Cities and Urban Life, 6E John J Macionis Test Bank

Cities and Urban Life, 6th edition By John J. Macionis

Email: richard@qwconsultancy.com

Test Bank for Chapter 1 Multiple Choice 1. While only 9% of the world’s population lived in cities in 1900, approximately what percent will be city dwellers in 2030 if present trends continue? a. 30% * b. 60% c. 80% d. 90% Page 2 2. Although the human species has existed on the earth for at least 100,000 years, cities began to appear how many years ago? a. 50,000 b. 25,000 * c. 10,000 d. 5,000 Page 10 3. What city did Richard Henry Dana allude to in his classic Two Years Before the Mast? a. New York b. Pittsburgh c. Boston * d. San Francisco Page 8 4. Although historians have studied cities for centuries, in which of the academic disciplines listed below were cities first studied systematically? a. economics b. political economy * c. sociology d. political science Page 12

5. When did early sociologists begin to turn their attentions to cities? a. the late 17th century b. the mid-18th century * c. the late 19th century d. the mid-20th century Page 12 6. Early scholars of urbanization portrayed the city as: a. a place of unlimited opportunity * b. a dangerous place where community and family were threatened c. a place where both opportunity and danger coexisted d. the main cause of industrialization Page 12 7. The area of study in which urbanists try to understand why cities are located in particular places, is called: * a. urban geography b. urban ecology c. social psychology d. none of the above Page 13 8. The area of study in which urbanists try to understand why people disperse within cities the way they do, is called: a. urban geography * b. urban ecology c. social psychology d. none of the above Page 13 9. The “Anatomy” of modern North American cities has been characterized by: a. declining urban population growth b. population migration to the Sunbelt region c. the growth of exurbs * d. all of the above Page 18

10. Demographers suggest that the growth of exurban regions far beyond the urban core results from: a. the desire of many people to live a simpler life b. a disdain for suburban life c. a breakdown of the traditional family unit * d. the exodus of business and industry from central cities Page 18 11. According to Macionis and Parrillo, the most important consequence of declining population growth in central cities for people who remain is: a. less opportunity to build a sense of community b. less choice in consumption as a result of industry flight c. more free space * d. less federal funding and political representation Page 18 12. By social structure, urbanists mean: a. transportation, buildings, and public utilities * b. patterns of city life shaped by wealth and power disparities c. patterns of city life shaped by individual choice d. none of the above Page 7 13. Which of the following is (are) true concerning urban growth in a global context? a. Growth rates are the highest in the developing world. b. Urbanization is an unmistakable trend everywhere. c. Poverty and disease result from urbanization for many people. * d. all of the above Pages 19-20 14. Which of the factors listed below is/are quality of urban life indicators? a. level of material wealth b. degree of safety and security c. sense of community * d. all of the above Pages 20-22

True/False 15. Cities are inextricably connected to the larger societies of which they are a part, and have been the economic, political, and artistic core of various civilizations. (T) Page 2 16. Cities have been the dominant type of human settlement since 2000 B.C.E. (F) Page 4 17. San Francisco, once known as Yerba Buena (“good herbs”), has always been an easygoing city. (F) Page 7 18. The Industrial Revolution was seen by the first urban sociologists as an important factor influencing the character of urban life, and contributed to their relatively pessimistic evaluation of cities. Today, however, cities are viewed more neutrally.

(T) Page 12 19. Cities stimulate us so much because they provide each resident or visitor with very different experiences. (F) Page 7 20. Aristotle suggested that people come to the city for security and remain to pursue “the good life.” (T) Page 12 21. Invasion and succession is a well-documented ecological process by which whole sections of a city change. (T) Page 13 22. While the study of the economics of land use within cities was dominated by an ecological model emphasizing internal competition among residents until the 1960s, today many urbanists embrace the urban political economy perspective, which highlights the influence of external political forces. (T) Page 15

23. The economic function of medieval cities is greater than that of contemporary cities.

(F) Page 14 24. All advocates of the urban political economy perspective are Marxists. (F) Page 15 25. The relatively recent decline in urban population growth is primarily a result of an aging population desiring more comfortable living arrangements and business and industry flight from central cities. (T) Page 18 26. Los Angeles is the largest city in the United States. (F) Page 19 27. About 30 cities in the United States have more than 1 million residents. (F) Page 19 28. An important aspect of a city’s social structure is the racial, ethnic, and gender character of its economic and political disparity. (T) Page 9 29. Because cities concentrate everything human into a relatively small space, they intensify the effects of class, ethnicity, gender and race. (T) Page 10 30. The world’s cities are growing by approximately 1 million people each week. (T) Page 4 31. While Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East are experiencing higher levels of urbanization, North America, Europe, the former Soviet Union, and Asia are experiencing much lower rates. (F) Page 5 32. Although people come to the city hoping to find “the good life,” many do not find it.

(T)

Page 20 33. Strong, community-oriented neighborhoods have weakened in recent decades, and some areas have disappeared altogether. (T) Page 22 34. A focus on the potential material benefits of city life alone is justified given that the majority of people residing in cities experience safety, security, and community. (F) Page 20 Essay/Discussion 35. Explain why historical and comparative analyses are necessary for understanding cities and contemporary existence.

36. According to anthropological and historical accounts, it took approximately 10,000 years for the dominant type of human settlement to change from nomadic to village to urban. Since the mid-18th century, however, urbanization has increased much more rapidly. What explanations are currently offered for this phenomenon?

37. What are the four main analytical fields within contemporary urban sociology and what does each contribute to our understanding of urban life?

38. What was the role, if any, does emergent United States capitalism play in the shaping of the study of urban sociology?

39. Explain the primary analytical difference between the older urban ecology and the newer urban political economy model.

40. Why do the authors of your text suggest that we must not simply analyze statistics, but must also “go and make our visit” to the city if we are to fully comprehend urban life? Do you agree or disagree with their argument?

41. Explain the two main reasons given by demographers for the recent slowing of central city urban growth and the quickening of exurban growth.

42. What is meant by social structure and why is it an important analytical consideration for some urbanists? How does it relate to individual choice and the quality of urban life?

Examination Questions Multiple Choice 1. The oldest city known to archeologists emerged in human history a. 50,000 years ago. * b. 10,000 years ago. c. in 3500 B.C.E. d. in 350 B.C.E. Page 24 2. In 2010, the percentage of the world’s population living in cities was a. 19%. b. 33%. c. 47%. *d. 52%.

Page 24 3. According to archeologists, populations began to settle in fertile places * a. because of increased population density. b. because of slavery. c. during the 5th century B.C.E. d. in Europe first.

Page 25 4. The early settlements were characterized by * a. a relatively complex division of labor. b. a relatively egalitarian division of tasks. c. a population of hunters and gatherers. d. a lack of political structure.

Page 25 5. Jericho a. is thought to be the oldest city. b. showed imposing fortifications, including a surrounding wall and a tower. c. was first built about 10,000 years ago. * d. All of the above Page 26 6. City-states a. were first created by the Greeks.

* b. were found in Mesopotamia. c. characterized the Middle-age. d. typically lacked political and military structure.

Page 30-31 7. The study of early urban settlements reveals a. the continuous development over the millennia. * b. discontinuity and change in developmental patterns. c. that cities always grow in population over time. d. None of the above Page 36 8. Mesopotamia was characterized by * a. theocratic political regimes. b. political stability. c. a diversity of cultures. d. Both b and c Page 37 9. The archeological record of Egyptian cities is less detailed due to a. earthquakes. * b. building materials. c. wars. d. None of the above Page 32 10. Egyptian cities were symbols of a. simplicity. b. democracy. * c. the pharaohs’ power. d. military wealth.

Page 32 11. The ancient city of Moenjo-Daro a. shows a gridiron system of street layout. b. reveals the existence of a large, prosperous middle class. c. had a well-established city sanitation system. * d. All of the above Page 33-34

12. The pattern of Chinese cities a. is very similar to that of Egyptian cities. * b. is more diffused than in other areas. c. reveals the concentration of priests, rulers, craftpeople and traders within the city walls. d. All of the above Page 35 13. In Mesoamerica, a. cities were farming centers. * b. at the beginning, only few people resided permanently in the cities. c. cities were political rather than religious centers. d. cities never supported populations larger than 20,000.

Page 35 14. Greek cities a. were more egalitarian than earlier cities in the Near East. b. had commercial ties across Southern Europe. c. experienced a destructive war among themselves. * d. All of the above Page 38 15. The Roman civilization was a. based on Christianity. * b. based on the expression of militaristic power. c. based on principles of moderation. d. based on the democratic principle of human participation.

Page 38 16. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, cities in Europe a. experienced a new rapid growth. * b. became smaller or disappeared. c. grew steadily. d. began to trade more regularly.

Page 40 17. The revival of cities during the 11th century is explained by a. the Crusades. b. the emergence of a class of merchants. c. the increase in trade and specialization. * d. All of the above

Page 40 18. Renaissance humanists saw cities as * a. ideal places for human development. b. dangerous and unhealthy. c. necessary but problematic. d. centers of religious life.

Page 43 19. Medieval cities, circa 1350, include all but which one of the following? * a. gridiron streets b. defensive walls c. the fortress of the local lord d. a market plaza Page 42 20. The Black Plague a. began in 1253. * b. killed at least one-fourth of the European population. c. had a more devastating effect in rural areas. d. None of the above Page 44 21. A demographic transition refers to a. the fact that women began to have more children. b. the fact that families became smaller. * c. the fact that birth rates remained high while death rates decreased dramatically. d. a rapid decline in birth rates combined with urban migration.

Page 44 22. London emerged as a. a Greek city-state. * b. a Roman outpost. c. the political center of Great Britain. d. a ship-building center.

