Art A Brief History, 5E Marilyn Stokstad Test Bank & Instructor Manuals with Test Bank

MyArtsLab

Instructor’s Manual with Testbank for

ART: A BRIEF HISTORY fifth edition

Marilyn Stokstad Michael Cothren

by

Maya Jiménez Kingsborough Community College

..

1

Contents Preface Sample Syllabus Image Transition Guide Introduction Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Introduction Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 ..

Instructors Manual

Test Bank

4 5 9 15 18 20 23 26 29 33 36 39 41 44 47 50 53 56 59 62 64 67 70 73 76 79 84 89 95 103 115 123 129 134 140 146 155 163 173 179 185 189 195 203 212 3

Preface

MyArtsLab Instructor’s Manual

Description Whether you are teaching from Art: A Brief History for the first time or after multiple times, the Instructor’s Manual is designed to provide the following: • An overview on how to effectively integrate MyArtsLab and Art: A Brief History into your course • A syllabus demonstrating how to incorporate MyArtsLab features into your course and grading system • A selection of class discussion topics and questions that can be easily integrated into your course • A selection of MyArtsLab Multimedia Features that can be combined with in- and out-of-class assignments that will enhance the students’ understanding • A callout to important learning objectives, chapter headings, and key terms MyArtsLab is a critical component of Art: A Brief History. If used properly and consistently, MyArtsLab has the opportunity to animate the content of the book and most importantly, the students in your course.

Features MyArtsLab lends itself to a more engaging, personalized and comprehensive educational experience, through the following features: A. E-book and Audio-book suited to different learning styles and lifestyles.

B. Multimedia Features that help to clarify the book content and encourage critical thinking. a. Videos and Podcasts help to explain complicated techniques or ideas b. Architectural Panoramas offer students the opportunity to experience architectural landmarks c. Closer Looks offer an in-depth and up-close understanding of art d. Web Resources encourage further exploration of the artwork e. Documents helps to contextualize the artwork in historical terms C. Study Plan Tests help students understand the facts and concepts, through a personalized approach to test taking.

D. Assignment Calendar can be customized to suit your course, assignments, and deadlines.

E. Discussion platform encourages communication among students and with the instructor.

The Instructor’s Manual highlights the many benefits of MyArtsLab and suggests the multiple ways that it can enhance your teaching and improve your students’ knowledge. The end result is a more motivated, informed and successful student!

--- Maya Jiménez Kingsborough Community College

..

4

Sample Syllabus Survey of Art History

Course Description: This course examines the visual arts, including painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and architecture, from prehistory to the present. While emphasis is placed on the arts of Europe and the United States, those of Latin America, Africa and Asia are also discussed.

Objectives: By the end of the semester, you should: 1. Be familiar with the different types of visual arts, media, and techniques.

2. Understand the development of art across regions and time periods.

3. Understand the relationship of art to historical events and religion.

4. Be familiar with the role of artists and patrons, and the development of the art market.

5. Be able to describe, analyze, and research a work of art using the appropriate terminology.

Required Textbook (with MyArtsLab subscription): Stokstad, Marilyn and Michael W. Cothren, Art: A Brief History. Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2012.

Grading: Study Plan Tests (15%) A series of tests (on http://myartslab.com/) will be assigned in order to prepare students for the Midterm and Final exams. These tests will assess students first on fact-based questions, then on more conceptual ones. As the student progresses in the Study Plan the questions become customized depending on the student’s performance.

Compare and Contrast Paper (30%) You will select a pair of artworks from a list, which will include painting, sculptural, and architectural comparisons, and afterwards write a paper about their similarities and differences. Details will be provided separately.

Midterm Exam (20%) You will complete an exam in class, testing your knowledge on the material covered in class up to that point.

Final Exam (20%) You will complete an exam, testing you on all the material covered this semester.

Attendance, Homework, & Participation (15%) It is not enough to simply attend class; students must also come prepared to actively contribute to in-class discussions and assignments. Students are also responsible for completing all homework assignments, including chapter readings and written assignments, in a timely manner.

Paper Guidelines: You need to choose one of the following pairs and write a paper, keeping in mind the below prompt: In a well-developed essay, EXPLAIN in detail how two works of art are both similar and different, in terms of subject matter, material, technique, style, composition, and iconography. ..

5

It is not sufficient to simply state similarities and differences; you need to INTERPRET what you see. Keep in mind that your audience is a general audience, meaning that you will need to DEFINE any art historical terms.

While this paper does not require research, please keep in mind that if you decide to use ideas or descriptive sentences from another author, you must indicate the source in parentheses, footnotes, or endnotes, and include a Works Cited page.

For additional help on how to write a “Compare and Contrast” essay, visit http://myartslab.com/ Policy on Absences and Tardiness: Absences and lateness are strongly discouraged, and as mentioned above, they will impact your final grade in this class. Whether your absence is excused or unexcused, it still counts as an absence, and you are still responsible for any missed assignments, handouts, and notes.

Policy on Academic Integrity: Any form of academic dishonesty, including plagiarism and cheating will NOT be tolerated. We will devote some class time to discussing this issue, as well as the college’s policy on Academic Integrity.

Disability Statement: Any student with a documented disability must contact the college’s office of Disability Services in order to provide students with adequate academic accommodations and auxiliary aids.

Civility Statement: In order to foster an environment of tolerance and civility in this classroom and across the college, students are asked to be courteous and respectful of others regardless of race, ethnicity, national origin, gender identity and expression, sexual orientation, religion, age, and ability.

Schedule September 8: MyArtsLab Presentation & Review of Syllabus Reading for September 13: Stokstad/Cothren: Introduction September 13: Introduction to Art History Reading for September 15: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapters 1 & 2 September 15: Prehistoric Art & Art of the Ancient Near East Reading for September 20: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 3 September 20: Art of Ancient Egypt Reading for September 22: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 5

..

