Government in America People, Politics, and Policy, 18th edition George C Edwards Test Bank

Test Bank to accompany

GOVERNMENT IN AMERICA People, Politics, and Policy 2020 Presidential Election Edition EIGHTEENTH EDITION

GEORGE C. EDWARDS III Texas A&M University MARTIN P. WATTENBERG University of California–Irvine WILLIAM G. HOWELL University of Chicago

1 Introducing Government in America  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

What is the central message of this textbook? a. Power corrupts. b. Politics and government matter. c. U.S. democracy is the best form of government. d. In a democracy, the will of the people will ultimately prevail.

Answer: b Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify the key functions of government and explain why they matter.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

2.

Compared with older Americans, younger Americans __________. a. are more knowledgeable about politics b. are more likely to believe that they have much at stake in elections c. are less likely to follow and participate in politics d. are less active in their communities Answer: c Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 1.3 Assess how citizens can have an impact on public policy and how policies can impact people.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

1 ..

3.

The institutions that make a society’s public policy decisions are collectively known as __________. a. political culture b. the courts c. government d. the presidency Answer: c Topic: Government Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify the key functions of government and explain why they matter.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

4.

Why does a government maintain armed forces? a. to protect its national sovereignty b. to promote justice in the world c. to provide a mechanism for ensuring the collection of taxes d. to provide employment opportunities for the young Answer: a Topic: Government Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify the key functions of government and explain why they matter.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

5.

Which of the following is a collective good? a. access to clean air and clean water b. medical care c. Social Security d. unemployment insurance Answer: a Topic: Government Learning Objective: 1.1 Identify the key functions of government and explain why they matter.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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6.

The ways in which people get involved in politics constitute their __________. a. political ideology b. political participation c. political party affiliation d. political opinions Answer: b Topic: Politics Learning Objective: 1.2 Define politics in the context of democratic government.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

7.

Which of the following best describes a linkage institution? a. a channel through which people’s concerns are communicated to policymakers b. a location where one can express a political opinion c. the formation of a special interest group d. an environment where one learns about the political process Answer: a Topic: People Shape Policy Learning Objective: 1.3 Assess how citizens can have an impact on public policy and how policies can impact people.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

8.

The government’s policy agenda consists of __________. a. the issues that candidates talk about on the campaign trail b. the issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people involved in politics c. the issues that are asked about on public opinion polls d. the issues that concern interest groups Answer: b Topic: People Shape Policy Learning Objective: 1.3 Assess how citizens can have an impact on public policy and how policies can impact people.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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9.

What are public policies? a. decisions that government makes b. the root causes of political culture c. the public’s political concerns, as determined by elections d. proposed legislation that is supported by the public Answer: a Topic: Policies Impact People Learning Objective: 1.3 Assess how citizens can have an impact on public policy and how policies can impact people.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

10.

A law passed by Congress and a regulation adopted by an agency are both examples of __________. a. collective action b. political knowledge c. public policies d. an informed citizenry Answer: c Topic: Policies Impact People Learning Objective: 1.3 Assess how citizens can have an impact on public policy and how policies can impact people.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know

11.

Why are the impacts of policies analyzed? a. to determine the extent of financial compensation that will be awarded to the policymakers b. to ensure that policies are consistent with the principles of social justice c. to see how well a policy has met its goal and at what cost d. to pinpoint which level of government will be responsible for implementing a policy Answer: c Topic: Policies Impact People Learning Objective: 1.3 Assess how citizens can have an impact on public policy and how policies can impact people.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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12.

What is democracy? a. a system that ensures freedom, justice, and peace to all citizens b. a system that perpetuates the status quo and upholds the values of the party in power c. a system of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that public policy reflects citizens’ preferences d. a system that grants a privileged status to the most active and informed voters Answer: c Topic: Democracy in America Learning Objective: 1.4 Identify the key principles of democracy and outline theories regarding how it works in practice and the challenges democracy faces today.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

13.

Which of the following principles most closely reflects equality in voting? a. inclusion b. freedom of speech and of the press c. one person, one vote d. universal citizenship Answer: c Topic: Traditional Democratic Theory Learning Objective: 1.4 Identify the key principles of democracy and outline theories regarding how it works in practice and the challenges democracy faces today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

14.

Free speech and a free press are essential to which principle of traditional democratic theory? a. inclusion of all demographic groups b. pluralism c. enlightened understanding, in which society is a free marketplace of ideas d. equality in voting Answer: c Topic: Traditional Democratic Theory Learning Objective: 1.4 Identify the key principles of democracy and outline theories regarding how it works in practice and the challenges democracy faces today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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15.

Which principle of traditional democratic theory is violated when the wealthy have disproportionate influence over government decisions? a. citizen control of the agenda b. effective participation c. enlightened understanding, in which society is a free marketplace of ideas d. equality in voting Answer: a Topic: Traditional Democratic Theory Learning Objective: 1.4 Identify the key principles of democracy and outline theories regarding how it works in practice and the challenges democracy faces today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

16.

According to the principle of __________, policies in a democracy should reflect the will of over half the voters. a. enlightened rule b. pluralism c. representation d. majority rule Answer: d Topic: Traditional Democratic Theory Learning Objective: 1.4 Identify the key principles of democracy and outline theories regarding how it works in practice and the challenges democracy faces today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

17.

Which theory of American democracy posits that competition among organized groups will lead to public policy that reflects public interest? a. pluralism b. elitism c. balance-of-power theory d. elite-and-class theory Answer: a Topic: Three Contemporary Theories of American Democracy Learning Objective: 1.4 Identify the key principles of democracy and outline theories regarding how it works in practice and the challenges democracy faces today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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18.

Which of the following is a central tenet of pluralism? a. Because most citizens fail to pay attention to serious issues, government has become an elite institution. b. Congress is stronger and more influential than the presidency is. c. Many groups vie for control over policy, with no one group dominating. d. Too many influential groups cripple government’s ability to govern.

Answer: c Topic: Three Contemporary Theories of American Democracy Learning Objective: 1.4 Identify the key principles of democracy and outline theories regarding how it works in practice and the challenges democracy faces today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

19.

Which theory of American democracy contends that American society is divided along class lines? a. pluralism b. policy gridlock c. balance of power d. elitism Answer: d Topic: Three Contemporary Theories of American Democracy Learning Objective: 1.4 Identify the key principles of democracy and outline theories regarding how it works in practice and the challenges democracy faces today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

20.

According to elitism, which of the following groups has a disproportionate influence over government decisions? a. big business b. state governments c. ordinary citizens d. political parties Answer: a Topic: Three Contemporary Theories of American Democracy Learning Objective: 1.4 Identify the key principles of democracy and outline theories regarding how it works in practice and the challenges democracy faces today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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21.

Which theory of American democracy holds that special interest groups have become so powerful that government is weakened and unable to operate effectively? a. pluralism b. hyperpluralism c. majority rule d. federalism Answer: b Topic: Three Contemporary Theories of American Democracy Learning Objective: 1.4 Identify the key principles of democracy and outline theories regarding how it works in practice and the challenges democracy faces today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

22.

What political condition exists when interests conflict and no coalition is strong enough to form a majority and establish policy, yet each may be strong enough to thwart the will of the others? a. overlapping jurisdictions b. pluralism c. policy gridlock d. single-issue groups Answer: c Topic: Challenges to Democracy Learning Objective: 1.4 Identify the key principles of democracy and outline theories regarding how it works in practice and the challenges democracy faces today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

23.

A set of values widely shared within a society is referred to as __________. a. government b. politics c. public policy d. political culture Answer: d Topic: American Political Culture and Democracy Learning Objective: 1.4 Identify the key principles of democracy and outline theories regarding how it works in practice and the challenges democracy faces today.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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24.

What helps to explain why the United States has a smaller and more limited government than do most other advanced industrialized countries? a. the U.S. preference for laissez-faire economic policies b. the populist nature of U.S. federalism c. the American emphasis on freedom of speech and religion d. the emphasis on egalitarianism in U.S. political culture Answer: a Topic: American Political Culture and Democracy Learning Objective: 1.4 Identify the key principles of democracy and outline theories regarding how it works in practice and the challenges democracy faces today.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

25.

Which of the following is most likely to be said by someone who believes in an active role for government? a. “There is more wisdom in millions of individuals making decisions in their own self-interest than in the government making decisions on their behalf.” b. “If government doesn’t address this problem, who will?” c. “As government expands, liberty contracts.” d. “The most terrifying words in the English language are, ‘I'm from the government and I'm here to help.’”

Answer: b Topic: The Scope of Government in America Learning Objective: 1.5 Outline the central arguments of the debate in America over the proper scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

26.

Which statement accurately describes the size of government in the United States? a. The national government spends about $10 billion annually. b. The national government employs more people than private industry. c. The U.S. military employs more than 50 million soldiers. d. Governments in the United States spend about one-third of the gross domestic product.

Answer: d Topic: How Active Is American Government?

Learning Objective: 1.5 Outline the central arguments of the debate in America over the proper scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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27.

Which statement describes the Trump Administration’s plan for government spending in fiscal year 2020? a. The administration planned to run up an annual deficit. b. The administration planned for an annual surplus. c. The administration planned to eliminate the national debt. d. The administration planned to cut the national debt in half.

Answer: a Topic: How Active Is American Government?

Learning Objective: 1.5 Outline the central arguments of the debate in America over the proper scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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2 The Constitution  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

Why is burning the flag generally permissible? a. It is considered a form of free speech. b. It reflects the preference of a majority of Americans. c. It is a form of due process that is explicitly protected by the Bill of Rights. d. Because it is a private act, the government cannot regulate it.

Answer: a Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the ideas behind the American Revolution and their role in shaping the Constitution.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

2.

Why did the British government impose taxes on the colonies? a. to punish the colonies for the French and Indian War b. to help pay the cost of defending the colonies c. to support the king’s lavish lifestyle d. to support a system of free and efficient public education Answer: b Topic: The Road to Revolution Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the ideas behind the American Revolution and their role in shaping the Constitution.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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3.

The colonists rebelled against the imposition by the British government of __________. a. taxes b. a military draft c. curfews d. religious laws Answer: a Topic: The Road to Revolution Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the ideas behind the American Revolution and their role in shaping the Constitution.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

4.

Which of the following urged the colonies to become independent from Britain? a. Common Sense b. Leviathan c. Federalist 10 d. flag burning Answer: a Topic: Declaring Independence Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the ideas behind the American Revolution and their role in shaping the Constitution.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

5.

The Declaration of Independence was issued by __________. a. the Common Sense Committee b. the Continental Congress c. the Committees of Correspondence d. the Constitutional Convention Answer: b Topic: Declaring Independence Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the ideas behind the American Revolution and their role in shaping the Constitution.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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6.

Natural rights are defined as those that __________. a. are inherent in all human beings and not dependent on government b. are divinely granted c. are established by the English Crown d. encourage people to revolt against their government Answer: a Topic: The English Heritage: The Power of Ideas Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the ideas behind the American Revolution and their role in shaping the Constitution.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

7.

__________ is a natural right that is specifically mentioned in the Declaration of Independence. a. Social equality b. The divine right of rulers c. Liberty d. Universal suffrage Answer: c Topic: The English Heritage: The Power of Ideas Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the ideas behind the American Revolution and their role in shaping the Constitution.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

8.

According to John Locke, the most important purpose of government was __________. a. the education of the people b. the protection of private property c. the advancement of arts and literature d. the promotion of economic and social equality Answer: b Topic: The English Heritage: The Power of Ideas Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the ideas behind the American Revolution and their role in shaping the Constitution.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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9.

Which of the following is a statement from the Constitution that was directly influenced by John Locke’s writings? a. “Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.” b. “We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union” c. “To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Power” d. “If men were angels, no government would be necessary.”

Answer: a Topic: The American Creed Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the ideas behind the American Revolution and their role in shaping the Constitution.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

10.

Which of the following most directly increases the legitimacy of the U.S. government? a. the right to bear arms b. divine right c. the consent of the governed d. executive privilege Answer: c Topic: The American Creed Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the ideas behind the American Revolution and their role in shaping the Constitution.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

11.

In what way was the American Revolution conservative? a. There were few casualties on either side during the Revolution. b. The colonists did not seek a great social, political, or economic upheaval. c. The Revolution created enduring class conflicts. d. The colonists fought for a whole new set of rights.

Answer: b Topic: The “Conservative” Revolution Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the ideas behind the American Revolution and their role in shaping the Constitution.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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12.

What type of legislature did the United States have under the Articles of Confederation? a. a single chamber with each state’s votes based on its population b. a single chamber with one vote per state c. a single chamber whose members were appointed by the president d. two chambers—one in which membership was based on a state’s population and another in which each state had equal power Answer: b Topic: The Articles of Confederation Learning Objective: 2.2 Analyze how the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to its failure.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

13.

Which of the following was a problem under the Articles of Confederation? a. The central government was too strong compared to the state governments. b. Ratification of amendments was too easy. c. Congress imposed excessive taxes on the states. d. Congress lacked the authority to regulate commerce.

Answer: d Topic: The Articles of Confederation Learning Objective: 2.2 Analyze how the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to its failure.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

14.

The Articles of Confederation required __________ consent from the states for ratification. a. plurality b majority c. two-thirds d. unanimous Answer: d Topic: The Articles of Confederation Learning Objective: 2.2 Analyze how the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to its failure.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

15 ..

15.

__________ was an armed protest by Massachusetts farmers to stop foreclosures by state courts. a. The Whiskey Rebellion b. The Boston Tea Party c. The aborted Annapolis meeting d. Shays’s Rebellion Answer: d Topic: Economic Turmoil Learning Objective: 2.2 Analyze how the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to its failure.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

16.

How did the Constitution differ from the Articles of Confederation? a. The Constitution was based on democratic principles; the Articles of Confederation was based on tyrannical principles. b. The Constitution contained strong protections for individual rights; the Articles of Confederation contained strong protections for collective rights. c. The Constitution created a stronger national government than did the Articles of Confederation. d. The Constitution contained stronger safeguards for states’ rights than did the Articles of Confederation.

Answer: c Topic: The Articles of Confederation; Writing a Constitution: The Philadelphia Convention Learning Objective: 2.2 Analyze how the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to its failure.; 2.3 Describe the delegates to the Constitutional Convention and the core ideas they shared.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

17.

The delegates to the Constitutional Convention were mostly __________. a. self-educated b. strong believers in democratic government c. successful farmers who had settled the expanding western frontiers d. members of an elite group of wealthy men with practical political experience Answer: d Topic: Writing a Constitution: The Philadelphia Convention Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the delegates to the Constitutional Convention and the core ideas they shared.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

16 ..

18.

Which of the following accurately describes the Constitutional Convention? a. The delegates spent most of their time trying to figure out how to revise the Articles of Confederation. b. Many of the delegates were economic elites. c. The Convention was free of significant disagreement. d. The Convention included representatives of the British government.

Answer: b Topic: Gentlemen in Philadelphia Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the delegates to the Constitutional Convention and the core ideas they shared.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

19.

The authors of the Constitution viewed humans as naturally __________. a. compassionate b. empathetic c. self-interested d. communal Answer: c Topic: Philosophy into Action Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the delegates to the Constitutional Convention and the core ideas they shared.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

20.

According to James Madison in Federalist 10, the “most common and durable source of factions” is __________. a. dissatisfaction with government policies b. excessive taxation c. family discord d. unequal distribution of wealth Answer: d Topic: Philosophy into Action Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the delegates to the Constitutional Convention and the core ideas they shared.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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21.

Which of the following is a reason for the separation of powers? a. to ensure the power of the executive b. to promote the general welfare c. to prevent tyranny by any one faction d. to prevent gridlock in government Answer: c Topic: Philosophy into Action Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe the delegates to the Constitutional Convention and the core ideas they shared.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

22.

Which of the following was part of both the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution? a. a congress b. the presidency c. the federal judiciary d. federal taxes Answer: a Topic: The Articles of Confederation; The Equality Issues Learning Objective: 2.2 Analyze how the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to its failure; 2.4 Categorize the issues at the Constitutional Convention and outline the resolutions reached on each type of issue.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

23.

The New Jersey Plan called for __________. a. an end to slavery b. equal representation of each state in Congress, regardless of its population c. proportional representation of each state in Congress, based on population d. an executive branch headed by a president Answer: b Topic: The Equality Issues Learning Objective: 2.4 Categorize the issues at the Constitutional Convention and outline the resolutions reached on each type of issue.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

18 ..

24.

During the Constitutional Convention, Virginia and other large states wanted representation in Congress to be __________. a. equal for each state, regardless of its population b. proportional to the amount of taxes each state paid to the national government c. proportional to its population d. proportional to the number of troops each state contributed to the national army Answer: c Topic: The Equality Issues Learning Objective: 2.4 Categorize the issues at the Constitutional Convention and outline the resolutions reached on each type of issue.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

25.

What did the Connecticut Compromise help to establish? a. the Senate and the House of Representatives b. the federalist system c. an independent judiciary d. universal male suffrage Answer: a Topic: The Equality Issues Learning Objective: 2.4 Categorize the issues at the Constitutional Convention and outline the resolutions reached on each type of issue.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

26.

In most cases, the president is officially selected by __________. a. Congress b. state legislatures c. the electoral college d. direct popular election Answer: c Topic: The Equality Issues Learning Objective: 2.4 Categorize the issues at the Constitutional Convention and outline the resolutions reached on each type of issue.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

19 ..

27.

The Framers of the Constitution sought to strengthen the economic powers of the new national government primarily in order to __________. a. increase their personal wealth b. limit the powers of states where slavery was legal c. build a strong economy d. avoid repayment of debts incurred under the Continental Congress Answer: c Topic: The Economic Issues Learning Objective: 2.4 Categorize the issues at the Constitutional Convention and outline the resolutions reached on each type of issue.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

28.

The Constitution prohibits imposing __________ qualifications for holding national office. a. residency b. age c. religious d. citizenship Answer: c Topic: The Individual Rights Issues Learning Objective: 2.4 Categorize the issues at the Constitutional Convention and outline the resolutions reached on each type of issue.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

29.

What was Madison’s concern regarding tyranny of the majority? a. Tyrants can use brute force to enact desirable policies despite the wishes of the majority. b. The poorly educated majority could elect the wrong sort of president and Congress. c. Elites could operate tyrannically, at great expense to the electoral process. d. A majority of the public could infringe on the rights of a minority.

Answer: d Topic: Thwarting the Tyranny of the Majority Learning Objective: 2.5 Analyze how the components of the Madisonian system addressed the dilemma of reconciling majority rule with the protection of minority interests.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

20 ..

30.

What is the feature of the Constitution that allows each branch of government to limit the power of the other branches? a. weights and measures b. checks and balances c. oversight and influence d. privileges and immunities Answer: b Topic: Thwarting the Tyranny of the Majority Learning Objective: 2.5 Analyze how the components of the Madisonian system addressed the dilemma of reconciling majority rule with the protection of minority interests.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

31.

Under the Madisonian system of separation of powers, __________. a. it is easy for a minority to create gridlock in government b. members of each branch of government are directly elected by the voters c. power is concentrated in the executive branch of government d. each branch of government is relatively independent of the others Answer: d Topic: Thwarting the Tyranny of the Majority Learning Objective: 2.5 Analyze how the components of the Madisonian system addressed the dilemma of reconciling majority rule with the protection of minority interests.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

32.

A __________ is a form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws. a. republic b. monarchy c. theocracy d. oligarchy Answer: a Topic: The Constitutional Republic Learning Objective: 2.5 Analyze how the components of the Madisonian system addressed the dilemma of reconciling majority rule with the protection of minority interests.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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33.

The Federalist Papers are a set of essays that __________. a. attack the motives of the authors of the Constitution b. advocate ratification of the Constitution c. call for stronger protections for individual liberties d. advocate for direct election of officials Answer: b Topic: Federalists and Anti-Federalists Learning Objective: 2.6 Compare and contrast the Federalists and Anti-Federalists in terms of their background and their positions regarding government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

34.

Which of the following documents did the Federalists support? a. Marbury v. Madison b. the Constitution c. the Articles of Confederation d. the writ of habeas corpus Answer: b Topic: Federalists and Anti-Federalists Learning Objective: 2.6 Compare and contrast the Federalists and Anti-Federalists in terms of their background and their positions regarding government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

35.

__________ favored a strong state government and a weak national government. a. Daniel Shays b. Gregory Johnson c. The Federalists d. The Anti-Federalists Answer: d Topic: Federalists and Anti-Federalists Learning Objective: 2.6 Compare and contrast the Federalists and Anti-Federalists in terms of their background and their positions regarding government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

22 ..

36.

What was the biggest concern about the newly drafted Constitution during the debates over ratification? a. that the Constitution should have required unanimous approval from the states for ratification b. that the Constitution did not sufficiently protect individual liberties c. that the proposed national government would be not be strong enough to protect the new nation d. that the states in present-day Canada were not included in the new nation Answer: b Topic: Federalists and Anti-Federalists Learning Objective: 2.6 Compare and contrast the Federalists and Anti-Federalists in terms of their background and their positions regarding government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

37.

Which of the following most directly protects individuals’ civil liberties? a. The Second Treatise of Civil Government b. Federalist Papers c. the Bill of Rights d. the Declaration of Independence Answer: c Topic: Federalists and Anti-Federalists Learning Objective: 2.6 Compare and contrast the Federalists and Anti-Federalists in terms of their background and their positions regarding government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

38.

Which of the following is included in the Bill of Rights? a. direct election of the president and Congress b. freedom from want c. “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.” d. protection of defendants’ rights Answer: d Topic: Federalists and Anti-Federalists Learning Objective: 2.6 Compare and contrast the Federalists and Anti-Federalists in terms of their background and their positions regarding government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

23 ..

39.

Which of the following were most likely to oppose the proposed Constitution? a. lawyers b. wealthy merchants c. small farmers d. large landowners Answer: c Topic: Federalists and Anti-Federalists Learning Objective: 2.6 Compare and contrast the Federalists and Anti-Federalists in terms of their background and their positions regarding government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

40.

Which of the following is a procedure for amending the Constitution? a. An amendment is proposed by three-fourths vote in each house of Congress and ratified by two-thirds vote in each house during the next session of Congress. b. An amendment is proposed by the president and ratified by a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress. c. An amendment is proposed by a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress and ratified by conventions in three-fourths of the states. d. An amendment is proposed by a national constitutional convention called by a two-thirds majority of states and ratified by a three-fourths vote in each house of Congress.

Answer: c Topic: The Formal Amending Process Learning Objective: 2.7 Explain how the Constitution can be formally amended and how it changes informally.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

41.

Which of the following is a method for proposing constitutional amendments? a. by a majority of voting-age citizens b. by a majority of state governors c. by a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress d. by a two-thirds vote in a special election called for the purpose of voting on the amendment Answer: c Topic: The Formal Amending Process Learning Objective: 2.7 Explain how the Constitution can be formally amended and how it changes informally.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

24 ..

42.

The meaning of the Constitution can change through __________. a. judicial interpretation b. national referendum c. congressional inaction d. natural law Answer: a Topic: The Informal Processes of Constitutional Change Learning Objective: 2.7 Explain how the Constitution can be formally amended and how it changes informally.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

43.

Which of the following resulted from changing political practice rather than from a formal constitutional amendment or judicial interpretation? a. the Equal Rights Amendment b. the two-party system c. the Bill of Rights d. the constitutionally protected right to an abortion Answer: b Topic: The Informal Processes of Constitutional Change Learning Objective: 2.7 Explain how the Constitution can be formally amended and how it changes informally.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

44.

How many amendments have been made to the Constitution since its ratification? a. 10 b. 27 c. 436 d. 2,876 Answer: b Topic: The Importance of Flexibility Learning Objective: 2.7 Explain how the Constitution can be formally amended and how it changes informally.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

25 ..

45.

How is voter eligibility determined? a. by Congress b. by states c. by counties d. through the constitutional provision for universal suffrage.

Answer: b Topic: The Constitution and Democracy Learning Objective: 2.8 Assess whether the Constitution establishes a majoritarian democracy and how it limits the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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3 Federalism  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

Which of the following is the best definition of federalism? a. a constitutional arrangement by which two or more levels of government share formal authority over the same area and people b. a constitutional arrangement concentrating power in a central government c. a loose association of states created by a strong central government d. a loose association of states with mutually recognized compacts but no central government Answer: a Topic: Defining Federalism Learning Objective: 3.1 Define federalism and contrast it with alternative ways of organizing a nation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

2.

In the American federal system, state governments__________. a. receive their authority from the national government b. cannot regulate how local governments spend money c. have few independent powers d. are sovereign, but allocate some duties to the central government Answer: c Topic: Defining Federalism Learning Objective: 3.1 Define federalism and contrast it with alternative ways of organizing a nation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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3.

In a(n) __________ government, local and regional governments derive authority from the national government. a. unitary b. bicameral c. confederate d. federal Answer: a Topic: Defining Federalism Learning Objective: 3.1 Define federalism and contrast it with alternative ways of organizing a nation.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

4.

Before adopting the Constitution, the United States had a __________ system of government. a. confederate b. bicameral c. federal d. unitary Answer: a Topic: Defining Federalism Learning Objective: 3.1 Define federalism and contrast it with alternative ways of organizing a nation.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

5.

Today, confederations are mainly seen in __________. a. large, populous countries such as India b. international organizations such as the United Nations c. small countries such as Switzerland d. countries that are large in size but not in population such as Australia Answer: b Topic: Defining Federalism Learning Objective: 3.1 Define federalism and contrast it with alternative ways of organizing a nation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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6.

How common are federal systems throughout the world? a. Only a few nations have a federal system. b. About half of the world’s nations have a federal system. c. Most nations have a federal system. d. All nations except for Argentina and Botswana have a federal system.

Answer: a Topic: Why Federalism?

Learning Objective: 3.2 Characterize the type of nation typically associated with federalism.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

7.

Which statement is true about the powers granted to the states in the Constitution? a. Article I, Section 8, says that the states have all powers that are necessary to exercise their enumerated powers. b. The Ninth Amendment specifies which powers belong to the states. c. The Constitution is more specific about the powers that states do not have than about those they do. d. The powers given to states are listed in the Constitution’s implied powers clause.

Answer: c Topic: The Division of Power Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

8.

The Constitution denies the states the power to __________. a. coin money b. create courts c. establish schools d. operate prisons Answer: a Topic: The Division of Power Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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9.

The Constitution guarantees the states the power to __________. a. impose poll taxes b. ratify constitutional amendments c. tax articles exported from one state to another d. organize state elections but not national elections Answer: b Topic: The Division of Power Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

10.

Which of the following is a power shared by the states and the federal government? a. controlling the money supply b. raising and maintaining military forces c. establishing a post office d. taxation Answer: d Topic: The Division of Power Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

11.

The preemption of state and local laws by federal laws is based on the __________ clause of the U.S. Constitution. a. supremacy b. due process c. equal protection d. full faith and credit Answer: a Topic: National Supremacy Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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12.

What does it mean for federal law to be supreme in conflicts between federal and state law? a. Federal laws are limited by state laws. b. Federal laws are derived from natural law; state laws are not. c. Federal laws are applied first and state laws are applied last. d. Federal policies take precedence over state policies.

Answer: d Topic: National Supremacy Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

13.

__________ helped establish the preeminence of the federal government over the states. a. The Revolutionary War b. The Civil War c. World War I d. The Vietnam War Answer: b Topic: National Supremacy Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

14.

In New York v. United States (1992), the Supreme Court ruled that __________. a. Congress could compel the states to take a certain action but could not prevent them from taking an action b. the federal government could not compel the states to enforce federal statutes c. the federal government could issue directives to the states to address particular problems that had been identified by local governments d. federal courts are prohibited from hearing cases in which a private party names a state as a defendant Answer: b Topic: National Supremacy Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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15.

The Eleventh Amendment __________. a. prevents independent state agencies from suing a state in federal court b. ensures equal protection of the law for all citizens c. limits the ability of private individuals to sue states d. replaces dual federalism with cooperative federalism Answer: c Topic: National Supremacy Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

16.

Which clause of the U.S. Constitution did the Supreme Court interpret in McCulloch v. Maryland as allowing Congress to create a national bank? a. commerce b. necessary and proper c. due process d. equal protection Answer: b Topic: National Supremacy Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

17.

Implied powers of the federal government are __________. a. those that are necessary and proper for executing the enumerated powers b. those that are explicitly listed in the Constitution c. those that protect individuals’ fundamental freedoms d. those that have been added as amendments to the Constitution Answer: a Topic: National Supremacy Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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18.

The power to __________ is an implied power of the federal government. a. create new states b. establish federal rules regulating hazardous substances c. declare war d. establish federal courts Answer: b Topic: National Supremacy Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

19.

The power to regulate immigration is a(n) __________ power. a. federal b. state c. implied d. reserved Answer: a Topic: National Supremacy Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

20.

Which of the following is one of Congress’s most important spheres of power? a. regulating commerce b. organizing a nation c. defining federalism d. managing intergovernmental relations Answer: a Topic: National Supremacy Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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21.

In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court held that Congress has broad authority to regulate __________. a. interest rates b. education c. interstate commerce d. religion Answer: c Topic: National Supremacy Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

22.

In United States v. Lopez, the U.S. Supreme Court scrutinized the use of the __________ power as a basis for forbidding the possession of firearms in public schools. a. educational b. national defense c. taxation d. commerce Answer: d Topic: National Supremacy Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

23.

The full faith and credit clause in the Constitution ensures that __________. a. states must return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial b. judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in another c. universities cannot charge higher rates to out-of-state students than to residents of a state d. states can charge higher sales taxes to out-of-state visitors than to state residents Answer: b Topic: States’ Obligations to Each Other Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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24.

The practice of extradition __________. a. only applies to lawbreakers who violate federal laws b. allows lawbreakers to escape punishment by fleeing to another state c. requires states to allow a person charged with a crime to be tried in another state in order to avoid a biased jury d. requires states to return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment Answer: d Topic: States’ Obligations to Each Other Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

25.

The privileges and immunities clause prohibits states from discriminating against __________. a. poor people b. the federal government c. citizens who are members of minority groups d. citizens of other states Answer: d Topic: States’ Obligations to Each Other Learning Objective: 3.3 Outline the constitutional basis for the division of power between national and state governments, the establishment of national supremacy, and states’ obligations to each other.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

26.

__________ federalism is characterized by a system of state and national governments that have separate authority within their own spheres. a. Combined b. Cooperative c. Dual d. Progressive Answer: c Topic: From Dual to Cooperative Federalism Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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27.

Which model of federalism holds that national and state powers should be distinct and that national powers should be interpreted narrowly? a. cooperative federalism b. dual federalism c. progressive federalism d. marble-cake federalism Answer: b Topic: From Dual to Cooperative Federalism Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

28.

In __________, powers and policy assignments are shared by the national and state governments, a type of system likened to a marble cake. a. cooperative federalism b. dual federalism c. a confederal system d. unitary government Answer: a Topic: From Dual to Cooperative Federalism Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

29.

The fact that both state and federal governments make transportation policies illustrates __________. a. cooperative federalism b. constitutional government c. a federal government system d. unitary government Answer: a Topic: From Dual to Cooperative Federalism Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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30.

Which change is most consistent with devolution? a. a shift in focus toward foreign policy issues and away from domestic issues b. transfer of policy responsibility from the federal government to state and local governments c. passage of new laws that would make it more difficult to obtain an abortion d. balancing the budget Answer: b Topic: Devolution?

Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

31.

Which of the following best exemplifies devolution? a. New Deal legislation of the 1930s b. the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 c. welfare policy after 1994 d. the Equal Opportunity Act of 1982 Answer: c Topic: Devolution?

Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

32.

A proponent of devolution would be most likely to support which of the following? a. creation of additional military schools b. increased discretion for states in setting auto emissions standards c. middle-class tax cuts d. adoption of single-payer health care Answer: b Topic: Devolution?

Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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33.

Which of the following is an example of fiscal federalism? a. an education task force b. gas mileage requirements c. grants-in-aid d. minimum-wage legislation Answer: c Topic: Fiscal Federalism Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

34.

Which of the following is most likely to be a categorical grant? a. funds provided by Congress to the states for education in general b. funds provided by Congress to the states for substance abuse prevention c. funds provided by Congress to the states for transportation infrastructure d. funds provided by Congress to the states to enhance science education in a low-income area Answer: d Topic: Fiscal Federalism Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

35.

Why would the federal government include a crossover sanction in a categorical grant? a. to encourage states to do what the federal government wants b. to distribute grant money fairly and equitably across political jurisdictions c. to ensure compliance with the supremacy clause d. to prevent future presidential administrations from terminating the grant Answer: a Topic: Fiscal Federalism Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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36.