Page 53 23. London became a world city during the 16th century because of all but which of the following? a. the discovery of the Americas b. its efficient sailing fleet

c. its wool production * d. its infrastructure Page 48

True/False 24. Cities have always been a part of human history. (F) Page 24 25. The emergence of the first cities occurred some 10,000 years ago. (T) Page 24 26. The first permanent settlements promoted specialization of tasks. (T) Page 25 27. The idea of the city took hold around 7,000 B.C.E. (F) Page 30 28. The first city-states emerged in Mesopotamia. (T) Page 31 29. In Catal Hüyük, house entrances were on the roof to protect the household from floods and wild animals. (T) Page 27 30. In Mesopotamia, all early cities were ruled by a military ruler. (F) Page 31 31. The Egyptians encircled their cities with high protective walls. (F) Page 32 32. Egyptian cities are characterized by social inequality. (T) Page 32 33. Tensions between pharaohs divided Egypt into many independent areas. (F)

Page 32 34. Cities in the Indus region reveal a more egalitarian lifestyle than Egyptian cities. (T) Pages 33- 34 35. Moenjo-Daro was built on a gridiron pattern. (T) Page 33 36. Central American cities emerged as ceremonial centers. (T) Page 35 37. Both Roman and Greek cities magnified military power at the expense of their other citizens. (F) Page 38 38. At its height, the Roman Empire included almost half of the world’s population. (T) Page 39 39. During the Middle Ages, many people gathered to cities to seek protection from barbarians.

(F) Page 40 40. The Church was a central component of social life during medieval times. (T) Page 42 41. The Renaissance movement first emerged in Italian city-states such as Florence, Venice, Palermo, and Milan. (T) Page 43 42. In the pre-industrial era, life expectancy was typically under 40 years. (T) Page 44 43. The spread of activities to British colonies decreased the economic importance of London.

(F) Page 49

Essay/Discussion 44. What are the factors that facilitate the growth of cities over time? Think about the physical, social, economic, political and other possible factors.

45. Compare and contrast life in an early city with life in a modern city.

46. Using an early city as an example, discuss the validity of conceptualizing history as “progress.”

Examination Questions Multiple Choice 1. The cities of North America have an urban history that spans __________ centuries. a. 21 b. 11 * c. 5 d. 4 Page 56 2. The first European settlements in North America were founded in the early __________ century. * a. 17th b. 18th c. 19th d. 20th Page 56 3. The early cities in the United States were characterized by a. exceptionally small size. b. a medieval appearance. c. a lack of regular street patterns. * d. All of the above Page 56 4. By the late 1760s, the 13 American colonies had at least __________ major cities. a. 3 b. 6 c. 9 * d. 12 Page 57 5. The American Revolution a. was mostly a rural revolution. * b. was a city-instigated war. c. ended slavery in the United States. d. had no clear economic implications.

Page 57

6. At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, a. urban settlements had been created throughout the West. * b. urban settlements were concentrated on the East Coast. c. links between new territories and Atlantic port cities had been built. d. None of the above Page 57 7. The growth of Baltimore was promoted by the: a. Erie Canal. b. National Road. c. large shipbuilding industry. * d. Both b and c Page 58 8. The urban growth of the early 19th century was primarily due to a. massive migration from the South. * b. the expansion of trade networks. c. political intervention. d. public investment.

Page 58 9. The original United States settlers a. came to the United States to reproduce European cities. * b. saw cities as corrupting the good life. c. had great faith in the potential of cities for creating a better life. d. prefer the urban to the rural lifestyle.

Page 60 10. The North’s victory in the Civil War announced a. a return to a more rural lifestyle. b. the dominance of Jefferson’s ideas about cities. * c. an explosion of urban industrial growth. d. Both b and c Page 60 11. The technological advances that promoted the growth of the “great metropolis” include all EXCEPT which of the following? a. the use of iron and steel in construction b. the elevator c. electric street trolleys

* d. the telephone Page 60 - 61 12. Between 1870 and 1920, cities grew a. mostly upwards. b. mostly outwards. * c. both upwards and outwards. d. at a slower rate than during the previous 50 years.

Pages 60 - 61 13. Which demographic trends contributed to the increase in urban population? a. depopulation of rural area b. higher fertility rates in cities c. immigration from abroad * d. Both a and c Page 62-63 14. Between 1870 and 1920, the number of immigrants who arrived in the United States totaled a. 5 million. b. 15 million. * c. 20 million. d. 30 million.

Page 62 15. Politically speaking, the era of the “great metropolis” corresponds to * a. increasing pressures on city officials to represent people’s interests. b. a curbing of corruption. c. a large increase in federal funding allocated to cities. d. a period of great tolerance towards immigrants.

Page 63 16. By the end of the 1920s, which U.S. urban areas had the largest concentrated Black populations in the world? a. Chicago’s South Side b. Philadelphia’s Central District c. New York’s Harlem *d. Both a and c Page 63

17. The industrialization of the city during the late 1800s a. benefited the great majority of the population. b. improved infrastructure. * c. increased the profits of property owners. d. improved health conditions.

Page 63 18. During the early 1900s, the word tenement had come to symbolize a/an *a. airless, congested slum dwelling. b. exurbanized area. c. form of suburban development. d. None of the above Page 63 19. The period since 1950 has been characterized by a. an ever-greater number of people converging to the central city. b. people moving to areas surrounding the city itself. c. a decentralization of production. * d. Both b and c Pages 64-65 20. A “megalopolis” a. is a concept created by the Census Bureau. b. is a city and its surrounding areas. * c. is a continuous urban region created by the sprawling of many independent cities. d. is reflected in the concept of SMSA (Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area).

Page 69 21. The BosWash megalopolis remains a prominent urban region in the United States because a. it holds 20% of the nation’s wealth. b. it has low energy costs. c. it is home to one in five Americans. *d. Both a and c Page 69 22. Problems in the Sunbelt cities include all of the following EXCEPT * a. high energy costs. b. inadequate infrastructure systems. c. water shortage. d. high crime rates.

Pages 70-71 23. Edward Banfield argues that a. cities are doomed to disappear. * b. cities have too many economic advantages to experience declines for long periods. c. government intervention is necessary to promote urban revitalization. d. people and businesses will continue to move out of central cities.

Page 72 24. The current revitalization of cities is due primarily to a. the office building boom. b. the desire of young professionals to live in an urban setting. c. the growth of white-collar business tied to new technology. * d. All of the above Page 73 25. The postindustrial era is characterized by a. equally distributed urban growth. * b. dual labor markets in cities. c. an increase in the jobs available for poor central city residents. d. lower rents in gentrified neighborhoods.

Page 73-74 26. By 1800, the population of New York * a. was about 60,000. b. almost reached 200,000. c. was still below 25,000. d. had grown to 100,000.

Page 77 27. New York’s famous skyscrapers, the Chrysler and Empire State Buildings, and Rockefeller Center opened a. at the turn of the century. b. in the mid-1800s. * c. around 1930. d. just before World War I. Page 80 28. In 2010, tourism in New York City soared to a record-breaking __________ million

visitors. a. 17.6 b. 20.3 c. 37.5 * d. 48.8 Page 81 29. Business Improvement Districts a. have had very limited success in improving life conditions in New York. b. are government institutions. * c. provide services typically provided by city governments. d. Both a and b Page 83

True/False 30. Until the 18th century, no city in North America had more than 10,000 inhabitants.

(T) Page 56 31. From its inception, the city of Boston was built with hard-surfaced streets. (F) Page 56 32. Colonial cities were planned as export centers for raw material going to Europe. (T) Page 56 33. The American Revolution unfolded in cities. (T) Page 57 34. Philadelphia was the first capital of the United States. (F) Page 57 35. By the end of the Revolutionary War, the U.S. territory extended roughly to the Mississippi River. (T) Page 58 36. Urban growth in the early 19th century was promoted by the search for economic

gain. (T) Page 58 37. Jefferson viewed great cities as destructive of morals and health. (T) Page 60 38. In the decades following the Civil War, migration to cities was slightly reduced. (F) Page 60 39. By 1920, the United States had become a predominantly urban nation. (T) Page 62 40. Migration to U.S. cities from abroad was larger than migration from U.S. rural areas.

(F) Page 62 41. During the late 19th and early 20th century, many U.S. cities grew through annexation. (T) Page 63 42. By 1910, more than one-third of the inhabitants of the eight largest U.S. cities were immigrants. (T) Page 63 43. Between 1920 and 1929, more than 600,000 African Americans migrated from the South to the North. (F) Page 63 44. Building techniques using steel played an important role in promoting the decentralization of the urban area. (F) Page 64 45. As industries and the white middle class moved out of the central city, the latter lost a large share of its tax base. (T) Page 67

46. The elected Council of Metropolitan Toronto is a form of governance similar to that of the County governments in the United States. (F) Pages 67-68 47. As of 2000, the Census Bureau recognized 273 MSAs within the United States. (T) Page 67 48. One in five Americans lives in the “BosWash megalopolis.” (T) Page 69 49. High-tech industries prefer central city locations. (T) Page 71 50. New York doubled its population between 1870 and 1930. (F) Page 79 51. About half of the labor force in New York City works in postindustrial jobs. (F) Page 81 52. Today, the South Bronx in New York City fits the image portrayed in the film, Fort Apache, the Bronx. (F) Page 82 54. In 2009, 19% of New York City residents were poor. (T) Page 83

Essay/Discussion 55. Compare and contrast American cities during the four periods defined in your textbook.

56. How do economic forces shape the transformation of cities throughout United States history?

57. What are the causes and consequences of suburbanization and Sunbelt migration for Northeastern cities? How does it affect the effectiveness of urban policies?

Examination Questions: Multiple Choice 1. What term is used to describe spread-out or low-density development beyond the edge of services and employment? a. edge cities * b. sprawl c. common-interest developments d. gated communities Page 87 2. Sprawl is most obvious and grows most spectacularly in the rapid growth areas of the a. North and South. b. East and West. * c. South and West. d. North and East.

Page 87 3. Those seeking to curb sprawl base their concerns around four strategies. Which of the following is NOT one of these strategies? * a. suburban relocation b. environmental damage c. financial costs d. transportation issues Page 91 4. Which of the following is NOT one of the most time-squandered cities because of traffic congestion? a. Atlanta, GA * b. Columbus, OH c. Los Angeles, CA d. Dallas, TX Page 92 5. How does sprawl hurt cities? a. It erodes the city’s tax base. b. It destroys downtown commerce. c. It increases unemployment and concentrates poverty in urban centers. * d. All of the above Page 93

6. Oregon and Washington require all communities to make official designations in order to separate urban areas from the surrounding greenbelt of open lands, including farms, watersheds, and parks. These designations are called * a. urban growth boundaries. b. revitalized zones. c. transit-oriented zones. d. edge cities.

Page 96 7. Some transit-oriented approaches for relieving traffic congestion focus on building more highway lanes using a. land purchases. * b. “smart corridors.” c. growth boundaries. d. revitalization.