6

September 22: Art of the Aegean World Reading for September 27: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 5 September 27: Art of Ancient Greece Reading for October 4: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 6 September 29: NO CLASS October 4: Etruscan Art Reading for October 6: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 6 October 6: Roman Art Reading for October 11: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 7 October 11: Jewish, Early Christian, and Byzantine Art Reading for October 13: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 8 October 13: Islamic Art Reading for October 27: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapters 4 & 9 October 18: Early and Later Asian Art Reading for October 20: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 10 October 20: Early Medieval and Romanesque Art Reading for November 1: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 11 October 25: NO CLASS October 27: Gothic Art November 1: MIDTERM EXAM Reading for November 3: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 12 November 3: Early Renaissance Art Reading for November 8: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 13 November 8: Art of the High Renaissance and Reformation Reading for November 10: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 14

..

7

November 10: Seventeenth-Century Art in Europe Reading for November 15: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapters 15 & 16 November 15: Art of the Americas and Africa Reading for November 17: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 17 November 17: European Art, 1715-1840 Reading for November 22: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 17 November 22: American Art, 1715-1840 Reading for November 29: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 18 November 24: NO CLASS November 29: European Art, 1840-1910 Reading for December 1: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 18 December 1: American Art, 1840-1910 Reading for December 6: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 19 December 6: Modern Art in Europe and the Americas, 1900-1945 Reading for December 8: Stokstad/Cothren: Chapter 20 December 8: Art Since 1945 December 13: FINAL EXAM

..

8

Image Transition Guide Ch

Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

I

Leone Leoni, Charles V Triumphing over Fury, without Armor (Fig. Intro-7)

Kiki Smith, Untitled (Fig. Intro-9)

I

Duane Hanson, The Shoppers (Fig. Intro-10)

Clara Peeters, Still Life with Fruit and Flowers (A Closer Look)

I

Corinthian capital from the tholos at Epidaurus (Fig. Intro-11)

Zhu Da (Bada Shanren), Quince (Mugua) (A Closer Look)

I

James Hampton, Throne of the Third Heaven of the Nations’ Millenium General Assembly (Fig. Intro-12)

Artemisia Gentileschi, Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting (Fig. Intro-13)

I

Veronese, The Triumph of Venice (Fig. Intro-15)

Alice Neel, Self-Portrait (Fig. Intro-14)

I

Honoré Daumier, Rue Transonain, Le 15 Avril 1834 (Fig. Intro-16)

Le Corbusier, Nôtre-Dame-du-Haut (Fig. Intro-15)

I

Il Guernico, Saint Luke Displaying a Painting of the Virgin (Fig. Intro-18)

I

Dale Chihuly, Violet Persian Set with Red Lip Wraps (Fig. Intro-19)

I

Christine de Pizan Presenting Her Book to the Queen of France (Fig. Intro-23)

I

Frank Lloyd Wright, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (Fig. Intro-25)

I

Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Phidias and the Frieze of the Parthenon Athens (Fig. Intro-26)

I

The Farnese Hercules, copy of The Weary Hercules by Lysippos (Fig. Intro-30)

1

Woman from Brassempouy (Fig. 1-3)

1

People and Animals (Fig. 1-11)

1

Plan, village of Skara Brae (Fig. 1-13)

1

House interior, Skara Brae (Fig. 1-14)

1

Horse and Sun-Chariot (Fig. 1-18)

2

Reconstruction drawing of the Anu Ziggurat and White Temple (Fig. 2-2)

..

Men Taunting a Deer (?) (Fig. 1-10)

Ruins and reconstruction drawing of the Anu Ziggurat and White Temple (Fig. 2-2)

9

Ch

Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

2

Carved vessel (with two details) (Fig. 2-3)

Carved vessel (A) with a detail of the figure of the Goddess Inanna (B) (Fig. 2-3)

2

Cylinder seal (Fig. 2-8)

Cylinder seal and its modern impression (Fig. 2-6)

2

Woman Spinning (Fig. 2-14)

Air view of the ceremonial complex (including at right background the Audience Hall) of Darius I and Xerxes I, Persepolis (Fig. 2-15)

2

Apadan (Audience Hall) of Darius I and Xerxes I (Fig. 2-17)

2

Darius and Xerxes Receiving Tribute (Fig. 2-18)

3

Plan of Djoser’s Funerary Complex, Saqqara (Fig. 3-4)

Reconstruction of Djoser’s Funerary Complex (Fig. 3-3)

3

Valley Temple of Khafre (Fig. 3-7)

Seated Scribe (Fig. 3-8)

3

Queen Tiy (Fig. 3-21)

Colossal Figure of Akhenaten (Fig. 3-17)

4

Bodhisattva (Fig. 4-8)

Bodhisattva (Fig. 4-8)

4

Four Great River Valley Civilizations of the Ancient World (Map 4-2)

Crown (Fig. 4-20)

5

Seated Harp Player (Fig. 5-2)

Figure of a Woman with a drawing showing evidence of original painting and outlining design scheme (Fig. 5-2)

5

Man and Centaur (Map 5-14)

Sculpture from the west pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina (Fig. 5-15)

5

Women at a Fountain House (Fig. 5-20)

Krater with the Death of Sarpedon (A Closer Look)

5

Charioteer (Fig. 5-23)

Dying Warrior (Fig. 5-16)

5

Model of the Athenian Acropolis in c. 400 BCE (Fig. 5-25)

Dying Warrior (Fig. 5-17)

5

Parthenon (Fig. 5-26a)

Reconstruction of the Acropolis, Athens, in c. 400 BCE (Fig. 5-25)

5

Porch of the Maidens (Fig. 5-31)

Exterior view of Parthenon from the northwest (Fig. 5-2)

5

Temple of the Olympian Zeus (Fig. 5-38)

Man Scraping Himself (Fig. 5-35)

6

She-Wolf (Fig. 6-1)

Ficoroni Cista (Fig. 6-1)

..