__________ grants allocate federal dollars based on a formula computed on the basis of such criteria as population, per capita income, or some other factor. a. Block b. Formula c. Commerce d. Diversified Answer: b Topic: Fiscal Federalism Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

37.

Which of the following is an example of a formula grant? a. the Clean Air Act b. military funding c. a child nutrition program d. congressional salaries Answer: c Topic: Fiscal Federalism Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

38.

__________ are given more or less automatically by the federal government to states or communities that then have broad discretion in deciding how to spend the money. a. Block grants b. Categorical grants c. Project grants d. Formula grants with crosscutting requirements Answer: a Topic: Fiscal Federalism Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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39.

A mandate is an order __________. a. from the federal government requiring the states to take a certain action b. from a state government requiring a certain federal action c. from the federal government prohibiting the states from taking a certain action d. from a state government prohibiting a federal action Answer: a Topic: Fiscal Federalism Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

40.

Which of the following is an example of a federal mandate? a. The Supreme Court upholds a federal law requiring all citizens to wear a seatbelt while operating a motor vehicle. b. Congress passes a law requiring all states to create a sex offender registry. c. The Environmental Protection Agency sends money to Texas to help with cleanup from a hurricane. d. The Nevada legislature passes a law requiring all public school teachers to spend 20 hours per week preparing students for the state achievement test.

Answer: b Topic: Fiscal Federalism Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

41.

Many local school districts complained that the No Child Left Behind Act was a(n) __________ because it did not provide a sufficient increase in funding to implement the law. a. block grant b. unfunded mandate c. categorical grant d. programmatic request Answer: b Topic: Fiscal Federalism Learning Objective: 3.4 Characterize the shift from dual to cooperative federalism and the role of fiscal federalism in intergovernmental relations today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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42.

An advantage of federalism is that it allows states to __________. a. restrict civil rights for members of disliked groups b. try public policies to see how well they work c. have uniform policies d. have supremacy over the national government Answer: b Topic: Diversity in Policy Learning Objective: 3.5 Explain the consequences of federalism for diversity in public policies among the states.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

43.

A disadvantage of federalism is that __________. a. the quality of policies can vary from state to state b. states can figure out which policies work best for them c. citizens can choose to live in those areas that have the policies they prefer d. the state governments can nullify laws passed by Congress Answer: a Topic: Diversity in Policy Learning Objective: 3.5 Explain the consequences of federalism for diversity in public policies among the states.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

44.

Which of the following best describes the death penalty in the United States? a. All death penalty cases are handled by the federal government. b. Some states allow the death penalty and others do not. c. All states allow the death penalty. d. In 2013, the Supreme Court ruled that all death penalty statutes are unconstitutional.

Answer: b Topic: Diversity in Policy Learning Objective: 3.5 Explain the consequences of federalism for diversity in public policies among the states.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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45.

The Framers adopted a federal system of government partly because they feared __________. a. centralizing power in the national government b. limiting the national government c. regulating interstate commerce d. that the states would become too powerful Answer: a Topic: Federalism and Democracy Learning Objective: 3.6 Assess the impact of federalism on democratic government and the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

46.

How does federalism contribute to democracy? a. It increases citizens’ access to government. b. It increases the gross domestic product. c. It sometimes allows losers to win. d. It lowers overall tax rates.

Answer: a Topic: Federalism and Democracy Learning Objective: 3.6 Assess the impact of federalism on democratic government and the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

47.

In which of the following ways does federalism hinder democracy? a. It increases deliberation about important policy issues. b. It centralizes politics, complicating the decision-making process. c. It burdens and confuses citizens with a vast network of governments. d. It requires citizens to participate more actively in politics.

Answer: c Topic: Federalism and Democracy Learning Objective: 3.6 Assess the impact of federalism on democratic government and the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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48.

Why has the public typically turned to the national government to address its needs instead of turning to the state governments? a. The states lack the authority to do those things that the national government does, such as create a space agency. b. Citizens have greater trust in the national government than in state governments. c. The national government has more authority and resources to address such problems. d. The Constitution specifies that the public must first take public policy proposals to the national government before taking them to the state governments.

Answer: c Topic: Federalism and the Scope of the National Government Learning Objective: 3.6 Assess the impact of federalism on democratic government and the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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4 Civil Liberties and Public Policy  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

What did the Supreme Court decide about whether student activity fees at public universities can be used to sponsor groups that some students find objectionable? a. Such fees unconstitutionally infringe on the freedom of speech of students who do not want their fees spent to support such groups. b. Such fees can only be distributed to groups that do not address political or ideological issues. c. Such fees can only be distributed to those groups when another group with countervailing opinions also exists. d. Such fees are permissible as long as they are distributed in a viewpoint-neutral way.

Answer: d Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 4.3 Differentiate the rights of free expression protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

2.

In Barron v. Baltimore, the Supreme Court held that the Bill of Rights limits __________ but not __________ activity. a. federal; state b. state; federal c. commercial; noncommercial d. noncommercial; commercial Answer: a Topic: The Bill of Rights and the States Learning Objective: 4.1 Trace the process by which the courts have applied the Bill of Rights to the states.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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3.

Gitlow v. New York was fundamental in establishing which doctrine? a. eminent domain b. free exercise c. symbolic speech d. incorporation Answer: d Topic: The Bill of Rights and the States Learning Objective: 4.1 Trace the process by which the courts have applied the Bill of Rights to the states.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

4.

The incorporation doctrine makes the protections of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states through the __________ Amendment. a. Fourth b. Fifth c. Tenth d. Fourteenth Answer: d Topic: The Bill of Rights and the States Learning Objective: 4.1 Trace the process by which the courts have applied the Bill of Rights to the states.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

5.

Which clause of the Constitution prevents the national government from recognizing and supporting an official religion? a. establishment b. due process c. full faith and credit d. equal protection Answer: a Topic: Freedom of Religion Learning Objective: 4.2 Distinguish the two types of religious rights protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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6.

Which of the following statements is part of the Supreme Court’s test for the constitutionality of religious establishment issues as established in Lemon v.

Kurtzman? a. The law must have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion. b. The law must have a parochial legislative purpose. c. The law must take into account local community religious standards. d. The law must facilitate government involvement with religion.

Answer: a Topic: The Establishment Clause Learning Objective: 4.2 Distinguish the two types of religious rights protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

7.

In Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, the Supreme Court upheld a state program providing families with vouchers that they could use to __________. a. get birth control b. pay tuition at religious schools c. seek medical treatment d. receive free or reduced-price meals Answer: b Topic: The Establishment Clause Learning Objective: 4.2 Distinguish the two types of religious rights protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

8.

Under the School District of Abington, Pennsylvania v. Schempp ruling, the Supreme Court found __________ to be unconstitutional. a. segregated education b. forced sterilization c. state-mandated Bible recitations d. imprisonment without a trial Answer: c Topic: The Establishment Clause Learning Objective: 4.2 Distinguish the two types of religious rights protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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9.

Which of the following generally is unconstitutional in school? a. political speech b. learning about religion c. free speech d. mandatory prayer Answer: d Topic: The Establishment Clause Learning Objective: 4.2 Distinguish the two types of religious rights protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

10.

What has the Supreme Court said about prayer in public schools? a. School officials may not sponsor or encourage prayer. b. Only silent prayer is permitted. c. All prayer is prohibited. d. Student-led prayer at a football game is permissible.

Answer: a Topic: The Establishment Clause Learning Objective: 4.2 Distinguish the two types of religious rights protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

11.

What has the Supreme Court decided about government displays of the Ten Commandments? a. Displays of the Ten Commandments on public property are permissible as long as the displays are sponsored by private individuals. b. Displays of the Ten Commandments in public school classrooms are protected as permissible freedom of expression by teachers. c. Displays of the Ten Commandments or other subjects that promote a message consistent with a religious doctrine run afoul of the establishment clause. d. Passive displays of the Ten Commandments in historical context may be constitutional.

Answer: d Topic: The Establishment Clause Learning Objective: 4.2 Distinguish the two types of religious rights protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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12.

The free exercise clause states that the national government will not interfere with __________. a. education b. business practices c. speech d. religious practices Answer: d Topic: The Free Exercise Clause Learning Objective: 4.2 Distinguish the two types of religious rights protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

13.

Which of the following best represents the reasoning used by the Supreme Court in Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah, in which the Court overturned a city ordinance prohibiting the ritual killing of animals as part of religious ceremonies? a. Laws banning a religious practice must be passed at the state level, not at the local level. b. People must be free to practice their religion no matter what practices are involved. c. Governments that permit other forms of killing animals may not ban sacrifices or ritual killings. d. The establishment clause protects the city’s ordinance.

Answer: c Topic: The Free Exercise Clause Learning Objective: 4.2 Distinguish the two types of religious rights protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

14.

Prohibiting a newspaper from publishing a story critical of the government is an example of __________. a. probable cause b. prior restraint c. the Roth test d. symbolic speech Answer: b Topic: Prior Restraint Learning Objective: 4.3 Differentiate the rights of free expression protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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15.

Near v. Minnesota was a landmark Supreme Court case involving which of the following? a. exclusionary rule b. due process clause c. prior restraint d. free exercise clause Answer: c Topic: Prior Restraint Learning Objective: 4.3 Differentiate the rights of free expression protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

16.

Which of the following Supreme Court cases demonstrates the courts’ reluctance to exercise prior restraint even when national security issues are involved? a. Barron v. Baltimore b. Roe v. Wade c. Near v. Minnesota d. New York Times Co. v. United States Answer: d Topic: Prior Restraint Learning Objective: 4.3 Differentiate the rights of free expression protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

17.

During World War I, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Charles T. Schenck, ruling that government can limit speech that __________. a. is critical of the government b. qualifies as prior restraint c. creates a clear and present danger of substantive evils d. qualifies as hate speech Answer: c Topic: Free Speech and Public Order Learning Objective: 4.3 Differentiate the rights of free expression protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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18.

In Roth v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court held that, to be considered __________, material must be utterly without artistic or social importance. a. legal b. obscene c. hate speech d. fighting words Answer: b Topic: Obscenity Learning Objective: 4.3 Differentiate the rights of free expression protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

19.

Why is it hard to enforce obscenity laws? a. It is hard to determine what is lewd or offensive. b. The Supreme Court has never addressed the issue. c. There are few statutes or ordinances prohibiting obscenity. d. The government must demonstrate that the work, taken as a whole, has “literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.”

Answer: a Topic: Obscenity Learning Objective: 4.3 Differentiate the rights of free expression protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

20.

A false and malicious written statement could be considered __________; the same statement spoken aloud could be considered __________. a. slander; defamation b. slander; libel c. libel; defamation d. libel; slander Answer: d Topic: Libel and Slander Learning Objective: 4.3 Differentiate the rights of free expression protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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21.

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan held that there must be proof of __________ in order to find that libel has been committed against a public figure. a. property loss b. actual malice c. witnesses d. a written record Answer: b Topic: Libel and Slander Learning Objective: 4.3 Differentiate the rights of free expression protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

22.

Recently, the Supreme Court ruled that government workers who choose not to join unions cannot be required to help pay for collective bargaining; such payments __________. a. violate the rights of union members to assemble with whomever they choose b. infringe on freedom of speech by forcing workers to endorse political messages with which they disagree c. violate the commerce clause by requiring unions to represent non-union workers during collective bargaining d. are not content-neutral because they favor workers over managers Answer: b Topic: Compelled Speech Learning Objective: 4.3 Differentiate the rights of free expression protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

23.

According to the Supreme Court, can a state require “crisis pregnancy centers” to provide information about abortion? a. Yes, because states can regulate the time, place, and manner of such speech. b. Yes, because clients are not required to read the information in order to receive services. c. No, because the requirement violates the centers’ freedom of speech. d. No, because the requirement constitutes an excessive government entanglement in the free exercise of legitimate religious practice.

Answer: c Topic: Compelled Speech Learning Objective: 4.3 Differentiate the rights of free expression protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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24.

How did the Supreme Court’s decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission affect campaign spending? a. It upheld congressional restrictions on political spending as established in the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. b. It upheld congressional limits on campaign contributions and political spending by business interests. c. It struck down limits on spending on political broadcasts funded by corporations or labor unions. d. It struck down laws requiring political campaigns to disclose the names of contributors.

Answer: c Topic: Campaign Spending Learning Objective: 4.3 Differentiate the rights of free expression protected by the First Amendment and determine the boundaries of those rights.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

25.

The rights to parade, picket, and protest are protected primarily by the freedom of __________. a. assembly b. speech c. press d. petition the government for a redress of grievances Answer: a Topic: Right to Assemble Learning Objective: 4.4 Describe the rights to assemble and associate protected by the First Amendment and their limitations.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

26.

Which potential law is most likely to be constitutional? a. Citizens cannot conceal guns that they carry in a crowded place. b. Citizens cannot use guns for self-defense. c. Citizens must keep trigger locks on guns that they carry in public. d. Only those in the military can own a gun.

Answer: a Topic: Right to Bear Arms Learning Objective: 4.5 Describe the right to bear arms protected by the Second Amendment and its limitations.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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27.

Which Supreme Court case upheld an individual’s right to have a gun in his or her home for self-defense? a. Griswold v. Connecticut b. Gideon v. Wainwright c. Miranda v. Arizona d. District of Columbia v. Heller Answer: d Topic: Right to Bear Arms Learning Objective: 4.5 Describe the right to bear arms protected by the Second Amendment and its limitations.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

28.

The Bill of Rights protects citizens from __________. a. exposure to hate speech b. unreasonable search and seizure c. economic inequality d. trial by jury Answer: b Topic: Searches and Seizures Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

29.

If a police officer has a reasonable belief that someone is engaged in criminal activity, that officer can stop and frisk the suspect __________. a. only if that person gives consent b. only if the officer plans to arrest that person c. without getting a warrant d. only if there are three witnesses Answer: c Topic: Searches and Seizures Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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30.

The exclusionary rule requires that courts __________. a. retry a defendant for the same crime when new, credible evidence is uncovered b. provide an attorney for anyone accused of a felony in a state court c. not publish material that poses a risk to national security d. disregard evidence that was obtained illegally Answer: d Topic: Searches and Seizures Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

31.

Which government searches are prohibited by the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution? a. warrantless searches b. stop-and-frisk searches c. unreasonable searches d. searches without the consent of the person being searched Answer: c Topic: Searches and Seizures Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

32.

The USA Patriot Act enhances the government’s ability to __________. a. wiretap suspected terrorists without links to a foreign power b. seize personal property of suspected terrorists c. imprison citizens without trial d. issue pardons for those accused of war crimes Answer: a Topic: Searches and Seizures Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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33.

As amended in 2008, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act allows government officials to use broad warrants for surveillance of __________. a. text messages on employer-paid devices b. locations of automobiles c. the communications of large groups of foreign suspects d. the hard drives of personal computers and laptops Answer: c Topic: Searches and Seizures Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

34.

Miranda rights require that the police inform suspects that they have the right __________. a. to make a phone call b. to a quick and speedy trial c. to a jury trial d. to remain silent and to stop answering questions at any time Answer: d Topic: Self-Incrimination Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

35.

Which of the following is an example of entrapment, which the courts have determined to be prohibited under the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution? a. when individuals are not read their due process rights b. when individuals are coerced into making statements during an interrogation c. when individuals are encouraged to commit crimes that they otherwise would not have committed d. when individuals are not informed of their right to remain silent Answer: c Topic: Self-Incrimination Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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36.

The double jeopardy clause prevents an individual who is acquitted of a crime from __________. a. seeking the assistance of an attorney b. being tried again for the same crime c. asserting innocence d. benefiting financially from that crime Answer: b Topic: Double Jeopardy Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

37.

The right to __________ is guaranteed to those accused of a crime. a. a lawyer b. release on parole c. bail d. interview prospective jurors Answer: a Topic: The Right to Counsel Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

38.

A criminal defendant has the right to __________. a. a trial within 48 hours of arrest b. a lawyer at no cost to the defendant c. determine the jury that will decide his or her case d. know about potentially exonerating evidence Answer: d Topic: Trials Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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39.

When a criminal case is resolved by a plea bargain, the defendant agrees to __________. a. accept conviction by a less-than-unanimous vote of the jury b. appeal the original charge c. plead guilty in exchange for concessions from the prosecutor d. allow potentially incriminating evidence to be introduced Answer: c Topic: Trials Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

40.

What has the Supreme Court said about the rights of detainees held by the U.S. government at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba? a. Congress can revoke detainees’ bills of attainder. b. Detainees do not have the right to assistance of counsel because they are not on U.S. soil. c. Detainees are not subject to U.S. laws or treaties because they are illegal enemy combatants and not prisoners of war. d. Detainees have the right to challenge their detention before a judge or other neutral decision maker.

Answer: d Topic: Trials Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

41.

The Military Commissions Act of 2006 was ruled unconstitutional because it violated detainees’ rights to __________. a. an appeal b. habeas corpus c. bills of attainder d. motions for summary judgment Answer: b Topic: Trials Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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42.

In Timbs v. Indiana, the Supreme Court held that __________. a. property confiscation could not be used in lieu of cash bail b. the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against excessive fines applied to the states as well as the federal government c. the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against excessive fines applied only to federal charges d. severity alone does not qualify a punishment as “cruel and unusual” Answer: b Topic: Cruel and Unusual Punishment Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

43.

What is the status of the death penalty in the United States? a. It was prohibited by the Supreme Court because its implementation was deemed to be cruel and unusual punishment. b. In Gregg v. Georgia, it was deemed appropriate in extreme cases. c. It is temporarily on hold while the Supreme Court determines whether it discriminates against minorities. d. It was outlawed by Congress during President Barack Obama’s first year in office.

Answer: b Topic: Cruel and Unusual Punishment Learning Objective: 4.6 Characterize defendants’ rights and identify issues that arise in their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

44.

The Supreme Court overturned a Connecticut law that prohibited the use of contraception by relying on the implied constitutional right to __________. a. sexual freedom b. family c. commerce d. privacy Answer: d Topic: Is There a Right to Privacy?

Learning Objective: 4.7 Outline the evolution of a right to privacy and its application to the issue of abortion.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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45.

The right to privacy was created by the __________. a. judiciary b. bureaucracy c. president d. legislature Answer: a Topic: Is There a Right to Privacy?

Learning Objective: 4.7 Outline the evolution of a right to privacy and its application to the issue of abortion.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

46.

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court find that a woman’s right to privacy extends to the decision to have an abortion? a. Board of Regents of University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth b. Gitlow v. New York c. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan d. Roe v. Wade Answer: d Topic: Controversy over Abortion Learning Objective: 4.7 Outline the evolution of a right to privacy and its application to the issue of abortion.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

47.

According to Roe v. Wade, a state could __________ during the first trimester of pregnancy. a. place no limits on a woman’s right to an abortion b. enact regulations designed to discourage abortions c. ban abortions unless the mother’s life was in danger d. ban all abortions Answer: a Topic: Controversy over Abortion Learning Objective: 4.7 Outline the evolution of a right to privacy and its application to the issue of abortion.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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48.

The Supreme Court has ruled that states can limit access to abortions if the regulations do not pose __________. a. an inconvenient truth b. any additional constraints c. a prior restraint d. an undue burden Answer: d Topic: Controversy over Abortion Learning Objective: 4.7 Outline the evolution of a right to privacy and its application to the issue of abortion.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

49.

Which statement best expresses the outcome of conflicts involving civil liberties in the United States? a. When individuals attempt to express themselves and governments attempt to constrain them, the individuals usually win. b. Individuals must be prepared to make sacrifices so that government can protect civil liberties. c. Because civil liberties are essential to democracy, the majority’s wishes must take precedence in any debate involving civil liberties. d. The government cannot place any restrictions on individuals’ freedom to express themselves.

Answer: a Topic: Civil Liberties and the Scope of Government Learning Objective: 4.8 Assess how civil liberties affect democratic government and how they both limit and expand the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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5 Civil Rights and Public Policy  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

What event in Montgomery, Alabama, kicked off a massive protest phase of the civil rights movement? a. the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education b. Homer Plessy’s arrest for using a segregated railway car c. Rosa Parks’s arrest for refusing to give up her seat on a segregated bus d. Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech Answer: c Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

2.

What sort of equality do Americans tend to support? a. equal rewards b. equal results c. equal opportunity d. equal distribution of property Answer: c Topic: Conceptions of Equality Learning Objective: 5.1 Differentiate the Supreme Court’s three standards of review for classifying people under the equal protection clause.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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3.

What provision of the Fourteenth Amendment has served as the principal tool used to win equality for certain groups? a. the “all men are created equal” clause b. the equal protection clause c. the privileges and immunities clause d. the equal rights clause Answer: b Topic: The Constitution and Inequality Learning Objective: 5.1 Differentiate the Supreme Court’s three standards of review for classifying people under the equal protection clause.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

4.

Adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment was an attempt to guarantee which of the following to formerly enslaved people? a. property ownership b. debt forgiveness c. economic equality with White people d. equivalent protection of the law Answer: d Topic: The Constitution and Inequality Learning Objective: 5.1 Differentiate the Supreme Court’s three standards of review for classifying people under the equal protection clause.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

5.

The Supreme Court would be most likely to use the inherently suspect standard to determine the constitutionality of which of the following policies? a. Male and female student athletes cannot compete on the same basketball team at the university level. b. Businesses cannot discriminate against LGBTQ+ individuals in hiring and promotion decisions. c. Individuals without a college degree are ineligible for upper-level civil service jobs. d. Only African American students are eligible to attend a charter school operating in an economically depressed neighborhood.

Answer: d Topic: The Constitution and Inequality Learning Objective: 5.1 Differentiate the Supreme Court’s three standards of review for classifying people under the equal protection clause.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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6.

If you thought you were receiving an inferior public education because of your race or ethnicity, which part of the Constitution would you rely on most heavily to justify your case? a. the Equal Rights Amendment b. the Thirteenth Amendment c. the Fourteenth Amendment d. the Nineteenth Amendment Answer: c Topic: The Constitution and Inequality Learning Objective: 5.1 Differentiate the Supreme Court’s three standards of review for classifying people under the equal protection clause.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

7.

How do the inherently suspect and reasonableness standards differ? a. The inherently suspect standard relies on observation; the reasonableness standard relies on data. b. Under the inherently suspect standard, a law is presumed to be valid; under the reasonableness standard, a law is presumed to be invalid. c. The inherently suspect standard is more difficult to meet than the reasonableness standard in determining whether a law is constitutional. d. The inherently suspect standard evaluates whether a law has a rational relationship to a legitimate government goal; the reasonableness standard evaluates whether a law is the least restrictive way to achieve that goal.

Answer: c Topic: The Constitution and Inequality Learning Objective: 5.1 Differentiate the Supreme Court’s three standards of review for classifying people under the equal protection clause.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

8.

To which of the following would the Supreme Court most likely apply the intermediate scrutiny standard of review to determine whether it is an unconstitutional violation of the equal protection clause? a. preventing White people from attending schools designed to serve African American students b. prohibiting Jewish people from becoming members of a club c. refusing to promote a Latina when she is the most qualified candidate d. specifying a different minimum age of marriage for men than for women Answer: d Topic: The Constitution and Inequality Learning Objective: 5.1 Differentiate the Supreme Court’s three standards of review for classifying people under the equal protection clause Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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9.

In the 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford decision, the Supreme Court declared that African Americans were __________. a. separate but equal b. citizens c. eligible to vote d. property or chattel Answer: d Topic: Slavery Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

10.

In Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court held that __________. a. only Congress could ban slavery b. Black men were citizens but Black women were not c. the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional d. slavery was both immoral and unnecessary Answer: c Topic: Slavery Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

11.

What was reconstruction? a. the struggle for formerly enslaved people to gain the right to vote, especially in the South b. the gradual elimination of segregationist Jim Crow laws c. the refusal of Southern states to abide by the Fourteenth Amendment until the Supreme Court forced them to do so d. the period after the Civil War when the South was occupied by the federal government Answer: d Topic: Reconstruction and Segregation Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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12.

During the 10 years following the Civil War, __________. a. most African American men were prohibited from holding political office because they did not own property b. many former Confederate soldiers and officers held public office and restricted the rights of formerly enslaved people c. most African Americans in the South moved to northern cities d. many African American men held state and federal offices Answer: d Topic: Reconstruction and Segregation Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

13.

After the election of Rutherford B. Hayes, the Southern states __________. a. expanded the extension of legal rights to formerly enslaved African Americans b. passed laws relegating African Americans to segregated school systems and public facilities c. followed the lead of the Northern states in helping formerly enslaved people make the transition to freedom d. supported the expansion of colleges that would serve African Americans Answer: b Topic: Reconstruction and Segregation Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

14.

According to the Supreme Court’s decisions in the Civil Rights Cases (1883), racial discrimination was permissible in __________. a. juries b. hotels c. post offices d. running for office Answer: b Topic: Reconstruction and Segregation Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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15.

In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, what rationale did the Supreme Court rely on when deciding that segregation in transportation was permissible? a. Segregation in public facilities was not unconstitutional as long as the separate facilities were substantially equal. b. Segregation was important for maintaining social order, which was a prerequisite for racial equality. c. Jim Crow laws helped African Americans to achieve equality by enabling them to build character through overcoming adversity. d. The equal protection clause applied only to the actions of the federal government, not to actions of private businesses and individuals.

Answer: a Topic: Reconstruction and Segregation Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

16.

What strategy did civil rights activists use to fight against school segregation? a. boycotts b. protests c. lawsuits d. marches and rallies Answer: c Topic: Equal Education Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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17.

What was the Supreme Court’s justification for its decision in Brown v. Board of Education? a. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 overturned the separate-but-equal doctrine. b. The separate-but-equal doctrine was never intended to apply to education. c. The quality of life for African Americans in the South had deteriorated considerably since the adoption of the separate-but-equal doctrine. d. School segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection.

Answer: d Topic: Equal Education Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

18.

Which of the following is an example of de jure segregation? a. Jim Crow laws b. the tendency for churches to be racially homogeneous c. the small number of African American senators d. sequestering a jury to ensure a fair trial Answer: a Topic: Equal Education Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

19.

The freedom riders used civil disobedience to help end which form of discrimination in the South? a. lynchings by the Ku Klux Klan b. racial segregation c. racial quotas d. voter discrimination Answer: b Topic: The Civil Rights Movement and Public Policy Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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20.

What type of segregation did the Supreme Court address in a 2019 ruling? a. laws allowing discrimination in the sale or rental of housing b. prosecutors’ use of peremptory challenges to exclude Black prospective jurors from a jury c. laws prohibiting interracial marriage d. racial discrimination in places of public accommodation Answer: b Topic: The Civil Rights Movement and Public Policy Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts

21.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to overturn __________. a. integration b. Jim Crow laws c. nonviolent resistance d. reconstruction Answer: b Topic: The Civil Rights Movement and Public Policy Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

22.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is similar to the Fourteenth Amendment in that __________. a. both were enacted quickly and easily b. both passed the inherently suspect test administered by the Supreme Court c. both addressed the issue of equal rights for African Americans d. both addressed the issue of equal rights for women Answer: c Topic: The Civil Rights Movement and Public Policy Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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23.

Why did Southern legislatures enact literacy tests for prospective voters? a. to grant citizenship to all individuals whose grandfathers lived in the United States b. to prevent women from voting c. to prevent African Americans from voting d. to limit the employment opportunities available to African Americans Answer: c Topic: Voting Rights Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

24.

Why did states enact poll taxes? a. to raise revenue for the government b. to ensure that only people who really want to vote would do so c. to get around the Fifteenth Amendment d. to enfranchise formerly enslaved people Answer: c Topic: Voting Rights Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

25.

After reconstruction, which of the following was used to prevent African Americans from having a meaningful impact on the outcome of elections? a. Jim Crow laws b. White primaries c. minority-majority districts d. affirmative action Answer: b Topic: Voting Rights Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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26.

As a result of the Voting Rights Act and subsequent amendments and court decisions, __________. a. the number of minority-majority districts increased b. voter registration requirements were eliminated c. voter rolls were purged of nonvoters d. voter turnout rose, becoming nearly universal Answer: a Topic: Voting Rights Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

27.

Why did Congress pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965? a. the Supreme Court had determined that only the national government could regulate elections b. to make it easier for African Americans to register to vote c. because Congress was afraid that otherwise, the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., would lead a boycott of White businesses d. to prevent race riots from spreading from African American neighborhoods into traditionally White neighborhoods Answer: b Topic: Voting Rights Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

28.

Poverty and health issues are particularly acute among which minority group? a. African Americans b. Native Americans c. Asian Americans d. Hispanic Americans Answer: b Topic: Native Americans Learning Objective: 5.3 Relate civil rights principles to progress made by other ethnic groups in the United States.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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29.

In Hernandez v. Texas, the Supreme Court expanded the civil liberties of __________. a. school-age children who are not U.S. citizens b. people with disabilities c. Hispanics d. Native Americans Answer: c Topic: Hispanic Americans Learning Objective: 5.3 Relate civil rights principles to progress made by other ethnic groups in the United States.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

30.

In Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court decided that internment of American citizens of Japanese ancestry living on the Pacific Coast of the United States __________. a. was legally permissible b. was unconstitutional, and Japanese Americans must be duly and immediately compensated c. did not pass the strict scrutiny test, and the internment was promptly terminated d. was unconstitutional, but it was too late to do anything about it Answer: a Topic: Asian Americans Learning Objective: 5.3 Relate civil rights principles to progress made by other ethnic groups in the United States.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

31.

How are the Supreme Court decisions in Korematsu v. United States (1944) and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) similar? a. Both decisions upheld important constitutional principles. b. Both decisions were positive turning points in the history of American jurisprudence. c. Both decisions limited the civil rights of racial or ethnic minorities. d. Both decisions were important early victories in the struggle for civil rights.

Answer: c Topic: Reconstruction and Segregation; Asian Americans Learning Objective: 5.2 Trace the evolution of protections of the rights of African Americans and explain the application of nondiscrimination principles to issues of race; 5.3 Relate civil rights principles to progress made by other ethnic groups in the United States.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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32.

The battle for women’s suffrage __________. a. had its earliest successes in the New England states b. was successful in several states before the constitutional amendment passed c. led the feminist movement to gain in momentum in the early twentieth century d. called on women to reject the traditional model of the family Answer: b Topic: The Battle for the Vote Learning Objective: 5.4 Trace the evolution of women’s rights and explain how civil rights principles apply to gender issues.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

33.

The primary objective of the women’s suffrage movement was __________. a. broad gender equality b. the right to own property c. equal pay for equal work d. the right to vote Answer: d Topic: The Battle for the Vote Learning Objective: 5.4 Trace the evolution of women’s rights and explain how civil rights principles apply to gender issues.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

34.

Women across the country achieved the constitutionally guaranteed right to vote __________. a. during the Civil War b. immediately after the Civil War c. at the same time that Black males won the right to vote d. decades after Black males won the right to vote Answer: d Topic: The Battle for the Vote Learning Objective: 5.4 Trace the evolution of women’s rights and explain how civil rights principles apply to gender issues.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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35.

How has the Equal Rights Amendment affected women’s civil rights? a. It has ensured that men and women are treated equally in the workplace. b. It has ensured that the courts evaluate gender discrimination using the inherently suspect test. c. It has eliminated gender discrimination in the military. d. It has had little effect because it has not been adopted.

Answer: d Topic: The “Doldrums”: 1920–1960 Learning Objective: 5.4 Trace the evolution of women’s rights and explain how civil rights principles apply to gender issues.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

36.

Based on the Supreme Court’s decision in Reed v. Reed, which of the following laws would most likely be overturned? a. Twenty percent of university admissions slots are reserved for high school leaders. b. Police officers must retire at the age of 70. c. Men can vote at 17 years of age, but women cannot vote until age 18. d. Pilots must have perfect vision to obtain a license.

Answer: c Topic: The Second Feminist Wave Learning Objective: 5.4 Trace the evolution of women’s rights and explain how civil rights principles apply to gender issues.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

37.

The Equal Pay Act of 1963 mandates that __________. a. men and women doing the same job at the same workplace must receive equal pay b. the wage gap between men and women must be eliminated c. employees in traditionally female occupations must receive the same pay as those in traditionally male occupations d. women employees must be given paid maternity leave Answer: a Topic: Women in the Workplace Learning Objective: 5.4 Trace the evolution of women’s rights and explain how civil rights principles apply to gender issues.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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38.

