Beefmaster 7. Q: When does the most genetic improvement in beef cattle occur?

A: when animals selected to be parents are superior to the herd average and when the traits being selected for are highly (>40%) heritable 8. Q: What are the eight economically important traits of beef cattle?

A: reproductive performance, weaning weight, post-weaning growth, feed efficiency, carcass merit, longevity, conformation, and freedom from genetic defects 9. Q: Which trait of beef cattle has the greatest economic importance?

A: reproductive performance 10. Q: To what segment of the beef industry is reproductive performance especially important?

A: cow-calf producers

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11. Q: True or False: Reproductive performance is low in heritability so selection is relatively ineffective for making genetic progress in this trait.

A: True.

12. Q: What are the best ways to improve reproductive performance of beef cattle?

A: by improving the environment (nutrition and management), selecting bulls on the basis of breeding soundness examination, and crossbreeding to obtain heterosis 13. Q: What does weaning weight reflect?

A: milking and mothering ability of cows, and preweaning growth rate of the calf 14. Q: To what segment of the beef industry is weaning weight especially important?

A: cow-calf producers 15. Q: What does postweaning growth measure?

A: growth from weaning to slaughter 16. Q: To which segments of the beef industry is postweaning growth especially important?

A: stocker-yearling and feedlot operators 17. Q: Producers can make genetic improvement in feed efficiency by selecting for what related trait?

A: rate of gain 18. Q: How is carcass merit presently measured?

A: by quality and yield grades 19. Q: True or False. Producers can achieve genetic improvements by selecting for carcass merit because the heritability of the traits that affect carcass merit is high.

A: True.

20. Q: What does longevity measure?

A: length of productive life in the breeding herd 21. Q: To which segment of the beef industry is longevity especially important?

A: cow-calf producers 22. Q: what is conformation?

A: the form, shape, and visual appearance of an animal 23. Q: True or False. Bull selection must receive the greatest emphasis for optimum genetic improvement of the herd to be achieved.

A: True. Bull selection accounts for 80-90% of the genetic improvement of the herd.

24. Q: Breeding values of beef cattle are most frequently reported as what?

34

A: expected progeny differences (EPDs) or the difference in performance of the future progeny of the cattle in question compared with that expected from future progeny of the average cattle 25. Q: True or False: Most heterosis in crossbred beef cattle is expressed after the age of weaning.

A: False. Most heterosis is expressed by weaning time.

26. Q: What type of crossbreeding system will maximize heterosis in a herd of beef cattle?

A: a terminal crossbreeding system 27. Q: What types of traits respond most to crossbreeding?

A: traits with low heritability, such as reproductive traits

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Chapter 25 1. Q: What are three criteria to assess profitability in commercial cow-calf operations?

A: calf crop percentage weaned, average calf weight at weaning, and annual cow cost 2. Q: At what age should beef heifers be first bred and first calved?

A: bred at 15 months to calve at 2 years of age 3. Q: True or False: Heifers should be bred at the same time as cows.

A: False. Heifers typically have a longer postpartum interval to estrus than cows.

Therefore, heifers should be bred earlier than cows to allow them additional time and feed for rapid return to estrus postpartum.

4. Q: True or False: Feeding programs should be designed to have cows and heifers in a moderate body condition.

A: True. Thin cows and heifers usually have a longer postpartum interval, whereas fat ones reflect a higher feed cost than is necessary for efficient production.

5. Q: What is the typical cow-to-bull ratio for pasture breeding?

A: 30 to 1 6. Q: How can crossbreeding improve calf crop weaned?

A: crossbred heifers cycle earlier and have higher conception rates, and crossbred calves are more rigorous and have a higher survival rate 7. Q: True or False: Calves born early in the calving season are heavier at weaning primarily because they are older.

A: True.

8. Q: How does the amount of forage available influence weaning weights of calves?

A: the amount of forage available to the cow influences the amount of milk she produces for the calf, and after about three months of age calves consume forage directly in addition to the milk from nursing.

9. Q: True or False: Growth stimulants given to nursing calves will increase weaning weights by 5-15%.

A: True.

10. Q: True or False: Creep feeding can increase weaning weights and is always economical.

A: False. Creep feeding can increase weaning weights especially when feed availability to calves is limited, however, it is not always economical.

11. Q: How can genetic selection be used to increase weaning weights.

A: genetic selection for milk production and calf growth, based on EPDs for weaning weight and milk, is the most effective way to genetically change weights

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12. Q: What constitutes the largest part of annual cow costs?

A: feed costs 13. Q: What are the primary factors affecting profitability in stocker-yearling operations?

A: marketing of cattle, gaining ability of cattle, the amount and quality of available forage, and the health of the cattle 14. Q: What is the primary objective of stocker-yearling operations?

A: to make the most pounds of cattle gain within economic reason 15: Q: What are the primary factors affecting profitability of feedlot operations?

A: investment in facilities, cost of feeder cattle, feed cost per pound of gain, nonfeed costs per pound of gain, and marketing of cattle 16. Q: What are nonfeed costs per pound of gain referred to as?

A: yardage 17. Q: How are most slaughter steers and heifers sold?

A: on a live-weight basis with the buyer estimating carcass weight, quality grade, and yield grade

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Chapter 26 1. Q: What are the six major breeds of dairy cattle in the United States?

A: Holstein, Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Jersey, and Red and White (Red Holstein) 2. Q: Which breed produces the greatest amount of milk per day?

A: Holstein 3. Q: Which breed of dairy cattle is most popular?

A: Holstein 4. Q: True or False: Efficiency of milk production per 100 pounds of body weight is about the same for the major breeds of dairy cattle.

A: True.

5. Q: True or False: Most dairy cattle are registered.

A: False. Most dairy cattle are grade cattle, which means they are purebred, but not registered with a breed association.