Page 97 8. Which of the following is NOT one of the proposed solutions to urban sprawl, as discussed in the text? a. land purchases b. revitalization * c. gentrification d. growth boundaries Page 99 9. A.C. Spectorsky was the first to use the term __________ in describing the appearance of new residential areas developing on the metropolitan fringe. * a. exurb b. suburb c. “the burbs” d. small towns Page 99 10. __________ are new, sprawling, middle-class, automobile-dependent centers typically located at the fringe of older urban areas, at the intersections of major highways, where little except villages or farmland existed three decades earlier. * a. Edge cities b. Growth boundaries c. Gated communities d. Common-interest developments

Page 100 11. The text points out that edge cities fall into one of three major categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these? a. uptowns * b. exurbs c. boomers d. greenfields Page 103 12. The text discusses three new city variations. Which of the following is NOT one of these? a. new city as motivator b. new city as a solution to problems c. new city as the problem * d. new city as mediator Page 106 13. In the United States, __________ can be traced to the late 1800s, when upper-income gated developments in New York’s Tuxedo Park and private streets in St. Louis sprang up, as wealthy citizens sought to “insulate themselves from the troublesome aspects of rapidly industrializing cities.” a. common-interest developments * b. gated communities c. edge cities d. urban growth boundaries Page 108 14. About __________ million American households live in developments that are surrounded by fences or walls. a. 6 * b. 10 c. 16 d. 20 Page 109 15. The text points out that gated communities fall into one of three categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these? a. lifestyle b. prestige * c. urban growth d. security-zone

Pages 109 16. Gated communities are often called a. exurbs. * b. common-interest developments. c. privatopias. d. small towns.

Page 111

True-False 17. Sprawl identifies the cumulative effects of development that is automobile-dependent, inefficient, and wasteful of natural resources. (T) Page 87 18. A house in the suburbs has become, for many, the personification of the ideal lifestyle. (T) Page 90 19. Urban sprawl occurs only because of population growth. (F) Page 90 20. In most American cities, everyone can get around by car. (F) Page 91 21. In North America, urban sprawl threatens only the farmland in the Midwest. (F) Pages 87 - 90 22. Today, four to five times more land is used per person compared to 40 years ago. (T) Page 91

23. Of all the areas in the United States, traffic congestion is most acute in New York City. (F) Page 92 24. Sprawl is a suburban phenomenon and has no urban counterpart. (F) Page 93 25. The term exurb is inconsistent with the phenomenon of urban sprawl. (F) Page 99 26. Edge cities are appearing in Canada as well as in the United States, but for different reasons. (T) Page 102 27. The majority of metropolitan North Americans now work, shop, and live in and around the 200-plus “new hearths of our civilization.” (T) Page 106 28. The rise of new cities is essentially a function of race, not social class. (F) Page 106 29. All new cities are alike, and their evolution occurs for the same reasons everywhere.

(F) Page 106 30. Gated communities began to increase rapidly in the 1950s. (F) Page 108 31. Lifestyle communities are an expression of conspicuous consumption and a new leisure class. (T) Page 110 32. The primary residents of prestige communities are middle class. (F) Page 110

33. Security-zone communities are “enclaves of fear” primarily concerned with protection. (T) Page 110 34. Gated communities are often called common-interest developments. (T) Page 111 35. Planners, sprawl opponents, and urban sociologists often cite Portland, Oregon as a prime example of failure in terms of urban growth and development. (F) Page 113 36. Portland, Oregon, stands today as a model city. (T) Page 113

Essay-Discussion 37. Compare and contrast the patterns of sprawl, edge cities, gated communities, and common-interest developments.

38. Define sprawl and discuss its implications in today’s American and Canadian cities.

39. Discuss the primary concerns surrounding the control of urban sprawl: environmental damage, loss of farmland and historic centers, financial costs, and transportation issues.

40. What are the major solutions discussed in the text for urban sprawl?

41. What are exurbs? Give two examples.

42. What are edge cities? Give two examples.

43. What are the three major categories of edge cities? Give an example of each.

44. What are the three edge city variations discussed in the text?

45. What are the three categories of gated communities?

46. Gated communities are often called common-interest developments (CIDs). The text points out that there is a close relationship between the two phenomena, but they are not the same thing. Explain this statement.

Examination Questions Multiple Choice 1. Urban sociology emerged in the context of * a. the Industrial Revolution in Europe. b. the Revolutionary War in the United States. c. World War II. d. None of the above Page 122 2. Sociology emerged with the work of * a. Auguste Comte. b. Karl Marx. c. Ferdinand Tönnies. d. Max Weber.

Page 122 3. According to Marx, social institutions are determined by a. the political structure. b. religion. * c. the economic system. d. tradition.

Page 122 4. The “Asiatic modes of production” refer to a. the factory system in China. b. a concept developed by Weber. * c. an economic structure characterized by limited division of labor, common property, and lack of individualism. d. an urban setting characterized by high specialization of labor and impersonal relationships.

Page 122 5. The concept of “gemeinschaft” means a. association. * b. community. c. organism. d. neighborhood.

Page 122-123

6. Which of the following characteristics is NOT part of gesellschaft? a. rational and calculating behavior b. focus on self-interest * c. kinship d. decline of family Page 123 7. Durkheim saw “organic solidarity” as a. the equivalent to Tönnies’s “gemeinschaft.” b. a social order based on common belief, customs and rituals. c. an automatic form of dependence. *d. a social order based on a complex division of labor.

Page 125 8. Georg Simmel focused on a. the structure of cities. b. the economic function of cities. c. the social mobility of individuals in cities. * d. the social psychology of city life.

Page 126 9. According to Simmel, individual behavior in the city is dominated by a. passion. * b. rationality. c. compassion. d. None of the above Page 126 10. What does the murder of Ms. Genovese illustrate? a. the concept of compassion b. the concept of gemeinschaft dominant in modern cities c. the mechanical aspect of solidarity emphasized by Durkheim * d. the cultivated indifference observed by Simmel Pages 128 11. The comparative approach to urban sociology was promoted by a. Durkheim. b. Tönnies. * c. Weber. d. Simmel.

Page 129 12. According to Weber, the ideal city is characterized by a. a relative predominance of trade and commercial relations. b. some degree of political autonomy. c. a related form of association. * d. All of the above Page 130 13. Authors in the classical European tradition all saw the city as a. increasing human choice. b. characterized by a complex division of labor. c. an improvement of the quality of life. * d. Both a and b Page 131 14. Park’s image of the city includes all but which of the following? * a. a homogeneous population b. formal social structures c. a more rational life d. a commercial structure Page 133 15. Compared to the classical European tradition, Parks’ urban sociology a. is more abstract. * b. is more empirical. c. is less relevant to contemporary urban problems. d. is more theoretical.

Page 133 16. According to Wirth, the large population size of cities creates a. greater cultural homogeneity. * b. a need for formal control structures. c. a problem for economic growth. d. the conditions for democracy.

Page 136 17. Which of the following is NOT one of the types of urban lifestyles identified by Herbert Gans? a. cosmopolites b. the unmarried or childless

c. the ethnic villagers * d. the urban sophisticates Page 138 18. Wirth’s mistake was in * a. generalizing too much from the urban conditions of the time in which he lived. b. underestimating the popularity of the suburbs. c. failing to identify the exurbs. d. not understanding the complexities of urban life.

Page 139 19. Which of the following is NOT central to Claude Fischer’s subcultural theory? a. critical mass * b. cultural isolation c. cultural diffusion d. urbanism Pages 140 20. Modern researchers have shown that a. tolerance is more pervasive in rural areas. b. people with lower levels of income are more tolerant. * c. urban tolerance is a product of migration. d. modern technologies, such as television, have lowered tolerance in cities.

Page 141-142 21. Urban “neighboring” * a. varies markedly. b. is always active. c. is always impersonal. d. usually involves only working-class people.

Page 143 22. The positive relationship between density and pathological behavior a. has been proven by genetic analysis. b. is rejected by J.B. Calhoun. c. is primarily biological. *d. appears to be linked to poverty and racial discrimination.

Page 145 23. According to recent evidence, the city

a. is more tolerant than other types of settlements. b. is not as impersonal as many thought it was. c. does not promote a greater malaise than rural areas do. * d. All of the above Page 146

True/False 24. For Marx, cities announced a transition to “barbarism.” (F) Page 122 25. Marx and Engels believed that the flaws of capitalism cause poverty and unemployment. (T) Page 122 26. Gemeinschaft characterized the large city. (F) Page 122-123 27. Tönnies understood cities as part of a continuum. (T) Page 122-123 28. Organic solidarity refers to a social order based on individual differences. (T) Page 125 29. Durkheim’s view of the city is pessimistic. (F) Page 125 30. According to Simmel, money is very important in urban life. (T) Page 126 31. Simmel explained the spread of graffiti in cities by economic inequality. (F) Page 129 32. Weber compared cities in different parts of the world. (T) Page 129-130

33. Weber saw the modern city as closer to his ideal city type than the medieval city was. (F) Page 129-130 34. Park saw urban life as disorder and chaos. (F) Pages 133 35. Park argued that urban research should be based on a disciplined observation. (T) Page 133 36. Wirth attempted to define universal social characteristics of the city. (T) Page 136 37. Wirth’s idea of “social segmentalization” refers to discrimination in the housing market. (F) Page 136 38. An emphasis on historical perspective is one of Wirth’s major contributions to urban sociology. (F) Page 136 39. Urbanization necessarily generates urbanism. (F) Page 136 40. White’s study of ethnic neighborhoods supports Wirth’s argument about urban anonymity. (F) Page 146 41. Cities create greater psychological distress. (F) Page 147

Essay/Discussion 41. Most classical theories were pessimistic about the urban life. Why do you think that is the case? What are the negative and positive aspects of urban life?

42. Compare Tönnies’s and Durkheim’s theories of urban life. What are the differences and similarities?

43. Do you think that urban life is as negative as the classic authors thought it was?

Explain the positive and negative aspects of urban life.

Examination Questions Multiple Choice 1. Geographic settings a. are the most important determinant of city size. b. matter mostly for industrial cities. * c. interact with social factors to shape the city. d. are more important in San Francisco than in Los Angeles.