What is the status of women in the military? a. Women can only serve as civilians in the military. b. Women can serve in the military but cannot serve in combat roles. c. Women can serve in the military but only in units that are segregated by gender. d. Women have the same rights to serve in the military that men have.

Answer: d Topic: Women in the Workplace Learning Objective: 5.4 Trace the evolution of women’s rights and explain how civil rights principles apply to gender issues.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

39.

Which of the following situations would most likely be a violation of Title IX? a. an election jurisdiction that does not provide bilingual ballots when there is a large bilingual community b. a legal prohibition on hiring women for positions that are known to be hazardous to women’s reproductive health c. a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for women d. a company that systematically pays women less than men for doing comparable work Answer: c Topic: Women in the Workplace Learning Objective: 5.4 Trace the evolution of women’s rights and explain how civil rights principles apply to gender issues.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

40.

What definition has the Supreme Court used to determine whether there is sexual harassment in the workplace? a. a workplace environment in which women earn the same salary as men for performing comparable work b. a workplace environment in which women are unable to perform their jobs c. a workplace environment that would reasonably be perceived as hostile or abusive d. a workplace environment that causes severe psychological injury Answer: c Topic: Sexual Harassment Learning Objective: 5.4 Trace the evolution of women’s rights and explain how civil rights principles apply to gender issues.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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41.

To be in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, an employer would most likely need to a. hire a person with a disability instead of an equally qualified person without a disability b. provide better medical insurance for employees who have a disability c. lower expectations for the quality of work performed by employees with disabilities d. install a ramp and other physical accommodations for an employee who uses a wheelchair Answer: d Topic: Civil Rights and People with Disabilities Learning Objective: 5.5 Summarize the struggles for civil rights of older Americans, persons with disabilities, and LGBT Americans.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

42.

The Supreme Court’s decision in Lawrence v. Texas (2003) primarily enhanced the civil liberties of __________. a. Americans with disabilities b. Asian Americans c. Native Americans d. LGBTQ+ individuals Answer: d Topic: LGBTQ+ Rights Learning Objective: 5.5 Summarize the struggles for civil rights of older Americans, persons with disabilities, and LGBT Americans.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

43.

Recent debates about the rights of transgender Americans have centered on issues of __________ and __________. a. participation in collegiate sports; adoption of children b. marriage rights; employment nondiscrimination c. insurance coverage; homelessness d. access to appropriate bathrooms; military service Answer: d Topic: LGBT+ Rights Learning Objective: 5.5 Summarize the struggles for civil rights of older Americans, persons with disabilities, and LGBT Americans.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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44.

Which of the following affirmative action programs would clearly be in violation of the Supreme Court’s decision in Regents of the University of California v.

Bakke (1978)? a. considering race as a factor in university admissions decisions b. considering how an applicant would contribute to the diversity of the university c. setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American students d. admitting some minority applicants with lower academic achievement than some rejected White applicants Answer: c Topic: Affirmative Action Learning Objective: 5.6 Trace the evolution of affirmative action policy and assess the arguments for and against it.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

45.

In Adarand Constructors v. Peña, the Supreme Court determined that __________. a. affirmative action policies must be scrutinized using the same suspect standard that is used for other policies classifying people by race b. affirmative action policies are subject to an intermediate standard whereby they are presumed to be permissible c. affirmative action policies may be broadly defined in order to accomplish a compelling government interest d. affirmative action policies must be designed to address past discrimination without taking into account race, ethnicity, or religion Answer: a Topic: Affirmative Action Learning Objective: 5.6 Trace the evolution of affirmative action policy and assess the arguments for and against it.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

46.

Which of the following arguments would most likely be made by an opponent of affirmative action policies? a. Failure to address past discrimination leads to perpetual inequality. b. Discrimination is a natural part of the human experience. c. Affirmative action policies discriminate on the basis of race or gender. d. Politics that favor diversity help Americans better understand each other.

Answer: c Topic: Affirmative Action Learning Objective: 5.6 Trace the evolution of affirmative action policy and assess the arguments for and against it.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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47.

What is the status of affirmative action in college admissions since the Supreme Court decisions in the two cases involving the University of Michigan, Gratz v.

Bollinger (2003) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)? a. Affirmative action policies may be permissible, but they cannot involve numerical quotas based on race. b. Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate an urgent need to promote racial tolerance. c. Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with their presence in the population of the nation as a whole. d. All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on skin color.

Answer: a Topic: Affirmative Action Learning Objective: 5.6 Trace the evolution of affirmative action policy and assess the arguments for and against it.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

48.

Majority rule is most likely to conflict with __________. a. the principle of equality b. individual liberty c. consent of the governed d. natural law Answer: b Topic: Civil Rights and Democracy Learning Objective: 5.7 Establish how civil rights policy advances democracy and increases the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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6 Public Opinion and Political Action  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

The Census is a valuable tool for understanding __________. a. the likely results of state and national elections b. demographic changes in the U.S. population c. the distribution of the population’s beliefs about politics and policy issues d. how political views have changed over the past decade Answer: b Topic: The American People Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify demographic trends and their likely impact on American politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

2.

Why is participation in the Census important? a. participation indicates the legitimacy of government and of laws passed by Congress b. changes in the U.S. population affect membership in political parties c. information the Census collects helps to determine how more than $400 billion in federal funding is spent each year d. information from the Census determines tax rates Answer: c Topic: The American People Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify demographic trends and their likely impact on American politics.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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3.

For the first century of U.S. history, America’s immigration policy was __________. a. welcoming only to immigrants from northwestern Europe b. open to anyone who wanted to come to fill up the vast unexplored territory c. open to all except prostitutes and criminals d. open to immigrants from Europe and Latin America, but not to Asians Answer: b Topic: The Immigrant Society Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify demographic trends and their likely impact on American politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

4.

What was the effect of the 1924 Johnson-Reed Immigration Act that established immigration quotas based on national origin? a. The flow of immigrant families with children decreased. b. The flow of low-income immigrant families from Mexico increased. c. Most new immigrants were being reunited with family in the United States. d. Most new immigrants were from northwestern Europe.

Answer: d Topic: The American People Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify demographic trends and their likely impact on American politics.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

5.

What is the foundation of current U.S. immigration policy? a. quotas based on country of origin b. economic factors favoring immigrants with valuable skills c. admission of those in the most dire economic circumstances d. family unification Answer: d Topic: The Immigrant Society Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify demographic trends and their likely impact on American politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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6.

Politicians who believe that America’s competitiveness in the globalized economy would be best served by allocating a substantial percentage of immigrant visas to people with special talents would want to revise the __________. a. Hart-Celler Immigration and Nationality Act b. birthright citizenship clause of the Constitution c. Dream Act d. Simpson-Mazzoli Act Answer: a Topic: The Immigrant Society Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify demographic trends and their likely impact on American politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

7.

Someone who thinks the United States should reorient its immigration policy toward enhancing economic development would be most in favor of granting an immigrant visa to __________. a. a Turkish national with a promising new manufacturing process b. the South Korean parents of a neurobiologist who is a permanent legal resident c. a former Syrian army officer who is now a refugee d. a student-athlete from New Zealand who plays basketball and hopes to coach professionally in the future Answer: a Topic: The American People Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify demographic trends and their likely impact on American politics.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

8.

What is a principal provision of the 1986 Simpson-Mazzoli Act? a. Employers must document the citizenship of their employees. b. State and local police must perform roadside immigration checks. c. The president must apprehend and deport legal and illegal immigrants if their home country is at war with the United States. d. University admissions offices can only admit U.S. citizens and legal immigrants.

Answer: a Topic: The Immigrant Society Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify demographic trends and their likely impact on American politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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9.

Which of the following statements about immigration in the United States is true? a. At current rates, non-Hispanic White people will represent less than half of the population by 2045. b. In recent years, illegal immigrants have outnumbered legal immigrants. c. The Department of Homeland Security estimates that 5 percent of the nation’s illegal immigrants are from Mexico. d. The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that immigrants represent 30 percent of the nation’s population.

Answer: a Topic: The American Melting Pot Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify demographic trends and their likely impact on American politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

10.

Why do seats in the House of Representatives need to be reapportioned? a. The number of seats each state has in the House is based on a state’s population, which changes over time. b. The majority party in the House of Representatives is determined by each state’s proportion of party-affiliated voters. c. The Constitution requires that each state’s taxes be proportional to the size of its population. d. Each congressional district must be redrawn to reflect changes in the state’s population.

Answer: a Topic: The Regional Shift Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify demographic trends and their likely impact on American politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

11.

Political socialization is achieved largely through __________. a. formal civics and government classes b. contact with local political organizations c. exposure to political ideas in the media, schools, and family d. propaganda from politicians, corporations, and interest groups Answer: c Topic: How Americans Learn About Politics: Political Socialization Learning Objective: 6.2 Explain how the agents of socialization influence the development of political attitudes.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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12.

Which statement about the consumption of political news via television and newspapers is accurate? a. Those with less education consume more news than do those with more education. b. Older people consume more political news than do younger people. c. Men consume considerably more political news than do women. d. West Coast residents consume more political news than do East Coast residents.

Answer: b Topic: The Process of Political Socialization Learning Objective: 6.2 Explain how the agents of socialization influence the development of political attitudes.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

13.

What is the most plausible explanation for the fact that many of the commercials that air during nightly television news broadcasts are for prescription drugs for the ailments of old age? a. Today’s young adults are significantly more likely to read newspapers than their parents and grandparents are. b. Political views are increasingly likely to reflect people’s loyalty to specific consumer products. c. Older people pay the most attention to television news and young adults the least. d. Children who develop trust in media messages grow into adults who are not easily disenchanted with politics.

Answer: c Topic: The Process of Political Socialization Learning Objective: 6.2 Explain how the agents of socialization influence the development of political attitudes.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

14.

Which of the following generally increase with age? a. liberalism and political tolerance b. candidate loyalty and authoritarianism c. political participation and suspicion of out-groups d. political participation and strength of party attachment Answer: d Topic: Political Learning over a Lifetime Learning Objective: 6.2 Explain how the agents of socialization influence the development of political attitudes.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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15.

The technique of random sampling ensures that __________. a. the most motivated voters will have a greater chance of being selected as part of a sample b. older voters will outnumber younger voters in the sample c. everyone should have an equal likelihood of being selected as part of a sample in an opinion poll d. the chosen individuals will definitely respond to the poll Answer: c Topic: How Polls Are Conducted Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe public opinion research and modern methods of polling.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

16.

Assume that Howard uses proper sampling techniques to draw a sample of 1,000 Hispanic Floridians. Javier uses identical sampling techniques to draw a sample of 2,000 Hispanic Floridians. Each sample is surveyed about proposed immigration reform and its impact on Hispanics living in the state. Given the information presented in this scenario, which statement is true? a. Given the size of their samples, Howard and Javier will likely underestimate the impact of immigration reform on Florida’s Hispanic population. b. Given the size of their samples, Howard and Javier will likely overestimate the impact of immigration reform on Florida’s Hispanic population. c. Howard and Javier can correctly assume that the sampling error for both surveyed samples will be the same. d. Javier can be more confident in the results of his survey than Howard can be in the results of his survey.

Answer: d Topic: How Polls Are Conducted Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe public opinion research and modern methods of polling.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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17.

To determine what percentage of families with children would use school vouchers to send their children to charter schools, what population needs to be sampled? a. women with children b. citizens in the school district c. parents who are dissatisfied with the local school district d. parents of school-age children Answer: d Topic: How Polls Are Conducted Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe public opinion research and modern methods of polling.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

18.

In a random sample of 1,000 high school students, 29 percent indicated that they had read the Declaration of Independence at least once, with a sampling error of 4 percent. Which statement is true? a. It is likely that more than 33 percent of the population have read the Declaration of Independence. b. It is likely that less than 25 percent of the population have read the Declaration of Independence. c. It is likely that between 25 and 33 percent of the population have read the Declaration of Independence. d. It is likely that 29 percent of the population have read the Declaration of Independence at least once.

Answer: c Topic: How Polls Are Conducted Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe public opinion research and modern methods of polling.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

19.

Which statement about the 1936 Literary Digest poll that predicted Roosevelt’s defeat is true? a. The poll oversampled those with higher incomes. b. The poll oversampled heavily Democratic groups. c. The poll excluded owners of automobiles. d. The poll undersampled middle-class voters who owned telephones.

Answer: a Topic: How Polls Are Conducted Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe public opinion research and modern methods of polling.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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20.

A disadvantage of conducting a public opinion survey over the phone is that __________. a. unlisted numbers cannot be reached by those conducting telephone surveys. b. federal law prohibits the use of automated random-digit-dialing programs to unlisted numbers. c. people are substantially less willing to participate in polls over the telephone than in person. d. independents are less willing to participate in polls over the telephone than are partisans.

Answer: c Topic: How Polls Are Conducted Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe public opinion research and modern methods of polling.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

21.

How do Knowledge Networks ensure that their Internet surveys are accurate? a. A representative sample is recruited via phone and incentivized to participate online. b. Advertisements are placed on a wide variety of Web sites to recruit a broad spectrum of the population. c. Respondents are approached at Internet cafés around the county. d. Respondents are only paid if they provide the answers that those paying for the poll hope to receive.

Answer: a Topic: How Polls Are Conducted Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe public opinion research and modern methods of polling.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

22.

How do politicians use public opinion polls? a. to decide how to vote on legislation b. to determine what policies to pursue c. to pander to whims of the public d. to craft their public presentations and win public support for the policies they favor Answer: d Topic: The Role of Polls in American Democracy Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe public opinion research and modern methods of polling.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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23.

According to Russell Neuman, what is the “paradox of mass politics”? a. The U.S. political system works as well as it does despite the public’s lack of political knowledge. b. The public’s lack of consensus on matters of public policy nonetheless results in public policies with which most Americans are content. c. The growing polarization of public opinion typically results in centrist officeholders who make moderate policies. d. Politicians pander to the public’s policy preferences, but the public typically does not reelect politicians who enact the public’s preferred policies.

Answer: a Topic: What Polls Reveal About Americans’ Political Information Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe public opinion research and modern methods of polling.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

24.

Which of the following viewpoints is more likely to be held by a political liberal than by a political conservative? a. The United States should stop letting criminals hide behind the law. b. Prayer belongs in school. c. Taxes and spending should be kept low. d. Government should expand regulation of the market in the public interest.

Answer: d Topic: What Americans Value: Political Ideologies Learning Objective: 6.4 Compare and contrast the principles of conservatism and liberalism.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

25.

Which of the following do conservatives generally favor? a. fewer military interventions b. a larger scope for government c. freer rein for the private sector d. public policies that provide a broad social safety net Answer: c Topic: What Americans Value: Political Ideologies Learning Objective: 6.4 Compare and contrast the principles of conservatism and liberalism.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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26.

Compared with conservatives, liberals are __________. a. more likely to envision a wide scope for the central government, often involving policies that aim to promote military intervention b. more likely to envision a wide scope for the central government, often involving policies that aim to promote equality c. more likely to belong to groups with political clout d. less likely to want to increase taxes on rich people Answer: b Topic: What Americans Value: Political Ideologies Learning Objective: 6.4 Compare and contrast the values of conservatism and liberalism.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

27.

Why is the scope of government in the United States more restrained than in most European countries? a. Conservative ideology is more popular in the United States than in Europe. b. The United States is more liberal than Europe. c. There are fewer public policy problems in the United States than in Europe. d. The United States has a pluralist political system in which private charities serve the disadvantaged, while pluralism in Europe is rare.

Answer: a Topic: What Americans Value: Political Ideologies Learning Objective: 6.4 Compare and contrast the principles of conservatism and liberalism.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

28.

How does lower voter turnout among young citizens affect the composition of those who show up at the polls? a. Conservatives are overrepresented at the polls. b. Young citizens are overrepresented at the polls. c. Democrats are overrepresented at the polls. d. Liberals are overrepresented at the polls.

Answer: a Topic: What Americans Value: Political Ideologies Learning Objective: 6.4 Compare and contrast the principles of conservatism and liberalism.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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29.

Women are more likely than men to cast their ballots for which type of candidate? a. A Democratic candidate who supports higher levels of spending on the military as opposed to spending on social services b. A Republican candidate who supports higher levels of spending on the military as opposed to spending on social services c. A Democratic candidate who supports higher levels of spending on social services as opposed to spending on the military d. A Republican candidate who supports higher levels of spending on social services as opposed to spending on the military Answer: c Topic: What Americans Value: Political Ideologies Learning Objective: 6.4 Compare and contrast the principles of conservatism and liberalism.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

30.

What aspect of religion has the biggest influence on political ideology? a. the degree to which religion is important in an individual’s life b. an individual’s religious denomination c. whether the individual has been baptized d. which version of the Bible the church uses Answer: a Topic: What Americans Value: Political Ideologies Learning Objective: 6.4 Compare and contrast the principles of conservatism and liberalism.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

31.

In making political decisions, American voters __________. a. rarely think of politics in terms of which party supports which groups b. are less likely than in the past to use ideology as a basis for their decisions c. typically organize their attitudes according to a liberal/conservative scale d. rarely meet the criteria for being classified as ideologues Answer: d Topic: The Influence of Political Ideology on Political Behavior Learning Objective: 6.5 Assess the influence of political ideology on political attitudes and behaviors.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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32.

According to Morris Fiorina, which statement best describes the extent of a culture war in the United States? a. Hyperpolarization in the general public has led to an entrenched culture war. b. Although small groups of activists are engaged in a culture war, most Americans hold relatively moderate views. c. The current culture war is a product of increasing mass-level polarization and decreasing political knowledge and interest. d. The United States is in the midst of a culture war in which half of the population is pitted against the other half.

Answer: b Topic: The Influence of Political Ideology on Political Behavior Learning Objective: 6.5 Assess the influence of political ideology on political attitudes and behaviors.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

33.

Political participation includes __________. a. all the activities citizens use to socialize their children to the political process b. both conventional forms of participation, such as voting, and unconventional forms, such as civil disobedience c. widely accepted modes of influencing government, such as voting and running for office, but not dramatic activities such as protesting or acts of violence d. participation in protests and civil disobedience, as distinguished from conventional activities such as voting Answer: b Topic: How Americans Participate in Politics Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the ways that people may participate in politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

34.

Which of the following accurately describes voter participation in the United States? a. A majority of Americans vote in a majority of elections. b. More Americans vote in local elections than in national elections. c. Many Americans do not vote, especially in local elections. d. Americans generally do not vote because U.S. political culture does not value political participation.

Answer: c Topic: How Americans Participate in Politics Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the ways that people may participate in politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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35.

Which of the following is a form of conventional political participation? a. donating money to a charity for homeless veterans b. working as a caseworker in a social services agency c. compiling a statistical analysis on the demographic characteristics of students enrolled at a local community college d. calling one’s congressional representative to express an opinion about pending legislation Answer: d Topic: How Americans Participate in Politics Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the ways that people may participate in politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

36.

Which of the following is a form of unconventional political participation? a. running for public office as a third-party candidate b. signing a petition in a school parking lot c. gathering signatures for a proposed ballot measure d. staging a sit-in Answer: d Topic: How Americans Participate in Politics Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the ways that people may participate in politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

37.

In which of the following forms of participation are Americans most likely to engage? a. contributing money to a campaign b. contributing money to a party c. attending a campaign rally d. contacting local government officials Answer: d Topic: Conventional Participation Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the ways that people may participate in politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

38.

What is the typical aim of protests in the United States? a. achieving change in public policies b. overthrowing the government c. influencing voting behavior d. informing the public about candidates Answer: a Topic: Protest as Participation Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the ways that people may participate in politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 90 ..

39.

Typically, the immediate aim of most political protests is to __________. a. increase voter participation b. attract media attention c. reduce the need to address certain problems d. incite violence Answer: b Topic: Protest as Participation Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the ways that people may participate in politics.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

40.

How does civil disobedience differ from a protest? a. Civil disobedience involves violence; a protest is peaceful. b. Civil disobedience is involuntary; a protest is voluntary. c. Civil disobedience involves intentionally breaking a law; a protest is a lawful means of getting media attention. d. Civil disobedience involves unintentionally breaking a law; a protest involves intentionally breaking a law.

Answer: c Topic: Protest as Participation Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the ways that people may participate in politics.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

41.

“Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” written by Martin Luther King, Jr., in 1963, is a classic defense of __________. a. civil disobedience b. conscientious objection c. political violence d. tax resistance Answer: a Topic: Protest as Participation Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the ways that people may participate in politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

42.

Americans are more likely than Europeans to __________. a. support liberal causes b. protest c. vote d. contact politicians Answer: d Topic: How Americans Participate in Politics Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the ways that people may participate in politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate 91 ..

43.

Skill Level: Remember the Facts Which statement about conventional political participation in the United States is accurate? a. African Americans are much less likely than White people to participate. b. Those with higher incomes are more likely to participate than those with lower incomes. c. Asians are more likely than African Americans to participate. d. Hispanics and Asians who are newer immigrants are more likely to vote than Hispanics and Asians who are not.

Answer: b Topic: Class, Inequality, and Participation Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the ways that people may participate in politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

44.

If poor people participated at higher levels in the political process, __________. a. government workers would likely unionize b. government services would likely be privatized c. government programs to help individuals invest their Social Security income would likely be higher on the political agenda d. government programs to alleviate poverty would likely be higher on the political agenda Answer: d Topic: Class, Inequality, and Participation Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the ways that people may participate in politics.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

45.

Who are politicians most likely to ignore? a. constituents registered with the other political party b. the wealthy c. nonvoters d. business interests Answer: c Topic: Class, Inequality, and Participation Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the ways that people may participate in politics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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46.

According to Republicans, one of the biggest problems with U.S. government is that __________. a. schools do not teach enough science b. too many Americans evade taxes c. the scope of government is too broad d. the United States is not sufficiently welcoming to immigrants Answer: c Topic: Public Attitudes Toward the Scope of Government Learning Objective: 6.7 Analyze how public opinion about the scope of government guides political behavior.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

47.

Which statement about U.S. attitudes toward the scope of government is true? a. A majority of Americans favor having unlimited government. b. There are more Americans who think the government should do more than there are Americans who think that the government should do less. c. There are more Americans who think the government should do less than there are Americans who think that the government should do more. d. A majority of Americans never think about the scope of government.

Answer: c Topic: Understanding Public Opinion and Political Action Learning Objective: 6.7 Analyze how public opinion about the scope of government guides political behavior.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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7 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

Which statement accurately describes President Trump’s tweets? a. They definitely get his message out. b. They have been carefully vetted by a cadre of advisors. c. Trump reserves Twitter for conveying only the most important or pressing messages. d. The media seldom reports on his tweets because they are not considered to be newsworthy.

Answer: a Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

2.

Which statement best describes news coverage of the 2016 presidential election? a. News coverage of Trump was much more negative than news coverage of Clinton. b. News coverage of Clinton was much more negative than news coverage of Trump. c. News coverage of both Trump and Clinton was overwhelmingly negative. d. News coverage of both Trump and Clinton was fairly neutral.

Answer: c Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 7.3 Analyze the impact of the media on public opinion and political behavior.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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3.

What is the main purpose of a media event? a. to make a profit b. to inform the public c. to attract media coverage d. to criticize biased media coverage Answer: c Topic: The Mass Media Today Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

4.

Which statement best describes the press’s relationship with Franklin D. Roosevelt? a. The press was deferential and respectful to Roosevelt. b. The press was investigatory and hostile to Roosevelt. c. The press was frustrated with Roosevelt’s secrecy and reclusiveness. d. The press was an active participant in Roosevelt’s efforts to mislead the public about the New Deal.

Answer: a Topic: The Development of Media Politics Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

5.

Which of the following events had the largest impact on the change in the media from unchallenged acceptance of what politicians say to skepticism? a. World War II b. the election of George W. Bush c. the Monica Lewinsky scandal d. the Vietnam War Answer: d Topic: The Development of Media Politics Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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6.

Political scandals are generally uncovered through the use of __________. a. beat reporting b. the media’s gatekeeping functions c. investigative journalism d. narrowcasting Answer: c Topic: The Development of Media Politics Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

7.

News coverage of political campaigns tends to focus on __________. a. the role played by political parties b. the campaign as a horse race c. crowd size at media events d. the candidates’ policy positions Answer: b Topic: The Development of Media Politics Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

8.

Which statement accurately describes a trend in U.S. newspapers? a. Newspaper circulation has remained fairly constant in recent years. b. Newspaper readership has increased in recent years as more readers switch to online newspaper platforms. c. Revenue from online advertising has more than compensated for declining print advertising. d. Smaller newspapers have had success in charging for access to local reporting.

Answer: c Topic: The Print Media Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

96 ..

9.

The Federal Communications Commission functions as __________. a. a department within the executive branch b. a congressional committee c. an independent regulatory body d. a consortium of Internet service providers Answer: c Topic: Government Regulation of Electronic Media Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

10.

Congress has stipulated that in order to receive a broadcasting license, a station must __________, a. reduce recidivism b. serve the public interest c. promote the government’s policies d. entertain viewers Answer: b Topic: Government Regulation of Electronic Media Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

11.

The equal time rule mandates that __________. a. if a station sells advertising time to any candidate, it must sell equal time to other candidates for the same office b. news broadcasts must be at least 30 minutes long to be considered a public service c. a station must give an equal amount of time to the general election and to the primary election d. journalists are expected to give government officials an opportunity to respond to negative information before the initial story is published Answer: a Topic: Government Regulation of Electronic Media Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

97 ..

12.

Which of these is an example of a broadcast news source? a. ABC b. Washington Post c. Associated Press d. CNN Answer: a Topic: From Broadcasting to Narrowcasting: The Rise of Cable and Cable News Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

13.

Which of the following is an example of narrowcasting? a. the tendency of the media to focus on the negative b. a reliance on hyper-specialized experts for quotations to be included in news stories c. a TV channel’s focus on a particular interest d. the reluctance of the major media outlets to cover cultural issues like abortion or gay marriage Answer: c Topic: From Broadcasting to Narrowcasting: The Rise of Cable and Cable News Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

14.

Research suggests that for younger Americans, infotainment shows __________. a. have little impact on how they evaluate candidates b. provide at least modest amounts of political campaign information c. have little value as venues for politicians to appear in person d. convey substantive political information in an entertaining fashion Answer: b Topic: From Broadcasting to Narrowcasting: The Rise of Cable and Cable News Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

98 ..

15.

A positive aspect of selective exposure is that it __________. a. contributes to a desire to seek out alternative viewpoints b. makes political information available to a wider audience c. clarifies what is at stake in policy decisions d. contributes to skepticism about the role of the mass media Answer: c Topic: From Broadcasting to Narrowcasting: The Rise of Cable and Cable News Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

16.

Which statement accurately describes media ownership in the United States? a. Most media outlets are publicly owned. b. Most media outlets are owned by corporate conglomerates. c. Most media owners are liberal. d. Most media outlets are owned by nonprofit corporations seeking to advance the public interest.

Answer: b Topic: Private Control of the Media Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

17.

The primary interest of most U.S. media is __________. a. making a profit b. in-depth, investigative reporting c. presenting diverse perspectives d. informing the public Answer: a Topic: Private Control of the Media Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

99 ..

18.

How has television news changed in recent years? a. The quality of news reporting has increased as a result of competition for viewers and advertisers. b. Economic globalization has led to an increase in the number of foreign news stories. c. Media organizations have cut back on their foreign bureaus and on international news. d. Television news is increasingly viewed as a public service that benefits the nation as a whole.

Answer: c Topic: Private Control of the Media Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe how American politicians choreograph their messages through the mass media.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

19.

Which of the following tends to be the focus of television news? a. entertainment b. policy analysis c. congressional decision making d. ordinary events Answer: a Topic: Reporting the News Learning Objective: 7.2 List the major criteria that determine which news stories receive the most media attention.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

20.

What story is most likely to be covered on television news? a. an accident in which a truck filled with eggs crashes into a breakfast restaurant b. a change to the types of feed that can be fed to dairy cows c. an analysis of how a tax policy favors alpaca ranchers at the expense of cattle ranchers d. an in-depth exploration of candidates’ policy positions regarding the importation of Vietnamese catfish Answer: a Topic: Reporting the News Learning Objective: 7.2 List the major criteria that determine which news stories receive the most media attention.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

100 ..

21.

Which of these would a major TV network be least likely to show? a. ambassadors arguing at the United Nations b. talking heads discussing the details of an infrastructure bill c. the aftermath of a major natural disaster d. footage of a domestic terrorist attack Answer: b Topic: Reporting the News Learning Objective: 7.2 List the major criteria that determine which news stories receive the most attention.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

22.

In covering military conflicts, the majority of TV news stories usually originate from correspondents whose __________ are the White House, the Pentagon, and the State Department. a. wire services b. networks c. trial balloons d. beats Answer: d Topic: Finding the News Learning Objective: 7.2 List the major criteria that determine which news stories receive the most attention.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

23.

As a result of beat reporting, __________. a. politicians receive more favorable coverage than they would otherwise b. the public is kept in the dark about the inner workings of the beat c. media companies save money by pooling resources d. reporters become specialists in the area that they cover Answer: d Topic: Finding the News Learning Objective: 7.2 List the major criteria that determine which news stories receive the most media coverage.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

101 ..

24.

A trial balloon is a policy idea that is __________, a. proposed to the president by a cabinet secretary b. introduced in a congressional committee c. designed to challenge a Supreme Court decision d. suggested to the media for the purpose of assessing the likely political reaction Answer: d Topic: Finding the News Learning Objective: 7.2 List the major criteria that determine which news stories receive the most media coverage.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

25.

Trial balloons are used to __________. a. drum up support for a candidate or policy b. assess the likely political reaction to a policy idea c. expose media bias d. boost the newsworthiness of an event Answer: b Topic: Finding the News Learning Objective: 7.2 List the major criteria that determine which news stories receive the most attention.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

26.

The practice of “embedding” reporters with fighting forces during the Iraq War was a response to __________. a. the public’s positive reaction to early use of this approach during the Vietnam War b. complaints about restrictions placed on reporters during the 1991 Gulf War c. suggestions from the Pentagon that this would be the best way to improve combat coverage d. a proposal by the secretary of defense Answer: b Topic: Finding the News Learning Objective: 7.2 List the major criteria that determine which news stories receive the most attention.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

102 ..

27.

Politicians and journalists have a(n) __________ relationship: Politicians rely on journalists to get out their message, and journalists rely on politicians to keep them in the know. a. parasitic b. symbiotic c. cooperative d. antagonistic Answer: b Topic: Finding the News Learning Objective: 7.2 List the major criteria that determine which news stories receive the most attention.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

28.

As a result of technological advances, __________. a. news coverage has become more thorough b. news coverage has become less thorough c. news coverage has become more objective d. news coverage has become increasingly focused on policy Answer: b Topic: Presenting the News Learning Objective: 7.2 List the major criteria that determine which news stories receive the most media attention.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

29.

When TV news stations cover politicians’ speeches, they tend to do so using __________. a. trial balloons b. sound bites c. beats d. investigative journalism Answer: b Topic: Presenting the News Learning Objective: 7.2 List the major criteria that determine which news stories receive the most media attention.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

103 ..

30.

Based on research findings, the clearest and most consistent bias in the news is a__________. a. liberal political bias b. conservative political bias c. bias in favor of sensational stories d. bias that tends to put the president in a good light Answer: c Topic: Bias in the News Learning Objective: 7.2 List the major criteria that determine which news stories receive the most media coverage.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

31.

The effects of the news media on public opinion are particularly strong among __________. a. politically knowledgeable citizens who trust the media b. first-time voters c. younger citizens who still live at home d. citizens who receive government benefits such as Social Security or Medicaid Answer: a Topic: The News and Public Opinion Learning Objective: 7.3 Analyze the impact of the media on public opinion and political behavior.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

32.

Which of the following is a potential concern about agenda setting by the media? a. It can select stories that alter the priorities Americans attach to policy problems. b. It can diminish the media’s effect on the public opinion. c. It can discourage citizens from voting by focusing on the imperfections of the democratic system. d. It can hinder the public’s ability to know what issues are important.

Answer: a Topic: The News and Public Opinion Learning Objective: 7.3 Analyze the impact of the media on public opinion and political behavior.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

104 ..

33.

The “minimal effects hypothesis” suggested that the media has a significant effect on __________. a. the importance people attach to a given problem b. politicians’ issue positions c. Americans’ consumption of newspapers d. policy outcomes Answer: a Topic: The News and Public Opinion Learning Objective: 7.3 Analyze the impact of the media on public opinion behavior.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

34.

Which of the following can result from agenda setting by the media? a. Politicians may hone their fundraising skills. b. The FCC may deny a broadcast license. c. The public may change the criteria by which they evaluate political leaders. d. The media may endorse losing candidates.