6. Q: What are the major reasons that many dairy cattle are culled?

A: low milk production, reproductive failure, udder breakdown, feet and leg weaknesses, and mastitis 7. Q: What is Dairy Herd Improvement Association?

A: a national industry-wide dairy production testing and record keeping program 8. Q: What is the most reliable sign that a cow is in estrus?

A: she will allow other cows to mount her (standing estrus) 9. Q: True or False: More expensive semen from genetically superior bulls is more desirable than less expensive semen from average bulls.

A: True.

10. Q: What traits are most important to select to improve milk production in dairy cattle?

A: level of milk production, milk composition, efficiency of production, and longevity of production 11: Q: Why are most dairy cattle in the United States purebred rather than crossbred?

A: because crossbred cattle do not approach the high level of milk production of purebred Holsteins 12: Q: How are bulls evaluated for their ability to transmit the characteristic of high milk production?

A: by considering pedigree and by progeny testing

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Chapter 27 1. Q: What is the standard length of lactation period in dairy cattle in the United States?

A: 305 days 2: Q: True or False: It is often difficult to meet the nutrient requirements of high producing dairy cattle during the first 2-4 months postpartum because nutrient demand is high but feed intake is limited.

A: True.

3. Q: A ration in which silages and roughages are mixed together and fed to dairy cattle is called a _______________?

A: total mixed ration 4. Q: Why are concentrates fed to lactating dairy cattle?

A: because a diet of roughages alone is not adequate to meet their dietary requirements for lactation 5. Q: What nutrient requirement do young (2 year-old) cattle have in addition to those for maintenance and lactation?

A: growth 6. Q: Why are dry periods of 50-60 days necessary?

A: to allow adequate improvement in body condition and regeneration of mammary tissue 7. Q: When should heifer be first bred?

A: at 15 months of age to calve at 2 years of age 8. Q: What are two advantages of purchasing bull semen for use in artificial insemination?

A: increased genetic progress by using genetically superior bulls and reduced risk of maintaining a dangerous bull on the farm 9. Q: Where is milking of dairy cattle most commonly performed?

A: in a specialized facility called in a milking parlor 10. Q: Why is it important to remove the milking machine as soon as milking is complete?

A: because prolonged milking can cause teat and udder damage and lead to mastitis 11. Q: Describe the various ways dairy cows are housed?

A: free stall or loose housing systems, stanchions or tie stalls, and drylots 12. Q: What is the most troublesome disease of dairy cattle?

A: mastitis

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13. Q: What does the best approach to controlling mastitis include?

A: use of routine mastitis tests, treating infected animals, preventing spread of infection, dipping teats after milking, using dry-cow therapy, and practicing good sanitation

40

Chapter 28 1. Q: What are the three most popular breeds of swine in the United States today?

A: Yorkshire, Duroc, and Hampshire 2. Q: What are measures of sow productivity?

A: litter size, pigs weaned per litter, 21-day liter weight, and number of litters per sow per year 3. Q: What two measures combined are the best indication of sow productivity?

A: pigs born alive and 21-day litter weight 4. Q: How can sow productivity best be improved?

A: by crossbreeding and by improving the environment 5. Q: True or False: Pigs sold per litter has minimal effects on profit?

A: False 6. Q: Why is feed efficiency such an economically important trait for most commercial swine producers?

A: because feed costs account for 60-70% of total production cost for commercial producers 7. Q: What are three quality measures of carcass traits?

A: fat depth over the loin at the tenth rib, loin muscle area, and carcass muscling score 8. Q: What is meant by PSE? A: pale, soft and exudative pork 9. Q: Why are structural soundness traits of importance to commercial swine producers?

A: because structural soundness is important for hogs to withstand the rigors of confinement rearing and breeding, and most unsoundness results from intensive swine production 10. Q: What is a major disadvantage of replacing large numbers of sows with gilts?

A: because gilts are less productive than sows, and production levels will be reduced by replacing large numbers of sows with gilts.

11. Q: What is a major advantage of replacing large numbers of sows with gilts?

A: it allows a major opportunity for genetic change within the breeding herd 12. Q: What are the four features that should be included in a sound program of genetic improvement?

A: accurate and complete performance records, assessment of genetic merit of economically important traits, indexes that weigh traits relative to their economic importance, and selection of the highest ranking boars and gilts based on selection indexes

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13. Q: What is the primary purpose of seedstock producers?

A: to provide breeding stock for commercial producers 14. Q: What are breeding programs of seedstock producers designed to do?

A: genetically improve the economically important traits 15. Q: Why are more than 90% of all hogs in commercial production crossbred?

A: because heterosis, resulting form crossbreeding, will increase total litter market weight by about 40% 16. Q: What are the two basic types of crossbreeding systems for swine?

A: rotational cross system and terminal cross system 17. Q: A ____________ crossbreeding system combines aspects of the three-breed rotational cross and terminal-cross system.

A: rotaterminal 18. Q: Which three breeds of swine are strongest in reproductive traits?

A: Chester White, Landrace, and Yorkshire 19. Q: Which breed of swine is strongest in growth performance traits?

A: Duroc 20. Q: Which breed is superior in carcass traits?

A: Hampshire

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Chapter 29 1. Q: What are the five primary types of swine production?

A: farrow-to-feeder pig production, feeder pig finishing, farrow-to-finish, farrow-to-weaner, and purebred or seedstock operations 2. Q: Which is the major type of swine operation?

A: farrow-to-finish 3. Q: Why should boars be purchased at least 60 days before the breeding season?

A: so they can adapt to their new environment 4. Q: Why is it best to feed pregnant sows and gilts in individual feeding stalls?

A: it prevents the boss sows from taking feed from slower eating or timid sows 5. Q: Approximately what percentage of market hogs were conceived via artificial insemination?