10

Ch

Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

6

Reconstruction drawing and plan of the house of Pansa (Map 6-16)

Plan and reconstruction drawing (Fig. 6-15)

6

Atrium, House of the Silver Wedding (Fig. 6-17)

Peristyle garden (Fig. 6-16)

6

Detail of a wall painting in the House of M. Lucretius Fronto (Fig. 6-19)

Wall painting in the “Ixion Room” (Fig. 6-18)

6

Model of the Forum Romanum and Imperial Forum, Rome (Fig. 6-25)

Model of Imperial Rome (Fig. 6-24)

6

Schematic drawing of the Pantheon situated at the end of its original rectangular forecourt (Fig. 6-29)

Column of Trajan (Fig. 6-26)

6

Young Woman Writing (Fig. 6-32)

Portrait of a Married Couple (Fig. 6-31)

7

Synagogue floor (Fig. 7-4)

The Mosaic Floor of the Beth Alpha Synagogue (A Closer Look)

7

The Good Shepherd with Adam and Eve after the Fall (Fig. 7-6)

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus (Fig. 7-11)

7

Archangel Michael (Fig. 7-23)

The Infant Virgin Mary Caressed by Her Parents (Joachim and Anna) (Fig. 7-24)

7

Interior, Cathedral of Santa Sophia (Fig. 7-27)

8

Bahram Gur with the Indian Princess in her Black Pavilion (Fig. 8-15)

Abu Zayd Preaching in a Mosque (Fig. 8-1)

8

Hamza’s Spies Scale the Fortress (Fig. 8-17)

Islamic Mosque and Cultural Center (Fig. 8-18)

8

Taj Mahal (Fig. 8-18)

8

Mosque at New Gourna (Fig. 8-21)

9

Womb World Mandala (Fig. 9-17)

Taj Mahal (Fig. 9-1)

9

Teabowl, called Mount Fuji (fig. 9-24)

Jahangir and Shah Abbas (Fig. 9-5)

9

Picnic at the Lotus Pond (Fig. 9-19)

9

Teabowl, called Yugure (“Twilight”)

10

..

Reconstruction drawing of the Palace Chapel of Charlemagne (Fig. 10-7)

Section Drawing of Palace Chapel of Charlemagne (Fig. 10-7A)

11

Ch

Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

10

Dover Castle (Fig. 10-19)

Cathedral Complex, Pisa (Fig. 10-20)

10

Modena Cathedral (Fig. 10-20)

South portal and porch, showing Christ in Majesty, Priory Church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac (Fig. 10-22)

10

The Magi Asleep and The Flight Into Egypt (Fig. 1027)

The Flight Into Egypt (Fig. 10-24)

10

Detail of Odo Blessing (Fig. 10-30)

11

Pulpit, Baptistery, Cathedral of Pisa (Fig. 11-27)

Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds (Fig. 11-23)

12

Miniature with Thamyris from Giovanni Boccaccio’s De Claris Mulieribus (Concerning Famous Women) (Fig. 12-3)

Ghent Altarpiece (Fig. 12-4)

12

Jan Van Eyck, The Annunciation (Fig. 12-5)

The City of Nuremberg, from the Nuremberg Chronicle (Fig. 12-9)

12

The Buxheim Saint Christopher (Fig. 12-10)

12

View of an Ideal City (Fig. 12-19)

13

Giovanni Bellini, The Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints (Fig. 13-16)

Bronzino, Allegory with Venus and Cupid (Fig. 1325)

13

Capponi Chapel, Church of Santa Felicita (Fig. 1326)

Hans Holbein the Younger, The French Ambassadors (A Closer Look)

13

Bronzino, Portrait of a Young Man (Fig. 13-28)

13

Tilman Riemenschneider, Altarpiece of the Holy Blood (Fig. 13-33)

13

Hans Holbein the Younger, Henry VIII (Fig. 13-39)

14

Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, The Esquilache Immaculate Conception (Fig. 14-14)

14

Sebastian Salcedo, Our Lady of Guadalupe (Fig. 14-15)

14

Frans Hals, Catharina Hooft and her Nurse (Fig. 14-20)

Francisco de Zurbarán, St. Serapion (Fig. 14-16)

14

Rembrandt, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (Fig. 14-21)

Frans Hals, Isaac Massa and Beatrix van der Laen (Fig. 14-20)

14

Germain Boffrand, Salon de la Princesse (Fig. 1435)

André Le Nôtre, Plan of the Gardens of the Palais de Versailles (Fig. 14-32)

..

Francesco Borromini, Exterior view (A) and plan (B) of the Church of San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane (Fig. 14-6) Francesco Borromini, View into the dome of the Church of San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane (Fig. 147)

12

Ch

Images Removed from 4th Edition

14

Jean-Antoine Watteau, The Pilgrimage to Cythera (Fig. 14-36)

14

Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Meeting (Fig. 14-37)

15

Sun Dagger Solar Market at Equinox (Fig. 15-1)

Offering 4, La Venta (Fig. 15-1)

15

The Moon Goddess, Coyolxauhqui (Fig. 15-10)

Aztec Calendar Stone (A Closer Look)

15

Bill Reid, The Spirit of Haida Gwaii (Fig. 15-32)

Chilkat Blanket (Fig. 15-30)

16

Head of a king (Fig. 16-3)

Crowned head of a ruler (Fig. 16-1)

16

Chair (Fig. 16-9)

Drawing of Great Zimbabwe (Fig. 16-7)

16

Pierre Legrain, Tabouret (Fig. 16-10)

Ngady Mwaash Mask (Fig. 16-16)

17

Johann Zoffany, Academicians of the Royal Academy (Fig. 17-5)

Germain Boffrand, Salon de la Princesse (Fig. 172)

17

George Caleb Bingham, Fur Traders Descending the Missouri (Fig. 17-26)

Jean-Antoine Watteau, The Pilgrimage to Cythera (Fig. 17-3)

17

Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, The Artist’s Studio (Fig. 17-27)

Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Meeting (Fig. 17-4)

17

William Henry Fox Talbot, The Open Door (Fig. 17-28)

Honoré Daumier, Rue Transnonain, Le 15 Avril 1834 (Fig. 17-21)

17

Julia Margaret Cameron, Portrait of Thomas Carlyle (Fig. 17-29)

Caspar David Friedrich, Monk by the Sea (Fig. 1728)

17

Gustave Courbet, A Burial at Ornans (Fig. 17-30)

17

Jean-Francois Millet, The Gleaners (Fig. 17-31)

17

Rosa Bonheur, Plowing in the Nivernais: The Dressing of the Vines (Fig. 17-32)

17

Ilya Repin, Bargehaulers on the Volga (Fig. 17-33)

18

Timothy O’Sullivan, Ancient Ruins in the Cañon de Chelley, Arizona (Fig. 18-12)

Charles Garnier, The Opéra (Fig. 18-2)

18

Paul Signac, Place des Lices, Saint-Tropez (Fig. 18-32)

Jean-Léon Gérôme, The Snake Charmer (Fig. 185)

..