Answer: c Topic: The News and Public Opinion Learning Objective: 7.3 Analyze the impact of the media on public opinion and political behavior.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

35.

During a 1976 presidential debate, President Ford mistakenly said that the Soviet Union did not dominate Eastern Europe. Polls indicated that most viewers did not recognize his error until they learned of it on the news, where Ford’s misstatement was given extensive coverage. This coverage __________. a. made Ford seem more personally likable b. made Ford seem less vulnerable c. allowed Ford to steer the agenda to his strengths d. led to concerns about Ford’s competence in foreign policymaking Answer: d Topic: The News and Public Opinion Learning Objective: 7.3 Analyze the impact of the media on public opinion and political behavior.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

105 ..

36.

Which of the following best describes a policy agenda? a. the collective campaign promises of the two major-party candidates during the last presidential election cycle b. the list of issues that are attracting serious attention from public officials and other political actors at any given time c. the list of issues that have been passed by at least one house of Congress but have not yet been enacted into law d. issues that interest groups want government to address but that government officials would rather avoid Answer: b Topic: Policy Entrepreneurs and Agenda Setting Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe how politicians use the media to communicate with the electorate.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

37.

All policy entrepreneurs __________. a. work for the government in a specific policy area b. work to get their ideas placed high on the government’s agenda c. work as lobbyists but not as part of government d. are skilled at drafting legislation Answer: b Topic: Policy Entrepreneurs and Agenda Setting Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe how politicians use the media to communicate with the electorate.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

38.

Policy entrepreneurs depend heavily on __________ to increase public attention to their issue. a. financial investments b. government agencies c. the media d. their congressional representatives Answer: c Topic: Policy Entrepreneurs and Agenda Setting Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe how politicians use the media to communicate with the electorate.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

106 ..

39.

Civil rights activists in the 1960s used the media to show Americans the unjust treatment of minorities, successfully placing the civil rights issue on the __________. a. policy entrepreneur’s schedule b. policy agenda c. press conference d. news beat Answer: b Topic: Policy Entrepreneurs and Agenda Setting Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe how politicians use the media to communicate with the electorate.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

40.

The media act as key linkage institutions between __________. a. the public and policymakers b. the executive and the legislative branches c. shareholders and stakeholders d. entertainment and information Answer: a Topic: Understanding the Mass Media Learning Objective: 7.5 Assess the impact of the mass media on the scope of government and democracy in America.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

41.

Network executives blame __________ for the superficiality in media reporting. a. cable news b. social media c. the Internet d. the public Answer: d Topic: Democracy and the Media Learning Objective: 7.5 Assess the impact of the mass media on the scope of government and democracy in America.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

107 ..

8 Political Parties  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

Which of the following is a benefit of party polarization? a. Polarization increases the willingness of parties to reach compromises. b. Polarized parties make it easier to find a middle ground. c. Polarized parties make it easier for voters to distinguish which side better represents their views. d. Polarized parties reduce congressional workload.

Answer: c Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify the functions of political parties.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

2.

Which of the following functions is typically performed by rank-and-file members of U.S. political parties? a. drafting legislation b. recruiting candidates c. nominating candidates d. organizing campaigns Answer: c Topic: The Meaning of Party Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify the functions of political parties.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

108 ..

3.

What is the core function of a political party? a. to reflect its members’ public policy preferences b. to develop policies that advocate for social change c. to win elections d. to protect civil rights Answer: c Topic: The Meaning of Party Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify the functions of political parties.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understanding the Concepts

4.

The party as an organization __________. a. makes the party’s rules and keeps the party running between elections b. consists of elected officials who identify with the party c. includes any citizen who claims to be a member d. includes all of the main spokespersons for the party Answer: a Topic: The Meaning of Party Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify the functions of political parties.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

5.

What is the party in the electorate? a. party officers who seek to educate the public on key party stances b. public officials who are registered with a political party c. all voters who are active in the business of the party d. all citizens who claim to be a member of a political party Answer: d Topic: The Meaning of Party Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify the functions of political parties.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

6.

Political parties benefit the public by ___________. a. polarizing the electorate b. reducing the need for voters to participate in elections c. limiting the scope of policy debates d. providing cues that help voters decide between candidates Answer: d Topic: Tasks of the Parties Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify the functions of political parties.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

7.

According to Anthony Downs’s rational-choice model, __________.

109 ..

a. voters want to maximize the chance that their preferred policies will be adopted by government b. logic and reason always prevail in the American electorate c. party identity will lose its importance over the next 100 years d. voters are acting rationally when they vote against their self-interest Answer: a Topic: Parties, Voters, and Policy: The Downs Model Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify the functions of political parties.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8.

According to the Downs model, parties must position themselves fairly __________ in order to succeed in their goals. a. at the center b. near the center c. somewhat close to the extremes d. as far to the left or right as possible Answer: b Topic: Parties, Voters, and Policy: The Downs Model Learning Objective: 8.1 Identify the functions of political parties.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

9.

Younger voters are more likely than older voters to identify as __________. a. Libertarians b. Democrats c. Independents d. Republicans Answer: c Topic: The Party in the Electorate Learning Objective: 8.2 Determine the significance of party identification in America today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

110 ..

10.

Ticket splitting is most common among which of the following groups? a. nonvoters b. party activists c. Independents d. voters over age 65 Answer: c Topic: The Party in the Electorate Learning Objective: 8.2 Determine the significance of party identification in America today.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

12.

Which statement best describes party machines in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a. Party machines provided policy support to rural citizens in exchange for votes. b. Party machines provided jobs to urban citizens in exchange for votes. c. Party machines disenfranchised loyal supporters while providing patronage to disloyal supporters. d. Party machines provided cash handouts to loyal rural voters.

Answer: b Topic: Local Parties Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the structure of political parties at the national, state, and local level.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

13.

What best explains the demise of party machines? a. congressional reforms that outlawed “smoke-filled rooms” b. Keynesian economic reforms that increased individual wealth c. judicial reforms that ended the “pay to play” system of assigning public defenders d. progressive reforms that placed jobs under the merit system Answer: d Topic: Local Parties Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the structure of political parties at the national, state, and local level.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

111 ..

14.

The void left by the decline of urban party machines has been filled in part by __________. a. labor unions b. corporations c. family farmers and small business owners d. county-level political party organizations Answer: d Topic: Local Parties Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the structure of political parties at the national, state, and local level.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

15.

What is the primary disadvantage of open primaries? a. Partisans of the other side can “raid” the primary to vote for the least viable candidate. b. Open primaries may result in the election of more extreme candidates. c. The presence of too many candidates on the ballot can confuse voters. d. Open primaries give too much power to voters who reside outside of the district.

Answer: a Topic: The 50 State Party Systems Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the structure of political parties at the national, state, and local level.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

16.

Which of the following has ultimate authority over the national party organizations? a. the state party organizations b. the party’s national convention c. the president d. the parties in government Answer: b Topic: The National Party Organizations Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the structure of political parties at the national, state, and local level.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

112 ..

17.

Which of the following is responsible for writing a party’s platform? a. the party chair b. the party’s county-level committees c. delegates to the national party convention d. voters who are registered in that party, through a referendum process Answer: c Topic: The National Party Organizations Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the structure of political parties at the national, state, and local level.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

18.

Between conventions, the national party organizations are run by __________. a. the parties in the electorate b. the state party organizations c. the party’s congressional caucus d. the party’s national committee Answer: d Topic: The National Party Organizations Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the structure of political parties at the national, state, and local level.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

19.

The chairperson of the president’s party is __________. a. elected in the primary during midterm election years b. selected by the president and routinely ratified by the national committee c. selected by the governors belonging to the president’s party d. elected by the congressional delegation of the party that controls the presidency Answer: b Topic: The National Party Organizations Learning Objective: 8.3 Describe the structure of political parties at the national, state, and local level.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

113 ..

20.

Which statement best describes the likelihood that presidential candidates will keep their promises once elected to office? a. Presidents seldom deliver on their policy promises. b. Presidents only deliver on their symbolic promises; they do not deliver on their substantive promises. c. Presidents sometimes deliver on their minor promises but almost never deliver on their major promises. d. Presidents often deliver on their policy promises.

Answer: d Topic: The Party in Government: Promises and Policy Learning Objective: 8.4 Evaluate how well political parties generally do in carrying out their promises.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

21.

Party platforms represent __________. a. the groups of voters who come together to form and support a political party and its candidates b. the views of all those officeholders who share the same party affiliation c. the set of issues being debated in Congress at any given time d. a party’s stated policy goals Answer: d Topic: The Party in Government: Promises and Policy Learning Objective: 8.4 Evaluate how well political parties generally do in carrying out their promises.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

22.

In a __________ election, new issues emerge, new coalitions replace old ones, and the majority party may be displaced by the minority party. a. critical b. midterm c. coalition d. primary Answer: a Topic: Party Eras in American History Learning Objective: 8.5 Trace the evolution of political parties in America.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

114 ..

23.

How are critical elections and party realignments interrelated? a. A party realignment is a larger version of a critical election. b. A party realignment is a smaller version of a critical election. c. A party realignment occurs before one or more critical elections. d. A party realignment occurs as a result of one or more critical elections.

Answer: d Topic: Party Eras in American History Learning Objective: 8.5 Trace the evolution of political parties in America.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

24.

Supporters of Andrew Jackson’s Democratic Party sought to __________. a. broaden political opportunity by mobilizing the masses and eliminating vestiges of elitism b. find areas of agreement with the opposing party, the Whigs c. bring together Northern industrialists and Southern planters d. eliminate the Federalist Party Answer: c Topic: 1828–1856: Jackson and the Democrats Versus the Whigs Learning Objective: 8.5 Trace the evolution of political parties in America.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

25.

The years 1860–1928 saw the dominance of which party? a. Democratic-Republicans b. Democrats c. Federalists d. Republicans Answer: d Topic: 1860–1928: The Two Republican Eras Learning Objective: 8.5 Trace the evolution of political parties in America.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

115 ..

26.

The shift in political coalitions that stemmed from the 1896 presidential election resulted in __________. a. a Democratic president b. a party dealignment c. a party realignment d. the New Deal coalition Answer: c Topic: 1860–1928: The Two Republican Eras Learning Objective: 8.5 Trace the evolution of political parties in America.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

27.

A major party realignment occurred during the __________. a. Watergate scandal b. Affordable Care Act c. New Deal d. war on terror Answer: c Topic: 1932–1964: The New Deal Coalition Learning Objective: 8.5 Trace the evolution of political parties in America.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

28.

In his first 100 days as president, Franklin D. Roosevelt __________. a. asserted that economic depression could not be cured by legislative action b. discouraged partisanship among his supporters in the interests of finding common ground with the Republicans c. prodded Congress into taking ambitious anti-Depression measures d. promised the country a return to the status quo Answer: c Topic: 1932–1964: The New Deal Coalition Learning Objective: 8.5 Trace the evolution of political parties in America.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

29.

Which of the following demographic groups was a key part of the New Deal coalition? a. African Americans b. rural voters c. the wealthy d. Protestants Answer: a Topic: 1932–1964: The New Deal Coalition Learning Objective: 8.5 Trace the evolution of political parties in America.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 116 ..

30.

The New Deal coalition fell apart when __________ shifted from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party. a. urbanites b. Catholics and Jews c. Asians and Hispanics d. Southern conservatives Answer: d Topic: 1968–Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government Learning Objective: 8.5 Trace the evolution of political parties in America.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

31.

Which Democrats did Richard Nixon try to bring over to the Republican Party? a. Southern conservatives b. African Americans c. young political activists d. pro-choice women Answer: a Topic: 1968–Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government Learning Objective: 8.5 Trace the evolution of political parties in America.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

32.

Recent patterns of party identification suggest that we are in a period of __________. a. dealignment b. a revived New Deal coalition c. unified party government d. conservative realignment Answer: a Topic: 1968–Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government Learning Objective: 8.5 Trace the evolution of political parties in America.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

33.

What is the primary disadvantage of divided government? a. It acts as a check and balance across institutions. b. It often expands the scope of government. c. It does not allow for clear lines of accountability on policy. d. It often stunts economic growth.

Answer: c 117 ..

Topic: 1968–Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government Learning Objective: 8.5 Trace the evolution of political parties in America.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 34.

Party dealignment is associated with __________. a. an increase in labor unions b. increasingly politicized evangelical congregations c. an increase in the occurrence of divided government d. a rising number of Democrats Answer: c Topic: 1968–Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government Learning Objective: 8.5 Trace the evolution of political parties in America.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

35.

What important role do third parties play in American democracy? a. They serve as “safety valves” for popular discontent. b. They frequently win elections in crucial swing states. c. They simplify citizens’ choices on Election Day. d. They draft most of the legislation that is eventually enacted by one of the major parties.

Answer: a Topic: Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics Learning Objective: 8.6 Evaluate the role of minor parties in the U.S. electoral system.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

36.

What does Ralph Nader’s 2000 presidential election bid illustrate regarding third parties? a. Third parties often win. b. Third parties often receive more media attention than do the major political parties. c. Third parties usually spend more time and money on campaigns than do the major political parties. d. Third-party candidates can influence campaign issues and outcomes.

Answer: d Topic: Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics Learning Objective: 8.6 Evaluate the role of minor parties in the U.S. electoral system.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 118 ..

37.

European democracies have more parties in positions of political power than does the United States because of their use of __________. a. party platforms b. winner-take-all systems c. critical elections d. proportional representation Answer: d Topic: Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics Learning Objective: 8.6 Evaluate the role of minor parties in the U.S. electoral system.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

38.

Why are coalition governments so prevalent in parliamentary systems? a. Parliamentary systems are nonpartisan, but coalition governments often act much like political parties. b. Their winner-take-all electoral systems encourage coalition governments. c. In a multiparty system with proportional representation, single parties rarely win a majority of the seats. d. Coalition governments discourage third parties.

Answer: d Topic: Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics Learning Objective: 8.6 Evaluate the role of minor parties in the U.S. electoral system.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

39.

The responsible party model implies that parties should __________. a. adhere to the party platform b. make the best decisions for the country regardless of what public opinion suggests c. make more use of patronage d. be more accountable to interest group demands Answer: a Topic: Understanding Political Parties Learning Objective: 8.7 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of responsible party government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

119 ..

40.

Advocates of the responsible party model believe parties should craft a platform, candidates should run on that platform, and the majority party should __________. a. implement it b. refine it according to officeholders’ preferences c. compromise to get the job done d. do whatever is necessary to stay in the majority Answer: a Topic: Democracy and Responsible Party Government: How Should We Govern?

Learning Objective: 8.7 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of responsible party government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

41.

Critics of the responsible party model claim that __________. a. it has contributed to the vilification of the word compromise b. it causes unneeded tension between Democrats and Republicans c. it is not subject to constitutional constraints d. increased party unity and sharp policy differences between the parties have led to an us-versus-them political environment Answer: d Topic: Democracy and Responsible Party Government: How Should We Govern?

Learning Objective: 8.7 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of responsible party government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

42.

Why is the scope of government more restrained in the United States than in Europe? a. The United States has a weaker party system. b. Both major U.S. political parties favor a strong social safety net. c. European countries use winner-take-all elections to prevent coalition governments that typically restrain the scope of government. d. The United States has a strong party structure that thwarts efforts to expand the scope of government.

Answer: a Topic: American Political Parties and the Scope of Government Learning Objective: 8.7 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of responsible party government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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9 Campaigns and Voting Behavior  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

American presidential campaigns can best be described as __________. a. corrupt and unsavory b. long and arduous c. cheap and efficient d. focused on policy details and questions of implementation Answer: b Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 9.2 Describe campaign methods and strategies.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

2.

The national party conventions meet every four years to __________. a. set the schedule for the party’s presidential primaries and caucuses b. choose the party’s superdelegates c. confirm the decisions of the invisible primary d. nominate the party’s presidential and vice presidential candidates Answer: d Topic: Competing for Delegates Learning Objective: 9.1 Evaluate the fairness of the presidential primary and caucus system.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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3.

The McGovern–Fraser Commission made the Democratic Party’s delegate selection process more representative and open to input from the public by __________. a. requiring delegate selection procedures to be open to all party members b. increasing the number of delegates chosen c. weakening the power of registered party members to choose convention delegates d. encouraging the use of presidential caucuses rather than primaries Answer: a Topic: Competing for Delegates Learning Objective: 9.1 Evaluate the fairness of the presidential primary and caucus system.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

4.

How did Democrats change the superdelegate system after the 2016 election in response to complaints that the existing structure benefited Hillary Clinton over Bernie Sanders? a. They decided that a superdelegate’s vote would count as only three-fifths of a vote. b. They cut the number of superdelegates in half. c. They decided not to let superdelegates vote on the first ballot in 2020. d. They decided that only states that hold caucuses will be allowed to have superdelegates.

Answer: c Topic: Competing for Delegates Learning Objective: 9.1 Evaluate the fairness of the presidential primary and caucus system.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

5.

Who wins the invisible primary? a. the candidate who receives the most support from political elites b. the candidate who wins the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary c. the Democratic candidate who wins the most superdelegates during the primary election d. the media outlet that is the first to report election outcomes Answer: a Topic: Competing for Delegates Learning Objective: 9.1 Evaluate the fairness of the presidential primary and caucus system.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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6.

Which statement about caucus states is accurate? a. The state legislature selects the state’s delegates to the national conventions. b. Party officials select delegates according to their own preferences. c. Voters attend open meetings where they express their presidential preferences. d. Candidates appoint supporters to serve as delegates to the national convention.

Answer: c Topic: Competing for Delegates Learning Objective: 9.1 Evaluate the fairness of the presidential primary and caucus system.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

7.

If you were running a presidential campaign, you would want to allow plenty of time for your candidate to __________. a. travel extensively in Iowa before the caucuses b. visit major cities in California during the general election campaign c. meet the people in small towns in Texas d. go door-to-door greeting voters in New York Answer: a Topic: Competing for Delegates Learning Objective: 9.1 Evaluate the fairness of the presidential primary and caucus system.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

8.

Of the following people, who is most likely to participate in a presidential caucus? a. someone who works two jobs b. a single parent c. someone who is a political Independent d. a party activist Answer: d Topic: Competing for Delegates Learning Objective: 9.1 Evaluate the fairness of the presidential primary and caucus system.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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9.

Why is the Internet becoming more important than direct mail for campaign fundraising? a. Online contributions are not submitted to personal income taxes, but contributions solicited through direct mail are taxable. b. The Internet is more likely to reach Americans in their homes than is direct mail. c. It is cheaper to raise money online than through direct mail. d. By law, Internet fundraising can begin several months before direct mail fundraising.

Answer: c Topic: The High-Tech Media Campaign Learning Objective: 9.2 Describe campaign methods and strategies.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

10.

On a campaign, whose job is it to work with reporters to help candidates get the sort of press coverage they desire? a. the pollster b. the campaign manager c. the press secretary d. an advance worker Answer: c Topic: Organizing the Campaign Learning Objective: 9.2 Describe campaign methods and strategies.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

11.

Which of the following is a requirement of the Federal Election Campaign Act? a. All campaign funds must be spent on advertising. b. Candidates for Congress must contribute at least 10 percent of their net worth to the campaign. c. Congressional campaigns cannot accept contributions of less than $5,000 from individual citizens. d. All candidates for federal office must disclose who contributed money to their campaigns.

Answer: d Topic: Regulations on Campaign Contributions Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify how the financing of federal campaigns is regulated and evaluate the influence of money in elections.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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12.

Political action committees are required to __________. a. create joint fundraising committees that share the costs of fundraising with party committees b. limit individual contributions to $5,000 per year, with no limit on how much a PAC may give to a candidate c. register with the Federal Election Commission and report their donations and contributions to it d. maintain the confidentiality of individual contributors to a political candidate Answer: c Topic: Regulations on Campaign Contributions Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify how the financing of federal campaigns is regulated and evaluate the influence of money in elections.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

13.

Before they were banned in 2002 by the McCain–Feingold Act, soft money contributions were __________. a. given only to groups that were technically independent of a candidate or party b. used for party-building expenses at the grassroots level or for generic party advertising c. channeled to politicians who were facing fundraising challenges d. severely limited, but with automatic increases to allow for inflation Answer: b Topic: Regulations on Campaign Contributions Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify how the financing of federal campaigns is regulated and evaluate the influence of money in elections.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

14.

__________ was an unintended result of changes to the Federal Election Campaign Act that allowed parties to raise and spend unlimited money on voter registration and other party-building activities. a. Party discretionary funding b. The party expenditure exemption c. Soft money d. Walking-around money Answer: c Topic: Regulations on Campaign Contributions Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify how the financing of federal campaigns is regulated and evaluate the influence of money in elections.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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15.

What did the Supreme Court determine to be permissible in Citizens United v.

Federal Election Commission? a. unlimited corporate contributions to groups that make independent expenditures b. limits on campaign spending in the interest of ensuring a competitive election c. public financing for presidential campaigns d. restrictions on freedom of speech in the interest of promoting civil campaign discourse Answer: a Topic: Regulations on Campaign Contributions Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify how the financing of federal campaigns is regulated and evaluate the influence of money in elections.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

16.

Why would someone contribute money to a 501(c) group? a. to ensure that the money is used on advertising b. to avoid having his or her name disclosed as a donor c. so that the funds would be matched by the federal government d. to make a contribution using someone else’s name or under a false identity Answer: b Topic: Regulations on Independent Political Expenditures Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify how the financing of federal campaigns is regulated and evaluate the influence of money in elections.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

17.

Which statement accurately describes the role that money played in the 2016 presidential election? a. The campaign that spent the most money won the election. b. Hillary Clinton’s campaign spent less money than did Donald Trump’s campaign. c. Donald Trump’s campaign raised more money from outside groups than did Hillary Clinton’s campaign. d. Donald Trump’s campaign was substantially outspent by Hillary Clinton’s campaign.

Answer: d Topic: Does Money Buy Victory?

Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify how the financing of federal campaigns is regulated and evaluate the influence of money in elections.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

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18.

A campaign is most likely to __________. a. convince citizens who gave money to one candidate to vote for the other candidate b. convert voters c. undermine voters’ confidence in their preferred candidate d. reinforce voters’ preferences for candidates Answer: d Topic: The Impact of Campaigns Learning Objective: 9.4 Determine why campaigns have an important yet limited impact on election outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

19.

The capacity for __________ means that people’s beliefs often guide what they pay attention to and how they interpret events. a. suffrage b. policy voting c. selective perception d. frontloading Answer: c Topic: The Impact of Campaigns Learning Objective: 9.4 Determine why campaigns have an important yet limited impact on election outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

20.

Research suggests that political campaigns are most likely to successfully convert voters when they __________. a. use “wedge” issues on which the other party is divided b. make appeals based on party affiliation c. make unrealistic promises d. buy radio and Internet advertisements Answer: a Topic: The Impact of Campaigns Learning Objective: 9.4 Determine why campaigns have an important yet limited impact on election outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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21.

The 80 percent turnout of eligible voters in the 1896 U.S. election was __________. a. higher than the participation rate would be again until the World War II years b. typical of participation in a presidential election year c. the high point of electoral participation d. a low point in electoral participation Answer: c Topic: Whether to Vote: A Citizen’s First Choice Learning Objective: 9.5 Identify the factors that influence whether people vote.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

22.

Which of the following helps to explain why voter turnout is lower in the United States than in most other established democracies? a. The United States holds fewer elections. b. The United States elects fewer officeholders. c. The United States has midweek elections. d. The United States has more moderate political parties.

Answer: c Topic: Whether to Vote: A Citizen’s First Choice Learning Objective: 9.5 Identify the factors that influence whether people vote.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

23.

Which of the following is a cost of voting? a. political efficacy b. civic duty c. becoming informed d. an election that is decided by a single vote Answer: c Topic: Deciding Whether to Vote Learning Objective: 9.5 Identify the factors that influence whether people vote.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

24.

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to vote? a. someone who thinks that both candidates are moderate b. someone with a low sense of civic duty c. someone with a high sense of political efficacy d. someone who sees few differences between the candidates Answer: c Topic: Deciding Whether to Vote Learning Objective: 9.5 Identify the factors that influence whether people vote.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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25.

Which statement indicates a high level of political efficacy? a. “I should vote to honor those who sacrificed their lives to make America free.” b. “Voting is so easy that there is no excuse for not voting.” c. “My vote can make a difference.” d. “Democracy is only democratic if citizens participate in the process.”

Answer: c Topic: Deciding Whether to Vote Learning Objective: 9.5 Identify the factors that influence whether people vote.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

26.

Which of the following makes it harder to vote? a. frontloading b. the Motor Voter Act c. Election Day voter registration laws d. voter ID laws Answer: d Topic: Registering to Vote Learning Objective: 9.5 Identify the factors that influence whether people vote.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

27.

Which of the following would be most likely to increase voter turnout in the United States? a. holding more elections b. making voter registration easier c. electing more officeholders d. minimizing the differences between the parties Answer: b Topic: Registering to Vote Learning Objective: 9.5 Identify the factors that influence whether people vote.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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28.

Which of the following groups is most likely to vote? a. those with low income b. those who are older c. ethnic minorities d. college students Answer: b Topic: Who Votes?

Learning Objective: 9.5 Identify the factors that influence whether people vote.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

29.

Why are people with more education more likely to vote? a. Education depresses political efficacy. b. Education increases intolerance. c. Education helps voters recognize the major differences between the candidates. d. Education enables voters to calculate the probability that their vote will decide the election.

Answer: c Topic: Who Votes?

Learning Objective: 9.5 Identify the factors that influence whether people vote.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

30.

Why are married people more likely than single people to vote? a. Married couples have more free time. b. Married people are less likely to have a college degree. c. Married couples receive a tax break if both spouses vote. d. Married people have closer ties to their community.

Answer: d Topic: Who Votes?

Learning Objective: 9.5 Identify the factors that influence whether people vote.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

31.

Which of the following groups is overrepresented among voters? a. government workers b. people who are single c. younger citizens d. members of minority groups Answer: a Topic: Who Votes?

Learning Objective: 9.5 Identify the factors that influence whether people vote.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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32.

Why do winning candidates claim a mandate even though political scientists generally discredit the mandate theory of elections? a. Politicians think that political scientists do not understand how things actually work. b. Voters do not necessarily prefer all of the winning candidate’s issue positions. c. Winning candidates want to justify their policy proposals by claiming that the public supports them. d. Winning candidates are not well versed in the political science literature.

Answer: c Topic: How Americans Vote: Explaining Citizens’ Decisions Learning Objective: 9.6 Analyze why people vote as they do.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

33.

How does party identification simplify the voting process? a. It enables voters to select from a wider array of candidates. b. It cues voters to which candidates they are likely to prefer. c. It eliminates the need to produce a photo identification in order to vote. d. It reduces the policy differences between the candidates.

Answer: b Topic: Party Identification Learning Objective: 9.6 Analyze why people vote as they do.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

34.

Why is it sometimes difficult for citizens to engage in policy voting? a. Competing candidates usually have the same positions on issues. b. Candidates are often deliberately ambiguous about their issue stances. c. The media tend to overwhelm voters with policy information. d. Election officials prevent using policy-based voter guides in the voting booth.

Answer: b Topic: Policy Voting Learning Objective: 9.6 Analyze why people vote as they do.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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35.

Which group was considered most likely to vote for Donald Trump in 2020? a. Jews b. Hispanics c. younger voters d. Non-Hispanic White people Answer: d Topic: 2016: An Election Like No Other Learning Objective: 9.6 Analyze why people vote as they do.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

36.

Which group voted most heavily for Joe Biden in 2020? a. Jews b. Hispanics c. White fundamentalist Christians d. those under 30 years old Answer: c Topic: 2016: An Election Like No Other Learning Objective: 9.6 Analyze why people vote as they do.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

37.

Which of the following is overrepresented in the Electoral College? a. North Dakota b. New York c. California d. states that use primary elections to select their candidates Answer: a Topic: The Last Battle: The Electoral College Learning Objective: 9.7 Evaluate the fairness of the Electoral College system for choosing the president.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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38.

Why do presidential candidates tend to focus their efforts on battleground states? a. Battleground states, taken together, have the most Electoral College votes. b. Battleground states have more electors than they would deserve if electors were allocated by population. c. Candidates focus on battleground states in order to increase their media exposure. d. The expected result in battleground states is so close that they are most likely to decide the outcome of the Electoral College vote.

Answer: d Topic: The Last Battle: The Electoral College Learning Objective: 9.7 Evaluate the fairness of the Electoral College system for choosing the president.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

39.

If the president were selected by popular vote instead of by the Electoral College, which of the following cities would a presidential campaign be least likely to visit? a. Miami, Florida b. Green Bay, Wisconsin c. New York, New York d. Chicago, Illinois Answer: b Topic: The Last Battle: The Electoral College Learning Objective: 9.7 Evaluate the fairness of the Electoral College system for choosing the president.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

40.

How would switching to direct election of the president affect a non-battleground state like Texas? a. Texas would receive more attention from candidates trying to win votes in major population centers. b. Texas would receive less attention from candidates because it would no longer be a battleground state. c. Texas would receive very little attention from candidates because it would remain a safe state. d. Texas would likely become a safe state for the Democratic Party.

Answer: a Topic: The Last Battle: The Electoral College Learning Objective: 9.7 Evaluate the fairness of the Electoral College system for choosing the president.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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41.

Because there is so little time between the end of one campaign and the beginning of the next, some people have called the American electoral process __________. a. “the endless commercial” b. “the permanent campaign” c. “the road to nowhere” d. “perpetual overtime” Answer: b Topic: Are Nominations and Campaigns Too Democratic?

Learning Objective: 9.8 Assess the advantages and disadvantages of the U.S. system of campaigns and elections.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

42.

One of the downsides to the U.S. system of presidential campaigns and elections is that __________. a. party leaders select candidates in smoke-filled rooms b. a person who might be an excellent president could be discouraged from running because the process is so onerous c. voters are largely ignored in the process d. candidates who spend the most money are always the winners Answer: b Topic: Are Nominations and Campaigns Too Democratic?

Learning Objective: 9.8 Assess the advantages and disadvantages of the U.S. system of campaigns and elections.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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10 Interest Groups  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

Why did the proposed federal soda tax fail to become law? a. The president vetoed it. b. The soda industry lobbied against it. c. The imposition of the soda tax would not raise sufficient revenue. d. The imposition of the soda tax would not improve public health.

Answer: b Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

2.

Interest groups try to achieve their policy goals by __________. a. challenging legislation through the courts b. getting involved in one or more aspects of the political process c. forming an iron triangle with one or more government agencies d. attempting to persuade political elites of the benefits of their position Answer: b Topic: The Role of Interest Groups in Politics Learning Objective: 10.1 Explain the origins of interest groups in America and the theories of their role in our democracy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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3.

What is a key difference between interest groups and political parties? a. Interest groups try to influence elections, but only parties run candidates for office. b. Interest groups are policy generalists; parties are policy specialists. c. Interest groups make appeals to the entire electorate; parties make appeals to only enough of the electorate to win elections. d. There are fewer interest groups than political parties.

Answer: a Topic: The Role of Interest Groups in Politics Learning Objective: 10.1 Explain the origins of interest groups in America and the theories of their role in our democracy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

4.

What is one reason that interest groups have proliferated over the past halfcentury? a. Technological developments have made it easier to engage in interest group activities. b. The increasing power of political parties led to more interest group formation. c. A decrease in the scope of government brought out interest groups seeking to protect their interests. d. Legal restrictions on lobbying activities were lifted as part of the New Deal.

Answer: a Topic: The Role of Interest Groups in Politics Learning Objective: 10.1 Explain the origins of interest groups in America and the theories of their role in our democracy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

5.

Which statement expresses a pluralist belief? a. Only wealthy interests have influence over government decisions. b. Government decisions reflect the preferences of elites. c. A rough approximation of the public interest emerges from competition between groups. d. Policymakers care more about public opinion than about interest group preferences.

Answer: c Topic: Pluralism Learning Objective: 10.1 Explain the origins of interest groups in America and the theories of their role in our democracy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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6.

Critics of pluralism have noted that __________. a. government decisions reflect the balance of competing interests in society b. power is concentrated in the hands of the few c. individuals with shared grievances usually form interest groups to press their demands upon government d. the formation of one group typically stimulates the formation of an opposing group Answer: b Topic: Elitism Learning Objective: 10.1 Explain the origins of interest groups in America and the theories of their role in our democracy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

7.