A: 70% 6. Q: Why are gilts and sows farrowed in farrowing stalls?

A: to protect baby pigs from the female laying on them 7. Q: Why is it important for newborn pigs to receive colostrum?

A: to provide immediate protection against common bacterial and viral infections 8. Q: At what temperature should newborn pigs be maintained during the first two weeks?

A: 85 to 95 F 9. Q: Why is it important to maintain baby pigs at 85 to 95 F during the first two weeks after birth?

A: because they have not yet developed the ability to regulate body temperature and chilling will lead to serious health problems including death 10. Q: What is the basis of good production records?

A: pig identification 11. Q: What is the most common form of permanent identification used on pigs?

A: ear notching 12. Q: Why is clipping of needle teeth performed on baby pigs?

A: to prevent injury to the sow’s udder and to prevent facial lacerations when baby pigs fight 13. Q: Why is docking of tails performed on baby pigs?

A: to prevent tail biting during confinement raising

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14. Q: True or False: Cereal grains such as corn, milo, barley, and wheat form the basis of pig rations because they are important protein sources A: False. Cereal grains are important energy sources.

15. Q: True or False: Swine rations can be supplemented with lysine because it is usually the first limiting amino acid in most swine diets A: True 16. Q: What are the three lasses of feed additives for swine rations?

A: antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, and anthelmintics 17. Q: What is the reason that heavy pigs exceeding market weight are often discounted by the packer?

A: because of increased fat deposition as animals age, which results in fatter and less lean carcasses 18. Q: What marketing alternative is used to market nearly 60% of market hogs?

A: contract basis

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Chapter 30 1. Q: What are the three categories of sheep breeds?

A: ewe breeds, ram breeds, and dual-purpose breeds 2. Q: What are the production characteristics of ewe breeds?

A: Fine to medium wool or long wool, reproductive efficiency, wool production, milking ability, and longevity 3

Q: What characteristics are ram breeds noted for?

A: growth rate and carcass characteristics

4. Q: What are the six major dairy goat breeds? What are the characteristics of Angora and Boer goats?

A: Toggenburg, Saanen, Alpine, Nubian, LaMancha, and Oberhasli; Angoras produce mohair, have horns that curve sideways and well adapted to semi-arid or arid regions while Boer goats are superior in meat production, growth rate, and lean yield.

5. Q: What is the average length of the estrous cycle in ewes and goats?

A: approximately 16 to 17 days; 16 days 6. Q: What is the average length of gestation in sheep and goats?

A: approximately 147 days or 5 months; 150 days 7. Q: At what age does puberty occur in sheep and goats?

A: 5 to 12 months; 4 to 12 months 8. Q: What factors influence the age of puberty in sheep?

A: breed, nutrition, and date of birth 9. Q: How is ram fertility evaluated before the breeding season?

A: by examining semen collected through use of an artificial vagina 10. Q: What four characteristics of ram semen are examined during fertility evaluation?

A: abnormal sperm, percentage of live sperm, motility of sperm, and concentration of sperm 11. Q: What factors affect reproduction in sheep?

A: crossbreeding, age, light, temperature, and health 12. Q: What is tagging: A: shearing of wool around the dock and vulva of ewes just before the breeding season to improve conception rate

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13. Q: What is the primary goal of purebred sheep breeders?

A: to make genetic improvements in economically important traits 14. Q: What is the key to success in a crossbreeding program?

A: improvement in production traits made by purebred breedings 15. Q: What is the relationship between growth and wool traits?

A: they are negatively correlated 16. Q: Describe the typical Australian crossbreeding system.

A: Merinos F1 ewes are mated to a ram breed to produce prime lambs 17. Q: Which three ewe breeds of sheep are notable for breeding throughout the year and fit well into a program of three lamb crops in two years?

A: Dorset, Rambouillet, and Polypay 18. Q: What characteristics of ewe breeds make them highly suitable for range production?

A: flocking ability

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Chapter 31 1. Q: True or False: Although sheep normally do not suffer from cold weather because they have a heavy wool covering, newborn lambs should be sheltered in an enclosed and heated room when weather is cold A: True 2. Q: In what regions of the U.S. are most range flocks located?

A: the west and southwest 3. Q: Under what conditions will farm flocks produce a larger proportion of feedlot lambs?

A: when plentiful high quality pasture is not available 4. Q: At what age and weight are commercial slaughter lambs typically finished?

A: 90 to 120 days of age and 120 pounds of weight 5. Q: What disease of growing lambs is of particular concern to commercial feedlot operators?

A: overeating disease 6. Q: True or False: Mature, pregnant ewes usually need high quality roughage and concentrate feeds during the first half of gestation A: False. Ewes usually only require lower quality roughage during the first half of gestation.

7. Q: What factors influence water intake of sheep?

A: amount of food eaten, protein intake, environmental temperature, mineral intake, water temperature, pregnancy, water content of feed eaten, and odor and taste of water 8. Q: _______________ is the most commonly limiting factor in the diet of ewes.

A: Energy 9. Q: When do the most critical periods of nutritional needs occur for ewes?

A: at breeding and around the time of parturition 10. Q: In what three general areas are range sheep grazed?

A: winter headquarters, spring-fall range, and summer grazing area 11. Q: When does the breeding season of most sheep occur?

A: during fall 12. Q: True or False: Because forage on winter range is of poor quality, supplemental feeding of sheep is usually needed to meet nutritional requirements.

A: True 13. Q: What is the number of ewes that can be bred per ram during a 60-day breeding period?

A: approximately 15 ewes for ram lambs, up to 35 ewes for mature rams

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14. Q: Should sheep and goats be managed in the same pasture during breeding season? Why or why not?