Images Added to the 5th Edition

13

Ch

Images Removed from 4th Edition

18

Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, The Artist’s Studio (Fig. 18-12)

18

William Henry Fox Talbot, The Open Door (Fig. 18-13)

18

Timothy O’Sullivan, The Home of the Rebel Sharpshooter: Battlefield at Gettysburg (Fig. 1814)

18

Julia Margaret Cameron, Portrait of Thomas Carlyle (Fig. 18-15)

18

Gustave Courbet, A Burial at Ornans (Fig. 18-16)

18

Jean-Francois Millet, The Gleaners (Fig. 18-17)

18

Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair (Fig. 18-18)

18

Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Moulin de la Galette (Fig. 18-27)

18

Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Luncheon of the Boating Party (Fig. 18-23)

19

Liubov Popova, Architectonic Painting (Fig. 19-16)

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain (Fig. 19-16)

19

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain (second version) (Fig. 19-18)

Hannah Höch, Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife Through the Last Weimer Beer-Belly… (Fig. 19-17)

19

Georgia O’Keeffe, City Night (Fig. 19-19)

20

Bridget Riley, Current (Fig. 20-16)

Shigeyuki Kihara, Ulugal’I Samoa: Samoan Couple (Fig. 20-32)

20

Betye Saar, The Liberation of Aunt Jemima (Fig. 20-25)

Shirin Neshat, Rebellious Silence (Fig. 20-33)

20

Shirin Neshat, Production still from Fervor (Fig. 20-37)

Kara Walker, Darkytown Rebellion (Fig. 20-34)

20

Jennifer Steinkamp, Jimmy Carter (Fig. 20-38)

Bill Viola, The Crossing (Fig. 20-38)

20

..

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Dale Chihuly, The Sun (Fig. 20-40)

14

I Introduction Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Explain the criteria used to identify and characterize those cultural artifacts we label as “art.”

• Identify and distinguish among the different types of visual arts and various modes of visual representation.

• Explain how subject matter and iconography help art historians situate works of art in cultural contexts.

• Explain the role of artists and patrons in society.

• Explain the discipline of art history.

Chapter at a Glance What Is Art?: Modes of Representation “Real” and “Ideal” Bodies Finding Meaning A Closer Look: Iconography Art and Ritual Art as Sociopolitical Commentary Who Are Artists?: Art and Its Contexts: Art and Architecture Who Are Patrons?

What Is Art History?: Art and Its Contexts: Restoring the Past: The Laocoön What Is a Viewer’s Role and Responsibility?

Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Leone Leoni, Charles V Triumphing over Fury, without Armor (Fig. Intro-7)

Kiki Smith, Untitled (Fig. Intro-9)

Duane Hanson, The Shoppers (Fig. Intro-10)

Clara Peeters, Still Life with Fruit and Flowers (A Closer Look)

Corinthian capital from the tholos at Epidaurus (Fig. Intro-11)

Zhu Da (Bada Shanren), Quince (Mugua) (A Closer Look)

James Hampton, Throne of the Third Heaven of the Nations’ Millenium General Assembly (Fig. Intro-12)

Artemisia Gentileschi, Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting (Fig. Intro-13)

Veronese, The Triumph of Venice (Fig. Intro-15)

Honoré Daumier, Rue Transonain, Le 15 Avril 1834 (Fig. Intro-16)

..

Alice Neel, Self-Portrait (Fig. Intro-14)

Le Corbusier, Nôtre-Dame-du-Haut (Fig. Intro-15)

15

Il Guernico, Saint Luke Displaying a Painting of the Virgin (Fig. Intro-18) Dale Chihuly, Violet Persian Set with Red Lip Wraps (Fig. Intro-19) Christine de Pizan Presenting Her Book to the Queen of France (Fig. Intro-23) Frank Lloyd Wright, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (Fig. Intro-25) Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Phidias and the Frieze of the Parthenon Athens (Fig. Intro-26) The Farnese Hercules, copy of The Weary Hercules by Lysippos (Fig. Intro-30)

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Closer Look: Prologue: Iconography Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: Ask students to go home and select an object (NOT an artwork) in their home that they consider to be art. They will then present their object and reasoning to the class. The point of this assignment is to demonstrate the different values of art and how these can be determined on an individual basis.

In-Class Assignment: Watch A Closer Look: Iconography and discuss the difference between visual description and interpretation. Describe the objects in the still life, as well as analyze them.

Key Terms Abstraction Connoisseurship Iconography Nonrepresentational

Patron Realism Still life Trompe l’oeil

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Question: What is Art? And what can we learn from it?

Question: What is Art History? And why is it an important field of study?

..

16

Think About It I.1 How would you define a work of art?

I.2 Compare one naturalistic and one stylized painting. How would you characterize the difference in representational mode? Why would an artist choose one or the other?

I.3 Identify the conventional subjects and symbolism of one specific painting in the Introduction and discuss how this subject matter takes on further meaning when understood in its cultural context.

I.4 What do the self-portraits of Artemisia Gentileschi and Alice Neel tell us about the way they conceived of themselves as an artist? Compare what are they trying to accomplish in these paintings with Kiki Smith’s goals in Untitled.

..

17

CHAPTER

1 Prehistoric Art of Europe Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Explain the motifs and meanings of Paleolithic cave art.

• Explain the importance of human figurines in prehistoric art.

• Explain the architectural differences and innovations that took place from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic period.

Chapter at a Glance The Upper Paleolithic Period (c. 42,000-8000 BCE): Artifacts or Works of Art? Art and Its Contexts: The Power of Naming Shelter or Architecture?

Cave Painting Art and Its Contexts: The Meaning(s) of Prehistoric Paintings Cave Sculptures The Neolithic Period (c. 6500-3400/2300 BCE): Çatalhöyük A Closer Look: A House in Çatalhöyük Ceramics Art and Its Contexts: Neolithic Man and Woman Megalithic Architecture Elements of Architecture: Post-and-Lintel and Corbel Construction Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Woman from Brassempouy (Fig. 1-3)

Men Taunting a Deer (?) (Fig. 1-10)

People and Animals (Fig. 1-11) Plan, village of Skara Brae (Fig. 1-13) House interior, Skara Brae (Fig. 1-14) Horse and Sun-Chariot (Fig. 1-18)

..