Elitists generally argue that __________. a. all legitimate groups are able to affect public policy by one means or another b. large corporations hold tremendous political power c. the American political terrain is characterized by a dispersion of power d. the government is run for the benefit of all the people Answer: b Topic: Elitism Learning Objective: 10.1 Explain the origins of interest groups in America and the theories of their role in our democracy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

8.

Which of the following is hyperpluralists’ main criticism of the interest group system? a. Government is too deferential to interest groups’ demands. b. Interest groups are too weak to have much influence in government. c. Elected officials are unresponsive to requests from interest groups. d. Labor unions tend to dominate over other types of interest groups.

Answer: a Topic: Hyperpluralism Learning Objective: 10.1 Explain the origins of interest groups in America and the theories of their role in our democracy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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9.

According to some scholars, the recent explosion of interest groups has what effect on iron triangles? a. It leads to policy gridlock. b. It weakens their power because of the proliferation of interest groups competing against one another. c. It fosters a mutually dependent relationship between interest groups and the judicial system. d. It increases the power of labor unions.

Answer: b Topic: Hyperpluralism Learning Objective: 10.1 Explain the origins of interest groups in America and the theories of their role in our democracy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

10.

What is the main goal of each element of an iron triangle? a. abolishing free-riders b. creating more opportunities for collective action c. fostering democratic deliberation d. protecting its self-interest Answer: d Topic: Hyperpluralism Learning Objective: 10.1 Explain the origins of interest groups in America and the theories of their role in our democracy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

11.

According to critics of interest group influence in the United States, what is a consequence of hyperpluralism? a. reduced agency budgets b. termination of government programs c. contradictory and confusing policy d. growth in the number of political parties Answer: c Topic: Hyperpluralism Learning Objective: 10.1 Explain the origins of interest groups in America and the theories of their role in our democracy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

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12.

The free-rider problem enables potential group members to __________. a. get the benefits of a group’s activities without joining the group b. multiply the likely benefits available to them c. use litigation to achieve their goals d. send lobbyists to Congress to fight for their policy goals Answer: a Topic: The Surprising Effectiveness of Small Groups Learning Objective: 10.2 Analyze the factors that make some interest groups more successful than others in the political arena.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

13.

To overcome the free-rider problem, many interest groups offer __________. a. support for policies that are popular with the general public b. support to members of Congress in developing legislative initiatives c. selective benefits, which are given only to group members d. benefits that are shared among a number of interest groups with similar goals Answer: c Topic: The Surprising Effectiveness of Small Groups Learning Objective: 10.2 Analyze the factors that make some interest groups more successful than others in the political arena.

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Difficult

14.

Which of the following is an example of the free-rider problem? a. a political action committee that contributes to candidates from both major political parties b. an elected official who relies on information from lobbyists c. an environmentalist who decides not to join an environmental group but who praises the group’s environmental stewardship d. an environmental group that publicly disagrees with a business group on policy priorities Answer: c Topic: The Surprising Effectiveness of Small Groups Learning Objective: 10.2 Analyze the factors that make some interest groups more successful than others in the political arena.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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15.

Which potential group would find it easiest to overcome the free-rider problem? a. environmentalists b. workers in states where union membership is optional c. a small industry d. advocates for women’s rights Answer: c Topic: The Surprising Effectiveness of Small Groups Learning Objective: 10.2 Analyze the factors that make some interest groups more successful than others in the political arena.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

16.

How does intensity contribute to the success of an interest group? a. Intensity often leads groups to advocate for more than they can realistically get, with the result that they get nothing. b. The intensity of interest group members often scares away other potential members. c. Politicians are more likely to listen to a group that displays intensity. d. Intensity weeds out the free riders in a group.

Answer: c Topic: Intensity Learning Objective: 10.2 Analyze the factors that make some interest groups more successful than others in the political arena.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

17.

Which of the following is most likely to form a single-issue interest group? a. opponents of gun control b. consumer advocates c. good government advocates d. opponents of big government Answer: a Topic: Intensity Learning Objective: 10.2 Analyze the factors that make some interest groups more successful than others in the political arena.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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18.

Lobbyists are individuals or groups who __________. a. attempt to persuade government officials to support a particular policy b. conduct surveys to gauge public opinion on a policy issue c. convince potential members to join an interest group by offering them material benefits d. raise funds for political candidates and educate the public about the activities of government Answer: a Topic: Lobbying Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

19.

Which of the following are lobbyists required to do? a. limit the number of hours they devote to lobbying during a single session of Congress b. join Common Cause, the labor union representing lobbyists c. be employed by a political action committee d. file a report detailing how much they were paid by each of their clients for lobbying services Answer: d Topic: Lobbying Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

20.

What benefit can lobbyists offer elected officials? a. Lobbyists can be used as intermediaries to accept illegal campaign contributions. b. Lobbyists can help elected officials meet their legally mandated quotas for meetings with constituents. c. Lobbyists can supplement the meager salaries of elected officials. d. Lobbyists can help elected officials win reelection.

Answer: d Topic: Lobbying Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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21.

Which of the following is a typical way that lobbyists attempt to influence members of Congress? a. by offering them money to vote a particular way b. by filing amicus curiae briefs c. by organizing protests and demonstrations on Capitol Hill d. by providing specialized expertise Answer: d Topic: Lobbying Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

22.

Which of the following is a lobbyist most likely to contact? a. a typical citizen b. a journalist c. an elected official who does not agree with the lobbyist d. an elected official who is in general agreement with the lobbyist Answer: d Topic: Electioneering Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

23.

Political action committees (PACs) raise money from __________ and distribute funds to __________. a. elites; community-service groups b. interest groups; pluralists c. individuals; iron triangles d. individuals; candidates that the group supports Answer: d Topic: Electioneering Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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24.

When political action committees (PACs) make campaign contributions, they are seeking __________. a. illegal kickbacks b. public recognition for their contributions to society c. access to officeholders d. publicity for nonprofit organizations Answer: c Topic: Electioneering Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

25.

To which of the following might political action committees (PACs) make contributions in order to maximize their political influence? a. members of the minority party in Congress b. challengers c. incumbents d. presidential candidates Answer: c Topic: Electioneering Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

26.

Why are campaign contributions so important for interest groups seeking to influence government? a. Legislators only meet with interest groups that offer campaign contributions. b. Members of Congress will listen better to interest groups that have made sizable PAC donations. c. Groups can offer contributions in return for favorable votes on pending legislation. d. Organizations seeking to influence a political party’s platform are required to make campaign contributions.

Answer: b Topic: Electioneering Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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27.

Generally speaking, political action committee (PAC) contributions have __________. a. increased dramatically for candidates from both parties b. decreased for incumbents but increased for challengers and open seats c. become less important in federal elections but more important in state and local elections d. become less important as social media has come to play a larger role in campaigns Answer: a Topic: Electioneering Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

28.

An amicus curiae brief is a written argument __________. a. submitted to a court in support of one side of a case b. circulated among interest group leaders to brief them on the details of a court case c. submitted to Congress in support of or opposition to a judicial nominee d. submitted to an executive branch agency requesting a review of the agency’s decision Answer: a Topic: Litigating Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

29.

An interest group that files an amicus brief is attempting to shape policy through __________. a. grassroots lobbying b. the electoral process c. an executive branch agency d. the judicial branch Answer: d Topic: Litigating Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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30.

How might interest groups use the courts to try to shape policy? a. through letter-writing campaigns addressed to particular judges b. by nominating candidates for office who will change the policies they dislike c. by filing class action lawsuits d. by meeting privately with judges to express their views on pending cases Answer: c Topic: Litigating Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

31.

Social media has affected interest groups by __________. a. making it easier for them to mobilize potential group members b. making it easier for them to target voters who have opposed their agenda with arguments that will convert them c. offering a source of data about the public’s policy preferences d. creating privacy standards that have made it harder for interest groups to connect with voters Answer: a Topic: Social Media and Going Public Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

32.

How might an interest group attempt to shape public opinion about an issue that is important to the group? a. by making campaign contributions to incumbents b. by making campaign contributions to challengers c. by conducting public opinion polls d. by cultivating their public image on the issue Answer: d Topic: Social Media and Going Public Learning Objective: 10.3 Analyze the methods and activities that interest groups use to influence political outcomes.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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33.

__________ are the main type of organization that lobbies on behalf of workers. a. Public interest groups b. Political action committees c. Right-to-work organizations d. Labor unions Answer: d Topic: Economic Interests Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the various types of interest groups and their policy concerns.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

34.

Which of the following is an example of a labor group? a. the National Rifle Association (NRA) b. the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) c. the AFL-CIO d. the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Answer: c Topic: Economic Interests Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the various types of interest groups and their policy concerns.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

35.

What do right-to-work laws require? a. that workers have amicus curiae briefs b. that workers have the right to engage in collective bargaining c. that employees of a unionized shop join the union d. that workers cannot be required to join a union as a condition of employment Answer: d Topic: Economic Interests Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the various types of interest groups and their policy concerns.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

146 ..

36.

Which of the following is expected to weaken labor unions? a. a rapid decline in income inequality that has reduced the need for union activities b. legislation enacted in several states outlawing all union organizing in those states c. a recent Supreme Court decision that nonmembers cannot be required to pay fees to cover their share of collective bargaining activities d. increasing hostility to labor unions by the Democratic Party Answer: c Topic: Economic Interests Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the various types of interest groups and their policy concerns.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

37.

Which statement about campaign contributions made by corporate PACs to candidates for the U.S. House of Representatives is true? a. In each race, corporate PACs direct the bulk of their support to the candidate who most closely shares their ideological values. b. Corporate PACs give most of their contributions to Democrats. c. A majority of corporate PAC contributions to House candidates go to the candidates of the majority party. d. Corporate PACs give most of their money to candidates for open seats.

Answer: c Topic: Economic Interests Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the various types of interest groups and their policy concerns.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

38.

Which of the following interest groups is an example of an equality interest? a. the United Auto Workers b. the National Organization for Women c. the World Wildlife Fund d. Common Cause Answer: b Topic: Equality Interests Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the various types of interest groups and their policy concerns.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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39.

What are public interest lobbies? a. all groups that conduct research and analysis on public policy issues b. all groups that express their political views publicly c. all groups that work to benefit society as a whole d. all groups that represent workers within a particular industry Answer: c Topic: Consumer and Other Public Interest Lobbies Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the various types of interest groups and their policy concerns.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

40.

Which of the following is an example of a public interest lobby? a. a consumer group b. the American Beverage Association c. a labor union d. a group representing alpaca ranchers Answer: a Topic: Consumer and Other Public Interest Lobbies Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the various types of interest groups and their policy concerns.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

41.

What tactic are consumer groups most likely to employ as a means for effecting policy change? a. persuading consumers to join business groups to effect change from the inside b. using unconventional methods to gain media attention c. urging consumers to buy or not buy products for politically motivated reasons d. developing product marketing campaigns designed to ridicule recalcitrant policymakers Answer: c Topic: Consumer and Other Public Interest Lobbies Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the various types of interest groups and their policy concerns.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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42.

Which theory is most closely aligned with James Madison’s beliefs about interest groups? a. liberalism b. elitism c. pluralism d. hyperpluralism Answer: c Topic: Interest Groups and Democracy Learning Objective: 10.5 Evaluate how well James Madison’s ideas for controlling the influence of interest groups have worked in practice.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

43.

__________ argue that the proliferation of influential interest groups has made it increasingly difficult to accomplish major policy change in Washington. a. Elitists b. Single-issue groups c. Hyperpluralists d. Labor unions Answer: c Topic: Interest Groups and Democracy Learning Objective: 10.5 Evaluate how well James Madison’s ideas for controlling the influence of interest groups have worked in practice.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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11 Congress  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

Which statement best summarizes the public’s view of Congress? a. Congress as a whole is doing what the public wants even though individual members of Congress are not. b. Individual members of Congress are doing what their constituents want, but Congress as a whole is not. c. The public generally likes Congress because of its penchant for gridlock. d. Public approval of Congress is increasing as the scope of government gradually expands.

Answer: b Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize the backgrounds of members of Congress and assess their impact on the ability of members of Congress to represent average Americans.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

2.

Members of Congress are generally __________ than the average American. a. less partisan b. less well paid c. more likely to be members of ethnic and racial minority groups d. wealthier and better educated Answer: d Topic: The Members Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize the backgrounds of members of Congress and assess their impact on the ability of members of Congress to represent average Americans.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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3.

Which of the following persons would be eligible to be a member of the U.S. House of Representatives? a. someone who is age 30 and became a naturalized U.S. citizen as a teenager b. someone who is age 23 and a natural-born U.S. citizen c. someone who is age 68 and became a naturalized U.S. citizen two years before d. a noncitizen who is age 35 and has permanent residency in the United States Answer: a Topic: The Members Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize the backgrounds of members of Congress and assess their impact on the ability of members of Congress to represent average Americans.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

4.

Which group is most underrepresented in Congress? a. African Americans b. White people c. Latinos/Latinas d. women Answer: d Topic: The Members Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize the backgrounds of members of Congress and assess their impact on the ability of members of Congress to represent average Americans.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

5.

Members of Congress engage in substantive representation when they __________. a. represent groups that share their demographic background but not their policy preferences b. represent the interests of groups of which they themselves are not members c. represent people and interests they like personally by voting for legislation that benefits those people d. represent constituents by mirroring their personal, politically relevant characteristics Answer: b Topic: The Members Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize the backgrounds of members of Congress and assess their impact on the ability of members of Congress to represent average Americans.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

151 ..

6.

What is one reason that there are not more women in Congress? a. Women with children are less ambitious about running for office. b. Women who run for the House of Representatives usually lose. c. Women voters are reluctant to vote for women candidates for fear of being stereotyped. d. Women must be perceived as less qualified (and therefore less threatening) than men in order to win the support of crucial independent voters.

Answer: a Topic: Why Aren’t There More Women in Congress?

Learning Objective: 11.1 Characterize the backgrounds of members of Congress and assess their impact on the ability of members of Congress to represent average Americans.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

7.

Which of the following is an advantage congressional incumbents possess in seeking reelection over challengers? a. outsider status b. publicly funded reelection campaigns c. progressive taxes d. recognition in their districts Answer: d Topic: The Advantages of Incumbency Learning Objective: 11.2 Identify the principal factors influencing the outcomes of congressional elections.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

8.

Which task is an example of casework? a. analyzing an incumbent’s policy positions before a debate b. analyzing water quality in a district c. helping a constituent resolve a problem involving the Veterans Administration d. giving a political speech at a party convention Answer: c Topic: The Advantages of Incumbency Learning Objective: 11.2 Identify the principal factors influencing the outcomes of congressional elections.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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9.

How does the pork barrel aid the district of a member of Congress? a. by diverting unallocated funds to another government agency b. by bringing federal funds and projects to a district c. by increasing government revenue through private market investment d. by lowering taxes on corporations so they will provide health insurance for employees Answer: b Topic: The Advantages of Incumbency Learning Objective: 11.2 Identify the principal factors influencing the outcomes of congressional elections.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

10.

Which statement expresses one advantage incumbents have in winning reelection? a. The House engages in reapportionment before each election in order to shore up districts for marginal incumbents. b. Incumbents have little need to do casework, while challengers may be overwhelmed by the need to do casework. c. The most effective potential challengers are often scared off by the thought of competing against a powerful incumbent. d. Majority and minority whips work tirelessly to ensure that voters support the incumbent.

Answer: c Topic: The Advantages of Incumbency Learning Objective: 11.2 Identify the principal factors influencing the outcomes of congressional elections.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

11.

How must states draw their congressional districts? a. without regard to party b. without regard to race or ethnicity c. with equal population across districts d. so as to create as much electoral competition as practical Answer: c Topic: The Advantages of Incumbency Learning Objective: 11.2 Identify the principal factors influencing the outcomes of congressional elections.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

153 ..

12.

When is a congressional incumbent most likely to be defeated? a. between major political tidal waves b. after a state legislature redraws congressional district boundaries c. when the challenger is involved in a scandal d. when the presidential candidate belongs to the same party as the congressional incumbent Answer: b Topic: Defeating Incumbents Learning Objective: 11.2 Identify the principal factors influencing the outcomes of congressional elections.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

13.

Which of the following would increase turnover in congressional membership? a. term limits b. credit claiming c. franking privileges d. incumbency advantage Answer: a Topic: Stability and Change Learning Objective: 11.2 Identify the principal factors influencing the outcomes of congressional elections.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

14.

The Framers gave the Senate the power to __________. a. ratify all treaties b. initiate all revenue bills c. impeach officials d. choose their party’s leaders Answer: a Topic: American Bicameralism Learning Objective: 11.3 Assess the roles of leaders, political parties, and committees in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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15.

The role of Speaker of the House is __________. a. officially selected only by the majority party b. determined by the president c. mandated by the Constitution d. subject to redefinition according to which party is in the majority Answer: c Topic: American Bicameralism Learning Objective: 11.3 Assess the roles of leaders, political parties, and committees in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

16.

Power in the Senate can best be described as __________. a. out of control b. overwhelming c. decentralized d. hierarchical Answer: c Topic: American Bicameralism Learning Objective: 11.3 Assess the roles of leaders, political parties, and committees in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

17.

The __________ presides over the House of Representatives and plays a crucial role in determining committee assignments and leadership roles and assigning bills to committees. a. majority leader b. president of the House c. member with the most seniority d. Speaker of the House Answer: d Topic: Congressional Leadership Learning Objective: 11.3 Assess the roles of leaders, political parties, and committees in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

155 ..

18.

The House majority leader is __________. a. the principal partisan ally of the Speaker of the House b. the principal representative of the president’s party in Congress c. responsible for conveying the party’s positions to rank-and-file members of Congress d. fourth in the line of succession to the presidency Answer: a Topic: Congressional Leadership Learning Objective: 11.3 Assess the roles of leaders, political parties, and committees in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

19.

The role of president of the Senate is filled by the __________. a. vice president of the United States b. most prominent partisan leader c. Senate majority leader d. senator with greatest seniority Answer: a Topic: Congressional Leadership Learning Objective: 11.3 Assess the roles of leaders, political parties, and committees in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

20.

What do whips do? a. act as official spokespersons for their chambers b. vote in case of a tie c. meet with members of the president’s cabinet d. persuade party members to support the party’s priorities Answer: d Topic: Congressional Leadership Learning Objective: 11.3 Assess the roles of leaders, political parties, and committees in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

156 ..

21.

What is the vice president’s only constitutionally defined job? a. to look after the “Good and the Welfare of We the People” b. to represent the president at official state functions c. to preside over the Electoral College d. to serve as president of the Senate Answer: d Topic: Congressional Leadership Learning Objective: 11.3 Assess the roles of leaders, political parties, and committees in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

22.

Most of the work of Congress happens __________. a. during recess b. in committees c. on the floor d. through hearings Answer: b Topic: The Committees and Subcommittees Learning Objective: 11.3 Assess the roles of leaders, political parties, and committees in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

23.

The role of a conference committee is to __________. a. handle bills in a few specific policy areas b. reconcile differences in versions of a bill passed by the House and Senate c. serve as a permanent committee regardless of which party is in power d. exercise veto power in the appropriations process Answer: b Topic: The Committees and Subcommittees Learning Objective: 11.3 Assess the roles of leaders, political parties, and committees in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

157 ..

24.

How are Senate committee chairs generally selected? a. by popular vote b. according to seniority c. according to talent and expertise d. according to tact and decorum Answer: b Topic: Committees and Subcommittees Learning Objective: 11.3 Assess the roles of leaders, political parties, and committees in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

25.

A group of members of Congress may form a caucus in order to __________. a. promote a shared interest or characteristic b. petition Congress to adopt particular legislation c. communicate the positions of the leadership to the general public d. oversee the work of congressional staff members Answer: a Topic: Caucuses: The Informal Organization of Congress Learning Objective: 11.3 Assess the roles of leaders, political parties, and committees in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

26.

What is a congressional staff member most likely to spend time doing? a. oversight of the bureaucracy b. lobbying c. fundraising d. casework Answer: d Topic: Congressional Staff Learning Objective: 11.3 Assess the roles of leaders, political parties, and committees in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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27.

The Government Accountability Office focuses on __________. a. reviewing the activities of the executive branch and investigating the efficiency and effectiveness of policy implementation b. analyzing the president’s budget c. following the lawmaking process from the introduction of a bill to its approval d. drafting bills in precise legal language Answer: a Topic: Congressional Staff Learning Objective: 11.3 Assess the roles of leaders, political parties, and committees in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

28.

In the House of Representatives, a bill goes to the Rules Committee __________. a. after it goes to a conference committee b. after it is approved by its full committee c. after it is debated in the full House d. before it is amended or rewritten in its full committee Answer: b Topic: Agenda Setting Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe the process of lawmaking in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

29.

What path is a bill most likely to take once it has been submitted to the House of Representatives? a. The bill is approved by a subcommittee and then the full committee, before being sent to the leadership, which determines next steps. b. The bill is approved by the standing committee, then the subcommittee, then the Rules Committee, and then the full chamber. c. The bill is approved by the standing committee and then the subcommittee but does not make it past the Rules Committee. d. The bill is sent to a standing committee and then to a subcommittee but does not make it past this point.

Answer: d Topic: The Committees at Work: Legislation Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe the process of lawmaking in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

159 ..

30.

Congress missed the fact that various agencies with responsibility for supervising the banking industry were negligent in identifying looming financial problems that led to the recession of 2008–2009. This suggests a failure of __________. a. the seniority system b. jurisdiction fragmentation c. oversight d. floor debate Answer: c Topic: The Committees at Work: Oversight Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe the process of lawmaking in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

31.

A filibuster can be ended through __________, which requires the approval of __________ senators. a. abrogation; a simple majority of senators b. censure; fifty-five members present and voting c. cloture; sixty members present and voting d. discharge; two-thirds of senators Answer: c Topic: Floor Debate and the Filibuster Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe the process of lawmaking in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

32.

Party leaders sometimes use __________ legislation that includes many issues in an effort to create a winning coalition that will support passage of the bill. a. ad hoc b. consensus c. orthodox d. omnibus Answer: d Topic: Unorthodox Lawmaking Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe the process of lawmaking in Congress.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

160 ..

33.

Which action is the most efficient and effective way for a president to shape legislation? a. threatening to veto legislation if it is not changed to the president’s liking b. spending ten minutes on the phone with each legislator in an attempt to win support for the president’s policy initiatives c. shepherding bills the president favors through each step of the legislative process d. ensuring that the president’s legislative agenda does not overlap with the platform of the congressional party in power Answer: a Topic: Presidents and Congress: Partners and Protagonists Learning Objective: 11.5 Describe the factors that influence how members of Congress make decisions.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

34.

No Republicans voted for President Obama’s health care reform plan, and no Democrats voted for President Trump’s tax plan. What does this illustrate? a. partisan polarization in Congress b. the incumbency advantage c. the filibuster d. the threat of cloture Answer: a Topic: Party, Ideology, and Constituency Learning Objective: 11.5 Describe the factors that influence how members of Congress make decisions.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

35.

How have congressional parties changed in recent decades? a. Both parties have shifted toward the ideological left. b. The parties have depolarized. c. Within each party, moderates have increasingly replaced extremists. d. Each party has become internally more homogeneous.

Answer: d Topic: Party, Ideology, and Constituency Learning Objective: 11.5 Describe the factors that influence how members of Congress make decisions.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

161 ..

36.

The concept of legislators as trustees suggests that they should __________. a. mirror the policy preferences of their constituents b. use their best judgment to make policy in the interests of the people c. seek a middle position between the ideologies of the two major parties d. reflect the views of their most activist constituents Answer: b Topic: Party, Ideology, and Constituency Learning Objective: 11.5 Describe the factors that influence how members of Congress make decisions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

37.

Which of the following is the best example of a legislator acting as an instructed delegate? a. A legislator uses his or her best judgment. b. A legislator does whatever is in the best interest of his or her constituents. c. A legislator follows the public opinion of his or her constituents. d. A legislator does what is in the best interest of his or her party.

Answer: c Topic: Party, Ideology, and Constituency Learning Objective: 11.5 Describe the factors that influence how members of Congress make decisions.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

38.

When is lobbying more likely to be successful? a. when lobbying against change b. when lobbying for an environmental group c. immediately before an election d. during a congressional scandal Answer: a Topic: Lobbyists and Interest Groups Learning Objective: 11.5 Describe the factors that influence how members of Congress make decisions.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

162 ..

39.

Where is malapportionment particularly high? a. the Dutch Senate b. the U.S. Senate c. the U.S. House of Representatives d. the seniority system Answer: b Topic: Congress and Democracy Learning Objective: 11.6 Assess Congress’s role as a representative body and the impact of representation on the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

40.

How might the nature of Congress contribute to an increasing scope of government? a. There is bipartisan consensus that economic prosperity increases when the scope of government expands, giving both parties an incentive to increase the scope of government. b. Congress is bound by numerous checks and balance that work together to amplify compromises that result in additional government services. c. Reelection provides an incentive for Congress to be responsive to public demands, but responsiveness often results in establishing new programs. d. Congress delegates budget decisions to the president, who is always eager to spend tax dollars on programs that will help him or her get reelected.

Answer: c Topic: Congress and Democracy Learning Objective: 11.6 Assess Congress’s role as a representative body and the impact of representation on the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

163 ..

12 The Presidency  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

The increase in presidential responsibilities since the mid-twentieth century has led to __________. a. public skepticism about the extent of presidential authority b. increased confidence that a powerful president will be a force for good c. a corresponding increase in the administrative resources available to presidents d. lowered expectations for the president’s ability to affect world events Answer: a Topic: Great Expectations Learning Objective: 12.1 Characterize the expectations for and the backgrounds of presidents and identify paths to the White House and how presidents may be removed.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

2.

The Twenty-fifth Amendment permits __________. a. the vice president to become acting president if the president is determined to be unable to do the job b. the vice president to assume the presidency until the end of the president’s original term c. the Speaker of the House to automatically assume the vice presidency if the vice president is called on to become acting president d. Congress to declare that a president is incapable of serving because of a disability Answer: a Topic: How They Got There Learning Objective: 12.1 Characterize the expectations for and the backgrounds of presidents and identify paths to the White House and how presidents may be removed.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

164 ..

3.

Which citizen is ineligible to become president? a. a natural-born citizen b. someone who is 37 years old c. someone who has lived in the United States for 20 years d. someone who has already been elected president twice Answer: d Topic: How They Got There Learning Objective: 12.1 Characterize the expectations for and the backgrounds of presidents and identify paths to the White House and how presidents may be removed.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

4.

How are vacancies in the vice presidency filled? a. New vice presidents are nominated by the president and approved by both houses of Congress. b. New vice presidents are selected in a national special election called for that purpose. c. New vice presidents are selected by a vote of the Electoral College. d. Vacancies in the vice presidency are not filled; the position remains vacant until the next presidential election.

Answer: a Topic: How They Got There Learning Objective: 12.1 Characterize the expectations for and the backgrounds of presidents and identify paths to the White House and how presidents may be removed.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

5.

How can a president be removed from office? a. The House impeaches the president by a majority vote; the Supreme Court convicts with a two-thirds vote. b. The Senate impeaches the president by a majority vote; the House convicts with a two-thirds vote. c. The House impeaches the president by a majority vote; the Senate convicts with a two-thirds vote. d. The Supreme Court impeaches the president with a majority vote; the chief justice presides over a Senate trial that convicts with a two-thirds vote.

Answer: c Topic: How They Got There Learning Objective: 12.1 Characterize the expectations for and the backgrounds of presidents and identify paths to the White House and how presidents may be removed.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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6.

Which of the following events is most likely to result in presidential impeachment? a. a president playing a game of poker in the White House b. a president’s public disagreement with Congressional leaders of his or her own party c. a president’s decision to invade a country solely to increase his or her public support d. a president encouraging interest groups to pressure Congress to pass a bill Answer: c Topic: How They Got There Learning Objective: 12.1 Characterize the expectations for and the backgrounds of presidents and identify paths to the White House and how presidents may be removed.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

7.

What was Watergate? a. an unsuccessful attempt by members of the Richard Nixon campaign to tamper with ballots during the 1968 presidential election b. the event that led to the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew during the Richard Nixon administration c. the scandal involving the illegal sale of government documents by members of the Richard Nixon administration d. the events that led to Richard Nixon’s resignation under the threat of impeachment Answer: d Topic: How They Got There Learning Objective: 12.1 Characterize the expectations for and the backgrounds of presidents and identify paths to the White House and how presidents may be removed.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

8.

Which of the following constitutional powers is shared by the president and the Senate? a. making treaties b. declaring war c. granting pardons d. receiving foreign ambassadors Answer: a Topic: Constitutional Powers Learning Objective: 12.2 Evaluate the president’s constitutional powers and the expansion of presidential power.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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9.

Which of the following judicial powers belongs to the president? a. determining the Supreme Court’s docket b. nominating federal judges c. establishing the jurisdiction of the federal courts, including the Supreme Court d. determining the constitutionality of judicial acts Answer: b Topic: Constitutional Powers Learning Objective: 12.2 Evaluate the president’s constitutional powers and the expansion of presidential power.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

10.

Why have the power and responsibility of the presidency increased? a. increased use of the line-item veto b. decreased agency budgets, giving the president increased budgetary discretion c. recent passage of a federal law making the president commander in chief of the armed forces d. increased prominence of the United States on the world stage Answer: d Topic: The Expansion of Power Learning Objective: 12.2 Evaluate the president’s constitutional powers and the expansion of presidential power.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

11.

Which statement is a frequent criticism of Donald Trump? a. He has engaged in electronic surveillance of civilians without obtaining a warrant. b. He has frequently used drones to kill civilians. c. He lacks respect for the rule of law and the constraints of the separation of powers. d. He is too calculated in his decision making.

Answer: c Topic: Perspectives on Presidential Power Learning Objective: 12.2 Evaluate the president’s constitutional powers and the expansion of presidential power.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

167 ..

12.

How does a president differ from a prime minister? a. Presidents are elected by voters; prime ministers are selected by members of the legislature from among themselves. b. Presidents receive more loyalty from their party supporters in the legislature than do prime ministers. c. Presidents are less likely than prime ministers to face divided government. d. Presidents have more legislative skills and experience than do prime ministers.

Answer: a Topic: President or Prime Minister?

Learning Objective: 12.2 Evaluate the president’s constitutional powers and the expansion of presidential power.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

13.

Which of the following tools carries the force of law and is used to implement legislation? a. executive orders b. executive privilege c. presidential succession d. presidential appointments Answer: a Topic: Running the Government: The Chief Executive Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe the roles of the vice president, cabinet, Executive Office of the President, White House staff, and First Lady.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

14.

Before the mid-1970s, vice presidents were typically __________. a. chosen for their ideological compatibility with the presidential nominee b. chosen in an effort to placate a symbolically important constituency c. politically independent of the presidential nominee d. inexperienced in national politics Answer: b Topic: The Vice President Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe the roles of the vice president, cabinet, Executive Office of the President, White House staff, and First Lady.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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15.

Early twenty-first-century vice presidential candidates __________. a. have provided sharp ideological contrasts to their party’s presidential nominee b. have been chosen for their lack of personal political ambition c. have been involved in policy discussions and important diplomacy d. were runners-up in their party’s presidential primary Answer: c Topic: The Vice President Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe the roles of the vice president, cabinet, Executive Office of the President, White House staff, and First Lady.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

16.

How have recent presidents used their vice presidents? a. as policy advisers and for important diplomacy b. to preside over the day-to-day functions of the Senate c. as liaisons with moderate constituents d. as budget leaders Answer: a Topic: The Vice President Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe the roles of the vice president, cabinet, Executive Office of the President, White House staff, and First Lady.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

17.

The president’s cabinet is best described as __________. a. the White House staff who ensure that the president has the necessary information and expertise to make well-informed decisions b. the members of the Executive Office of the President who collaborate with the president to make important policy decisions c. the “central nervous system” that makes the White House operate seamlessly d. a group of executive branch heads who are too concerned with representing their departments’ interests to be able to advise the president from a broad perspective Answer: d Topic: The Cabinet Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe the roles of the vice president, cabinet, Executive Office of the President, White House staff, and First Lady.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

169 ..

18.

What is the role of the National Security Council? a. to help organize the president’s national security decision-making process b. to keep the president and his or her family secure c. to administer the armed forces d. to provide the president with foreign policy advice from the opposing party’s perspective Answer: a Topic: The Executive Office of the President Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe the roles of the vice president, cabinet, Executive Office of the President, White House staff, and First Lady.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

19.