A: To avoid interbreeding although the resulting pregnancies are aborted 15. Q: What is the preferred fencing type for a goat enterprise?

A: woven wire, two offset electrified strands, 8 strand barbed wire, or 5 strand high tensile fence 16. Q: Why are polled goats generally preferred over horned animals?

A: to avoid problems with horned goats getting caught in fences 17. Q: What is the appropriate age for male goats to be castrated?

A: 4 to 6 weeks of age 18. Q: What is the usual duration of lactation in the goat?

A: 7 to 10 months 19. Q: Describe the protein and feed intake requirements for goats of various production stages.

A: preweaned goats require 18% CP while all other classes require between 14 and 16% CP; see table 31.6 for intake requirements

48

Chapter 32 1. Q: What is the most popular breed of horse in the Untied States today?

A: Quarter Horse 2. Q: What is the length of the estrous cycle of mares?

A: 21 days 3. Q: What is the duration of gestation in horses?

A: 340 days or approximately 11 months 4. Q: True or False: Stallions for a breeding program should always be selected based on their ability to correct and improve on a weakness in a herd, without consideration to new weaknesses that they may possess and introduce into the herd.

A: False 5. Q: What is unsoundness?

A: any defect that interferes with the usefulness of the horse 6. Q: What is a blemish?

A: a defect which detracts from the appearance of the horse, but does not interfere with its usefulness 7. Q: What are the seven major gaits of the horse?

A: walk, trot, pace, gallop, canter, rack, and running walk 8. Q: How are a trot and pace similar? How do they differ?

A: they are both two-beat gaits, a trot is a diagonal two-beat gait, whereas a pace is a lateral two-beat gait 9. Q: True or False: The age of horses can readily be estimated by examining their teeth.

A: True. The teeth of horses develop a very specific wear pattern with age.

10. Q: When is a horse said to have a full mouth?

A: at 5 years of age because all the teeth are permanent

49

Chapter 33 1. Q: Where is fiber digested in the gastrointestinal tract of a horse?

A: in the cecum 2. Q: True or False: Most horses are overfed.

A: True 3. Q: Horse being used for riding or working need more ______________ in their diets than those not working.

A: energy 4. Q: At what critical times is proper management of horses essential?

A: during the breeding season, foaling, weaning of foals, castration, and during strenuous work 5. Q: How is the stage of the estrous cycle determined in mares?

A: by teasing mares daily with a stallion 6. Q: When do mares normally give birth to foals?

A: during early spring 7. Q: True or False: Mares should not be worked or exercised during gestation to prevent injuring the fetus.

A: False. It is highly desirable to exercise mares regularly right up to the time of foaling to maintain muscle tone and reduce difficulty during foaling.

8. Q: Why is castration of males performed on horses which are not to be used in a breeding program?

A: because geldings can be handled more safely than stallions 9. Q: Describe how horses are typically identified?

A: Half by registration paper, 25% by Coggins test documents, 10% by brand and 4% by tatoo 10. Q: Describe the percent of equine operations and the percent of inventory controlled by each of the three primary categories (small, medium, and large).

A: About 2/3 of enterprises are small, approximately one-quarter are classified as medium and about 10 percent as large. Each of the three sized enterprises controls about one-third of the total equine inventory.

50

11. Q: Compare and contrast the use of horses on small, medium, and large-sized operations.

A: Small sized enterprises tend to use horses either as pleasure or ranch mounts, medium sized enterprises divide primary use into breeding (22%), pleasure (22%) and farm/ranch use (44%), and large enterprises tend to be breeding or ranch horse focused.

12. Q: Hardworking horses that are sweating and have elevated temperature, pulse, and respiration rates should be ____________ before receiving water and feed.

A: washed or cooled down 13. Q: What disorder may result from overfeeding grain or lush green pasture to horses?

A: founder 14. Q: ____________ is of vital importance in controlling diseases and parasites of horses.

A: Sanitation 15. Q: True or False: Because horse manure is an excellent medium for the microorganism that causes tetanus, and the tetanus-causing microorganism is the same for horses and humans, horses and those who work with horses should be immunized against tetanus.

A: True

16. Q: How can internal and external parasites of horses be controlled?

A: by rotating horses from one pasture to another, by spreading manure from stables on pastures that horses do not graze, and by treating infested animals 17. Q: What are the four common internal parasites of horses which should be controlled?

A: pinworms, bots, stronglyes, and ascaris worms 18. Q: Describe the common vaccinations given to horses.

A: 50% or more of enterprises vaccinate for flu, West Nile, Equine encephalitis, and tetanus

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Chapter 34 1. Q: How are breeds of chickens classified?

A: by class, breed, and variety 2. Q: What are the four major classes of chickens?

A: American, Asiatic, English, and Mediterranean 3. Q: What characteristics are most important to commercial egg producers?

A: egg numbers, eggshell quality, egg size, efficiency of production, fertility, and hatchability 4. Q: What Mediterranean breed of chicken is of major importance to the U.S. poultry industry?

A: Leghorn 5. Q: What three American breeds of chickens are important to the U.S. poultry industry?

A: White Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red, and New Hampshire 6. Q: What English breed of chicken is important to the U.S. broiler industry?

A: Cornish 7. Q: What is the incubation period for chicken eggs?

A: 21 days 8. Q: What is the incubation period for turkey eggs?

A: 28 days 9. Q: What factors must be regulated during incubation of poultry eggs for hatching?

A: temperature, humidity, position of eggs, turning of eggs, oxygen content, carbon dioxide content, and sanitation 10. Q: What are the two critical periods for temperature regulation of hatching eggs?

A: the first four days of incubation, and the last few days before hatching 11. Q: What problems may result from incubation temperatures that are too high or too low?