18

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Closer Looks: Stonehenge Web Resources: Panorama of Stonehenge Stonehenge Architectural Simulations: Post and Lintel Construction Videos and Podcasts: Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: After viewing the Architectural Simulation: Post and Lintel Construction, ask students to identify and photograph buildings that they are familiar with, either at the college, in their community, or in the city, that rely on the post-and-lintel or corbel construction method. The students should provide at least one photograph of one of these methods.

In-Class Assignment: Ask students to discuss the possibilities of how they think the Stonehenge was built, how the Sarsen stones were transported from 20 miles away, and how they were then raised in the post-and-lintel manner. Afterwards, show them the Closer Look: Stonehenge feature to resolve the issue.

Key Terms Attributes Ceramics Corbel vault Dolmen Capstones Henge

Megalithic Modeling Passage graves Post-and-Lintel Sculpture in the round

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Discussion Topic: Discuss the importance of female fertility, as evidenced by the human figurines, and animal hunting, as seen in the cave paintings, in prehistoric society. This discussion should reveal the cultural values of a nomadic and hunter-gatherer society.

Question: In your opinion, what do the hidden locations of the Vézère Valley caves suggest?

Why did they not make them more accessible?

Think About It 1.1 What common motifs are found in the cave paintings of southern France and northern Spain? Summarize current theories about their meanings.

1.2 What do we learn about the life of Neolithic humans from the remains of their habitations at Çatalhöyük?

1.3 Evaluate the way the human figure is represented in Paleolithic and Neolithic figurines. Using specific examples, suggest reasons for the differences.

1.4 Discuss current theories on the purpose and use of Stonehenge.

..

19

CHAPTER

2 Art of the Ancient Near East Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Understand the importance of Mesopotamia in ancient times and identify the different cultures that emerged from this fertile region.

• Explain the different methods that ancient Near Eastern rulers employed to communicate power and religion, via portraiture, narratives, and architecture.

• Identify the distinctive architectural features that emerged from the ancient Near East.

Chapter at a Glance Sumer: Art and Its Contexts: Art as Spoils of War—Protection or Theft?

Akkad, Ur, and Lagash: A Closer Look: Animal Fables and Epic Themes Babylon Assyria Neo-Babylonia: Art and Its Context: The Ishtar Gate and Nebuchadnezzar II’s Palace Persia Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Reconstruction drawing of the Anu Ziggurat and White Temple (Fig. 2-2)

Ruins and reconstruction drawing of the Anu Ziggurat and White Temple (Fig. 2-2)

Carved vessel (with two details) (Fig. 2-3)

Carved vessel (A) with a detail of the figure of the Goddess Inanna (B) (Fig. 2-3)

Cylinder seal (Fig. 2-8)

Cylinder seal and its modern impression (Fig. 2-6)

Woman Spinning (Fig. 2-14)

Air view of the ceremonial complex (including at right background the Audience Hall) of Darius I and Xerxes I, Persepolis (Fig. 2-15)

Apadan (Audience Hall) of Darius I and Xerxes I (Fig. 2-17) Darius and Xerxes Receiving Tribute (Fig. 2-18)

..

20

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Closer Looks: Cuneiform Writing in Sumeria The Ishtar Gate The Stele of Naram-Sin Web Resources: British Museum on Iraq Chicago’s Oriental Institute Louvre feature on the Code of Hammurabi Panorama of Persepolis The British Museum on Mesopotamia Documents: Texts on Gudea Figures from Lagash and Surrounding Areas [ca. 2100 BCE] The Code of Hammurabi [1790 BCE] Videos and Podcasts: Persepolis Sculpture Carving (Relief) The Iraq Museum Reopens Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: Ask students to view, at home, Closer Look: The Stele of Naram-Sin and the Web Resource: Louvre feature on the Code of Hammurabi, and then explain how NaramSin and Hammurabi depict themselves as rulers in either a similar or different manner. The students need to make sure to refer to specific examples and points mentioned in these multimedia features.

In-Class Assignment: After viewing Video: Persepolis, discuss how the Ceremonial Complex of Darius and Xerxes reveals the cultural diversity of the Persian Empire.

Key Terms Alabaster Cylinder seals Conventions Cuneiform Hieratic scale Lamassu Mesopotamia

Pictographs Relief sculpture Registers Scribes Stele Votive figures Ziggurats

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Discussion Topic: Mesopotamia and the Nile River Valley were sought out locations in ancient times as a result of their proximity to water. Engage the students on the subject of the environment, demonstrating its importance in establishing and sustaining ancient societies.

Question: After reading collectively in class, “Art and Its Contexts: Art as Spoils of War— Protection or Theft?” (page 35) discuss the protection of cultural patrimony and the issue of repatriation. Should the Stele of Naram-Sin and Code of Hammurabi be returned to Iraq or the Rosetta Stone to Egypt? ..

21

Think About It 2.1 Discuss the development of relief sculpture in the ancient Near East, focusing on the Sumerian vessel in Figure 2-3 and the Assyrian plaque in Figure 2-12. How are symbols and stories combined to express important ideas?

2.2 Discuss how precious materials are used in the Lyre with bull’s head from Ur. How do the stories recalled by the scenes of the lyre relate to the culture that produced it?

2.3 Select two rulers discussed in this chapter and explain how each preserved his legacy through works of art and/or architecture.

2.4 What are the distinctive features of the Sumerian ziggurat? What led to its development?

..

22

CHAPTER

3 Art of Ancient Egypt Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Identify and distinguish among the different periods of Ancient Egypt.

• Explain the different pictorial conventions for depicting royalty and ordinary people.

• Explain the evolution of royal portraiture from the Old Kingdom to the New Kingdom.

• Explain the architectural innovations introduced from the Old Kingdom to the New Kingdom.

• Explain the importance and technique of relief carving in Ancient Egypt.

• Identify certain Ancient Egyptian symbols and hieroglyphs.

• Explain the religious beliefs of Ancient Egyptians, as evidenced in their mummies, tombs, and temples.