Which office or official reviews the legislative proposals of executive agencies and assesses their budgetary implications and consistency with the president’s agenda? a. Department of the Treasury b. Office of Management and Budget c. Department of Commerce d. chief of staff Answer: b Topic: The Executive Office of the President Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe the roles of the vice president, cabinet, Executive Office of the President, White House staff, and First Lady.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

20.

Which part of the executive branch is closest and most loyal to the president? a. Executive Office of the President (EOP) b. White House staff c. armed forces d. National Security Council Answer: b Topic: The White House Staff Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe the roles of the vice president, cabinet, Executive Office of the President, White House staff, and First Lady.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

170 ..

21.

The president’s chief of staff and press secretary are members of the __________. a. White House staff b. Council of Economic Advisors c. cabinet d. Executive Office of the President Answer: a Topic: The White House Staff Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe the roles of the vice president, cabinet, Executive Office of the President, White House staff, and First Lady.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

22.

Which of the following best describes recent First Ladies? a. They have played a more active policymaking role than have their husbands. b. They have sat on the president’s cabinet. c. They have advocated for one or more specific issues. d. Their main responsibility is to act as hostess for White House gatherings.

Answer: c Topic: The First Lady Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe the roles of the vice president, cabinet, Executive Office of the President, White House staff, and First Lady.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

23.

Why do presidents need to gain support for their policies from officials in the other branches of government instead of simply enacting them? a. because Congress cannot debate legislation without approval from the president b. because the Constitution does not give the president any powers to influence public policy c. because the Constitution established a system of shared powers d. because the president has diminishing power over the course of his or her administration Answer: c Topic: Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Learning Objective: 12.4 Assess the impact of various sources of presidential influence on the president’s ability to win congressional support Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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24.

In which way do modern presidents differ from the intentions of the Framers? a. Modern presidents are considerably less democratic than the Framers intended. b. Modern presidents have considerably less influence over their political parties than the Framers intended. c. Modern presidents are more influential in the legislative process than the Framers intended. d. Modern presidents are more subservient to the will of Congress than the Framers intended.

Answer: c Topic: Chief Legislator Learning Objective: 12.4 Assess the impact of various sources of presidential influence on the president’s ability to win congressional support.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

25.

Which statement about vetoes is accurate? a. Vetoes are not official until they are ratified by either house of Congress. b. The number of vetoes has been increasing in recent years. c. Congressional Republicans eliminated pocket vetoes at the insistence of Donald Trump. d. Bills that are not signed or vetoed become law after 10 working days unless Congress has adjourned.

Answer: d Topic: Chief Legislator Learning Objective: 12.4 Assess the impact of various sources of presidential influence on the president’s ability to win congressional support.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

26.

Why is it necessary for presidents to act as party leaders in order to accomplish their policy goals? a. They must do so to gain public support for their policy goals and to win reelection. b. The frequency of congressional elections places the president’s policy objectives in jeopardy, necessitating strong party leadership. c. The political parties lack an enumeration of policies that each party wishes to enact; without presidential leadership, the parties are rudderless. d. Members of Congress from the president’s party cannot be counted on to support the president’s agenda when it conflicts with their constituents’ views.

Answer: d Topic: Party Leadership Learning Objective: 12.4 Assess the impact of various sources of presidential influence on the president’s ability to win congressional support.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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27.

What can a president do to be a more effective leader of his or her party in Congress? a. enact legislation that is popular with the public b. increase congressional salaries c. campaign for his or her party’s candidates in midterm elections d. shorten presidential coattails Answer: c Topic: Party Leadership Learning Objective: 12.4 Assess the impact of various sources of presidential influence on the president’s ability to win congressional support.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

28.

Which of the following is true of an electoral mandate? a. It increases the likelihood that members of Congress will support a new president’s proposals. b. It creates an incentive for the president’s opponents to go on the attack early in his or her administration. c. It has little effect on members of Congress, who must face their own constituents in the next election. d. It rarely survives past the initial “honeymoon” period.

Answer: a Topic: Public Support Learning Objective: 12.4 Assess the impact of various sources of presidential influence on the president’s ability to win congressional support.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

29.

The perception of an electoral mandate matters in presidential politics because it __________. a. improves the president’s legislative vision b. makes it harder for presidents to get their legislative agenda enacted by Congress c. offers legitimacy and credibility to the proposals of a recently elected president d. enables the president to hire and fire bureaucrats with less interference from Congress Answer: c Topic: Public Support Learning Objective: 12.4 Assess the impact of various sources of presidential influence on the president’s ability to win congressional support.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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30.

To enact his or her legislative agenda, a skilled president might __________. a. allow Congress to establish the legislative agenda so that Congress will be more likely to support the president’s agenda in return b. unveil top policy priorities at the end of his or her term so that members of Congress will enact them quickly before Congress recesses c. offer to support a spending project in every congressional district in exchange for members’ votes for the president’s legislative agenda d. bargain with members of Congress who are unlikely to support the president’s legislative agenda without additional enticement Answer: d Topic: Legislative Skills Learning Objective: 12.4 Assess the impact of various sources of presidential influence on the president’s ability to win congressional support.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

31.

Who takes the lead in crafting national security policy? a. the president b. Congress c. the cabinet d. the vice president Answer: a Topic: The President and National Security Policy Learning Objective: 12.5 Analyze the president’s powers in making national security policy and the relationship between the president and Congress in this arena.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

32.

Which power belongs exclusively to the president? a. ratifying treaties b. declaring war c. extending diplomatic recognition to foreign governments d. proposing public policy Answer: c Topic: Chief Diplomat Learning Objective: 12.5 Analyze the president’s powers in making national security policy and the relationship between the president and Congress in this arena.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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33.

Congress can check the president’s war powers by __________. a. extending diplomatic recognition to foreign governments b. terminating relations with other nations c. determining the military’s budget d. negotiating executive agreements with foreign heads of state Answer: c Topic: War Powers Learning Objective: 12.5 Analyze the president’s powers in making national security policy and the relationship between the president and Congress in this arena.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

34.

Why did Congress enact the War Powers Resolution? a. to officially declare war against Vietnam b. to enhance the president’s power to use the military c. to clarify that the president has the authority to resolve war, while only the Senate can declare war d. to give Congress a greater voice in the decision to introduce U.S. troops into hostilities Answer: d Topic: War Powers Learning Objective: 12.5 Analyze the president’s powers in making national security policy and the relationship between the president and Congress in this arena.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

35.

Which statement best describes the roles played by Congress and/or the president in making national security policy? a. The president solely determines national security policy. b. The president leads national security policymaking, but Congress exercises some influence. c. Congress solely determines national security policy. d. Congress leads national security policymaking, but the president exercises some influence.

Answer: b Topic: Working with Congress Learning Objective: 12.5 Analyze the president’s powers in making national security policy and the relationship between the president and Congress in this arena.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

175 ..

36.

When presidents use social media, such as Twitter, they are trying to __________. a. occupy the role of head of state b. shape public opinion c. improve national security policy d. influence the bureaucracy Answer: b Topic: Going Public Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify the factors that affect the president’s ability to obtain public support.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

37.

Why do presidents want high approval ratings? a. High approval ratings reduce presidential flexibility in enacting his or her policies. b. High ratings make it harder for members of Congress to vote for policies their constituents do not like. c. High ratings make it easier to achieve the president’s agenda. d. High approval ratings increase the likelihood that Congress will increase domestic spending.

Answer: c Topic: Presidential Approval Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify the factors that affect the president’s ability to obtain public support.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

38.

Which of the following is a “rally event”? a. George H. W. Bush’s reelection after the Gulf War b. Richard Nixon’s approval ratings during Watergate c. George W. Bush’s surge in popularity after the 9/11 terrorist attacks d. Ronald Reagan’s decision to seek a second term Answer: c Topic: Presidential Approval Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify the factors that affect the president’s ability to obtain public support.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

176 ..

39.

What aspect of the presidency is the press most likely to report on? a. the daily operations of the executive branch b. the president’s personal and official activities c. details of the president’s public policy proposals d. analysis of the president’s public policy proposals Answer: b Topic: Nature of News Coverage Learning Objective: 12.7 Characterize the president’s relations with the press and news coverage of the presidency.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

40.

When might someone be particularly concerned about an expansion of presidential power? a. in times of relative peace and prosperity b. in times of economic crisis c. during a presidential election year d. when he or she opposes the president’s agenda Answer: d Topic: The Presidency and Democracy Learning Objective: 12.8 Assess the role of presidential power in the American democracy and the president’s impact on the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

177 ..

13 The Budget: The Politics of Taxing and Spending  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

What causes the government to shut down? a. a debt limit that is too high b. successive budget surpluses c. Congress’s inability to pass a spending bill d. a joint resolution passed by both houses of Congress Answer: c Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

2.

Which statement illustrates American attitudes toward the budget? a. Americans want to decrease taxes, decrease spending, and balance the budget. b. Americans want to increase taxes, decrease spending, and balance the budget. c. Americans want to keep taxes low, maintain or increase spending, and balance the budget. d. Americans want to keep taxes low, decrease spending, and run a budget surplus.

Answer: c Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

178 ..

3.

Which of the following is an excise tax? a. tax levied on corporate income b. tax levied on personal income c. tax levied on the consumption of a certain good d. tax levied on the top 2 percent of income earners Answer: c Topic: Federal Revenue and Borrowing Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

4.

Who pays income taxes? a. federal and state governments b. corporations and individuals c. universities and religious institutions d. all U.S. citizens Answer: b Topic: Personal and Corporate Income Tax Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

5.

In recent years, more than 40 percent of Americans paid no federal income tax.

This is partly explained by the fact that the income tax is __________. a. regressive b. progressive c. proportional d. flat Answer: b Topic: Personal and Corporate Income Tax Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

179 ..

6.

Taxes collected on individual income __________. a. are the largest source of government revenue in the United States b. are set at a uniform rate for nearly all taxpayers, with a surtax on the top 2 percent of earners c. contribute less than a third of federal revenue, far behind social insurance taxes d. are levied only by the states, not the federal government Answer: a Topic: Personal and Corporate Income Tax Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

7.

How are social insurance taxes collected? a. Most Americans pay them with credit cards, but they can also be paid in person at local tax offices. b. Employees mail payments each month, and tax collectors are responsible for tracking down those who do not comply. c. They are collected once a year by local and state governments. d. They are deducted from employee paychecks and matched by the employer.

Answer: d Topic: Social Insurance Taxes Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

8.

When the federal government is unable to cover its expenditures, it __________. a. borrows money by selling bonds b. indexes taxes to the cost of living c. automatically increases taxes d. invests in pork projects with high rates of return Answer: a Topic: Borrowing Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

180 ..

9.

Which of the following is an example of intragovernmental debt? a. money borrowed from foreign governments b. money borrowed from Social Security revenue and used for general spending c. money borrowed from private corporations to purchase government bonds d. money borrowed from citizens who purchase government bonds Answer: b Topic: Borrowing Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

10.

The deficit is the amount by which __________. a. spending exceeds appropriations in a fiscal year b. tax expenditures in a fiscal year exceed the debt ceiling c. government expenditures exceed revenues in a fiscal year d. the amount spent to service the national debt exceeds revenues in a fiscal year Answer: c Topic: Borrowing Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

11.

What happens to the budget deficit each year? a. It is added to the national debt. b. It becomes a tax expenditure. c. It results in a tax increase commensurate with the size of the deficit. d. It results in automatic spending cuts the following year.

Answer: a Topic: Borrowing Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

181 ..

12.

The national debt includes __________. a. all the money Congress has spent in a fiscal year b. the federal government’s accumulation of debt over time c. the sum of all tax expenditures minus the sum of all tax receipts d. the sum of all tax expenditures, both federal and state Answer: b Topic: Borrowing Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

13.

The size of the national debt __________. a. does not include intragovernmental debt b. increases whenever infrastructure spending expands c. drops during bad economic times, when government spending falls d. rose sharply after the 2008 financial crisis and again after the 2018 tax cuts Answer: d Topic: Borrowing Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

14.

Foreign investors currently hold the majority of __________. a. the federal government’s public debt b. state governments’ debt c. individual U.S. consumers’ debt d. debt incurred for capital expenditures Answer: a Topic: Borrowing Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

182 ..

15.

Which event is most likely to increase budget deficits? a. hard economic times b. a presidential election c. a stock market boom d. larger-than-expected government revenue Answer: a Topic: Borrowing Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

16.

The need to increase the debt ceiling __________. a. allows the opposition party to use the need to borrow as leverage to extract political concessions b. encourages bipartisan approaches to federal tax policy c. gives the federal government an opportunity to balance the budget d. can be addressed by cutting taxes to stimulate the economy Answer: a Topic: Borrowing Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

17.

Which statement most accurately describes the federal capital budget in the United States? a. It is used to pay for Social Security. b. It is used for infrastructure projects such as roads and bridges. c. It is used to fund tax expenditures. d. The federal government does not have a capital budget.

Answer: d Topic: Borrowing Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

183 ..

18.

Which of the following are tax expenditures? a. appropriations bills b. authorization bills c. deductions for mortgage interest d. estate taxes Answer: c Topic: Taxes and Public Policy Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

19.

How might the federal government encourage certain activities? a. collect a budget surplus for engaging in desired activities b. attach a tax penalty for engaging in desired activities c. decrease subsidies for engaging in desired activities d. lower tax rates for engaging in desired activities Answer: d Topic: Taxes and Public Policy Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

20.

Who is least likely to benefit from a tax expenditure? a. corporations b. lower-income citizens c. middle-income citizens d. upper-income citizens Answer: b Topic: Taxes and Public Policy Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

184 ..

21.

The likely effect of a substantial federal tax cut is to __________. a. equalize the federal and state tax burden b. equalize the tax burden for low-, middle-, and upper-income taxpayers c. increase the size of government d. limit government expansion Answer: c Topic: Taxes and Public Policy Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe the sources of funding for the federal government and assess the consequences of tax expenditures and borrowing.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

22.

Why did the United States keep a large permanent military establishment after World War II? a. to comply with the treaty that ended World War II, which prohibited demilitarization b. to appease the large veteran population that supported peacetime military service c. to satisfy defense contractors, who lobbied for an increase in contracts d. to fight the Cold War, which began shortly after the end of World War II Answer: d Topic: The Rise of the National Security State Learning Objective: 13.2 Analyze federal expenditures and the growth of the budget.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

23.

Who profits from the military-industrial complex? a. Congress b. the president c. defense contractors d. taxpayers Answer: c Topic: The Rise of the National Security State Learning Objective: 13.4 Assess the impact of democratic politics on budgetary growth and of the budget on scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

185 ..

24.

The Social Security Act of 1935 was designed to __________. a. ensure that retirees could continue the lifestyle they had when they were working b. enable workers to retire at age 55 c. save older Americans from poverty d. balance the budget by collecting more in Social Security taxes than was paid in benefits Answer: c Topic: The Rise of the Social Service State Learning Objective: 13.2 Analyze federal expenditures and the growth of the budget.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

25.

After World War II, American social services __________. a. expanded less than did similar services in Western European nations b. expanded far more rapidly than American military expenditures c. expanded to include universal health insurance d. were reduced as wages rose and poverty rates dropped Answer: a Topic: The Rise of the Social Service State Learning Objective: 13.2 Analyze federal expenditures and the growth of the budget.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

26.

Social Security and Medicare __________. a. are financed by the payroll taxes paid in the past by its current recipients b. are financed by payroll taxes paid by currently working members of the population c. depend on investment of their funds in the stock market d. together account for more than half of all federal expenditures Answer: b Topic: The Rise of the Social Service State Learning Objective: 13.2 Analyze federal expenditures and the growth of the budget.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

186 ..

27.

Which of the following has been the most recent expansion to the Social Security system? a. Medicare b. disability insurance c. prescription drug coverage d. hospital coverage Answer: c Topic: The Rise of the Social Service State Learning Objective: 13.2 Analyze federal expenditures and the growth of the budget.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

28.

Which of the following poses a threat to the system for funding Social Security? a. higher birthrates b. longer life expectancy c. higher social insurance taxes d. larger working population Answer: b Topic: The Rise of the Social Service State Learning Objective: 13.2 Analyze federal expenditures and the growth of the budget.

Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult

29.

What is a consequence of incrementalism? a. the tendency for budgets to increase modestly from year to year b. income tax rates that increase incrementally as income increases c. laws that prohibit spending increases except in times of emergency d. the tendency for the national debt to increase in large increments every year Answer: a Topic: Incrementalism Learning Objective: 13.2 Analyze federal expenditures and the growth of the budget.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

187 ..

30.

In what sense is Social Security spending “uncontrollable”? a. Congress determines how much it will spend for Social Security each year. b. Social Security spending varies according to how much money is available in the Social Security Trust Fund. c. Congress has enacted laws that make Social Security payments automatic for all those who are eligible. d. Social Security requires funding from excise taxes that are unpredictable from year to year.

Answer: c Topic: “Uncontrollable” Expenditures Learning Objective: 13.2 Analyze federal expenditures and the growth of the budget.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

31.

Which of the main actors in the budgetary process does the president oversee? a. Ways and Means Committee b. Finance Committee c. Congressional Budget Office d. Office of Management and Budget Answer: d Topic: Budgetary Politics Learning Objective: 13.3 Outline the budgetary process and explain the role that politics plays.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

32.

What is the role of the Congressional Budget Office? a. to determine a binding annual budget and a ten-year, non-binding budget estimate framework b. to write regulations that implement the federal budget c. to determine the viability of presidential policy initiatives d. to advise Congress on the likely consequences of its budget decisions Answer: d Topic: Budgetary Politics Learning Objective: 13.3 Outline the budgetary process and explain the role that politics plays.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

188 ..

33.

What is the role of the Government Accountability Office (GAO)? a. to monitor what agencies do with their budgets b. to propose the budget for Congress c. to propose new bills to implement the president’s agenda d. to write tax codes based on changes in law Answer: a Topic: Budgetary Politics Learning Objective: 13.3 Outline the budgetary process and explain the role that politics plays.

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate

34.

By law, the __________ must submit a budget proposal to Congress each February. a. president b. Office of Management and Budget c. Government Accountability Office d. Finance Committee Answer: a Topic: The President’s Budget Learning Objective: 13.3 Outline the budgetary process and explain the role that politics plays.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

35.

A(n) authorization bill is an act of Congress that __________. a. establishes or changes a government program b. funds programs within preestablished annual limits c. allows agencies to spend at the level of the previous year d. binds Congress to a total expenditure level Answer: a Topic: Congress and the Budget Learning Objective: 13.3 Outline the budgetary process and explain the role that politics plays.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

189 ..

36.

Which of the following best describes budgets under the Trump presidency? a. budget surpluses b. balanced budgets c. decreased budget deficits d. increased budget deficits Answer: d Topic: Congress and the Budget Learning Objective: 13.3 Outline the budgetary process and explain the role that politics plays.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

37.

What does a budget resolution do? a. authorizes Congress to create a program b. resolves differences between the president’s budget and Congress’s budget c. extends the deadline for appropriations bills d. establishes the government’s total spending limits Answer: d Topic: Congress and the Budget Learning Objective: 13.3 Outline the budgetary process and explain the role that politics plays.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

38.

A(n) appropriations bill is an act of Congress that __________.. a. establishes, continues, or changes a government program b. funds programs established by authorization bills c. allows agencies to spend at the previous year’s level d. serves as a vehicle for unrelated pieces of legislation that could not pass on their own Answer: b Topic: Congress and the Budget Learning Objective: 13.3 Outline the budgetary process and explain the role that politics plays.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

190 ..

39.

What is the purpose of a continuing resolution? a. to allow agencies to continue to spend money even when Congress has not met its budgetary timetable b. to allow agencies to spend money despite a presidential veto c. to combine multiple authorization bills to increase their chance of passage d. to ensure that the federal budget is balanced except in emergencies Answer: a Topic: Congress and the Budget Learning Objective: 13.3 Outline the budgetary process and explain the role that politics plays.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

40.

The argument that government grows in a democracy because of the equality of suffrage means that __________. a. each voter has one vote, so those with less income can use their votes to expand government programs b. economically disadvantaged voters will support increased defense spending during both peacetime and war c. an individual voter’s power is determined by his or her economic condition at birth d. veterans with disabilities support reducing the influence of the militaryindustrial complex Answer: a Topic: Democracy and Budgeting Learning Objective: 13.4 Assess the impact of democratic politics on budgetary growth and of the budget on the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

41.

Since 1980, a focus on __________ in the United States has resulted in policymaking that could be considered the “politics of scarcity,” in which the federal government lacks funding to expand programming. a. tax cuts b. pork barrel projects c. subsidies d. tax expenditures Answer: a Topic: The Budget and Scope of Government Learning Objective: 13.4 Assess the impact of democratic politics on budgetary growth and of the budget on the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

191 ..

14 The Federal Bureaucracy  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

Why does the U.S. government have at least 15 agencies that regulate food safety? a. Food safety can be regulated more efficiently when many agencies are involved in completing the task. b. Food production systems are so complex that it would be nearly impossible to regulate food safety without involving so many agencies. c. Congress created the system in a piecemeal fashion with little regard for how it should work as a whole. d. The task of inspecting all food before it reaches the U.S. consumer is gargantuan, requiring many agencies to complete.

Answer: c Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 14.2 Differentiate the four types of agencies into which the federal bureaucracy is organized.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

2.

Which of Max Weber’s characteristics of bureaucracy is illustrated by a government agency in which authority resides with the agency director? a. administrative discretion b. the merit principle c. task specialization d. hierarchical authority structure Answer: d Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 14.1 Describe the federal bureaucrats and the ways in which they obtain their jobs.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

192 ..

3.

According to Max Weber, bureaucracies are characterized by __________. a. inefficiency b. transparency c. consensus making d. task specialization Answer: d Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 14.3 Identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of bureaucratic implementation of public policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

4.

Which of the following is an application of the merit principle? a. evaluating political candidates on the basis of personal characteristics b. evaluating political candidates on the basis of work experience c. hiring bureaucrats on the basis of their ability to do the job d. evaluating a policy proposal on the basis of its benefits Answer: c Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 14.1 Describe the federal bureaucrats and the ways in which they obtain their jobs.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

5.

Which statement about the bureaucracy is most accurate? a. Americans are generally satisfied with the treatment they get from bureaucrats they interact with. b. The number of federal bureaucrats is increasing rapidly. c. Most federal bureaucrats work in Washington, D.C. d. Public bureaucracies inevitably become inefficient over time.

Answer: a Topic: Some Bureaucratic Myths and Realities Learning Objective: 14.1 Describe the federal bureaucrats and the ways in which they obtain their jobs.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

193 ..

6.

Why do Americans tend to think that red tape is more prevalent than it actually is? a. Americans tend to notice the bureaucracy only when it is inefficient and not when it works well. b. Americans unwittingly transfer their negative assessments of private bureaucracies (such as businesses and churches) to the public sphere. c. Americans generally have poor experiences when dealing with bureaucrats. d. The increasing use of private contractors makes bureaucratic paperwork appear more complex.

Answer: a Topic: Some Bureaucratic Myths and Realities Learning Objective: 14.1 Describe the federal bureaucrats and the ways in which they obtain their jobs.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

7.

Under the spoils system, jobs in the federal bureaucracy were awarded to __________. a. those who scored highest on aptitude tests b. those who did not affiliate with a political party c. those who previously served in the military d. those who helped candidates win election Answer: d Topic: Civil Servants Learning Objective: 14.1 Describe the federal bureaucrats and the ways in which they obtain their jobs.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

8.

Which of the following was a consequence of the spoils system? a. The federal bureaucracy was staffed with people who often lacked expertise. b. There was low turnover in the federal bureaucracy between presidential administrations. c. There was little government corruption. d. Voter turnout was lower.

Answer: a Topic: Civil Servants Learning Objective: 14.1 Describe the federal bureaucrats and the ways in which they obtain their jobs.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

194 ..

9.

How did the Pendleton Act reform the system of hiring and firing federal employees? a. It required hiring and firing decisions to be based on partisan loyalty rather than merit. b. It required hiring and firing decisions to be based on merit rather than partisan loyalty. c. It continued to allow hiring based on merit but made firing federal employees easier. d. It continued to allow hiring based on partisan loyalty but made firing federal employees more difficult.

Answer: b Topic: Civil Servants Learning Objective: 14.1 Describe the federal bureaucrats and the ways in which they obtain their jobs.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

10.

Which of the following actions are federal employees prohibited from doing? a. adjudicating legal disputes b. exercising administrative discretion c. running for partisan office d. running voter registration drives Answer: c Topic: Civil Servants Learning Objective: 14.1 Describe the federal bureaucrats and the ways in which they obtain their jobs.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

11.

What do the Pendleton Civil Service Act and the Hatch Act have in common? a. Both reduce administrative discretion. b. Both increase bureaucratic fairness. c. Both enhance presidential control of the federal bureaucracy. d. Both streamline the administrative rule making process Answer: b Topic: Civil Servants Learning Objective: 14.1 Describe the federal bureaucrats and the ways in which they obtain their jobs.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

195 ..

12.

The first step in obtaining a civil service job is likely to be __________. a. taking a test b. helping on a political campaign c. donating to a political campaign d. networking with civil service workers Answer: a Topic: Civil Servants Learning Objective: 14.1 Describe the federal bureaucrats and the ways in which they obtain their jobs.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

13.

What does the president consider to be the most important criterion when making political appointments to the bureaucracy? a. longevity at the agency before appointment b. loyalty to the president c. educational attainment d. substantive expertise Answer: b Topic: Political Appointees Learning Objective: 14.1 Describe the federal bureaucrats and the ways in which they obtain their jobs.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

14.

In choosing high-level federal appointees, presidents typically look for __________. a. personal loyalty and commitment to their programs b. analytical intelligence and substantive expertise c. sympathy for a wide range of policy positions d. experience in creating and implementing budgets Answer: a Topic: Cabinet Departments Learning Objective: 14.2 Differentiate the four types of agencies into which the federal bureaucracy is organized.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

196 ..

15.

Independent regulatory commissioners are __________. a. selected by the House and confirmed by the Senate b. part of the president’s cabinet c. selected by the president and confirmed by the Senate d. easily fired when a shift in political power occurs Answer: c Topic: Independent Regulatory Commissions Learning Objective: 14.2 Differentiate the four types of agencies into which the federal bureaucracy is organized.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

16.

Which of the following agencies is most independent of presidential control? a. the Department of Defense b. the Department of Justice c. the General Services Administration d. the Federal Reserve Board Answer: d Topic: Independent Regulatory Commissions Learning Objective: 14.2 Differentiate the four types of agencies into which the federal bureaucracy is organized.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

17.

What does a government corporation do? a. charges for services that could be provided by private entities b. invests in the stock market c. assesses taxes d. evaluates potential public policies Answer: a Topic: Government Corporations Learning Objective: 14.2 Differentiate the four types of agencies into which the federal bureaucracy is organized.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

197 ..

18.

Which of the following is a function of the federal bureaucracy? a. issuing executive orders b. issuing executive agreements c. implementing laws passed by Congress d. implementing state statutes Answer: c Topic: What Implementation Means Learning Objective: 14.3 Identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of bureaucratic implementation of public policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

19.

What is implementation? a. the process of translating policy goals and objectives into an operational program b. a set of procedures executive branch agencies must follow when issuing rules c. the process by which government agencies settle legal disputes d. a set of rules governing government agreements with private contractors Answer: a Topic: What Implementation Means Learning Objective: 14.3 Identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of bureaucratic implementation of public policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

20.

Standard operating procedures influence bureaucratic decision making by promoting __________. a. uniform application of rules b. administrative discretion c. close coordination with Congress on implementation decisions d. coordination across agencies on implementation decisions Answer: a Topic: Why the Best-Laid Plans Sometimes Flunk the Implementation Test Learning Objective: 14.3 Identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of bureaucratic implementation of public policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

198 ..

21.

Administrative discretion is most likely to be used __________. a. by high-level bureaucrats who have little direct contact with the public b. when standard operating procedures do not fit a particular case c. when extensive rules exist for the performance of routine tasks d. by newly hired bureaucrats Answer: b Topic: Why the Best-Laid Plans Sometimes Flunk the Implementation Test Learning Objective: 14.3 Identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of bureaucratic implementation of public policy.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

22.

Under which of the following circumstances are bureaucrats most likely to exercise administrative discretion? a. when an agency is creating environmental regulations b. when an agency is under congressional investigation c. when an agency is implementing rules that do not quite fit a particular case d. when an agency is proposing legislation Answer: c Topic: Why the Best-Laid Plans Sometimes Flunk the Implementation Test Learning Objective: 14.3 Identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of bureaucratic implementation of public policy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

23.

The Department of Homeland Security was established to overcome which bureaucratic shortcoming? a. the excessive influence of iron triangles b. failure of various agencies to follow standard operating procedures c. fragmentation of policies related to domestic security d. paralyzing fear of doing the wrong thing Answer: c Topic: Why the Best-Laid Plans Sometimes Flunk the Implementation Test Learning Objective: 14.3 Identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of bureaucratic implementation of public policy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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24.

The use of private contractors by the federal government has __________. a. become more common b. made the government more efficient c. reduced costs d. resulted in higher trust in government Answer: a Topic: Privatization Learning Objective: 14.3 Identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of bureaucratic implementation of public policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

25.

A primary goal of privatizing government functions is to __________. a. provide services that the public sector cannot b. strengthen government accountability c. improve the efficiency of public service delivery d. expand the size of the federal bureaucracy Answer: c Topic: Privatization Learning Objective: 14.3 Identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of bureaucratic implementation of public policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

26.

A drawback of privatization of government functions is that __________. a. privatization leads to less public scrutiny b. the bidding process involves too many rules c. privatized services employ too many bureaucrats d. privatized service delivery is often too slow Answer: a Topic: Privatization Learning Objective: 14.3 Identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of bureaucratic implementation of public policy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

200 ..

27.

Which of the following contributed to the successful implementation of the Voting Rights Act? a. The policy was widely supported by policymakers and the public. b. The policy required only minor changes in how states ran their elections. c. The goals of the policy and the authority of the implementors were clear. d. The policy was implemented slowly and received nearly unanimous support in Congress.

Answer: c Topic: A Case Study of Successful Implementation: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 Learning Objective: 14.3 Identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of bureaucratic implementation of public policy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

28.

Which institution grants bureaucracies the authority to issue regulations? a. the General Accounting Office b. Congress c. the president d. the Internal Revenue Service Answer: b Topic: Bureaucracies as Regulators Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe how bureaucracies regulate, and assess deregulation and alternative approaches to regulation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

29.

What role is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) taking when it sets limits on air pollution from power plants? a. regulation b. budgetary c. oversight d. antidiscrimination Answer: a Topic: Regulation in the Economy and in Everyday Life Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe how bureaucracies regulate, and assess deregulation and alternative approaches to regulation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

201 ..

30.

Which of the following is a means of enforcing a regulation? a. sending inspectors to monitor compliance b. charging higher taxes to those not in compliance c. deploying the armed forces to force compliance d. sending members of Congress to assess the need for new legislation Answer: a Topic: Regulation in the Economy and in Everyday Life Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe how bureaucracies regulate, and assess deregulation and alternative approaches to regulation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

31.

Use of the patronage system for political appointments __________. a. declined after World War II as the merit principle gained support b. was eliminated by the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Act c. has increased in recent years with the growth of corporate campaign contributions d. depends on the establishment of elaborate rules for hiring and firing Answer: b Topic: Two Types of Regulatory Activity Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe how bureaucracies regulate, and assess deregulation and alternative approaches to regulation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

32.

An incentive system regulates industries using __________. a. preventive measures that make noncompliance expensive and difficult b. informal pressure by members of an iron triangle c. the threat of legal action d. market-like strategies such as rewards Answer: d Topic: Two Types of Regulatory Activity Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe how bureaucracies regulate, and assess deregulation and alternative approaches to regulation.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

202 ..

33.

How do command-and-control policies differ from incentive systems? a. Command-and-control policies use market-like strategies, whereas incentive systems do not. b. Command-and-control policies are typically more efficient than incentive systems. c. Command-and-control policies are typically more equitable than incentive systems. d. Command-and-control policies typically focus on punishing violators, whereas incentive systems often include rewards for compliance.

Answer: d Topic: Two Types of Regulatory Activity Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe how bureaucracies regulate, and assess deregulation and alternative approaches to regulation.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

34.

Those who believe that regulations on business and industry are too numerous and too complex are most likely to favor the policy of __________. a. patronage b. command-and-control systems c. executive orders d. deregulation Answer: d Topic: Deregulation Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe how bureaucracies regulate, and assess deregulation and alternative approaches to regulation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

35.