Page 150 2. The use of private automobiles in Los Angeles a. contributed to the present shape of the city. b. contributed to the smog problem. c. allowed the city to expand horizontally. * d. All of the above Page 150 3. A look at the most populous North American metropolises suggests that a. cities tend to locate themselves toward the center of each state. b. the railroads determined their location. * c. the majority are located on waterways. d. defense was a crucial factor in determining their location.

Page 151 4. The growth of the city of Houston in Texas * a. was promoted by its location on the Gulf of Mexico and its proximity to oil fields. b. was cause by increased levels of tourism. c. was based on the service industry rather than manufacturing. d. None of the above Page 151-152 5. For a setting to become a city, it must * a. have a minimally hospitable environment. b. have a political structure. c. be self-sufficient. d. have local access to either gas or oil.

Page 152 6. The chief reason for the settlement, growth, and destruction of New Orleans has been a. farming.

* b. water. c. industry. d. technology.

Page 154 7. Twenty-first century Seattle, Washington is described in the text as a(n) “__________” city. a. exurban b. suburban c. environmental * d. break-of-bulk Page 157 8. The importance of defense a. is a crucial factor in the shape of North American cities today. b. promoted the development of gridiron cities. * c. explains the radiocentric shape of many cities. d. was limited in medieval times.

Page 158 9. Gridiron cities a. no longer exist. b. represent exceptions in the United States. * c. were typically built after the Industrial Revolution. d. are influenced by political rather than economic factors.

Page 159 10. The development of gridiron cities is due mostly to a. religious factors. b. military factors. c. ethnic factors. * d. economic factors.

Page 164 11. Urban ecology a. was generated by Robert Park and his colleagues. b. studies the relationship between human beings and their urban environment. c. draws from plant and animal ecology. * d. All of the above Page 166

12. According to Park, the shape of a city is * a. determined by competition and the population movement. b. determined only by competition for limited resources. c. mostly a function of socioeconomic variables. d. constant through time.

Page 170 13. The invasion-succession movement refers to a. the long history of wars of most cities. b. the low level of education of recent immigrants. * c. the movement of social groups to different neighborhoods of the city. d. All of the above Page 161 14. The concentric zone hypothesis suggests that * a. cities grow outward in a series of concentric rings over time. b. cities form a circle made of several pie-shaped sectors. c. wealth decreases as one moves away from the city’s center. d. competition is denser in the central business district.

Page 161 15. What Burgess calls the zone in transition a. is composed mostly of single unit housing. b. includes a large number of upscale districts. * c. consists primarily of light manufacture factories and ethnic neighborhoods. d. is located within a thirty- to sixty-minute ride of the central business district.

Page 161-162 16. Criticism of the Chicago School of Urban Ecology includes all but which of the following? * a. It lacks a theoretical foundation. b. It cannot be applied to every city. c. It pays little attention to the role of individual choices. d. The importance of the population movement varies in different places and by periods.

Page 168 17. The sector theory a. focuses mostly on industrial land use. * b. states that cities contain pie-shaped districts rather than rings.

c. represents fashionable areas that tend to move inward toward the center of the city. d. describes rich and poor areas that tend to blend with time.

Page 163-164 18. The multiple nuclei theory a. gives strong support to the Chicago School of Urban Ecology. b. suggests that, with time, manufacturing industries tend to concentrate in a specific area. * c. argues that as cities grow, they diversify and develop distinct sectors of activities. d. help to predict the specific land use pattern of cities.

Page 163-164 19. A “social area” * a. consists of a census tract inhabited by people sharing a unique combination of social characteristics. b. is the city district in which restaurants and entertainment facilities can be found. c. is highly representative of the overall city population. d. None of the above Page 166 20. Social area analysis does not emphasize which of the following? a. social ranking of residents b. family type of residents c. ethnicity of residents * d. age of residents Page 166 21. Which of the following responses about GIS Mapping is accurate? a. GIS mapping is a computer-based research tool. b. GIS mapping is used to manipulate and analyze information about the surface of the earth. c. GIS mapping reveals relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps and charts. *d. All of the above Page 166-167 22. Rayner Banham has provided a vivid depiction of the Los Angeles area, identifying four basic “ecologies.” Which of the following is NOT one of these? a. surfurbia b. the plains of Id c. autopia

* d. ticky-tacky Page 169 23. Edward W. Soja’s postmodern perspective of Los Angeles includes all but the following? a. Los Angeles as a decentralized metropolis b. Los Angeles as a fragmented power structure *c. Los Angeles as a site of great conformity d. Los Angeles as a fragmented mismatch of wedges and citadels Page 169

True/False 24. In creating cities, human beings simply respond to the natural environment. (F) Page 150 25. Cities must be located on waterways to develop. (F) Pages 151 26. Houston is an example of a break-of-bulk city. (T) Page 155 27. Miami’s climate contributed to its development as an “amenity city.” (T) Page 156 28. Washington, D.C. did not emerge as an economic center. (T) Page 156 29. Athens, London, and Quebec City all had a strategic military location historically.

(T) Page 156 30. Salt Lake City was first established as a trade center. (F) Page 156 31. A combination of geographic-climatic conditions and social-economic factors

explains why cities are where they are. (T) Page 156 32. While gridiron cities are clearly organized, radiocentric cities were not designed with a specific purpose in mind. (F) Page 159 33. Gridiron cities are more common in North America. (T) Page 159 34. Gridiron cities promote communal lifestyles. (F) Page 159 35. The Chicago school developed one of the first theories of urban ecology. (T) Page 161 36. The sector theory ignores changes in city shapes over time. (F) Page 163; 165 37. Multiple nuclei theory challenges the idea that urban land use can be predicted. (T) Page 165 38. Social area analysis compares more than 140 cities to identify the most important determinant of urban land use. (F) Page 166 39. Edward W. Soja argues that Los Angeles is a highly centralized metropolis that is becoming even more organized as time goes on. (F) Pages 169 40. Michael J. Dear asserts that Los Angeles’s decentralized politics result in problems of political representation. (T) Page 169 41. Critics of the Los Angeles School contend that its proponents overemphasize the applicability of the model. (T)

Page 169

Essay/Discussion 42. Identify the importance of geographical factors and human responses in shaping familiar cities. Which factors are more important?

43. Compare and contrast radiocentric and gridiron cities. How does their shape affect the lifestyle of their inhabitants (politically, economically, socially, culturally, etc.)?

44. Describe the different areas or districts in a familiar city. What explains these divisions? In which theoretical framework does the city’s land use pattern fit best?

45. Today, factorial ecology is often considered the “state of the art” approach to understanding the shape of cities. What are the advantages of this approach? What are its limitations?

Examination Questions Multiple Choice 1. According to the “new urbanists,” * a. the distribution of wealth and power are important determinants of the shape of cities. b. geography is the main factor shaping urban life. c. cities evolve as a natural progression. d. Both a and c Page 173 2. The “new urban sociology” a. promotes new theoretical ideas. * b. draws on Marxism. c. is rooted in urban ecology. d. emerged in the late 1950s.

Page 173 3. Which of the following statements is a part of central place theory? a. Cities are able to produce goods and services more efficiently than smaller places. b. Cities promote competition among producers. c. Economic advantages increase as one moves closer to the central business district. * d. All of the above Page 173 4. Alonso’s model suggests that a. economic activities are characterized by monopolies. * b. as distance from the Central Business District increases, rents decease. c. as distance from the Central Business District increases, rents increase. d. certain urban groups have lower economic opportunities than others.

Page 175 5. Which of the following statements describes regal-ritual cities? a. They manage a colonial region for another nation. *b. They have religious and political concerns at their core. c. Trade is their principal concern. d. Many government activities take place there.

Page 177 6. Which type of city is Alonso’s Economic Theory based on?

a. medieval cities b. administrative cities c. colonial cities * d. capitalist-industrial cities Page 177 7. The structural context of the last decade includes all but which of the following? a. a decline in industrial jobs * b. an increase in manufacturing jobs c. a movement of people from cities to suburbs d. increasing financial problems in many cities Page 178 8. Henri Lefebvre * a. argued that urban development is a product of the capitalist economic system. b. emphasized the role of the primary circuit of capital. c. argued that investment in real estate guarantees successful urban growth. d. suggested that individual forces determine urban development.

Page 178-179 9. In Lefebvre’s theory, “abstract space” a. is the same as “social space.” * b. is the type of space considered by government and businesses. c. is the most important type of space. d. is not connected to economic activity.

Page 178-179 10. Which of the following is NOT an illustration of an urban area as a theme park? a. Disney’s Main Street * b. BosWash c. Universal City, California’s CityWalk d. Baltimore’s Harborplace Page 179 11. David Harvey’s research a. suggests that urban growth occurs evenly. * b. is based on Lefebvre’s ideas about the second circuit of capital. c. focuses on Chicago. d. ignores the role of government.

Page 181-182

12. According to David Harvey, a. real estate investment takes place in a free market. * b. governments shape a city’s use of space. c. all neighborhoods are characterized by similar real estate buying and selling patterns. d. capitalists and government agencies are opposed to each other.

Page 181-182 13. Which of the following statements describes “welfare capitalism”? * a. It is a market system in which the government provides workers with subsidies. b. It exists when private corporations administer welfare programs. c. It eliminates the conflicts between the working class and the different levels of government. d. None of the above Pages 182-183 14. Which of the following statements describes Castells’s concept of the mode of development? a. It is based on the similar Marxist concept of mode of production. b. It can be used to understand industrial growth in suburbs. c. It emphasizes today’s need to discover and apply new sources of energy. * d. Both a and b Page 182-183 15. The fact that many industries absorbed their competitors and formed oligopolies * a. illustrates horizontal integration. b. illustrates vertical disintegration. c. contributed to the dismantling of agglomeration economies. d. is a phenomenon that began only in the late 1970s.

Pages 183 16. Vertical disintegration is linked to all but which of the following? a. subcontracting of production * b. increase in the Northeastern U.S. urban population c. fast growth in the Sunbelt region d. greater use of non-unionized labor Page 184 17. According to Logan and Molotch, urban growth coalitions a. are formed by local residents.

b. emphasize the need to create a social space view. c. were created to fight environmental degradation in cities. * d. focus on ways to increase profits and economic activities.

Page 185 18. In the context of the United States, what does economic restructuring include? a. a decline in the proportion of manufacturing jobs in overall employment b. a rise in entry-level jobs for lower-skilled workers c. a rising skills mismatch * d. Both a and c Page 187 19. The world-system perspective a. suggests that capitalism exists only in Western countries. b. supports the idea that soon all cities will be part of the “core.” * c. links changes in cities to the development of a global economy. d. suggests that cities in poor countries benefit greatly from globalization.