A: embryonic mortality and deformed chicks 12. Q: Why is maintaining humidity near 60% important in hatching incubators?

A: to reduce evaporation during incubation and optimize hatchability 13. Q: How should eggs be positioned in an incubator for good hatchability?

A: with the large end up or on their sides, but never with the small end up

52

14. Q: Why will hatchability be greatly reduced if eggs are not turned often enough during incubation?

A: because the embryo becomes stuck to the shell membrane 15. Q: True or False: The oxygen content of incubators should be maintained at 21% A: True 16. Q: True or False: It is vital to maintain the carbon dioxide content of incubators at or below 0.5% to maintain good hatchability of eggs.

A: True 17. Q: What is the primary purpose of placing litter on the floor of brooder houses?

A: to absorb moisture 18. Q: What is debeaking or beak trimming and why it is it performed?

A: removal of about one-half of the upper portion of the beak and a small portion of the lower beak, reduces feather picking and prevents cannibalism 19. Q: Replacement laying hens should be managed to reach puberty and begin laying eggs at ______________ of age.

A: twenty weeks 20. Q: What factors are carefully considered when planning and managing poultry horses?

A: temperature, moisture, ventilation and insulation 21.Q: What are the two integral parts of a ventilation system for poultry?

A: the exhaust fan and air intake arrangement 22. Q: What mineral is especially important in the diets of laying hens?

A: calcium, it is necessary for deposition of the shell during egg formation in the oviduct 23. Q: What accounts for 60-70% of total costs of poultry production?

A: feed costs

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Chapter 35 1. Q: What are the major species raised in U.S aquaculture?

A: Catfish, trout, salmon, tilapia, hybrid striped bass, crawfish, mollusks, shrimp 2. Q: Why is catfish and crawfish production concentrated in the south?

A: abundance of water resources, favorable climate, availability of technical expertise and infrastructure 3. Q: Describe the ideal environment for catfish spawning.

A: dark, protected surroundings 4. Q: Compare and contrast the three systems of commercial spawning.

A: 1) fry transfer – hatched, transferred from spawning containers to nursing ponds, 2) eggs transferred – eggs incubated until hatching, 3) pen spawning – broad pairs and kept together, females are removed following spawning with eggs either incubated or pond hatched 5. Q: What are the ideal conditions for catfish eggs to hatch?

A: water temperature of 75-82 F, oxygen diffused at greater than or equal to 6ppm, water pH at 6.5-8.5, water flow at 2 gallons per minute, and excellent water quality 6. Q: What are the ideal conditions for catfish to grow?

A: water temperature at 85 F, oxygen concentration at greater than or equal to 4 ppm, and appropriate stocking rates 7. Q: What are the leading states for trout production?

A: Idaho, North Carolina, and California 8. Q: What types of incubator systems are used in trout production?

A: vertical trays, up-well incubators and California trays 9. Q: What are optimal conditions for trout growth?

A: water temperature of 55-65 F, low ammonia concentration, and water flow rates of 2-3 gallons per minute.

10. Q: What is the relationship among feeding rates, trout size, and water temperature?

A: Smaller fish require more feed per unit of body mass and trout maintained in warmer water temperatures require more feed 11. Q: Define the term “mouth-brooder”?

A: following fertilization, eggs are kept in the female’s mouth until hatching 12. Q: Compare and contrast mixed-sex versus mono-sex cultivating of Tilapia.

A: Mixed sex culture involves keeping males and females together and then harvesting them

54

at about the time fish reach sexual maturity. Mono-sex cultivation involves separation by gender at the fingerling stage to allow males to achieve maximum growth rate 13. Q: Describe the pond type used in single-crop crawfish production systems.

A: cultivated large pond, naturally vegetated ponds or wooded ponds 14. Q: Compare the management schedules or rotational crop crawfish production.

A: The three types are – rice-crawfish-rice, rice-crawfish-soybeans or rice-crawfish-fallow 15. Q: Describe the factors that lead to fish stress and the symptoms of stress.

A: low levels of diffused oxygen, dramatic water temperature changes, poor nutritional management, poor water quality, over-stocking, handling, and pollutants 16. Q: Discuss the symptoms, complicating factors, and treatment of selected parasitic, bacterial, and viral diseases of fish.

A: see table 38.20- 38.22 for details

55

Visuals for Instructors Chapter 1 Visuals America the Bountiful.

(videotapes, six tapes; 138 min. total)

Visual Education

Productions, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Rural America. 1995. (videotape, 30 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

The Omnivore: Satisfying Humanity’s Hunger. 1997. (videotape, 48 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

Chapter 3 Visuals Excel Beef Plant: Fabrication. (video; 36 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Excel Beef Plant: Slaughter. 1997. (video: 45 min.). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Excel Pork Plant: Fabrication. (video; 39 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Livestock Slaughter, Carcass Fabrication; Packer to Consumer; Beef Carcass Grading; and Retail Cut Identification (videotapes). CEV, P. O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Packer to Consumer (video; 20 min.). AAVIM, 220 Smithonia Road, Winterville, GA 30683.

What is Marketing. 2001. (videotape; 35 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

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Chapter 4 Visuals Egg quality film (loan). Information Division, AMS, USDA, Washington, DC 20250.

Egg quality slides. Photography Division, GPA, USDA, Washington, DC 20250.

The Incredible Edible Egg on Video. Northwest Egg Producers Cooperative Association, P.O. Box 1038, Olympia, WA 98507.

Turkey product slides. National Turkey Federation, 11319 Sunset Hills Rd., Reston, VA 22090.

What is Marketing. 2001. (videotape; 35 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

Chapter 5 Visuals Field Trip: Dairy Plant. (videotape; 28 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

The Dairy Industry (VHS Video). VEP, Calif. Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407.