Proponents of deregulation argue that it is good public policy because it __________. a. protects consumers by guarding against inflation and price gouging b. addresses fundamental flaws in the free-market economy c. eliminates costly regulations and thereby makes U.S. products more competitive in the world marketplace d. eliminates outdated regulations and thereby increases worker safety Answer: c Topic: Deregulation Learning Objective: 14.4 Describe how bureaucracies regulate, and assess deregulation and alternative approaches to regulation.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

203 ..

36.

A president who wants to control the bureaucracy can __________. a. mandate that Congress change laws that contribute to bureaucratic inefficiency b. bypass the bureaucracy entirely by directly contracting with private industry to implement policies c. hire and fire any bureaucrat at will d. issue executive orders telling the bureaucracy how to implement a law Answer: d Topic: Presidents Try to Control the Bureaucracy Learning Objective: 14.5 Identify the means of controlling the bureaucracy and assess the role of iron triangles.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

37.

Which statement best describes the president’s influence over agency budgets? a. The president has final say over all department budgets but has no control of the budgets of independent agencies. b. The president proposes agency budgets through the Office of Management and Budget but depends on Congress for appropriations of federal money. c. The president has sole authority to determine executive administrative budgets. d. The president has no authority in the budgeting process.

Answer: b Topic: Presidents Try to Control the Bureaucracy Learning Objective: 14.5 Identify the means of controlling the bureaucracy and assess the role of iron triangles.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

38.

The three main players in an iron triangle are _______________. a. Congress, the president, and the courts b. businesses, interest groups, and political action committees c. politicians, candidates, and bureaucrats d. bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees Answer: d Topic: Iron Triangles and Issue Networks Learning Objective: 14.5 Identify the means of controlling the bureaucracy and assess the role of iron triangles.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

204 ..

39.

Which statement describes a way in which it is difficult for bureaucracies to be responsive to the people? a. Bureaucracies have chronic staffing shortages. b. Bureaucrats must answer to Congress. c. Bureaucrats are less representative of the people than are members of Congress. d. Bureaucrats are not elected.

Answer: d Topic: Bureaucracy and Democracy Learning Objective: 14.6 Assess the role of unelected bureaucrats in American democracy and the impact of the bureaucracy on the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

40.

Which statement about the size of the federal bureaucracy over the past 40 years is accurate? a. The bureaucracy has grown modestly. b. The bureaucracy has grown exponentially. c. The bureaucracy has shrunk. d. The bureaucracy has shrunk relative to the size of the population.

Answer: d Topic: Bureaucracy and the Scope of Government Learning Objective: 14.6 Assess the role of unelected bureaucrats in American democracy and the impact of the bureaucracy on the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

205 ..

15 The Federal Courts  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

Which argument would be made by an advocate for the Supreme Court playing a more aggressive policymaking role? a. Judicial decisions should be made by Congress when practical and by the president when necessary. b. The judiciary should stick to settling routine disputes. c. The judiciary can look out for the needs of the powerless, whose interests are seldom met by the rest of government. d. The judiciary should leave policymaking to the elected branches.

Answer: c Topic: Chapter Introduction Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the judicial process at the Supreme Court level and assess the major factors influencing the decisions and their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

2.

A civil law case involves a dispute between __________. a. two parties, one of whom may be the government b. two or more parties over matters involving property c. two parties over interpretation of statutes but not over matters of common law d. two parties over family matters such as divorce and child custody Answer: a Topic: The Nature of the Judicial System Learning Objective: 15.1 Identify the basic elements of the American judicial system and the major participants in it.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

206 ..

3.

What is common law? a. the accumulation of judicial decisions about legal issues b. laws passed by legislatures c. disputes between two parties d. issues capable of being settled in court Answer: a Topic: The Nature of the Judicial System Learning Objective: 15.1 Identify the basic elements of the American judicial system and the major participants in it.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

4.

In which courts are the majority of cases tried? a. federal b. district c. state d. appellate Answer: c Topic: The Nature of the Judicial System Learning Objective: 15.1 Identify the basic elements of the American judicial system and the major participants in it.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

5.

To challenge a law in court, a plaintiff must have __________. a. evidence of corruption b. a class action suit c. standing to sue d. appellate jurisdiction Answer: c Topic: Participants in the Judicial System Learning Objective: 15.1 Identify the basic elements of the American judicial system and the major participants in it.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

207 ..

6.

__________ are legal proceedings that enable a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people in similar circumstances. a. Habeas corpus petitions b. Justiciable disputes c. Class action suits d. Bankruptcy proceedings Answer: c Topic: Participants in the Judicial System Learning Objective: 15.1 Identify the basic elements of the American judicial system and the major participants in it.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

7.

Which of the following is a way that interest groups attempt to influence the Supreme Court’s decisions? a. exercising senatorial courtesy b. filing standing to sue briefs c. lobbying legislators d. filing amicus curiae briefs Answer: d Topic: Participants in the Judicial System Learning Objective: 15.1 Identify the basic elements of the American judicial system and the major participants in it.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

8.

How are legislative courts different from constitutional courts? a. Legislative court judges are more partisan. b. Legislative courts have wider jurisdiction. c. Legislative courts cannot exercise judicial review. d. Legislative courts use juries consisting of other judges.

Answer: c Topic: The Structure of the Federal Judicial System Learning Objective: 15.2 Outline the structure of the federal court system and the major responsibilities of each component.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

208 ..

9.

What is the basic organizational structure of the federal court system? a. Courts with appellate jurisdiction are the lowest tier, the Supreme Court is the highest tier, and courts with original jurisdiction are in between. b. Courts of federal claims are the lowest tier, the constitutional court is the highest tier, and legislative courts are in between. c. Courts of appeals are the lowest tier, the Supreme Court is the highest tier, and legislative courts are in between. d. District courts are the lowest tier, the Supreme Court is the highest tier, and courts of appeals are in between.

Answer: d Topic: The Structure of the Federal Judicial System Learning Objective: 15.2 Outline the structure of the federal court system and the major responsibilities of each component.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

10.

The federal district courts __________. a. are courts of original jurisdiction b. are empowered to review decisions of the state courts c. investigate the facts of a case before turning the case over to an appellate court for a decision d. set precedent for agencies within their jurisdictions Answer: a Topic: The Structure of the Federal Judicial System Learning Objective: 15.2 Outline the structure of the federal court system and the major responsibilities of each component.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

11.

Only a(n) __________ court can review the decisions of a lower court. a. trial b. original c. legislative d. appellate Answer: d Topic: The Structure of the Federal Judicial System Learning Objective: 15.2 Outline the structure of the federal court system and the major responsibilities of each component.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

209 ..

12.

In which federal courts are trials typically conducted? a. circuit courts b. district courts c. courts of appeals d. the Supreme Court Answer: b Topic: District Courts Learning Objective: 15.2 Outline the structure of the federal court system and the major responsibilities of each component.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

13.

Which court hears appeals directly from independent regulatory commissions? a. court of appeals b. legislative courts c. district court d. U.S. Supreme Court Answer: a Topic: Courts of Appeals Learning Objective: 15.2 Outline the structure of the federal court system and the major responsibilities of each component.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

14.

Which of the following is a major responsibility of the Supreme Court? a. amending unconstitutional laws b. maintaining state supremacy in law c. resolving conflicts between the political parties d. ensuring that laws are interpreted in the same way throughout the nation Answer: d Topic: The Supreme Court Learning Objective: 15.2 Outline the structure of the federal court system and the major responsibilities of each component.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

210 ..

15.

Which case would the Supreme Court be most likely to hear on appeal from a state court? a. a case arising under the Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction b. a case involving the interpretation of a state law c. a case involving a federal question d. a case that exactly three Supreme Court justices want to hear Answer: c Topic: The Supreme Court Learning Objective: 15.2 Outline the structure of the federal court system and the major responsibilities of each component.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

16.

Which of the following is within the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court? a. federal criminal matters b. tax disputes c. cases initially heard in legislative courts d. cases involving states as states Answer: d Topic: The Supreme Court Learning Objective: 15.2 Outline the structure of the federal court system and the major responsibilities of each component.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

17.

Which of the following are most commonly heard by the U.S. Supreme Court? a. federal habeas corpus cases b. original jurisdiction cases c. civil actions from lower federal courts d. criminal cases from state courts Answer: c Topic: The Supreme Court Learning Objective: 15.2 Outline the structure of the federal court system and the major responsibilities of each component.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

211 ..

18.

U.S. district courts judges are nominated by the __________. a. president b. House of Representatives c. Senate d. Supreme Court Answer: a Topic: The Politics of Judicial Selection Learning Objective: 15.3 Explain the process by which judges and justices are nominated and confirmed.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

19.

Federal district court judges are appointed to __________ terms. a. 3-year b. 10-year c. 20-year d. lifetime Answer: d Topic: The Politics of Judicial Selection Learning Objective: 15.3 Explain the process by which judges and justices are nominated and confirmed.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

20.

Which of the following must confirm all federal judges? a. the House of Representatives b. the Supreme Court c. the Senate d. the states Answer: c Topic: The Politics of Judicial Selection Learning Objective: 15.3 Explain the process by which judges and justices are nominated and confirmed.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

212 ..

21.

Which of the following would senatorial courtesy typically allow? a. A Democratic senator from Oklahoma blocks a judicial nomination made by a Democratic president to a vacant seat in Kentucky. b. A Republican senator from Oklahoma blocks a judicial nomination made by a Republican president to a vacant seat in Kentucky. c. A Democratic senator from Oklahoma blocks a judicial nomination made by a Republican president to a vacant seat in his home state. d. A Republican senator from Oklahoma blocks a judicial nomination made by a Republican president to a vacant seat in her home state.

Answer: d Topic: The Lower Courts Learning Objective: 15.3 Explain the process by which judges and justices are nominated and confirmed.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

22.

Which of the following best describes the confirmation process for recent Supreme Court nominees? a. bipartisan b. efficient c. contentious d. routine Answer: c Topic: The Supreme Court Learning Objective: 15.3 Explain the process by which judges and justices are nominated and confirmed.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

213 ..

23.

Which of the following accurately describes President Trump’s Supreme Court nominations through 2018? a. Both were confirmed with fairly close votes that were mostly along party lines. b. Neither was confirmed as a consequence of opposition within the Republican Party. c. One nominee was confirmed, but the other nominee was not confirmed as a result of late-arising sexual assault allegations. d. Trump did not have the opportunity to make any Supreme Court nominations during his first two years in office.

Answer: a Topic: The Supreme Court Learning Objective: 15.3 Explain the process by which judges and justices are nominated and confirmed.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

24.

A presidential nominee to the Supreme Court will have the most trouble being confirmed when __________. a. the House opposes the nominee’s ideology b. the president nominates a woman c. the president makes a nomination at the beginning of his or her term d. the president’s party does not control the Senate Answer: d Topic: The Supreme Court Learning Objective: 15.3 Explain the process by which judges and justices are nominated and confirmed.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

25.

Most judges and justices have at one time been __________. a. governors or other statewide elected officials b. active partisans within the president’s political party c. political moderates with a reputation for bipartisanship d. activists on behalf of issues that are likely to come before the court Answer: b Topic: Criteria for Selection Learning Objective: 15.4 Describe the backgrounds of judges and justices and assess the impact of background on their decisions.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

214 ..

26.

Which court has the most control over which cases it hears? a. federal district courts b. trial courts c. state courts of original jurisdiction d. the U.S. Supreme Court Answer: d Topic: Accepting Cases Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the judicial process at the Supreme Court level and assess the major factors influencing decisions and their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

27.

What happens to most requests for Supreme Court review? a. The appeals receive a majority of votes in conference and are granted review. b. The appeals receive four or more votes in conference and are granted review. c. The appeals are denied in conference and review is not granted. d. The appeals are placed on the docket for consideration by the Supreme Court.

Answer: c Topic: Accepting Cases Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the judicial process at the Supreme Court level and assess the major factors influencing decisions and their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

28.

In appeals to the Supreme Court, the federal government is represented by the __________. a. attorney general b. president c. solicitor general d. Senate Answer: c Topic: Accepting Cases Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the judicial process at the Supreme Court level and assess the major factors influencing decisions and their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

215 ..

29.

Amicus curiae briefs are __________. a. written statements containing the legal reasoning behind the Court’s decisions b. issues that are capable of being settled as a matter of law c. nonbinding advisory opinions on the meaning or constitutionality of a law d. briefs submitted as evidence that prospective plaintiffs have standing to sue Answer: a Topic: The Process of Decision Making Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the judicial process at the Supreme Court level and assess the major factors influencing decisions and their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

30.

A justice who voted with the majority but has an alternative legal basis for the decision will write a __________. a. concurring opinion b. dissenting opinion c. majority opinion d. stare decisis opinion Answer: a Topic: The Process of Decision Making Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the judicial process at the Supreme Court level and assess the major factors influencing decisions and their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

31.

The consumer population of a Supreme Court decision about prayer in the public schools is __________. a. students and teachers b. school boards and administrators c. lower-court judges d. state legislators Answer: a Topic: Implementing Court Decisions Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the judicial process at the Supreme Court level and assess the major factors influencing decisions and their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

216 ..

32.

When a court bases a decision on the view that the Constitution should be interpreted according to the intentions of the Framers, it is relying on the principle of __________. a. originalism b. stare decisis c. statutory construction d. amicus curiae Answer: a Topic: The Basis of Decisions Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the judicial process at the Supreme Court level and assess the major factors influencing decisions and their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

33.

Which of the following limits a judge’s decision-making authority? a. judicial review b. judicial activism c. stare decisis d. life tenure Answer: c Topic: The Basis of Decisions Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the judicial process at the Supreme Court level and assess the major factors influencing decisions and their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

34.

Which approach to judicial decision making would a Supreme Court justice be using if he or she argued that the Court should seek to alleviate pressing needs that have been left unmet by the majoritarian political process? a. judicial restraint b. originalism c. stare decisis d. judicial activism Answer: d Topic: The Basis of Decisions Learning Objective: 15.5 Outline the judicial process at the Supreme Court level and assess the major factors influencing decisions and their implementation.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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35.

What is the power of the courts to determine whether the actions of the other branches are constitutional? a. original jurisdiction b. strict construction c. judicial review d. stare decisis Answer: c Topic: The Courts and Public Policy: A Historical Review Learning Objective: 15.6 Trace the Supreme Court’s use of judicial review in major policy battles in various eras of American history.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

36.

The proslavery decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford was reversed by __________. a. a Supreme Court decision b. a federal court of appeals c. the results of the next presidential election d. passage of the Fourteenth Amendment Answer: d Topic: John Marshall and the Growth of Judicial Review Learning Objective: 15.6 Trace the Supreme Court’s use of judicial review in major policy battles in various eras of American history.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

37.

Why did Franklin Roosevelt propose expanding the number of Supreme Court justices? a. President Roosevelt was concerned that the average age of the Court was over 70 but did not have the option of firing justices. b. President Roosevelt wanted to spread the rapidly expanding workload of the Supreme Court among additional justices. c. President Roosevelt wanted to ensure that there would be an odd number of Supreme Court justices so that fewer decisions would end in a tie vote. d. President Roosevelt was unhappy with recent Supreme Court decisions and wanted to change the composition of the Court so that it would be more sympathetic to his policies.

Answer: d Topic: The “Nine Old Men” Learning Objective: 15.6 Trace the Supreme Court’s use of judicial review in major policy battles in various eras of American history.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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38.

Which Court was active in shaping public policy in a liberal direction? a. the Rehnquist Court b. the Warren Court c. the Roberts Court d. the Burger Court Answer: b Topic: The Warren Court Learning Objective: 15.6 Trace the Supreme Court’s use of judicial review in major policy battles in various eras of American history.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

39.

A judge who believes in deferring to the decisions of elected representatives believes in __________. a. judicial activism b. the attitudinal model of decision making c. originalism d. judicial restraint Answer: d Topic: The Scope of Judicial Power Learning Objective: 15.7 Assess the role of unelected courts and the scope of judicial power in American democracy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

40.

Proponents of which judicial philosophy believe it is appropriate for judges to interpret the Constitution narrowly? a. judicial restraint b. strict constructionism c. judicial activism d. originalism Answer: b Topic: The Scope of Judicial Power Learning Objective: 15.7 Assess the role of unelected courts and the scope of judicial power in American democracy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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16 Economic and Social Welfare Policymaking  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

When it comes to strengthening the economy, Republicans are more likely than Democrats to prioritize __________. a. fighting inflation b. progressive taxation c. tax increases d. spending increases Answer: a Topic: Economic Policymaking Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

2.

The unemployment rate includes __________. a. discouraged workers but not part-time workers b. all Americans who are out of the workforce, except retirees c. members of the U.S. workforce who are seeking work but are unable to find it d. working-class Americans but not those with college degrees Answer: c Topic: Two Major Worries: Unemployment and Inflation Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

220 ..

3.

Inflation rises as a result of __________. a. a drop in the price of energy b. an increase in the cost of buying goods and services c. an increase in rates of college graduation d. a cut in federal taxes Answer: b Topic: Two Major Worries: Unemployment and Inflation Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

4.

Which of the following is the key measure of inflation? a. a change in interest rates b. a rise in the gross national product c. a change in the cost of buying a fixed basket of goods and services d. a drop in the unemployment rate Answer: c Topic: Two Major Worries: Unemployment and Inflation Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

5.

Which of the following has been the largest contributor to bouts of inflation in recent decades? a. the inaugurations of new presidents b. technological innovations c. wars or other significant military conflicts d. soaring prices for energy Answer: d Topic: Two Major Worries: Unemployment and Inflation Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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6.

Laissez-faire economics takes the position that the government should __________. a. raise interest rates during a recession b. refrain from intervening in the economy c. actively work to reduce unemployment d. lower interest rates during a recession Answer: b Topic: Policies for Controlling the Economy Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

7.

A supporter of laissez-faire economic policies would generally favor a(n) __________. a. reduction in economic regulation by the federal government b. increase in taxes assessed by state governments c. increase in economic regulation by state governments d. increase in tariffs assessed on imported goods Answer: a Topic: Policies for Controlling the Economy Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

8.

Which government actor influences interest rates by controlling the money supply? a. Congress b. the Council of Economic Advisors c. the Social Security Board of Trustees d. the Federal Reserve Board Answer: d Topic: Policies for Controlling the Economy Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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9.

If the Federal Reserve Board wanted to slow the rate of economic growth, it would most likely __________. a. encourage the president to lower taxes b. increase interest rates c. increase the money supply d. lower capital gains rates Answer: b Topic: Policies for Controlling the Economy Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

10.

Monetarism is an economic theory holding that __________. a. reducing the federal budget is the key to a nation’s economic health b. an infusion of money from government programs is the best response to an economic downturn c. the supply of money is the key to a nation’s economic health and that too much cash and credit in circulation produces inflation d. lowering tax rates is the best way to stimulate the supply of goods Answer: c Topic: Policies for Controlling the Economy Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

11.

Which of the following strategies would monetarists believe should be pursued during inflationary periods? a. Congress should increase spending on government programs. b. Congress should raise taxes on individuals. c. The Federal Reserve should lower interest rates. d. The Federal Reserve should raise interest rates.

Answer: d Topic: Policies for Controlling the Economy Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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12.

Which of the following is an example of monetary policy? a. decreasing federal spending b. increasing food and drug regulations c. increasing income taxes on wealthy Americans d. the Federal Reserve Board buying government bonds Answer: d Topic: Policies for Controlling the Economy Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

13.

A main goal of fiscal policy is to __________. a. affect how much money is available to foreign governments for investment b. use taxes and government spending to help stimulate or slow the economy c. determine how much interest the government will pay on the federal debt d. stimulate the economy by increasing the number of imports into the United States Answer: b Topic: Policies for Controlling the Economy Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

14.

Keynesian economic theory holds which of the following to be true? a. Increasing tax rates will stimulate the economy. b. Government spending should focus primarily on social welfare. c. Fiscal policy is used to stimulate the supply of goods. d. Government should stimulate the economy when it is lagging.

Answer: d Topic: Policies for Controlling the Economy Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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15.

In an economic slowdown, Keynesian economic theory would advocate increasing __________. a. taxes b. government employment c. the unemployment rate d. interest rates Answer: b Topic: Policies for Controlling the Economy Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

16.

The Trump administration’s imposition of tariffs has resulted in __________. a. an expansion of free trade with U.S. allies b. direct payment of fees to the U.S. treasury by foreign companies c. the extension of a long post–World War II trend in economic policy d. benefits for some businesses and groups at the expense of others Answer: d Topic: Policies for Controlling the Economy Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

17.

Which of the following do Republicans tend to support? a. progressive taxes b. government spending to stimulate the economy c. supply-side economics d. Keynesian economics Answer: c Topic: Policies for Controlling the Economy Learning Objective: 16.1 Identify the main policy tools that American government can employ to address economic problems, and contrast Keynesian and supply-side economics.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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18.

The Medicaid program is designed to provide __________. a. coverage of medical expenses for poor people b. coverage of hospital expenses for the elderly c. cash payments to poor people to be used for routine medical care d. medical benefits for people with chronic disabilities Answer: a Topic: Types of Social Welfare Policies Learning Objective: 16.2 Compare and contrast entitlement and means-tested social welfare programs.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

19.

Entitlement programs are available to __________. a. people whose income falls below a certain level b. all qualified citizens regardless of need c. low-income families with children, but not to individuals or couples without children d. workers who are underemployed, according to federal guidelines Answer: b Topic: Types of Social Welfare Policies Learning Objective: 16.2 Compare and contrast entitlement and means-tested social welfare programs.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

20.

Who benefits the most from the United States’ most expensive entitlement programs? a. public employees b. people with very low incomes c. the elderly d. parents with young children Answer: c Topic: Types of Social Welfare Policies Learning Objective: 16.2 Compare and contrast entitlement and means-tested social welfare programs.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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21.

Unemployment insurance for laid-off workers is an example of a(n) __________ program. a. entitlement b. regulatory c. discretionary d. means-tested Answer: a Topic: Types of Social Welfare Policies Learning Objective: 16.2 Compare and contrast entitlement and means-tested social welfare programs.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

22.

What distinguishes a means-tested program from a social insurance program? a. A means-tested program extends benefits based on age categories, while a social insurance program provides benefits based on immediate need. b. A means-tested program extends benefits only to the elderly, while a social insurance program extends benefits to everyone. c. A social insurance program extends benefits only to working poor people, while a means-tested program extends benefits to everyone, regardless of social class. d. A social insurance program provides benefits to those who have paid into the program, while a means-tested program provides benefits based on demonstrated need.

Answer: d Topic: Types of Social Welfare Policies Learning Objective: 16.2 Compare and contrast entitlement and means-tested social welfare programs.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

23.

Which statement is most in line with conservatives’ perception of poverty? a. Means-tested antipoverty programs can encourage laziness among poor people. b. Means-tested welfare programs help people navigate difficult circumstances. c. Poverty results from longstanding societal inequities. d. Poverty is primarily a rural problem, especially in Appalachia.

Answer: a Topic: Types of Social Welfare Policies Learning Objective: 16.2 Compare and contrast entitlement and means-tested social welfare programs.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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24.

Which statement about social mobility in the United States is accurate? a. There is less social mobility in the United States than in most other democracies. b. Americans like to think that social mobility is impossible in the United States, but evidence suggests that it is common. c. Social mobility helps to explain the recent decrease in economic inequality. d. Social mobility is hindered by the belief that hard work is not necessary in the “land of opportunity.”

Answer: a Topic: Income, Poverty, and Public Policy Learning Objective: 16.3 Assess the extent of economic inequality in America and the role of government in lessening it.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

25.

Increasing income inequality in the United States contributes to __________. a. complacency and dependency b. laissez-faire economic policies c. proportional taxation d. relative deprivation Answer: d Topic: Who’s Getting What?

Learning Objective: 16.3 Assess the extent of economic inequality in America and the role of government in lessening it.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

26.

Why is it problematic to use the official poverty line to determine the threshold for living in poverty? a. The formula is based on food costs, which have declined relative to other expenses. b. Most Americans do not understand how to calculate the poverty line. c. The official poverty line assumes that women are taking care of the home while men are working. d. Many Americans exaggerate the extent of their poverty in order to be eligible for benefits.

Answer: a Topic: Who’s Poor in America?

Learning Objective: 16.3 Assess the extent of economic inequality in America and the role of government in lessening it.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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27.

What has contributed the most to declining poverty among the elderly? a. the feminization of poverty b. proportional taxation c. Social Security and Medicare d. supply-side economics Answer: c Topic: Who’s Poor in America?

Learning Objective: 16.3 Assess the extent of economic inequality in America and the role of government in lessening it.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

28.

Poverty rates are substantially above the national average for which group? a. elderly women b. Asians and Hispanics c. central-city residents d. unmarried women and their children Answer: d Topic: Who’s Poor in America?

Learning Objective: 16.3 Assess the extent of economic inequality in America and the role of government in lessening it.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

29.

Sales taxes have their greatest effect on which group of taxpayers? a. poor people, who spend a higher percentage of their income on necessities b. very wealthy people, who spend more money overall c. women, who are disproportionately responsible for making household purchases d. single people, who cannot benefit from deductions for sales taxes paid Answer: a Topic: How Public Policy Affects Income Learning Objective: 16.3 Assess the extent of economic inequality in America and the role of government in lessening it.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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30.

Taxes are considered regressive when __________. a. they are levied on necessities such as food and clothing b. the burden falls most heavily on low-income groups c. the government takes the same share of income from everyone. d. they exceed 5 percent of income Answer: b Topic: How Public Policy Affects Income Learning Objective: 16.3 Assess the extent of economic inequality in America and the role of government in lessening it.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

31.

Who directly benefits from the Earned Income Tax Credit? a. all those with earned income b. businesses that hire welfare recipients c. all full- and part-time workers d. working people who have low incomes Answer: d Topic: How Public Policy Affects Income Learning Objective: 16.3 Assess the extent of economic inequality in America and the role of government in lessening it.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

32.

Which of the following statements about Social Security is accurate? a. It makes transfer payments from the government to retirees. b. It is a means-tested program. c. It provides housing assistance to the elderly. d. It is funded by property taxes.

Answer: a Topic: How Public Policy Affects Income Learning Objective: 16.3 Assess the extent of economic inequality in America and the role of government in lessening it.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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33.

Which of the following social problems are means-tested programs typically designed to alleviate? a. unemployment b. poverty c. family disintegration d. educational discrepancies Answer: b Topic: How Public Policy Affects Income Learning Objective: 16.3 Assess the extent of economic inequality in America and the role of government in lessening it.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

34.

In what way are public perceptions of welfare recipients often inaccurate? a. Americans overestimate the percentage of welfare recipients who are African American. b. Americans falsely believe that most welfare recipients are mentally ill. c. Americans falsely believe that most welfare recipients lack reliable transportation. d. Americans underestimate the poverty faced by welfare recipients.

Answer: a Topic: “Welfare” as We Knew It Learning Objective: 16.4 Trace the changes over time in major federal welfare programs.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

35.

The welfare reform law that Congress passed in 1996 emphasized __________. a. expanding welfare assistance programs to include more needy families b. mandating drug testing for welfare recipients c. providing long-term income security for poor people d. establishing work requirements for welfare recipients Answer: d Topic: Ending Welfare as We Knew It: The Welfare Reform of 1996 Learning Objective: 16.4 Trace the changes over time in major federal welfare programs.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

231 ..

36.

As a result of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, __________. a. welfare recipients were permitted to continue receiving benefits until they found a job b. the average annual cost for prescription drugs was slashed c. unemployment rates were cut in half d. welfare rolls declined Answer: d Topic: Ending Welfare as We Knew It: The Welfare Reform of 1996 Learning Objective: 16.4 Trace the changes over time in major federal welfare programs.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

37.

Which statement describes a reason why welfare programs in the United States are unpopular? a. Americans are generally uncompassionate. b. Americans tend to think that U.S. welfare programs are not generous enough. c. Many Americans believe that access to welfare benefits contributes to increased immigration. d. Welfare programs tend to increase inflation and decrease exports.

Answer: c Topic: Ending Welfare as We Knew It: The Welfare Reform of 1996 Learning Objective: 16.4 Trace the changes over time in major federal welfare programs.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

38.

What is the primary source of funding for Social Security? a. sales taxes b. payroll taxes c. property taxes d. income taxes Answer: b Topic: The Growth of Social Security Learning Objective: 16.5 Outline how America’s Social Security program works and the challenge of keeping it financially solvent in the coming years.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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39.

Which of the following places a major strain on the Social Security System? a. Americans are living longer. b. Americans are retiring earlier. c. Individuals’ Social Security benefits increase at the same rate that their incomes increased while working. d. Social Security is decreasing in popularity.

Answer: a Topic: The Growth of Social Security Learning Objective: 16.5 Outline how America’s Social Security program works and the challenge of keeping it financially solvent in the coming years.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

40.

Which contributes to the financial concerns about Social Security? a. The rate of Social Security payroll taxes will continue to decrease unless Congress changes the law. b. The number of current retirees contributing to the fund will continue to increase as more seniors continue working after traditional retirement age. c. Too few workers are contributing to the Social Security system to support all the people who are entitled to claim benefits from it. d. The Social Security Trust Fund must repay the money it borrowed from the Treasury but lacks the funds to do so.

Answer: c Topic: The Growth of Social Security Learning Objective: 16.5 Outline how America’s Social Security program works and the challenge of keeping it financially solvent in the coming years.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

41.

One of the biggest concerns surrounding Social Security is that __________. a. the benefits that are paid out are too generous b. retirees have a hard time paying the payroll taxes c. there will not be enough money to pay full benefits to future retirees d. the Social Security Trust Fund invests too heavily in the stock market Answer: c Topic: The Growth of Social Security Learning Objective: 16.5 Outline how America’s Social Security program works and the challenge of keeping it financially solvent in the coming years.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

233 ..

42.

What Social Security reform did George W. Bush propose? a. raise the maximum contribution that workers pay into the system b. revise the inflation adjustment formula for benefits so that recipients would receive a larger raise every year c. gradually lower the age by which people would be entitled to benefits d. permit workers to invest a portion of their Social Security contribution into private retirement funds Answer: d Topic: Social Security: Living on Borrowed Time Learning Objective: 16.5 Outline how America’s Social Security program works and the challenge of keeping it financially solvent in the coming years.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

43.

Which of the following is a possible solution to the long-term problem of solvency in the Social Security program? a. increase benefits for retirees who have substantial income from other sources b. increase the minimum retirement age c. revise the inflation adjustment formula for benefits so recipients would receive a larger increase d. lower payroll tax contributions Answer: b Topic: Reforming Social Security Learning Objective: 16.5 Outline how America’s Social Security program works and the challenge of keeping it financially solvent in the coming years.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

44.

Which of the following countries provides the shortest paid parental leave for a two-parent family? a. France b. Switzerland c. Germany d. the United States Answer: d Topic: Social Welfare Policy Elsewhere Learning Objective: 16.6 Distinguish American social welfare policy from that of other established democracies.

Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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45.

How do U.S. social welfare policies compare to those of European democracies? a. The United States has less generous social welfare policies. b. The United States provides more generous social welfare benefits. c. Social welfare programs are about the same in the United States as in Europe. d. The United States relies on the government to run its social welfare programs, while Europeans rely primarily on religious institutions and charities.

Answer: a Topic: Social Welfare Policy Elsewhere Learning Objective: 16.6 Distinguish American social welfare policy from that of other established democracies.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

46.

How do Americans tend to view social welfare needs? a. as problematic enough to warrant high taxes b. as unavoidable consequences of others’ actions c. as individual concerns d. as a governmental responsibility Answer: c Topic: Social Welfare Policy Elsewhere Learning Objective: 16.6 Distinguish American social welfare policy from that of other established democracies.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

47.

Which action is generally the most difficult to achieve? a. ensuring that revenues needed to provide a government benefit are sufficient to cover its costs b. expanding a government benefit c. creating a new government benefit d. withdrawing a government benefit Answer: d Topic: Democracy and Economic and Social Welfare Policies Learning Objective: 16.7 Assess the impact of economic and social welfare policies on democracy and the scope of government in America.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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48.

Which of the following accounts for much of the recent increase in the scope of government? a. poor economic management by the Federal Reserve Board b. growth in social welfare spending for programs like Social Security and Medicare c. frequent and persistent episodes of inflation d. increasingly regressive taxes and rising energy costs Answer: b Topic: Economic and Social Welfare Policies and the Scope of Government Learning Objective: 16.7 Assess the impact of economic and social welfare policies on democracy and the scope of government in America.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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17 Policymaking for Health Care, the Environment, and Energy  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

How does life expectancy in the United States compare to that of other developed nations? a. It is lower. b. It is about the same. c. It is slightly higher. d. It is much higher.