Page 187-188 20. Which of the following areas contains the highest concentrations of poverty? * a. central cities b. suburban areas c. nonmetropolitan areas d. rural areas Page 197

True/False 21. The theoretical arguments of “the new urban sociology” are quite old. (T) Page 173 22. Agglomeration industries keep production costs lower in cities. (T) Page 174 23. Competition is often greater in smaller towns. (F) Page 174 24. Alonso’s model assumes an efficient urban transportation system. (T)

Page 175-176 25. Alonso’s model explains why rents are higher in suburbs than in the center of the city. (F) Page 175-176 26. Racism and discrimination limit the validity of Alonso’s theory. (T) Page 176 27. The primary circuit of capital consists of real estate investment. (F) Page 178 28. According to Lefebvre, space affects our behavior. (T) Page 178 29. Governments focus on social space while businesses focus on abstract space. (F) Page 179 30. Michael Sorkin and Mark Gottdiener point out that private themed environments are benign imitations. (F) Page 180-181 31. Harvey argues that actions taken by real estate investors can lead to urban decay and abandonment. (T) Page 181-182 32. In comparison with Karl Marx, Manuel Castells maintained a less orthodox approach to the study of cities. (F) Page 182-183 33. Manuel Castells introduced the concept of the mode of development. (T) Page 182-183 34. Scott argues that individual competition over territory determines urban growth patterns. (F)

Page 183 35. Horizontal integration created economically interdependent metropolitan regions. (T) Page 183 36. Vertical disintegration helped to raise workers’ compensations. (F) Page 184 37. John Logan and Harvey Molotch employed political economy theory in an effort to identify who the central decision makers in North American cities are and to determine why they do what they do. (T) Page 185 38. Economic restructuring is linked to a rapid growth in manufacturing. (F) Page 187 39. Core cities include Calcutta, Kuala Lumpur, Mexico City, and Cairo. (F) Page 189 40. World system theory operates as a hierarchy so that countries at various stages of development constitute (1) the “core,” (2) the “semiperiphery,” and (3) the “periphery.” (T) Page 189 41. Poverty results in the serious problem of homelessness in more developed countries.

(T) Page 197 Essay 42. What are the pros and the cons of urban growth? Who are the groups who benefit from or are hurt by urban growth?

43. How do individuals, institutions, and structures shape urban space? How does space, in turn, influence the choices of urban residents?

44. Globalization and economic restructuring have had strong impacts on the shape of cities in the United States and abroad. What are these major impacts? How do they differ between cities in the “core” and “periphery”?

45. Explain the process of the “urbanization of poverty.” How do the homeless fit in here?

Examination Questions Multiple Choice 1. The image of a city, as defined by Kevin Lynch, is the a. slogan or catch phrase associated with the city. b. attitude which residents of the city have. * c. generalized mental picture of the city’s external physical world. d. historical character of the city.

Page 203 2. People form images of cities by a. distinguishing between physical locations in the city. b. talking to others about what the important landmarks are. c. organizing the physical locations in a meaningful way. * d. Both a and c Page 204 3. The five common elements in urban images, according to Lynch, are a. districts, landmarks, nodes, paths, and skylines. b. areas, districts, landmarks, nodes, and paths. c. areas, districts, edges, landmarks, and paths. * d. districts, edges, landmarks, nodes, and paths.

Page 205 4. Which of the following statements is NOT part of Lynch’s concept of mental maps? a. Mental maps mix accurate details with distortions. * b. Mental maps of two people living in the same city will be similar. c. Mental maps contain large gaps about unfamiliar sections. d. Mental maps may not be fully representative of an area in its entirety.

Page 207 5. Pedestrian traffic in the United States is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT * a. people walk blindly into traffic. b. people scold one another for breaking the social rules. c. people note the speed at which others are walking. d. people alert others of their location to avoid collisions.

Page 209-210 6. Besides coping with the city’s sheer numbers, urbanites also must learn to deal with anonymity, because we live in what Lyn Lofland calls

a. the exurbs. * b. a world of strangers. c. urban images. d. the urban network.

Page 211-212 7. An urban network is a. NBC. b. the collected mental maps of a group. * c. interpersonal ties. d. a means of identifying with the city.

Page 215 8. Elizabeth Bott Spillius found that working class spouses in London, England had a. a joint marriage network, while middle-class spouses had a segregated one. * b. a segregated marriage network while middle-class spouses had a joint one. c. middle-class spouses and joint marriage networks, but wealthy spouses had segregated ones. d. middle-class spouses and segregated marriage networks, but wealthy spouses had joint ones.

Page 215 9. Identifying with the city is aided by a. sports teams. b. festivals. c. negative historical events. * d. All of the above Page 229 10. Gerald Suttles argues that the images that people have about cities are a. stereotypical. * b. objective reality. c. overwhelmingly negative. d. one individual’s impression.

Page 221 11. Most urban poor try to cope with the harsh realities of life through a. prayer. b. retreating into complete isolation. * c. forming social networks. d. stealing and other forms of crime.

Page 223-224 12. Virginia Schein’s single mothers on public assistance all a. were lazy. b. had extensive family support. * c. were working or had some work experience. d. had four or more children.

Page 224 13. Carol Stack found in her study of poor African Americans that they a. created social networks to socialize. * b. established an extensive network of cooperation and mutual aid. c. refused assistance when offered to them. d. became heavily indebted.

Page 225 14. Which of the following statements about social movements and cities are true? a. Social movements have benefitted from the degree of social interaction in cities. b. Local social movements often focus on issues such as prostitution and traffic safety. c. Radical social movements are often initiated in cities. *d. All of the above Page 226 15. Which of the following is NOT a stereotype associated with suburban life? a. Suburban life is homogenous. *b. The majority of people in the United States lives outside the city. c. Suburbs abound with soccer moms. d. People who live in suburbs are bland, shallow, and superficial.

Page 226-227 16. We make sense of the city by responding to a. its physical form. b. its gesellschaft characteristics. c. its gemeinschaft characteristics. * d. All of the above Page 228 17. How do we respond to the city? a. in our own unique way

b. using common strategies c. based on our social characteristics. * d. All of the above Page 228

True/False 16. Georg Simmel argued that the city stimulates us via its concentration of the human experience into a small space. (T) Page 203 17. Some cities have more sharply defined images in the minds of their residents than other cities do. (T) Page 203 18. Each person’s mental image of a city is stagnant. (F) Page 204 19. The physical layout of the city uniquely determines how we view a city. (F) Page 204-205 20. It is difficult to catch a cab in Ho Chi Minh City. (F) Page 212 21. People stereotype strangers based on their spatial location. (T) Page 213 22. Appearances are not as important as they used to be in classifying strangers. (T) Page 213 23. By changing how we act and dress, we can convey a different impression to others.

(T) Page 213 24. Race plays a part in how residents view a city. (T)

Page 214 25. Eliot Liebow’s street-corner men assisted each other in finding work. (F) Page 215-216 26. “Lonely Hearts Clubs” are an example of a temporary network. (T) Page 219 27. Technology severs physical ties with communities but allows us to maintain relationships in spite of distance. (T) Page 218 28. Herbert Gans found that Boston’s West End was a chaotic slum. (F) Page 217 29. People identify with their cities based on both personal and shared experiences and events. (T) Page 229 30. Between 1988 and 2002, Seattle had an extensive social movement focused on improving the city’s neighborhoods. (T) Page 226 31. McMansions are an example of the large houses on sprawling estates. (F) Page 228

Essay/Discussion 32. What are the four main types of scenes? Identify them and provide an example of each.

33. Look around your classroom and try to determine the stereotypes that you use to differentiate people of different majors on your campus. Think about the last time you approached a stranger. What drew you to them? Do you react differently to people based on physical appearance and location?

34. Describe how people privatize the public spaces and make them their own. How might graffiti be seen as an example of this process?

35. A gang is one type of urban network based on mutual aid. Explain why this statement is true or false.

36. Discuss how class and race impact the urban experience.

Examination Questions Multiple Choice 1. According to Daniel J. Monti, in the urban way of life, the many different types of people have found an appropriate form of public behavior that enables them to get along with each other. Monti refers to this as a. the countryside. * b. civic culture. c. urban dominance. d. civilization.

Page 231 2. The text points out that much of the population of the city initially came from the a. suburbs. b. exurbs. * c. countryside. d. highlands.

Page 231 3. The text uses a small town in upstate New York as an example of urban dominance in a more subtle fashion. The pseudonym for this community is * a. “Springdale.” b. “Levitown.” c. “Harrison.” d. “Mountain Home.”

Page 234 4. Oswald Spengler spoke of the “__________” of the city. a. heart b. brain * c. soul d. bones Page 236-237 5. Based on historical and comparative evidence, __________ argued that the city has been at the center of Western civilization from its beginnings. a. Robert Merton * b. Lewis Mumford c. Oswald Spengler d. Herbert Gans

Page 237 6. What does Daniel J. Monti argue about cities? a. They have become “sinkholes of indifference.” b. They lack a civic culture. c. They are static entities. * d. None of the above Page 238 7. Now a city of 12 million people, Beijing was formerly called a. Tokyo. b. Athens. c. Ibadan. * d. Peking.

Page 240 8. Ming Peking was based on * a. elaborate Chinese cosmology. b. Cartesian logic. c. Buddhist rationalism. d. Eastern existentialism.

Page 240-241 9. Which city did Louis Mumford describe as “a far richer efflorescence of human genius than history anywhere else records, except perhaps for Renaissance Florence”? a. Ming Peking * b. Hellenic Athens c. 18th century Rome d. Present day London Page 243 10. In the 5th century B.C.E., the city of Athens had a population of roughly a. 50,000. b. 100,000. * c. 350,000. d. a little over one million.

Page 243 11. Classical Athens stood as a monument to * a. free citizens participation in government. b. an all-powerful god.

c. a ruling family. d. a police state.

Page 246 12. Friedrich Engels spoke of which English city with these words: “...it is a city in which one can roam for hours without leaving the built-up area and without seeing the slightest sign of the approach of open country”? a. Manchester b. Birmingham c. Leeds * d. London Page 248 13. For all intents and purposes, large-scale industrialism began in England about a. 1550. b. 1650. * c. 1750. d. 1850.