The Dairy Plant (VHA video; 28 min), Creative Educational Video, Inc., 5147-A 69th St., Lubbock, TX 79424.

Chapter 6 Visuals From Fleece to Fashion. Pendleton Woolen Mills, P.O. Box 1691, Portland, OR 97207.

Mohair presentation (video, 1989, 6 min.). Mohair Council of America, P.O. Box 5337, San Angelo, TX 76902.

Shearing and Wool Handling.

1994.

(videotape; 16 min.)

Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

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Insight Media, 2162

The Sheep:

Computer-Generated Textile Production.

1997.

(videotape; 24 min.)

Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

Chapter 7 Visuals Leather Production (VHS Video). VEP, California State Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407.

Chapter 8 Visuals Beef Quality Grading. 1990 (video; 24 min.) and Beef Yield Grading. 1990. (Video; 21 min.). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Egg Grading (videotape). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Feeder Cattle Evaluation 1991 (video; 28 min.) and Feeder Pig Evaluation 1991 (video; 20 min.). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Market Animal Grading—Feeder Cattle, Slaughter Cattle, Slaughter Lambs, and Slaughter Hogs (four videotapes). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

U.S. Standards for Quality of Individual Shell Eggs (photos illustrating interior and exterior grade factors; chart, 15×22 in.).

1984.

Superintendent of Documents, U.S.

Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

Chapter 9 Visuals Slaughter Cattle Evaluation, Slaughter Hog Evaluation, and Slaughter Lamb Evaluation (three videotapes). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

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Swine Evaluation (VHS video). VEP, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407.

Chapter 10 Visuals Beef Cattle Reproduction (three videotapes). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 794645265.

Bovine Parturition by Cesarean Section. (videotape; 21 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Equine Reproduction. 1995. (three videotapes). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Equine Reproduction. 1995. (videotape; 27 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

Foaling. 1997 (video; 28 min) and Equine Reproduction. 1995 (video; 27 min). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Fundamental Livestock Parturition. 1997

(video; 30 min.).

CEV, P.O. Box 65265,

Lubbock, TX 79464.

Fundamental Livestock Parturition. 1997. (videotape; 30 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

Heat Detection in Dairy Cows: Artificial Insemination; and The Calving Process (videotapes). Agricultural Products and Services, 2001 Killebrew Dr., Suite 333, Bloomington, MN 55420.

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Poultry Reproduction: Male. 1996 (video, 18 min.) and Poultry Reproduction: Female.

1996 (video; 41 min.). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Swine Reproduction I. (videotape; 30 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Swine Reproduction II. (videotape; 31 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 794645265.

Chapter 11 Visuals Artificial Insemination of Beef and Dairy Cattle. (videotape; 10 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Artificial Insemination: Striving for Perfection. 1993 (video; 17 min.; swine focus). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Artificial Insemination: Swine. (videotape; 17 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Embryo Transfer. 1995 (video; 40 min.). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Embryo Transfer. 1995. (videotape; 40 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

Fundamental Livestock Parturition (video; 18 min.).

Winterville, GA 30683.

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AAVIM, 220 Smithonia Road,

Chapter 12 Visuals Fundamental Animal Microgenetics. (videotape; 44 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Gene Technology in Agriculture.

1999.

(videotape; 22 min.)

Insight Media, 2162

Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

DNA and Genes, VHS Video; Biotechnology: Science for the Future, VHS video. VEP, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407.

Chapter 15 Visuals Basic Livestock Nutrition. (videotape; 32 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Introduction to Feeds and Feeding (VHS video), VEP, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obipso, CA 93407.

Introduction to Livestock Nutrition. (videotape; 13 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Chapter 16 Visuals Basic Livestock Nutrition. 2000. (videotape; 32 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

Digestive Systems of Livestock: A Basic Look. 2000. (videotape; 20 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

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Digestive Systems of Livestock: A Basic Look. (videotape; 35 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Introduction to Livestock Nutrition (VHS video).

VEP, California Polytechnic State

University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407.

Ruminant Digestive Systems: A Closer Look. 1994. (videotape; 41 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

Ruminant Digestive Systems: A Closer Look. (videotape; 41 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

The Digestive System. 1993. (videotape; 24 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

The Digestive system: Down the Hatch! 2001. (videotape; 20 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

The Food Machine. 1994. (videotape; 25 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

Chapter 17 Visuals Decision Making: Energy Utilization for Feedlot Cattle (videotape). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79424.

Feeds for Horses. 1996. CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Introduction to Livestock Feeding (video). CEV Inc., 5147-A 69th Street, Lubbock, TX 79424.

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Chapter 19 Visuals External Features of the Udder; Internal Features of the Udder; Removal of Milk and Proper Milking Practices; Abnormalities in Mammary Glands; and Milk Composition and Factors Affecting Milk Yield (videotapes). Agricultural Products and Services, 2001 Killebrew Dr., Suite 333, Bloomington, MN 55420.

Managing Milk Quality (videotape and slide set).

1999.

Institut de technologic

agroalimentaire de la Pocatiere. Quebec, Canada. www.managingmilkquality.com.

Chapter 21 Visual Distinguishing Normal and Abnormal Cattle (videotape).

Agricultural Products and

Services, 2001 Killebrew Dr., Suite 333, Bloomington, MN 55420.

Chapter 22 Visuals Animal Behavior. 1978. (videotape; 46 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

Animal Handling in Meat Plants. (video) Grandin Livestock Handling System, Inc. www.grandin.com.

Cattle Handling Principles to Reduce Stress. (video) Grandin Livestock Handling System, Inc. www.grandin.com.

Equine Management: Psychology & Handling. (videotape; 28 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Videos on handling beef cattle, dairy cattle, and swine. Livestock Conservation Institute, 1910 Lyda Drive, Bowling Green, KY 42104.