Chapter at a Glance Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom Egypt (c. 2950-2150 BCE): A Closer Look: The Palette of Narmer Elements of Architecture: Mastaba to Pyramid Art and Its Contexts: Egyptian Symbols Middle Kingdom (c. 1975-1640 BCE): New Kingdom (c. 1539-1075 BCE): Art and Its Contexts: The Tomb of Ramose Techniques: Mummies Late Egyptian Art Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Plan of Djoser’s Funerary Complex, Saqqara (Fig. 3-4)

Reconstruction of Djoser’s Funerary Complex (Fig. 3-3)

Valley Temple of Khafre (Fig. 3-7)

Seated Scribe (Fig. 3-8)

Queen Tiy (Fig. 3-21)

Colossal Figure of Akhenaten (Fig. 3-17)

..

23

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Simulations: Mastaba to Pyramid Documents: A Hymn to Aten Videos and Podcasts: Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis Closer Looks: Akhenaten and His Family Temple of Queen Hatshepsut The Palette of Narmer Web Resources: Memphis and Its Necropolis- The Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur Metropolitan Museum of Art: Egyptian Collection PBS Nova site on the Pyramids of Giza Pyramid Complex of Djoser Seated Scribe (Louvre Closer Look feature) Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: Compare and contrast the architecture of the Old Kingdom with that of the New Kingdom. Since the Old Kingdom was known as the “Age of the Pyramids” introduce the Stepped Pyramid of Djoser and Pyramids of Giza (utilizing the Architectural Simulation: Mastaba to Pyramid to lay the groundwork), and compare these with the symmetry and rock-cut architecture of the Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut (make sure to use the Closer Look: Temple of Queen Hatshepsut feature for this example). After you’ve shown the students the MyArtsLab features and explained the assignment, ask them to write down what they consider to be the main differences between the architecture of both kingdoms. Their responses should primarily reflect how the layouts of these buildings reveal a difference in purpose and funerary rituals.

In-Class Assignment: Visit the Web Resource: PBS Nova site on the Pyramids of Giza and click on “Launch Interactive,” then on “Khufu Pyramid,” and then on “Inside Khufu,” “Cross Section,” and “View from Top.” These features will show students the dimensions and interior of the pyramid; afterwards you can ask them how they think the pyramids were built to such perfection (especially since Khufu’s Chamber is located almost at the exact center of the pyramid).

Key Terms Ankh Clerestory Colonnade Encaustic Hieroglyph Hypostyle hall

..

Mastaba Necropolis Palette Papyrus Pylon Scarab Sunken relief

24

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Discussion Topic: Utilizing the sculpture of Menkaure and a Queen and the Kneeling Figure of Hatshepsut, discuss gender roles in Ancient Egypt. You can also bring in the Pyramids of Giza, which illustrate the patriarchy of Ancient Egypt since queens were buried separately from their pharaohs in smaller pyramids located near the main ones.

Question: Which is more effective in communicating a sense of power, the naturalism of the Amarna style (as evidenced in the Colossal Figure of Akhenaten and Nefertiti) or the stiffness of Old Kingdom royal portraiture (as evidenced in Khafre)? Explain why you think so.

Question: What about Ancient Egyptian culture do you think permitted the civilization to be as successful and long lasting? Explain your reasoning.

Think About It 3.1 Discuss the conventions of representing the human figure in ancient Egypt, using the Palette of Narmer as an example.

3.2 Explain how depictions of royalty differ from those of ordinary people in ancient Egyptian art, citing one specific example of each.

3.3 Compare the subject, style, and technique of the reliefs from the tomb of Ramose in Fig. 3-18 and the time of Akhenaten in Fig. 3-19.

3.4 Summarize the religious beliefs of ancient Egypt with regard to the afterlife, and explain how these beliefs inspired specific traditions in architecture.

..

25

CHAPTER

4 Early Asian Art Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Understand the defining characteristics of early Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean art.

• Explain the origins, development, and symbols of Buddhism in India and throughout Asia in China, Japan, and Korea.

• Explain the origins and development of Confucianism in China.

Chapter at a Glance The Indian Subcontinent: The Indus Civilization Art and Its Contexts: Buddhism The Vedic Period The Rise of Buddhism Elements of Architecture: Stupas Gandhara and Mathura Styles Art and Its Contexts: Buddhist Symbols Gupta Period Art and Its Contexts: Hinduism Southeast Asia China The Bronze Age Chinese Empires: Qin, Han, and Tang Art and Its Contexts: Confucianism Art and Its Contexts: The Silk Route and the Making of Silk A Closer Look: A Rubbing of a Stone Relief Art and Its Contexts: Calligraphy Korea Japan The Kofun Period The Asuka Period Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Bodhisattva (Fig. 4-8)

Bodhisattva (Fig. 4-8)

Four Great River Valley Civilizations of the Ancient World (Map 4-2)

Crown (Fig. 4-20)

..

26

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Panoramas: Borobudur Great Stupa, Sanchi Closer Looks: The Great Stupa at Sanchi Large Seated buddha with Standing Bodhisattva Rubbing of a stone relief Architectural Simulations: Stupas and Temples Pagodas Web Resources: Terra-cotta Soldiers from the Tomb of Emperor Shihuangdi The Bronze Age in China Horyu-ji Temple Inner Shrine at Ise Documents: Buddhacharita [100 CE] Sermon of the Buddha [ca. 563-483 BCE] Videos and Podcasts: Borobudur Temple Compounds Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Elephanta Caves The Hindu Temple Appreciating Chinese Calligraphy Ceramics Chinese Buddhist Cave Shrines Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor Working Jade Ancient Temples of Nara Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: First view the Video: Elephanta Caves and then try to find any similarities between the Elephanta Caves in India and the Vézère Valley caves in France. Explain what you think these similarities might suggest about their respective cultures.

In-Class Assignment: Watch the Video: Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, and afterwards ask students how funerary practices in Ancient Egypt compare to Early China. Use the Pyramid of Khufu and Mausoleum of Shihuangdia (First Qin Emperor) as examples. The discussion should touch on the importance of the afterlife in both cultures, but also on how the differences in objects with which they chose to be buried reflect a difference in cultural values.

..