Answer: a Topic: Health Care Policy Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

2.

Which statement accurately describes health care spending in the United States? a. The United States spends about $3.5 million every year on health care, accounting for about 1.8 percent of the gross domestic product. b. High health care spending helps to explain why the United States has such low infant mortality rates. c. A higher percentage of the U.S. population has health insurance than in any other country with a developed economy. d. The United States spends a greater share of its wealth on health care than does any other country.

Answer: d Topic: The Cost of Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

237 ..

3.

Which of the following is a reason that the United States relies more heavily on expensive, high-tech medical treatments than do European countries? a. Americans spend more time in the hospital. b. The United States relies more heavily on doctors to provide health care services. c. The United States has a single-payer health care system. d. U.S. health care costs are paid from a mixture of sources, so no one has primary responsibility for controlling health care costs.

Answer: d Topic: The Cost of Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

4.

The U.S. health care system tends to emphasize __________. a. reductions in health care costs b. advances in medical technology c. reductions in administrative costs d. equality of care Answer: b Topic: The Cost of Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

5.

Which situation is most likely to create an incentive for doctors to perform unnecessary procedures? a. a fee-for-service health insurance policy b. free market health care c. a single-payer system d. a health maintenance organization Answer: a Topic: The Cost of Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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6.

Health insurance became linked to employment during __________. a. the Progressive Era b. the New Deal c. World War II d. the Obama administration Answer: c Topic: Access to Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate

7.

Who is the least likely to have health insurance in the United States? a. children and young adults b. those who depend on Medicare and Medicaid c. the elderly d. working men Answer: a Topic: Access to Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

8.

Which statement describes a reason why universal health insurance was not adopted in the United States when it was first proposed more than 60 years ago? a. Democrats wanted insurance provided only by private companies. b. The American Medical Association opposed what it called “socialized medicine.” c. Members of Congress already had health insurance. d. Americans who lacked health insurance were afraid that private employers would no longer provide coverage.

Answer: b Topic: The Role of Government in Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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9.

Which of the following is an argument in favor of enacting national health insurance in the United States? a. Patients would have more individual control over their health care. b. All Americans would have access to health care. c. A national insurance program would ensure fair competition among private insurers. d. A national insurance program would rely more heavily on the private market to lower the cost of providing health care.

Answer: b Topic: The Role of Government in Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

10.

In an effort to control costs, Medicare has __________. a. increased taxes on Social Security recipients b. cut back on the fees it pays doctors and hospitals c. reduced coverage for short-term nursing care d. eliminated coverage for elderly people who are still employed Answer: b Topic: The Role of Government in Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

11.

The most rapidly increasing part of the federal budget is __________. a. Medicare b. Medicaid c. the Children’s Health Insurance Program d. the Affordable Care Act Answer: a Topic: The Role of Government in Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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12.

When Congress passed a Social Security surtax to cover new catastrophic illness coverage, what was the outcome? a. The Medicare program was able to absorb the new expenses without a surtax. b. Patients enrolled in supplemental private plans that would provide cheaper coverage. c. Lobbyists representing hospitals and doctors objected but were not able to overturn the tax. d. The elderly objected, and Congress repealed the tax the following year.

Answer: d Topic: The Role of Government in Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

13.

One reason that health care policy in the United States favors the elderly is that __________. a. American political culture places a heavy emphasis on respecting your elders. b. AARP is a powerful lobby. c. A majority of members of Congress are elderly. d. The elderly have greater financial resources to use to influence public policy.

Answer: b Topic: The Role of Government in Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

14.

Who is the primary beneficiary of Medicaid? a. low-income elderly people b. the self-employed c. single mothers and their children d. children and adults in low-income families Answer: d Topic: The Role of Government in Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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15.

How is Medicaid funded? a. The federal government pays for more than half; the states pay for the rest. b. Medicaid is funded entirely by user premiums. c. Payroll taxes cover about half of the costs; sales taxes pay for the rest. d. Doctors end up covering most Medicaid costs in exchange for generous reimbursement rates for Medicare patients.

Answer: a Topic: The Role of Government in Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

16.

The Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) targets __________. a. children whose families are currently enrolled in Medicare b. children whose families have incomes too high to qualify for Medicaid but too low to afford private coverage c. children whose families are currently enrolled in an HMO d. children whose families do not make enough money to receive Medicaid Answer: b Topic: The Role of Government in Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

17.

What problem is most directly addressed by the Affordable Care Act? a. Medicare leaves too many health care expenses for the elderly to pay out of their own pockets. b. The single-payer system was so popular that wait times at health clinics were quite long. c. There are too many uninsured Americans. d. Employer-sponsored health insurance unnecessarily restricts patients’ choice of doctors.

Answer: c Topic: The Role of Government in Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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18.

What changes in health care policy have occurred under the Trump administration? a. nationalization of primary care providers b. nationalization of the prescription drug industry c. Medicare privatization d. reduced subsidies for individuals purchasing health care Answer: d Topic: The Role of Government in Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

19.

As part of the Affordable Care Act, __________. a. young adults up to the age of 26 receive health care through the Children’s Health Insurance Program b. all employers must provide health insurance for employees who work at least 30 hours a week c. all Americans who do not have private insurance receive free treatment from local doctors and hospitals d. health insurance companies are prohibited from discriminating against people with preexisting conditions Answer: d Topic: The Role of Government in Health Care Learning Objective: 17.1 Outline the problems of health care in America and the role of government in health care.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

20.

Opponents of strong air and water pollution controls most often argue that such controls __________. a. ignore wildlife conservation issues b. make it hard for private entities to create stricter standards c. fall disproportionately on poor people d. reduce economic growth Answer: d Topic: Environmental Policy Learning Objective: 17.2 Analyze the conflicts between economic growth and environmental protection, and identify the major national environmental protection policies.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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21.

Environmental impact statements provide a detailed assessment of __________. a. possible environmental effects of a proposed policy b. likely economic impacts of environmental regulations c. benefits to taxpayers of proposed improvements to the built environment d. grounds for legal action to stop a proposed commercial development Answer: a Topic: Environmental Policies in America Learning Objective: 17.2 Analyze the conflicts between economic growth and environmental protection, and identify the major national environmental protection policies.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

22.

Who has been most likely to oppose federal clean air mandates? a. environmentalists b. parents of young children c. farmers and ranchers d. car manufacturers Answer: d Topic: Environmental Policies in America Learning Objective: 17.2 Analyze the conflicts between economic growth and environmental protection, and identify the major national environmental protection policies.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

23.

The Trump administration’s changes in regulations to control waterway pollution a. expand federal regulation of runoff as well as point sources of pollution b. are based on guidance from the EPA Science Advisory Board c. increase protections for the nation’s wetlands d. allow landowners and developers to fill in wetlands for proposed construction projects Answer: d Topic: Environmental Policies in America Learning Objective: 17.2 Analyze the conflicts between economic growth and environmental protection, and identify the major national environmental protection policies.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

24.

The Endangered Species Act has been most successful in achieving which of the following goals? a. protecting imperiled plants and animals b. creating a long-term plan for sustaining biodiversity on Earth c. cleaning up Superfund sites 244 ..

d. creating new tools for predicting future harm to species as a result of climate change Answer: a Topic: Environmental Policies in America Learning Objective: 17.2 Analyze the conflicts between economic growth and environmental protection, and identify the major national environmental protection policies.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25.

Which of the following is an argument for relaxing regulations designed to protect manatees? a. The manatee has been on the endangered species list for a long time. b. The manatee population has been increasing. c. Manatees have no natural predators. d. Manatees are often injured by boat propellers.

Answer: b Topic: Environmental Policies in America Learning Objective: 17.2 Analyze the conflicts between economic growth and environmental protection, and identify the major national environmental protection policies.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

26.

According to the Superfund’s retroactive liability provision, companies are liable for __________. a. establishing a fund to reduce carbon emissions b. establishing a fund to explore domestic energy sources c. covering health care costs incurred by people exposed to hazardous waste d. cleaning up a site that was used for legal dumping of toxic waste prior to 1980 Answer: d Topic: Environmental Policies in America Learning Objective: 17.2 Analyze the conflicts between economic growth and environmental protection, and identify the major national environmental protection policies.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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27.

Why does the NIMBY problem arise? a. Everyone wants quality, low-cost health care even though health care is inherently expensive. b. It is hard to predict where energy resources will be discovered. c. Citizens typically want governments to provide services to their neighborhoods but do not want to pay to provide services to others’ neighborhoods. d. The costs of environmental threats associated with new technologies are not equally distributed.

Answer: d Topic: Environmental Policies in America Learning Objective: 17.2 Analyze the conflicts between economic growth and environmental protection, and identify the major national environmental protection policies.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

28.

President Obama tried to address global warming by using his executive authority to __________. a. offer tax credits so that companies that self-regulate would remain competitive b. reward states for enacting environmental standards stricter than federal standards c. prohibit fossil fuel industry lobbyists from making campaign contributions d. place limits on carbon emissions from power plants Answer: d Topic: Global Warming Learning Objective: 17.2 Analyze the conflicts between economic growth and environmental protection, and identify the major national environmental protection policies.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

29.

How has the Trump administration addressed global warming? a. by aligning U.S. policies with scientific evidence b. by joining with world leaders to find mutually beneficial solutions c. by scaling back U.S. commitments to address the problem d. by subsidizing the efforts of other countries to address the problem Answer: c Topic: Global Warming Learning Objective: 17.2 Analyze the conflicts between economic growth and environmental protection, and identify the major national environmental protection policies.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

30.

Which statement accurately describes energy use in the United States?

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a. Petroleum is the most abundant domestic energy resource, but we use more natural gas than anything else. b. Nuclear energy is the most abundant domestic energy resource, but we use more renewable sources than anything else. c. Coal is the most abundant domestic energy resource, but we use more petroleum than anything else. d. Natural gas is the most abundant domestic energy resource, but we use more nuclear energy than anything else.

Answer: c Topic: Energy Policy Learning Objective: 17.3 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the principal sources of energy in the United States.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 31.

A disadvantage of U.S. dependence on foreign oil is that __________. a. the need for oil is expected to decline during the next two decades, threatening trade relations with other nations b. foreign oil is of a lower quality than domestic oil c. it leads to increased pollution of U.S. waterways due to the possibility of oil spills d. it puts the United States at the mercy of actions of other nations that may not be U.S. allies Answer: d Topic: Energy Policy Learning Objective: 17.3 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the principal sources of energy in the United States.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

32.

Which of the following statements accurately describes U.S. reliance on imported oil? a. The United States supplies most of its own petroleum needs and no longer relies on foreign oil. b. The United States has depleted its oil reserves and now imports nearly all of the oil it needs. c. The United States imports less than one-third of its oil, considerably less than it imported a couple of decades ago. d. The majority of oil used in the United States is imported, much of it from the Middle East.

Answer: c Topic: Petroleum and Natural Gas Learning Objective: 17.3 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the principal sources of energy in the United States.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 247 ..

33.

The Strategic Petroleum Reserve consists of __________. a. renewable energy projects designed to replace domestically produced oil b. supplies of oil that can be released only by the use of hydraulic fracturing c. an emergency supply of crude oil stockpiled in underground salt caverns along the Gulf of Mexico coastline d. an emergency supply of heating oil to meet the needs of consumers in the Northeast Answer: c Topic: Petroleum and Natural Gas Learning Objective: 17.3 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the principal sources of energy in the United States.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

34.

What has been the effect of hydraulic fracturing? a. increased Superfund payments and disbursements b. reduced reliance on fossil fuels c. increased availability on renewable energy d. increased production of and lower prices for natural gas and oil Answer: d Topic: Petroleum and Natural Gas Learning Objective: 17.3 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the principal sources of energy in the United States.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

35.

Both Barack Obama and Donald Trump expanded oil exploration __________. a. in national parks b. offshore c. in urban areas d. in poor counties Answer: b Topic: Petroleum and Natural Gas Learning Objective: 17.3 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the principal sources of energy in the United States.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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36.

What is the main concern about nuclear energy? a. ease of converting nuclear energy to nuclear weaponry b. technical feasibility c. environmental impact d. cost Answer: c Topic: Energy Policy Learning Objective: 17.3 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the principal sources of energy in the United States.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

37.

What is the potential for renewable energy to contribute to the U.S. energy supply in the foreseeable future? a. Renewable energy cannot play an expanded role because it already contributes a lot. b. Renewable energy is unlikely to play a significant role. c. Renewable energy is likely to enhance domestic energy supplies considerably. d. Renewable energy has a modest potential for transportation fuels but a great potential for electricity generation.

Answer: b Topic: Renewable Sources of Energy Learning Objective: 17.3 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the principal sources of energy in the United States.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

38.

What do health care, environmental, and energy issues have in common? a. They all involve human health and welfare. b. They are issues that policymakers care about but that the public does not. c. They are nontechnical issues on which ordinary Americans can have informed opinions. d. They can be addressed effectively while maintaining the current scope of government.

Answer: a Topic: Understanding Health Care, Environmental, and Energy Policy Learning Objective: 17.4 Assess the role of democratic politics in making health care, environmental, and energy policy and the effect of these policies on the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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39.

How might the public evaluate and respond to a technical policy issue? a. asking the bureaucracy to make the policy decisions without input from the public b. devoting additional time to studying the details of the policy alternatives c. encouraging increased participation by younger citizens who are more adept with technology d. increasingly relying on interest groups that have the expertise to tackle technical policy issues Answer: d Topic: Democracy, Health Care, and Environmental Policy Learning Objective: 17.4 Assess the role of democratic politics in making health care, environmental, and energy policy and the effect of these policies on the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

40.

Which of the following would cause the largest increase in the scope of government? a. repealing the Affordable Care Act b. deregulating domestic natural gas production c. developing policies to address global warming d. shifting environmental regulation from the government to private industry Answer: c Topic: The Scope of Government and Health Care, Environmental, and Energy Policy Learning Objective: 17.4 Assess the role of democratic politics in making health care, environmental, and energy policy and the effect of these policies on the scope of government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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18 National Security Policymaking  Multiple-Choice Questions 1.

Who or what is the main force behind U.S. foreign policy? a. Congress b. the president c. the State Department d. the National Security Council Answer: b Topic: American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

2.

Which of the following is most consistent with the concept of diplomacy? a. counterintelligence b. threats to use the military c. negotiation d. armed confrontation Answer: c Topic: Instruments of Foreign Policy Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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3.

Which of the following accurately describes the United Nations? a. The UN is an international organization formed immediately after World War I in an effort to avoid another world war. b. The UN was created in 1945 as an international peacekeeping organization that also runs programs in areas including economic development and health, education, and welfare. c. The UN was formed in the late 1930s as an international peacekeeping organization and has remained consistently isolationist. d. The UN is composed of fewer than 100 member nations; resolutions of its General Assembly are binding on member nations under international law.

Answer: b Topic: Actors on the World Stage Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

4.

The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council are __________. a. the United States, Germany, France, Italy, and China b. Russia, China, India, the United States, and Great Britain c. the United States, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Italy d. China, France, Russia, Great Britain, and the United States Answer: d Topic: Actors on the World Stage Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

5.

Why was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization formed? a. to provide mutual defense for the United States and Western Europe b. to promote free trade between the United States and Western Europe c. to help rebuild war-torn Europe after World War II d. to enhance democratic government in newly industrializing countries Answer: a Topic: Actors on the World Stage Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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6.

The European Union coordinates its members’ __________. a. judicial systems b. foreign policies c. monetary currency d. monetary, trade, immigration, and labor policies Answer: d Topic: Actors on the World Stage Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

7.

Why have multinational corporations become forces to be reckoned with in nearly all nations? a. They routinely use their money to buy government officials’ votes. b. They better understand the dangers of globalization than do most elected officials. c. They encourage isolationist policies in order to get complete control of domestic governments and markets. d. They account for a large portion of the global economy and have voiced strong opinions about government and economics.

Answer: d Topic: Actors on the World Stage Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

8.

Which of the following is a responsibility of the State Department? a. command of the military b. space exploration c. protecting the president d. diplomacy Answer: d Topic: The Policymakers Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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9.

What is the primary responsibility of the secretary of defense? a. homeland security b. military policy c. terrorism prevention d. commander in chief of the armed forces Answer: b Topic: The Policymakers Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

10.

Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff have been found to be __________. a. unable to stand up to the president when they disagree on military policy b. no more likely than civilian advisers to promote an aggressive military policy c. less well informed than high-level members of the State Department d. aggressively hawkish in foreign policymaking Answer: b Topic: The Policymakers Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

11.

The National Security Council was created to __________. a. monitor the activities of the Central Intelligence Agency b. coordinate U.S. information and data-gathering intelligence activities abroad c. provide alternatives to the policy advice offered by the departments of State and Defense d. coordinate American foreign and defense policies Answer: d Topic: The Policymakers Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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12.

The bulk of the material the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) collects and analyzes comes from __________. a. wiretaps, interception of mail, and infiltration of interest groups who disagree with U.S. policy b. infiltration of terrorist groups c. readily available sources, such as government reports and newspapers d. involvement in other nations’ internal affairs Answer: c Topic: The Policymakers Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

13.

Who is the president’s chief adviser on intelligence matters across the executive branch? a. the director of the Central Intelligence Agency b. the director of national intelligence c. the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff d. the National Security Agency Answer: b Topic: The Policymakers Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

14.

Which statement best describes the conflict that has sometimes existed between the National Security Council (NSC) and others within the national security establishment? a. Because the NSC always integrates advice from other cabinet departments, most national security analysts see the NSC as having little independent value. b. The NSC usually works hand-in-hand with the State and Defense Departments in covert operations. c. Because the NSC was created after September 11, 2001, many in the State and Defense Departments do not respect the limited experience of the NSC. d. The NSC has sometimes competed with cabinet departments such as State and Defense.

Answer: d Topic: The Policymakers Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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15.

Which statement about the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is accurate? a. The CIA is explicitly mentioned in the Constitution as being exempt from federal law as long as it is acting in the name of national security. b. The CIA is in charge of the various other agencies in the intelligence community. c. The CIA has sometimes become involved in other nations’ internal affairs. d. The primary mission of the CIA is to gather intelligence on U.S. citizens.

Answer: c Topic: The Policymakers Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

16.

Which of the following claims made by the CIA was used as justification for the 2003 war in Iraq? a. Iraq attacked Israel in 2002 with SCUD missiles and was threatening to do so again. b. Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction. c. Saddam Hussein had provided considerable funding to Osama bin Laden. d. Saddam Hussein had permitted Osama bin Laden to use Iraq for training terrorists.

Answer: b Topic: The Policymakers Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

17.

In 2013 Edward Snowden leaked documents revealing __________. a. the use of broad warrants to eavesdrop on large groups of foreign targets at once b. conflict between high-ranking officials in the National Security Council c. covert Central Intelligence Agency involvement in anticommunist parties in West Germany d. operational details of a global surveillance apparatus run by the National Security Agency Answer: d Topic: The Policymakers Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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18.

Why did Congress enact a law that provided for a director of national intelligence? a. to help the director of the Central Intelligence Agency combat the growing threat posed by weapons of mass destruction b. to better coordinate the large number of people working in diverse intelligence agencies c. to decentralize authority within the intelligence community as a way of preventing competition between agencies d. because the previous organizational structure of the intelligence community encouraged the various agencies to do too much of their work collaboratively, which dampened creativity Answer: b Topic: The Policymakers Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

19.

The Senate can exercise influence over foreign policy through its power to __________. a. command the armed forces b. receive diplomats c. ratify treaties d. recognize the sovereignty of foreign countries Answer: c Topic: The Policymakers Learning Objective: 18.1 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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20.

A nation that is following a foreign policy course of isolationism is most likely to __________. a. refuse to intervene in an armed conflict between two other countries b. use diplomatic sanctions to try to pressure another country to address human rights violations c. attempt to actively root out terrorism in another nation before a threat has fully developed d. promote multilateral trade agreements Answer: a Topic: Isolationism Learning Objective: 18.2 Outline the evolution of and major issues in American foreign policy through the end of the Cold War. Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

21.

Who instituted the Marshall Plan and who benefited directly from it? a. The Soviet Union instituted the Marshall Plan to benefit Germany. b. Germany instituted the Marshall Plan to benefit itself. c. The United Nations instituted the Marshall Plan to benefit Germany, Italy, and Japan. d. The United States instituted the Marshall Plan to benefit the nations of Europe.

Answer: d Topic: The Cold War Learning Objective: 18.2 Outline the evolution of and major issues in American foreign policy through the end of the Cold War. Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

22.

Which of the following statements best describes the origins of the Cold War? a. It began after World War II when Europe experienced a shortage of coal and heating fuel in Europe. b. It started when the United States established the Truman Doctrine at the end of World War II, leaving the Eastern European countries “in the cold” and forcing them to find a way to defend themselves. c. It began as World War II ended, when all of Eastern Europe fell under Soviet domination, prompting fears that the Soviets would spread communism. d. It started when the Truman Doctrine froze all military alliances according to their pre–World War II configurations.

Answer: c Topic: The Cold War Learning Objective: 18.2 Outline the evolution of and major issues in American foreign policy through the end of the Cold War. Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 258 ..

23.

The foreign policy of containment was designed to prevent __________. a. nuclear proliferation b. the spread of Soviet influence c. terrorism d. the Cold War Answer: b Topic: The Cold War Learning Objective: 18.2 Outline the evolution of and major issues in American foreign policy through the end of the Cold War. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate

24.

Which of the following best describes the nuclear arms race between the world’s two superpowers? a. the rapid efforts of world governments to arm Eastern European countries after World War II so they could fend off an attack by the Soviet Union b. a tense relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s, during which each side was intent on procuring more weapons than the other c. a race between the United States and Russia in the early twenty-first century to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction to unstable governments d. the efforts to rapidly reduce the number of nuclear weapons held by the United States and the Soviet Union Answer: b Topic: The Cold War Learning Objective: 18.2 Outline the evolution of and major issues in American foreign policy through the end of the Cold War. Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

25.

During the height of the Cold War and in light of the principle of mutual assured destruction, what would the United States likely have done if it had discovered that the Soviet Union had previously unknown stockpiles of nuclear weapons? a. negotiate a bilateral nuclear nonproliferation agreement b. engage in a military conflict with the Soviet Union c. stockpile additional nuclear weapons in the United States d. extend diplomatic immunity to the Soviet Union Answer: c Topic: The Cold War Learning Objective: 18.2 Outline the evolution of and major issues in American foreign policy through the end of the Cold War. Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

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26.

The United States engaged in which military conflict to fight communism? a. World War I b. World War II c. the Vietnam War d. the war on terrorism Answer: c Topic: The Cold War Learning Objective: 18.2 Outline the evolution of and major issues in American foreign policy through the end of the Cold War. Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

27.

Ronald Reagan believed that his Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) would __________. a. protect the United States from incoming missiles b. promote democracy by fostering economic development c. reduce the number of nuclear warheads held by both the United States and the Soviet Union d. refocus the military on nonconventional warfare Answer: a Topic: The Cold War Learning Objective: 18.2 Outline the evolution of and major issues in American foreign policy through the end of the Cold War. Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

28.

What event marked the end of the Cold War? a. the resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis b. the collapse of the Soviet Union and Eastern European communist regimes c. the signing of the SALT II Treaty d. the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan Answer: b Topic: The Cold War Learning Objective: 18.2 Outline the evolution of and major issues in American foreign policy through the end of the Cold War. Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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29.

Which of the following statements about terrorism is accurate? a. It usually involves military personnel and military targets. b. It is often designed to demoralize and frighten a country’s population or government. c. It is usually financed by a government. d. By definition, it is only used by nongovernmental political actors.

Answer: b Topic: The Spread of Terrorism Learning Objective: 18.3 Explain the major obstacles to success in the war on terrorism.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

30.

In the wake of the September 11, 2001, attacks, President George W. Bush __________. a. was able to maintain broad public support for his efforts to defeat Al Qaeda b. used drones to kill senior Al Qaeda leaders c. warned against the risks of attempting “nation building” in Iraq d. began laying plans to remove Iraqi president Saddam Hussein from power Answer: d Topic: Afghanistan and Iraq Learning Objective: 18.3 Explain the major obstacles to success in the war on terrorism.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

31.

The 2007 troop “surge” in Iraq led to __________. a. withdrawal of the last U.S. troops in early 2008 b. national reconciliation among the major religious and ethnic groups c. establishment of a democratic government d. a reduction in violence Answer: d Topic: Afghanistan and Iraq Learning Objective: 18.3 Explain the major obstacles to success in the war on terrorism.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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32.

One of the primary purposes of the military action in Afghanistan was to __________. a. prevent the spread of communism b. remove the Taliban regime c. protect Iraq from Afghani military attacks d. retaliate for the bombing of the USS Cole Answer: b Topic: Afghanistan and Iraq Learning Objective: 18.3 Explain the major obstacles to success in the war on terrorism.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

33.

The lessening of East–West tensions in the 1990s led to __________. a. significant reductions in defense spending b. an increase in spending on hard-to-maintain military hardware c. major investments in military research and development d. unilateral nuclear disarmament by the United States Answer: a Topic: Defense Spending Learning Objective: 18.4 Identify the major elements of U.S. defense policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

34.

Which of the following has Donald Trump strengthened or increased? a. NATO b. military spending c. the Iran nuclear deal d. the Paris Agreement Answer: b Topic: Defense Spending Learning Objective: 18.4 Identify the major elements of U.S. defense policy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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35.

The United States is considered to be predominant in terms of military capabilities because __________. a. it spends less on defense than does any other industrialized democracy yet gets superior results b. it has tremendous military might without possessing nuclear weapons c. it has the world’s dominant air force and the only navy with worldwide operations d. it relies on the military to implement both foreign and domestic policy Answer: c Topic: Defense Spending Learning Objective: 18.4 Identify the major elements of U.S. defense policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

36.

Which of the following is true of U.S. aid to nations in the developing world? a. U.S. foreign aid often takes the form of incentives to purchase American goods, loans at favorable interest rates, and forgiveness of previous loans. b. Compared with other industrialized nations, the United States spends a larger share of its gross national income (GNI) on economic development aid for needy nations. c. U.S. foreign aid is popular with Americans, who, when polled, typically support higher levels of spending. d. Currently, Congress appropriates about 2 percent of the federal budget for economic and humanitarian foreign aid.

Answer: a Topic: Foreign Aid Learning Objective: 18.4 Identify the major elements of U.S. defense policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

37.

What is an advantage of using soft power to achieve foreign policy objectives? a. Soft power takes full advantage of U.S. military prowess. b. Soft power is particularly adept at dealing with rogue nations. c. Resolutions reached through the use of soft power are more durable. d. Soft power does not rely on military coercion to accomplish foreign policy goals.

Answer: d Topic: The Changing Role of Military Power Learning Objective: 18.5 Analyze the evolving challenges for U.S. national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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38.

Which statement best describes the world’s superpowers since the end of World War II? a. The United States has been the sole superpower since the end of World War II. b. The United States and the Soviet Union were rival superpowers until the end of the Cold War, when the United States became the sole superpower. c. The United States and the Soviet Union were rival superpowers until the Cuban Missile Crisis, when the United States and Russia became rival superpowers. d. The United States and the Soviet Union were the only two rival superpowers until the end of the Cold War, when China also became a rival superpower.

Answer: b Topic: The Changing Role of Military Power Learning Objective: 18.5 Analyze the evolving challenges for U.S. national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

39.

In what ways has recent U.S. foreign policy regarding Iran and North Korea been similar? a. It has been largely focused on economic development. b. It has been largely driven by the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. c. It has been driven by the abundant natural resources each country possesses. d. It has been largely driven by concerns over nuclear weapons.

Answer: d Topic: Nuclear Proliferation Learning Objective: 18.5 Analyze the evolving challenges for U.S. national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

40.

What is the status of the multilateral agreement involving the United States and Iran? a. Iran violated the agreement almost immediately by supporting the North Korean nuclear weapons program. b. Iran has dismantled its nuclear program, and the United States now provides military protection. c. Donald Trump withdrew the United States from the agreement. d. The agreement was never enacted because Barack Obama thought that it would be too easy for Iran to cheat.

Answer: c Topic: Nuclear Proliferation Learning Objective: 18.5 Analyze the evolving challenges for U.S. national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

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41.

Why has the United States tried to deal with the threat from Iran with diplomacy, rather than military options? a. Diplomacy is likely to succeed since the Islamic world trusts and respects the United States. b. Diplomacy is likely to isolate Iran, thereby removing the threat. c. Military action could lead to further radicalization of Muslims and an increase in the pool of potential recruits to terrorism. d. Military action would undermine the cooperative approach now taken by Iran toward the United States and its allies.

Answer: c Topic: Nuclear Proliferation Learning Objective: 18.5 Analyze the evolving challenges for U.S. national security policy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

42.

Which of the following helps to explain why actions in nations reverberate and affect the economic well-being of people in other countries? a. a negative balance of trade b. a positive balance of trade c. isolationism d. interdependency Answer: d Topic: The International Economy Learning Objective: 18.6 Survey the economic, health, energy, and environmental challenges facing the international economy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

43.

Why did the United States join the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)? a. to lower barriers to trade b. to lure Mexican manufacturing jobs to the United States to take advantage of cheaper labor c. to slow down the pace of globalization d. to make it harder for Japanese cars to compete in the American marketplace Answer: a Topic: The International Economy Learning Objective: 18.6 Survey the economic, health, energy, and environmental challenges facing the international economy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

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44.

Which statement describes the result of a balance-of-trade deficit? a. The value of the dollar increases, so Americans can buy more goods from other countries for the same amount of money. b. The value of the dollar declines, so Americans have to pay more for goods from other nations. c. The value of the dollar declines, making American products more expensive abroad and thereby decreasing our exports. d. The value of the dollar increases, making American products cheaper abroad and thereby increasing our exports.

Answer: b Topic: The International Economy Learning Objective: 18.6 Survey the economic, health, energy, and environmental challenges facing the international economy.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

45.

Which of the following is an example of a successful initiative by the World Health Organization along with other health organizations? a. eradication of smallpox following a massive international vaccination campaign b. eradication of malaria following an international program to provide mosquito nets to areas of tropical Africa c. the coordinated global response to COVID-19 d. worldwide embrace of the goals stated in the Declaration of Alma-Ata Answer: a Topic: International Health Learning Objective: 18.6 Survey the economic, health, energy, and environmental challenges facing the international economy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

46.

What has been the reaction to Donald Trump’s announcement that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement? a. Hundreds of state and local governments announced plans to continue to fight climate change, despite Trump’s announcement. b. Domestic and world leaders were jubilant. c. Congress immediately enacted legislation to force the Trump administration to live up to U.S. commitments to address climate change. d. The public supported the president because the environment is not perceived as a true international crisis.

Answer: a Topic: Environment Learning Objective: 18.6 Survey the economic, health, energy, and environmental challenges facing the international economy.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 266 ..

47.

Which statement accurately describes U.S. foreign aid? a. Americans greatly overestimate the amount that is spent on foreign aid. b. Most foreign aid programs are aimed at providing medical care and other services in less-developed nations. c. Foreign aid primarily consists of various loan programs that provide favorable interest rates and preferential trade agreements for nations that lower trade barriers. d. Foreign aid primarily consists of advice from the U.S. government to lessdeveloped nations in Africa and Asia.

Answer: a Topic: Foreign Policymaking and Democracy Learning Objective: 18.7 Assess the role of democratic politics in making foreign policy and the role of foreign policy in expanding government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

48.

Which of the following is an example of foreign aid? a. the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade b. the International Monetary Fund c. the North American Free Trade Agreement d. the Peace Corps Answer: d Topic: Foreign Policymaking and Democracy Learning Objective: 18.7 Assess the role of democratic politics in making foreign policy and the role of foreign policy in expanding government.

Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

49.

Which statement is an accurate description of U.S. foreign and defense policy? a. Foreign and defense policy contribute substantially to the scope of government; it consumes one-fifth of the federal budget and employs more than two million people. b. Foreign and defense policy contribute substantially to the scope of government because it is driven largely by public opinion and democratic impulses. c. Foreign and defense policy contribute modestly to the scope of government by increasing the number of contractors who work to advance federal policies. d. Foreign and defense policy contribute modestly to the scope of government; while politicians spend considerable time addressing constituents’ concerns, Congress appropriates very little money on it.

Answer: a Topic: Foreign Policymaking and the Scope of Government Learning Objective: 18.7 Assess the role of democratic politics in making foreign policy and the role of foreign policy in expanding government.

Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 267 ..