Page 249 14. For the city dweller during the Industrial Revolution, the most important change was a. the suburban movement. * b. the invention of the factory. c. the exurban movement. d. widespread pollution.

Page 250 15. In his writings, Charles Dickens used a phrase that summarized what worried Engels about the capitalist city: that it reduced everything in life to objective facts and quantity.

This phrase is a. “You know what a horse is.” b. “Give me your definition of a horse.” c. “He has no business to it.” * d. “You are never to fancy!”

Page 250 16. __________ refers to conformity to opinions that supposedly reflect group consensus. * a. Groupthink b. Group conformity c. Group polarization d. Group identity

Page 254 17. Visitors to Beijing today find a city displaying a. a communist philosophy. * b. a rising consumerism. c. Marxism. d. socialism.

Page 255

True/False 18. Louis Wirth’s principal achievement as a United States urbanist was his articulation of the role of culture in cities. (F) Page 231 19. Cities are almost always completely self-defining. (F) Page 231 20. Shakespeare noted that country and city ways are often quite different. (T) Page 231 21. Perhaps the most important link between city and countryside is the reciprocal shaping of lifestyles. (T) Page 232 22. Sociologically, Fiorello La Guardia was a marginal man who lived on the edge of many cultures. (T) Page 233 23. Urban dominance is a central pattern of the modern world, but not the historical world. (F) Page 233 24. Oswald Spengler contended that cities ultimately dominate a society and maintain this dominance for all time. (F) Page 236-237

25. Modern sociologists generally view Spengler’s contribution to urban sociology as extremely significant. (F) Page 238 26. Daniel J. Monti believes that cities have become “sinkholes of civic indifference.” (F) Page 238 27. From Mumford and Spengler, we learn that although the city and civilization are not precisely synonymous, the city has a unique power to intensify and symbolize culture.

(T) Page 238 28. Ming Peking (Beijing) stands as an example of Lewis Mumford’s idea of the city as a physical container. (T) Page 241 29. Ming Peking is an example of a city’s ability to intensify culture. (T) Page 243 30. The very success of Greek city-states led to the aristocrats’ downfall. (T) Page 245 31. As Greek civilization entered the Golden Age, the gods themselves became more abstract and less like human beings. (F) Page 245-246 32. Athens’ moment at the pinnacle of urban history was undermined eventually by the culture’s own egocentrism and exploitative practices. (T) Page 246 33. The cultures that prevailed in classical Athens and in Ming Peking were very similar.

(F) Page 247 34. As a means of livelihood, capitalism is relatively new. (F)

Page 248-249 35. It was the expansion of capitalist nations and their cities in the 19th century that made it possible for the Communists to gain control of China. (T) Page 253 36. In 1976, Deng Xiaoping and his followers de-emphasized the more extreme elements of Maoism. (T) Page 255

Essay/Discussion 37. Explain the relationship between the city and its countryside.

38. Explain how urban dominance is a central pattern of both the modern and the historical world.

39. Compare and contrast the views of Oswald Spengler and Lewis Mumford in terms of the question “Is the city truly synonymous with civilization?”

40. The text utilizes Ming Peking and Hellenic Athens as contrasting case studies. What are the major differences between these two early cities? What does a comparison of these two early urban centers reveal?

Examination Questions Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is NOT one of Max Weber’s dimensions of social stratification? a. wealth * b. ranking c. status d. power Page 260 2. __________ is the hierarchical ranking within a society of various social class groups according to wealth, power, and prestige. a. Socioeconomic status b. Power c. Wealth * d. Social stratification Page 260 3. __________ is a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality. * a. Socioeconomic status b. Wealth c. Social stratification d. Power Page 260 4. In his comprehensive “Yankee City” study of social stratification, W. Lloyd Warner used which of the following methods? a. self-placement * b. reputational c. subjective d. objective Page 260 5. The largest percentage of Americans resides within the __________ class. a. working b. upper * c. middle d. lower Page 262-263

6. Some urban neighborhoods have such extreme levels of poverty and unemployment that social scientists call them * a. hyperghettos. b. inner-city slums. c. the projects. d. tent cities.

Page 263 7. About ______ percent of the population falls into the category of lower class. a. 50 b. 40 c. 30 * d. 20 Page 263 8. In 2010, the official poverty rate was __________ percent. a. 8.2 b. 10.4 * c. 15.1 d. 18.3 Page 266 9. ________ percent of the foreign-born live in a U.S. central city. a. Fourteen b. Twenty-four c. Thirty-four * d. Forty-four Page 267 10. In New York City in 2010, one out of __________ residents were poor. a. two b. three c. four * d. five Page 269 11. Zip code 10065 is the most prestigious one in New York City, for it encompasses much of __________, the country’s most affluent neighborhood. a. the Bronx * b. Manhattan’s Upper East Side

c. Queens d. Staten Island Page 275 12. “Dinks” are a. African American urban professionals. b. young professional couples with nerdy jobs. * c. young professional couples without children. d. old white professionals nearing retirement.

Page 272 13. Once identified as low-income neighborhoods, Logan Square, West Town, the Near West Side, and the Near South Side are now among __________ most desirable residential areas. a. New York City’s b. Milwaukee’s * c. Chicago’s d. Toronto’s Page 273-284 14. Herbert Gans referred to a city’s working-class neighborhoods as * a. ethnic villages. b. inner-city enclaves. c. gemeinschafts. d. immigrant towns.

Page 276 15. Grand Rapids, Michigan is characterized in the text as reflecting a(n) __________ neighborhood. a. upper-class * b. mixed-income c. working-class d. low-income Page 278-279 16. Low-income urban neighborhoods have been referred to as a. inner-city neighborhoods. b. ghettos. c. slums. * d. All of the above

Page 280 17. One of the poorest and most densely populated neighborhoods in Los Angeles, California is a. Gage Park. * b. Pico-Union. c. Little Latino. d. Coxwell.

Page 281 18. Which of the following most closely resembles the suburban stereotype? a. Tuxedo Park, New York b. Grosse Point Shores, Michigan * c. Darien, Connecticut d. South Barrington, Illinois Page 283 19. Muller distinguished three sub-types of black suburbs. Which of the following is NOT one of these? * a. gentrified b. spillover c. colonies d. satellite cities Page 286 20. In 2010, __________ percent of all U.S. Hispanics lived in suburbs. a. 29 b. 39 c. 49 * d. 59 Page 288 True/False 21. In every nation of the world, people are ranked in a social hierarchy that determines their quality of life. (T) Page 260 22. The main distinction between W. Lloyd Warner’s upper-upper and lower-upper classes was essentially that of “old money” and “new money.” (T)

Page 261 23. The lower class consists of about 40 percent of the population. (F) Page 263 24. Sociologist E. Digby Baltzell was born into the lower class. (F) Page 262 25. The disparity between rich and poor is simply a matter of difference in incomes. (F) Page 264 26. If we compare income data by residence, we find that those living outside central cities in metropolitan areas are better off than those living within central cities. (T) Page 265 27. Zip code 10065 is the most prestigious one in New York City. (T) Page 270 28. Chicago’s Gold Coast is the wealthiest urban neighborhood in the United States. (F) Page 273 29. Most of the middle class lives in the city, not the suburbs. (F) Page 274 30. In 2009, nearly half of the eligible population had never married. (T) Page 288 31. Herbert Gans referred to urban working-class neighborhoods as ethnic villages. (T) Page 276 32. Most cities lack mixed-income neighborhoods. (F) Page 278 33. Unlike the immigrant poor of the past, today’s poor inner-city residents face social isolation. (T)

Page 281 34. In 2011, the population of Pico-Union (in Los Angeles) was 85 percent Hispanic. (T) Page 281 35. Today’s suburbs fit the white, middle-class, and family-with-kids stereotype. (F) Pages 282-283 36. Today’s upper-class suburbs resemble the old aristocratic ones of yesteryear. (T) Page 283 37. Working-class suburbs began to disappear after World War II. (F) Page 284 38. Minority suburbanization is most pronounced in metropolitan regions of 500,000 or more. (T) Pages 284-285 39. Robbins, Illinois is a fast-growing suburb that consists mostly of upper-class whites.

(F) Page 287 40. More Asians live in suburbia than any other racial or ethnic category. (T) Page 288

Essay/Discussion 41. Briefly discuss each of Max Weber’s three dimensions of social stratification.

42. Based on the text’s discussion, outline the disparity of income distribution in the United States today.

43. Compare and contrast upper-class, middle-class, working-class, mixed income, and low-income urban neighborhoods. Give an example of each.

44. What are “DINKS”? Give an example.

45. Based on the text’s discussion, discuss suburban social class diversity.

Examination Questions Multiple Choice 1. The height of the “Great Immigration” period took place a. between 1800 and 1850. b. between 1920 and 1950. * c. between 1880 and 1910. d. between 1945 and 1970.

Page 292 2. In 2010, foreign-born people represented __________ percent of Miami’s total population. a. 33.5 b. 46.5 * c. 60.6 d. 91.3 Page 292 3. Since 1960, the majority of immigrants have been a. illegal. * b. people of color. c. people of European origins. d. None of the above Page 293 4. The process known as “chain migration” describes the idea that a. once migration from a given area begins, it grows at an increasing rate. * b. immigrants tend to settle near friends and relatives. c. immigrants often go back to their country of origin. d. men migrate first, then women and children follow.

Page 293 5. Throughout the 1800s, most of the United States’ black population * a. lived in the South and in rural areas. b. lived in urban areas. c. was relatively wealthier than today. d. was concentrated around northeastern cities.

Page 294 6. Which of the following did not contribute to black migration to the North?

* a. urban decentralization b. the growth of industrial production that followed World War II c. the decline of southern agriculture d. farm mechanization Page 296 7. Karl and Alma Taeuber’s study shows that a. blacks were less segregated in 1960 than in 1970. * b. segregation can be measured by an index of dissimilarity. c. the segregation index for San Jose in California was the highest in the United.

States d. racism is the main cause of segregation.

Page 298 8. What is the fastest growing nonwhite population in the United States? * a. Hispanics b. Asians c. African Americans d. None of the above Page 299 9. Chinese Americans * a. account for 1% of the total U.S. population. b. have been blocked from immigrating because of the Chinese Exclusion Act. c. overwhelmingly occupy professional and technical positions. d. have a median family income that has fallen below the national average.