27

Key Terms Axis mundi Bay Bodhisattva Bracket Buddha Calligraphy Chakra Confucius Haniwa Lacquer

Mausoleum Module Mudra Pagoda Reliquary Shiva Stupa Torana Urna Ushnisha

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Discussion Topic: Ask students to discuss the benefits and disadvantages of the Silk Route, in regards to cultural exchange and isolation.

Question: How does Buddhism compare to Hinduism and Confucianism in regards to their message, god(s), and principles?

Think About It 4.1 Choose an early Indian image of the Buddha and discuss the specific features that allow you to identify him as the person represented.

4.2 What is the relationship between early stupas in India and later pagodas in China and Japan? Build your answer on a discussion of two specific examples, a stupa and a pagoda.

4.3 Summarize the main tenets of Confucianism. How does the image in the “A Closer Look” box give visual form to Confucian philosophy?

4.4 Discuss those elements of the Ise shrine that express indigenous Japanese artistic tendencies.

..

28

CHAPTER

5 Art of Ancient Greece and the Aegean World Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Understand the importance of archaeology in reconstructing the history of Aegean cultures.

• Identify and distinguish among the different periods of Ancient Greece.

• Explain the defining stylistic traits and innovations of each period, in regards to architecture, sculpture, and painting (fresco and vase painting).

• Explain how mythology and history shaped the art of Ancient Greece.

Chapter at a Glance The Cycladic Islands Minoan Crete: Art and Its Contexts: Mythology and History Mycenaean (Late Bronze Age) Civilization The Emergence of Greek Civilization: The Geometric Style The Archaic Period Elements of Architecture: The Greek Temple Art and Its Contexts: Color in Greek Sculpture A Closer Look: Krater with the Death of Sarpedon The Early Classical Period Arts and Its Contexts: Classic and Classical The “High” Classical Period: The Parthenon Art and Its Contexts: The Canon of Polykleitos Other Buildings of the Athenian Acropolis Late Classical Art of the Fourth Century BCE Hellenistic Art: Art and Its Contexts: Women Artists in Greece Elements of Architecture: Greek Theaters Art and Its Contexts: The Celts

..

29

Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Seated Harp Player (Fig. 5-2)

Figure of a Woman with a drawing showing evidence of original painting and outlining design scheme (Fig. 5-2)

Man and Centaur (Map 5-14)

Sculpture from the west pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina (Fig. 5-15)

Women at a Fountain House (Fig. 5-20)

Krater with the Death of Sarpedon (A Closer Look)

Charioteer (Fig. 5-23)

Dying Warrior (Fig. 5-16)

Model of the Athenian Acropolis in c. 400 BCE (Fig. 5-25)

Dying Warrior (Fig. 5-17)

Parthenon (Fig. 5-26a)

Reconstruction of the Acropolis, Athens, in c. 400 BCE (Fig. 5-25)

Porch of the Maidens (Fig. 5-31)

Exterior view of Parthenon from the northwest (Fig. 5-2)

Temple of the Olympian Zeus (Fig. 5-38)

Man Scraping Himself (Fig. 5-35)

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Simulations: Corbel Construction Greek Orders Web Resources: Museum of Cycladic Art Mycenaean Tholos Tombs The Palace of Knossos and Its Surroundings (3D Virtual Reality Tour) The Metropolitan Museum of Art Greek Galleries Closer Looks: Funerary Vase (Krater) The Euphronios Krater Videos and Podcasts: Lost-Wax Bronze Casting A Closer Look: A closer look at the Winged Victory of Samothrace Greek Sculpture (BBC: How Art Made the World)

..

30

Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: After viewing the Architectural Simulation: Greek Orders, ask students to identify and photograph buildings that they are familiar with, either at the college, in their community, or in the city, that feature the Doric, Ionic, and/or Corinthian Order.

The students should provide at least two photographs, one for each order.

In-Class Assignment: After viewing the Video: A Closer Look at the Winged Victory of Samothrace, ask students to identify characteristics that the sculptor borrowed from the previous periods of Ancient Greece. They should mention various traits of the Classical Period, including contrapposto and wet drapery technique.

Key Terms Amphora Archaic Black-figure technique Canon Caryatid Contrapposto Corinthian order Doric order Foreshortening Ionic order Kouros/Kore

Krater Nike Modeling Mosaic Megaron Red-figure technique Relieving arch Tesserae Tholos tomb Torc

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Discussion Topic: Show in class a group of unknown Greek sculptures, by which I mean ones that are not in Art: A Brief History (e.g. Berlin Kore). Ask the students if the sculpture on view is from the Greek Geometric, Archaic, Early Classical, “High” Classical, Late Classical, or Hellenistic period, and why they think so. The importance of this discussion is to make sure the students understand the identifying characteristics and advancements of each period.

Question: The new Acropolis Museum in Athens, Greece (which opened in 2008) has on exhibit the metope, frieze, and pediment sculptures from the Parthenon. While most of the sculptures on view are original, there are parts that are reconstructions, since the originals are at the British Museum. Famously known as the Elgin Marbles, these sculptures were removed from the Parthenon by Lord Elgin and shipped to Britain from 1801 to 1805. Should they be returned to Greece after the British Museum has conserved and preserved them for so many years?

..

31

Think About It 5.1 Choose one work from the ancient Aegean and explain how archaeologists and art historians have used it to understand the history and values of the culture that produced it.

5.2 Compare the approach to representing the male nude in the Anavysos Kouros (Fig. 5-20) and the Kritios Boy (Fig. 5-22). What changes over time and what remains constant?

5.3 Define the term “High Classicism” discussing one building and one work of sculpture that exemplify it. What are the value judgments that underlie this art-historical category?

5.4 How do Hellenistic sculptures depart from Classical norms?

..

32

CHAPTER

6 Etruscan and Roman Art Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Explain the funerary customs, style, and materials of the Etruscans.

• Identify and distinguish between the veristic and idealized portrait styles of the Romans.

• Explain the architectural innovations employed by the Romans.

• Identify and distinguish among the different styles of Roman wall painting.

• Explain the ways that Roman imperial propaganda factored into art and architecture.