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Chapter 23 Visuals Animal Agriculture: Myths and Facts (videotape; 18 min.). Animal Industry Foundation, P.O. Box 9522, Arlington, VA 22209-0522.

Buffalo Lessons (videotape; 22 min.). 1991. AgriBase Inc., 7509 Tiffany Springs Parkway, Kansas City, MO 64190.

Cloning: How and Why. 1998. (videotape; 18 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621..

Genetically Engineered Food: Are We At Risk. 2001. (videotape; 30 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

Houses in the Fields. 1995. (videotape; 27 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

Introducing: Safe Food Handling. 1999. (videotape; 20 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

The Brain Eater. 1998. (videotape; 58 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

The Ethical Implications of Agricultural Genetics. 2000. (videotape; 24 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

The Global Banquet: Politics of Food. (two videotapes; 25 min. each) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

The High Cost of Pseudo-Environmentalism. 1993. (videotape; 35 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

World Agriculture and Population: Seeking a Balance for Survival. 1998. (videotape; 30 min.) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

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Chapter 24 Visuals Covey, S. R. 1991. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People (audio cassette seminar).

Covey Leadership Center, 3507 N. University Ave., Suite 100, Provo, UT 846044479.

Farm and Ranch Management and Agricultural Credit (sound filmstrips). Vocational Education Productions, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407.

Finding the Profit in Agriculture (videotape). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 794645265.

Chapter 25 Visuals Basic Genetics in Beef Cattle Selection and Selecting the Beef Heifer (slide sets with audiotapes). Beef Improvement Federation, K. W. Ellis, Cooperative Extension Service, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.

Beef Breed Identification (slides). VEP, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407.

Cattle Breed Identification: British; Composites I and II; Continental; Zebu (Videos).

CEV, Inc., 5147-A 69th St., Lubbock, TX 79424.

Cows That Fit Montana (1985; videotape; 12 min).

Department of Animal Science,

Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715.

Like Begets Like (1989, videotape; 8.5 min). American Angus Association, 3201 Frederick Blvd., St. Joseph, MO 64501.

65

Using EPDs in Sire Selection (1988, videotape, 11 min). American Simmental Association, One Simmental Way, Bozeman, MT 59715.

Chapter 26 Visuals Conception to Feeder (videotape); Energy Utilization in Feedlot Cattle (videotape); Cattle Handling and Transport and Beef Cattle Reproduction (videotapes); The Feedyard (videotape); and Cattle Production (videotape). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

“Cattle Handling Principles to Reduce Stress” (1998; 54 min.).

Grandin Livestock

Handling System, Inc., Fort Collins, CO. “The Calf Path” (1996; 10 min.). Texas Cattle Feeders Assn., Amarillo, TX. “The New Beef Quality Era” (2000; 10 min.). Microbeef Technologies, Inc., Amarillo, TX.

Chapter 27 Visuals Animals

Acquisition/Reproduction:

Introduction

to

Animal

Acquisition—Breed

Identification/ Advantages and Disadvantages; Heat Detection in Dairy Cows; Artificial Insemination; and The Calving Process (videotapes).

Agricultural

Products and Services, 2001 Killebrew Dr., Suite 333, Bloomington, MN 55420.

Cattle Breed Identification: Dairy (Video). CEV, Inc., 5147-A 69th St., Lubbock, TX 79424.

Linear Evaluation of Dairy Cattle (Video). CEV, Inc., 5147-A 69th St., Lubbock, TX 79424.

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Chapter 28 Visuals Dairy Management Practices (video). CEV, Inc., 5147-A 69th St., Lubbock, TX 79424.

Field Trip: Dairy Farm. (video; 28 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Field Trip: Zonneveld Dairy. (video; 33 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Nutrition--Common Feeds for Dairy Cattle; Nutrition Related Problems; and Storage and Handling of Feed. Herd Health/Husbandry—Distinguishing Normal and Abnormal Cattle; Normal Movements and Body Positions of Dairy Cattle; Animal Handling; and Young Stock Management. Waste Management/Buildings and Equipment— Waste Storage; and Buildings (videotapes). Agricultural Products and Services, 2001 Killebrew Dr., Suite 333, Bloomington, MN 55420.

Managing Milk Quality (video and slide set). ITA de La Pocatiere. www.managingmilkquality.com.

Nutrition Computer Programs—Advanced Dairy Nutrition, Basic Dairy Nutrition, and Winter Dairy Management. Order via: www.ansci.cornell.edu/dm/dm.html.

Manure Management Software—UW-Field Nutrient Application and Recommendation Manager. Univ. of Wisconsin. Order via: http://uwlab.soils.wisc.edu.

Chapter 29 Visuals The Swine Industry in the U.S.; Breeds of Swine; Types of Breeding Programs; Selection of Breeding Stock; Low Cost Swine Breeding Units; How to Handle Newly Purchased Breeding Stock; and Breeding Management (videotapes). Agricultural Products and Services, 2001 Killebrew Dr., Suite 333, Bloomington, MN 55420.

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Chapter 30 Visuals Field Trip: Swine Production. (video; 47 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Swine Management Practices (video); Swine Reproduction (video); and Swine Handling and Transport (video). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Swine: Life-cycle Feeding (video). VEP, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407.

Chapter 31 Visuals Farm Flock (video). National Sheep Improvement program, Dept. of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010.

Farm Flock Production Systems and Personal Requirements/Personal Rewards (video).

Agricultural Products and Services, 2001 Killebrew Dr., Suite 333, Bloomington, MN 55420.

Range Flock (video).

National Sheep Improvement Program, Department of Animal

Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010.