Page 300 10. Puerto Ricans * a. enjoy open migration privileges. b. are less segregated from whites than Mexican Americans. c. are among the wealthiest Hispanics in the United States. d. are the largest Hispanic group in the United States.

Page 301 11. Mexican Americans a. largely reside in rural areas. b. are well integrated into U.S. neighborhoods. * c. account for 32 percent of Los Angeles’s population. d. tend to follow extended family residence patterns.

Page 305 12. All but which of the following groups contribute to the Muslim population in Canada? a. Egyptians * b. French c. Indians d. Indonesians Page 306 13. Native Americans who migrate to the city a. tend to concentrate in ghettos. *b. quickly earn higher incomes. c. experience a cultural clash. d. have drug problems.

Page 308 14. Female participation in the labor force * a. was very limited among upper- and middle-class women throughout the 19th century. b. increased rapidly after 1850. c. dropped during World War II. d. was about 90 percent in 2000.

Page 309 15. Chicago was incorporated as a city in a. 1673. b. 1763. * c. 1833. d. 1897.

Page 314 16. Chicago’s access to other areas of the country through railroads and water systems allowed it to become a. the largest service center in America. * b. a large manufacturing center. c. the primary destination of immigrants. d. None of the above Page 314 17. The Hull House

a. was founded by Richard Daley. b. was located in a middle-class neighborhood of Chicago. * c. addressed the needs of immigrant women and families. d. fought against unions.

Page 315 18. The Chicago political machine a. has been controlled by Italian immigrants. b. came to power in 1900. * c. focused on maintaining the quality of the central business district. d. worked on improving the living conditions in poorer black neighborhoods.

Page 317 19. Gerald Suttles’s study of the Addams area on Chicago’s West Side suggests that a. poor neighborhoods are highly disorganized and lack social order. * b. each ethnic or racial group claim their own territory. c. African Americans form closely knit communities. d. Mexican Americans are the most disadvantaged urban minority.

Page 317

True/False 20. Immigration to the United States is higher now than ever before. (F) Page 292 21. Ethnic and racial diversity is increasing in cities. (T) Page 292 22. The majority of new immigrants come from Asia and Latin America. (T) Page 293 23. New York is no longer the main destination of immigrants. (F) Page 293 24. Hispanics represent nearly half of Los Angeles’s population. (T) Page 304

25. The period of Great Migration from the South followed the period of Great Immigration from Europe. (T) Page 296 26. Since the 1970s, racial residential segregation has steadily decreased in the United States. (T) Page 296 27. Most of the ten most segregated metropolitan areas are in the North, while the ten least segregated metropolitan areas are in the South. (T) Page 296 28. One in five residents in San Francisco is Chinese. (T) Page 300 29. Japanese Americans represent an increasing share of Asian Americans. (F) Page 303 30. In the United States, Korean self-employment is higher than white self-employment.

(T) Page 303 31. Hispanics have surpassed African Americans and have become the nation’s largest minority. (T) Page 304 32. Puerto Ricans are the poorest of all Hispanics. (T) Page 304 33. There is a high level of female-headed families among Puerto Ricans. (T) Page 304 34. About 9 in 10 Mexican Americans live in rural areas. (F) Page 305 35. Asians are stereo typed as a “model minority.” (T)

Page 303 36. The largest Arab-American settlement is in Dearborn, MI. (T) Page 306 37. Only a fourth of all Native Americans live in urban areas. (F) Page 308 38. Open space is often allocated to male-oriented activities. (T) Page 312 39. Chicago was destroyed by fire in 1871. (T) Page 313 40. Chicago has never had a black mayor. (F) Page 313

Essay/Discussion 41. What do immigrants bring to cities?

42. How has the representation of different ethnic and racial groups changed in cities throughout this century?

43. How can urban spaces be dominated by a specific gender? Explain and give examples.

44. Compare the experience of Asian Americans and African Americans in United States cities. What factors explain the differences and similarities?

Examination Questions Multiple Choice 1. The housing problem is characterized by a. an insufficient number of low-rent housing units. b. changes in the housing market. c. an increase in the proportion of high-rent housing units. * d. All of the above Page 324 2. Government intervention in housing began * a. with the New Deal. b. in New York in 1870. c. with the South Bronx project. d. to solve the housing shortage that followed World War II. Page 325 3. The federal housing programs of the New Deal had all but which of the following goals? a. direct federal founds to encourage the construction of new housing b. guarantee construction loans c. build low-rent public housing through the Public Works administration * d. seize decaying areas and give them to developers willing to rehabilitate them Page 325 4. Edward Banfield argues that a. public housing projects have been quite successful in providing people with affordable housing. * b. residents’ irresponsible behavior is often to blame for the lack of public housing success. c. the architecture of public housing creates pathological behavior. d. poverty itself is the cause of public housing problems.

Page 327 5. The Section 8 Program a. was established during the New Deal era. * b. provides rent subsidies to low-income tenants. c. transfers federal resources to local government in order to build public housing. d. has decreased the stock of low-cost rental housing.

Page 327

6. Deterioration of buildings in inner city occurs because a. nobody wants to live there. * b. their maintenance represents more costs than rental income warrants. c. they are destroyed by vandals and looters. d. they are not insured.

Page 329 7. “Sweat Equity” a. describes the exploitation of young workers in the inner city. * b. allows individuals with low income to invest in a residence. c. has not been very successful in providing affordable housing. d. is a form of gentrification.

Page 330 8. Gentrification a. has allowed poor people to own their residence. b. results from Section 8 programs. c. has increased the number of low-rent housing units in the city. * d. refers to the movement of more affluent North Americans back into older, decaying areas of the city.

Page 330 9. The “New Urbanism” is sometimes criticized for a. its emphasis on high-rise buildings. b. the fact that it isolates the poor in specific areas. c. the lack of attention to aesthetics. * d. the fact that it reduces the number of low-income housing units.

Page 332 10. Prior to the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, most urban schools had a policy of __________, moving children through grades with their age peers regardless of their actual learning achievement. * a. social promotions b. social reproduction c. mandatory advancement d. environmental adaptation Page 336 11. __________ offer special programs to attract students from many districts to achieve integration.

a. Charter schools b. School vouchers * c. Magnet schools d. Busing programs Page 339 12. Some school districts offer parents credit that is equal to the state’s share of the cost of educating a child. This strategy is referred to as a. magnet schools. * b. school vouchers. c. charter schools. d. busing.

Page 339 13. _________ are privately operated and with less state regulation, so that teachers and administrators can try out new teaching strategies. a. School vouchers b. Busing programs c. Magnet schools * d. Charter schools Page 350 14. Crime rates today are a. on the rise. * b. highest in cities. c. not different in city and suburbs. d. lower than in 1980.

Pages 339-340 15. Within urban areas, crime is a. most concentrated in rich neighborhoods. * b. most concentrated in poor neighborhoods. c. most likely to affect white teenagers. d. most likely to affect rich individuals.

Page 341 16. Herrnstein and Murray argue that a. IQ tests are not representative of people’s level of intelligence. b. the feeling of alienation and relative deprivation explains the high incidence of crime in the inner city. *c. inner-city residents are more likely to commit crime because of their lower IQ.

d. inner-city residents are victims of social inequalities.

Page 344 17. Black-white residential segregation a. has increased since 1990. * b. explains inter-city variations in the black murder rate. c. is practically impossible to measure. d. does not seem to influence violent crime.

Page 345 18. Oscar Newman found that crime rates * a. could be reduced by improving architectural design. b. are influenced by inner city culture. c. are somewhat lower in large high-rise housing. d. cannot be reduced unless poverty is eliminated.

Page 346

True/False 19. The problem of housing is related to the problem of poverty. (T) Page 324 20. Defining housing as “substandard” is somewhat arbitrary. (T) Page 324 21. The housing market has generated an increase in the number of low-rent units. (F) Page 324 22. The New Deal provided loan guarantees to veterans. (F) Page 325 23. The dominant culture in the United States favors private over public ownership. (T) Page 326 24. The Housing Act of 1968 failed because it ignored the economic interests of developers. (F)

Page 327 25. Homesteading programs have helped to rehabilitate more than 1 million homes. (F) Page 330 26. Gentrification contradicts Burgess’s concentric zone model. (T) Page 332 27. Gentrification offers new yuppie residents greater variety and stimulation. (T) Page 332 28. Boston’s Columbia Point illustrates the success of homesteading programs. (F) Page 333 29. The new urbanism emphasizes the importance of public spaces. (T) Page 333 30. Unlike affluent communities, cities lack the tax base to provide adequate per-student expenditures, even with additional state aid. (T) Page 337 31. Magnet schools are inexpensive to operate. (F) Page 339 32. Charter schools are not held accountable for achieving educational results. (F) Pages 339-340 33. TV shows influence public perception of crime. (T) Page 341 34. Most people believe that crime is on the rise. (T) Page 341 35. Violent crimes have decreased dramatically, especially among juveniles. (F) Page 349

36. The greatest concentration of criminal offenses occurs in inner-city poor neighborhoods. (T) Page 349 37. Two-thirds of police arrests for serious crimes involve white people. (T) Page 343 38. Banfield argues that crime is strongly related to low IQ. (F) Page 343 39. Ruth Peterson and Lauren Krivo coined the term hypersegregation. (F) Page 345 40. In larger and taller buildings, crime occurs mostly in public areas. (T) Page 346

Essay/Discussion 41. Compare the advantages and limitations of public and private projects in providing low-cost housing.

42. What are the different factors that explain the failure of most high-rise public housing projects? Suggest some solutions.

43. Discuss the implications of meeting the “no child left behind” challenge.

44. Define and briefly discuss magnet schools, school vouchers, and charter schools.

45. Compare the four explanations of the high incidence of crime in inner-city neighborhoods. Which explanation seems more valid to you?

46. The attitude “tough on crime” has been quite popular among politicians in many U.S. urban areas. Explain the limitations of this approach to eliminate crime.

Examination Questions Multiple Choice 1. The Inca civilization was based in what is now a. Mexico. * b. Peru. c. Panama. d. Brazil.

Page 354 2. Anthropologists estimate that the population of native Latin Americans declined by _________ percent during the 16th century. a. 50 b. 75 c. 90 * d. 95 Page 355 3. The chief reason for the loss of life among Latin American natives in the 16th century was a. wars with the Spanish and Portuguese colonists. b. diseases imported from Europe. c. a plunge in the birth rate. * d. Both a and b Page 355 4. Which of the following would be found in the plaza mayor in a Latin American colonial city? a. a Catholic church b. government offices c. wealthy residences * d. All of the above Page 355 5. Primate cities develop most often in * a. countries that were or are under foreign control. b. large countries. c. countries that have a large number of modern cities. d. None of the above Page 352

6. Primacy ratio is computed by a. dividing the primate city’s population by the total population of the country. * b. dividing the primate city’s population by the population of the second-largest city. c. dividing the second-largest city’s population by the primate city’s population. d. dividing the country’s total population by the population of the second-largest city.

Page 353 7. Highly developed urban centers were present in Africa as long ago as a. 5000 B.C.E. * b. 3000 B.C.E. c. 1000 B.C.E. d. 1000 C.E. Page 359 8. Early African cities typically a. were linked by trade. b. had narrow and winding streets. c. had rich and poor living next to one another. * d. All of the above are correct.

Page 360 9. The second wave of European colonization in Africa began in a. 1607. b. 1776. * c. 1862. d. 1895.

Page 362 10. The world’s oldest well-known city, Jericho, is nearly a. 5,000 years old. b. 7,500 years old. * c. 10,000 years old. d. 12,500 years old.

Page 363 11. Islamic cities declined after the Middle Ages due to a. the Crusaders. * b. topsoil depletion. c. influence of Christianity. d. oppressive taxation.

Page 366 12. European powers sought to change the Middle East by a. introducing Christianity as the official religion. * b. trading with it. c. ruthlessly crushing its indigenous cities. d. supporting Israel.

Page 370 13. The first country to colonize part of India was *a. Britain. b. France. c. Portugal. d. Spain.

Page 370 14. British sections of dual cities a. are typically arranged in a grid pattern. b. have a railroad run through them. * c. Both of the above d. Neither of the above Page 370 15. The People’s Republic of China was established in a. 1919. b. 1929. c. 1939. * d. 1949.

Page 372 16. Colonization has several common legacies. Which of the following is/are among these legacies? a. economic b. political c. national boundaries * d. All of the above Pages 377-378 17. Latin American cities lag far behind those in Europe, Canada, and the United States because

a. Latin American cities were import-oriented. * b. most Latin American cities never developed much of an industrial base. c. other rich nations and their corporations lent too much support to these cities. d. All of the above Page 380 18. According to the text, in global perspective, Africa a. is a continent in crisis. b. is the least urbanized continent. c. has the highest rate of increase in urbanization. * d. All of the above Page 380 19. In the 1970’s China’s most radical innovation to stimulate economic growth was * a. the establishment of “Special Economic Zones.” b. Chinese sovereignty. c. the one-child family policy. d. absolute rule.

Page 372 20. Which of the following is NOT one of the cities of Southeast Asia? * a. Hong Kong b. Singapore c. Jakarta d. Bangkok Page 375 21. Japan’s severe pollution is due to *a. rapid industrialization. b. lax pollution regulations. c. diminishing trade. d. continued colonization.

Page 375 22. Which of the following is/are among the common problems of the cities of the developing world? a. spiraling populations b. quality of life problems c. shantytowns * d. All of the above

Pages 379-380 23. A generation or two ago, one correctly thought of more-developed countries as the locales of the world’s largest metropolitan areas, or a. exurbs. b. suburbs. * c. urban agglomerations. d. Metropolitan Statistical Areas.

Page 383 24. The world’s largest urban agglomerations are also referred to as a. Metropolitan Statistical Areas. b. exurbs. c. suburban sprawl. * d. megacities.

Pages 383-384

True/False 25. The cities of the Aztec and Inca Empires were completely destroyed and replaced with Spanish cities. (T) Page 354 26. Early African cities had a pattern based on a central business district surrounded by residential rings determined by income. (F) Page 359 27. The slave trade was facilitated by the aid of Muslims. (T) Page 361 28. Culture plays a great role in determining life in a city. (T) Page 384 29.

People in Islamic cities identify more with their neighborhoods than their cities. (T) Page 363

30.

The British destroyed existing cities in India whenever they came upon them. (F)

Page 368 31.

Early Islamic cities had a surrounding wall. (T) Page 365

32.

Europeans viewed the Middle East as a valuable prize. (F) Page 366

33. Marco Polo saw Indian cities primarily in terms of wealth and objects. (T) Page 370 34. From the mid-19th century until the end of World War II, China was subjected to foreign control. (T) Page 370 35. Amid cries for revolution, the Japanese shogun stepped down in 1668. (F) Page 373 36. Most Latin American cities have followed the pattern of rapid industrialization typical of Europe, Canada, and the United States. (F) Page 353 37. Rapid urban growth has established a primate-city pattern for the entire Middle East.

(T) Page 367 38. Bombay is the world’s largest producer of jute. (F) Page 371 39. In 1997, Great Britain renewed its sovereignty over Hong Kong. (F) Page 372 40. Unlike India and China, Southeast Asia has little tradition of large indigenous cities.

(T) Page 375

41. Bangkok is the capital of South Vietnam. (F) Page 376 42. Southeast Asia remains one of the least urbanized areas of the world. (T) Page 376 43. The tremendous economic success of Japan enables the Japanese to enjoy a standard of living that is comparable to other industrial nations. (F) Page 373 44. The total fertility rate is the number of children born annually for every 1,000 people in the population. (F) Page 375 45. In the future, demographers fear, population totals in less-developed countries will soar further. (T) Page 379 46. The text points out that so-called over-urbanization in the developing world may well get a good deal worse before it gets better. (T) Page 384

Essay/Discussion 48. Discuss the purpose and pattern of construction of colonial cities and its effect on class structure and the development of these cities.

49. Discuss the twin problems of overpopulation and migration in relation to the development of modern Latin American cities.

50. Discuss how cultural factors shape cities, using examples from Africa and the Middle East.

51. Compare and contrast the European colonization pattern found in Africa with that found in Latin America.

52. Compare and contrast the urban experiences in China and India.

53. What are the common elements of cities in the non-industrialized world?

54. What are some of the potential solutions to the primate city problem given in the chapter? Illustrate with specific examples of their implementation in these countries.

55. Based on the text’s discussion, write an essay on world urbanization in perspective.

Examination Questions Multiple Choice 1. Ebenezer Howard believed that the city lacked a. opportunity. b. entertainment. * c. a sense of freedom. d. diversity.

Page 387 2. Early planning efforts were directed at all of the following EXCEPT a. to glorify those in power. * b. to conserve natural resources. c. to reflect cultural values. d. to solve specific problems.

Page 389 3. City planning in the industrial era was driven primarily by * a. profit. b. tradition. c. politics. d. a concern for the masses.

Page 390 4. The sociological concept of a ___________ deals with the large-scale, holistic planning of a mixed-use, self-sufficient community. a. greenway b. communal city * c. new town d. housing community Page 391 5. New Towns have been criticized for being a. too small. b. too low density. c. inflexible. * d. All of the above Page 391 6. Government planning of new towns is absent for the most part in

a. Britain. * b. United States. c. France. d. Brazil.

Page 394 7. The new town in the United States that has been most successful in creating racial and social class integration is a. Reston, Virginia. b. Radburn, New Jersey. * c. Columbia, Maryland. d. Irvine, California.

Page 396 8. Celebration, Florida, is notable for a. its city plan, which calls for homes to re-create the atmosphere of the pre-World War II small town. b. a mixture of both expensive and low-cost housing. c. a model school given a financial boost from the Walt Disney Company. * d. All of the above Page 397 9. The utopian planner most associated with “arcologies” is a. Howard. b. Le Corbusier. * c. Soleri. d. Wright.

Page 399 10. In Frank Lloyd Wright’s ideal world, * a. homes could be constructed in an organic way. b. virtually equal densities would be found throughout the city. c. cars would be abolished. d. a minimal amount of land would be used.

Pages 398-399

11. The utopian visionaries share all of the following features EXCEPT * a. high-population densities. b. financial impracticality. c. sociological naiveté. d. rigidity in their visions.

Page 400 12. Heckscher emphasizes which of the following as being important to urban life? a. squares b. artwork c. architecture * d. All of the above Page 402 13. Toronto, Ontario, is notable for a. efficient metropolitan planning. b. modern and postmodern planning phases. c. its “Official Plan” for the new millennium. * d. All of the above Pages 408-409 14. All of the following are true about city planning EXCEPT a. changing a city’s physical form does not automatically reshape social life. * b. planners should be allowed to control all aspects of how cities are built. c. planning always takes place within a framework of economic and political realities. d. the goals of the planning experiments of the last century have not been met.

Page 413

True/False 15. Ebenezer Howard sought a marriage of town and country. (T) Page 387 16. Urban planning began with Ebenezer Howard. (F) Page 388

17. Early British new towns were anti-growth. (T) Page 391 18. French new towns were designed as “bedroom communities.” (F) Page 392 19. In Canberra, Australia, all business is centrally located for reasons of transportation efficiency. (F) Pages 392-393 20. Brasilia is a model city in Latin America. (F) Page 393 21. The largest planned community in North America is Irvine. (T) Page 397 22. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the principal challenge of rebuilding the city of New Orleans is to avoid piecemeal efforts and to overcome the segregation and poverty problems that existed previously. (T) Page 397 23. Le Corbusier sought to build tall skyscrapers surrounded by huge open spaces. (T) Page 398 24. Soleri continued to develop Wright’s Broadacre City utopia. (F) Page 399 25. Jane Jacobs argues for large-scale citywide planning to improve a city’s diversity.

(F) Page 400 26. Heckscher argues that spatial organization of cities reflects deep cultural values. (T) Page 402

27. The area that was to become the city of Toronto was first established as a trading post in the 17th century. (T) Page 409 28. Essentially, Toronto functions as a single-tiered government. (F) Pages 409-410

Essay/Discussion 29. Discuss the successes and failures of New Towns in Europe, Australia, Brazil, and the United States.

30. What are the problems that New Towns visionaries see with modern cities?

31. Critique the New Towns movement and the utopian visions of Le Corbusier, Wright, and Soleri.

32. Compare and contrast the utopian visions of Le Corbusier, Wright, and Soleri.

33. How do economics, politics, and values make the city planner’s job more difficult?