Chapter 32 Visuals Sheep Management Practices I. (video) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Sheep Management Practices II. (video) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Sheep Obstetrics; Assuring Baby Lamb Survival; Castration, Docking and Identification; Raising Orphan Lambs; Marketing Practices; Feeding the Farm Flock; Applying Health Care Practices; Feed and Water Delivery Systems; Sheep Handling; and

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Using Equipment and Sheep Psychology (video).

Agricultural Products and

Services, 2001 Killebrew Dr., Suite 333, Bloomington, MN 55420.

Fiber to Fabric (video). American Sheep Industry Association, 6911 South Yosemite Street, Centennial, CO 80112-1414.

If You Think You Know American Wool, Think Again. (video) American Sheep Industry Association, 6911 South Yosemite Street, Centennial, CO 80112-1414.

Chapter 33 Visuals Basic Horseshoeing Principles (video). Laporte, CO: Butler Publishing.

Foaling Your Mare (video); Foaling Fundamentals (video); Conformation (video); Broodmare Management (video); Stallion Management (video). Equine Research Inc., P.O. Box 535547, Grand Prairie, TX 75053.

Horse Breeds. 1998. (video) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

Horse Judging ( video). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Chapter 34 Visuals Basic Horse Care (video). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Equine Management and Production.

(Teacher handbook with transparencies,

assignment sheets, fact sheets, unit tests.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Field Trip: Thoroughbred Farm. (video) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Equine Management: Grooming & Saddling. (video) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

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Equine Management: Nutrition, Health & Exercise. (video) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Feeding Horses (VHS video) and Basic Horsemanship, vol. II (video). VEP, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407.

Fundamental Horse Hoof Care. 1992. (video) Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

Tips for Safe Horse Handling (video). Equine Research, Inc., P.O. Box 535547, Grand Prairie, TX 75053-9941.

Chapter 35 Visuals The Business of Laying Eggs (videotape; 15 min.). American Farm Bureau Federation, 225 Touhy Ave., Park Ridge, IL 60068.

Commercial Chicken Production (videotape; 57 min.). Dept. of Animal Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711.

Egg Grading. (videotape, 56 min.). Watt Publishing Co., 122 S. Wesley Ave., Mt. Morris, IL 61054.

Egg Grading. (videotape; 56 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Egg Production (videotape, 40 min.). Watt Publishing Co., 122 S. Wesley Ave., Mt. Morris, IL 61054.

Field Trip: Egg Production. (videotape; 46 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Hatchery Operations (80 slides and audiotape; 18 min.). Poultry Science Department, Ohio State University, 674 W. Lane Ave., Columbus, OH 43210.

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Poultry Reproduction: Female (videotape; 18 min.). Watt Publishing Co., 122 S. Wesley Ave., Mt. Morris, IL 61054.

Poultry Reproduction: Male (videotape; 18 min.). Watt Publishing Co., 122 S. Wesley Ave., Mt. Morris, IL 61054.

Chapter 36 Visuals Dairy Goat Kit: Dairy Goat Management and Fitting and Showing Dairy Goats (sound filmstrips).

Vocational Education Productions, California Polytechnic State

University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407.

Introduction to Dairy Goat Production, Facilities, Breeding/Prekidding Management, Kidding Management; Care of Kids: Birth to Weaning; Maintaining Herd Health/Milking Management; Marketing/Obtaining Financing; and Dual-Purposes Goat (videotapes). Agricultural Products and Services, 2001 Killebrew Dr., Suite 333, Bloomington, MN 55420.

Livestock Judging (slide set no. 7; major breeds of goats illustrated). Vocational Education Productions, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407.

Chapter 37 visuals Careers: Equine Industry. (videotape; 30 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Careers in the Equine Industry.

2000.

(videotape; 30 min.)

Broadway, New York, NY 10024-0621.

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Insight Media, 2162

Careers: Agricultural Scientists. (videotape; 32 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Careers: Agricultural Producers. (videotape; 31 min.) CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464.

Careers: Marketing Specialists; Social Service Professionals; Agricultural Producers; Agricultural Scientists; and Financial Specialists and Managers (five videotapes).

CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Careers: Marketing Yourself; the Right Fit; Resumes; Interviews; Getting the Interview; Getting in the Door; Making the Cut; Practice Interviewing; Getting the Offer (eight videotapes). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Job Hunting Skills; Working Toward a Career; Finding and Landing the Right Job; How to Interview for a Job; Interviewing; Resume Writing; The Job Application (six videotapes). CEV, P.O. Box 65265, Lubbock, TX 79464-5265.

Unbridled Opportunities--Careers in the Horse Industry. American Horse Council, 1700 K Street N.W., Suite 300, Washington, DC 20006.

Veterinary Medicine: The Challenge That Lasts a Lifetime (videotape; 13 min.). College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.

Chapter 38 Visuals Catfish Farming in the South. 1997. (video; 22 min.) SRAC Videos. Texas Ag. Ext. Serv., Distribution and Supply, P.O. Box 1209, Bryan, TX 77806.

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Crawfish Aquaculture in the South. (video; 21 min.) SRAC Videos. Texas Ag. Ext. Serv., Distribution and Supply, P.O. Box 1209, Bryan, TX 77806.

Trout Production in the Southeast. (video; 19 min.) SRAC Videos. Texas Ag. Ext. Serv., Distribution and Supply, P.O. Box 1209, Bryan, TX 77806.

Channel Catfish Spawning and Hatchery Management. (video; 16 min.) SRAC Videos.

Texas Ag. Ext. Serv., Distribution and Supply, P.O. Box 1209, Bryan, TX 77806.

A. E. Wood Fish Hatchery. (video; 34 min.) WATT Publishing Co., 122 S. Wesley Ave., Mt. Morris, IL 61054.

Aquaculture: Farming the Waters. (video; 30 min.) WATT Publishing Co., 122 S. Wesley Ave., Mt. Morris, IL 61054.

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