Chapter at a Glance The Etruscans The Romans The Republican Period: Art and Its Contexts: Roman Portraiture Elements of Architecture: Arch and Vault The Age of Augustus: A Closer Look: Gemma Augustea The Roman House and Its Decoration: Technique: Roman Mosaics The Empire: Imperial Art and Architecture Elements of Architecture: Roman Architectural Orders Portraits in Sculpture and Painting The Late Empire Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

She-Wolf (Fig. 6-1)

Ficoroni Cista (Fig. 6-1)

Reconstruction drawing and plan of the house of Pansa (Map 6-16)

Plan and reconstruction drawing (Fig. 6-15)

Atrium, House of the Silver Wedding (Fig. 6-17)

Peristyle garden (Fig. 6-16)

Detail of a wall painting in the House of M. Lucretius Fronto (Fig. 6-19)

Wall painting in the “Ixion Room” (Fig. 6-18)

Model of the Forum Romanum and Imperial Forum, Rome (Fig. 6-25)

Model of Imperial Rome (Fig. 6-24)

..

33

Schematic drawing of the Pantheon situated at the end of its original rectangular forecourt (Fig. 6-29)

Column of Trajan (Fig. 6-26)

Young Woman Writing (Fig. 6-32)

Portrait of a Married Couple (Fig. 6-31)

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Panoramas: Basilica Nova (Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine) Colosseum (Rome, Italy, 211-217) Pantheon (Rome, Italy, c. 118-128) Closer Looks: The Column of Trajan The Forum Romanum and Imperial Forums Architectural Simulations: Barrel and Groin Vaults Concrete Round Arch Documents: Plutarch (ca. 46 after 119 CE), Parallel Lives of Greeks and Romans Videos and Podcasts: Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) The Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum) Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: After viewing the Architectural Simulation: Barrel and Groin Vaults and Architectural Simulation: Round Arch, ask students to identify and photograph buildings that they are familiar with, either at the college, in their community, or in the city, that feature the barrel and groin vaults, and the round arch. The students should provide at least two photographs, one for each example.

In-Class Assignment: Use the Architectural Panorama: Pantheon and Architectural Simulation: Concrete features to set up the following question: How does the Parthenon, considered the Canon of Greek Classical architecture, compare to the Pantheon? Explain what architectural attributes the Romans borrow from the Greeks, and which ones they innovate. Students should highlight differences in material and design, and similarities in terms of purpose and optical illusions.

..

34

Key Terms Apotheosis Aqueduct Arcade Barrel vault Basilica Buttressing Composite order Coffer Forum Groin vault

Keystone Oculus Round arch Rotunda Sarcophagi Terracotta Tuscan order Verism Voussoir

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Discussion Topic: Ancient Greece and Rome are considered the basis of Western Civilization. Discuss how we can see these influences in American society (e.g. democracy, Republic, etc.).

Question: How do the Romans document history similar or different from the Greeks? And what does this say about their respective culture? Make sure to provide specific examples of artworks that reflect either a similarity or difference.

Question: Do you think that it’s fair to say that there is nothing “Roman” about Roman art, since it borrows so much from Greece? Explain.

Think About It 6.1 What subjects are used in Etruscan tomb paintings and sarcophagi to celebrate the vitality of human life in these monuments for the dead?

6.2 Explain how the Roman interest in portraits grew out of early funerary rituals.

6.3 What sorts of themes are found in the murals of Roman houses in Pompeii?

6.4 Discuss how Roman emperors used public monuments as imperial propaganda, focusing your discussion on two specific examples included in this chapter.

..

35

CHAPTER

7 Jewish, Early Christian, and Byzantine Art Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Explain how the origins of early Jewish and Christian art developed from the artistic traditions of the Romans.

• Identify and distinguish between narrative and iconic images in early Christian and Byzantine art.

• Understand the central role of images and the debate of iconoclasm in Byzantine art.

• Explain the architectural innovations in Christian buildings and the connection between form and function.

• Understand the histories of Judaism and Christianity.

Chapter at a Glance Early Jewish Art: A Closer Look: The Mosaic Floor of the Beth Alpha Synagogue Art and Its Contexts: Dura-Europos Early Christianity: Art and Its Context: The Life of Jesus Elements of Architecture: Longitudinal-Plan and Central-Plan Churches Art and Its Contexts: The Good Shepherd Early Byzantine Art (476-726): The Golden Age of Justinian Naming Christian Churches: Designation + Dedication + Location Elements of Architecture: Pendentives and Squinches Illuminated Manuscripts Icons and Iconoclasm Art and Its Contexts: Iconoclasm Middle Byzantine Art (843-1204) Late Byzantine Art (1261-1453) Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Synagogue floor (Fig. 7-4)

The Mosaic Floor of the Beth Alpha Synagogue (A Closer Look)

The Good Shepherd with Adam and Eve after the Fall (Fig. 7-6)

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus (Fig. 7-11)

Archangel Michael (Fig. 7-23)

The Infant Virgin Mary Caressed by Her Parents (Joachim and Anna) (Fig. 7-24)

Interior, Cathedral of Santa Sophia (Fig. 7-27)

..

36

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Panoramas: Church of San Vitale (Ravenna, Italy, c. 546-548) Monastery Church of Christ in Chora (Constantinople, Turkey, 1077-1081, c. 1310-1321) Monastery Churches at Hosios Loukas (near Stiris, Greece, Early 11th Century and Later) Santa Costanza Santa Sabina Closer Looks: Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus The Mosaic Floor of the Beth Alpha Synagogue Web Resources: Sacred Destinations: Hagia Sophia Thumbnail Gallery of Christian Catacombs Architectural Simulations: Pendentives Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: Ask your students to view at home Closer Look: Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus and afterwards explore any commonalities among the choice of biblical themes (which relate to sacrifice and salvation) and their relation to the deceased Junius Bassus, a Roman prefect who died a Christian.

Homework Assignment: Ask your students to view at home Closer Look: Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus and afterwards respond to the inclusion of pagan Classical iconography (e.g. Christ depicted as a philosopher and Cupids in the columns) in a Christian context.

In-Class Assignment: Show the Architectural Panorama: Church of San Vitale in class and then divide the class into two groups. One group will analyze the mosaic of Empress Theodora and Her Attendants and the other the mosaic of Emperor Justinian and his Attendants. The students should analyze, not describe the mosaic, by which I mean they should interpret what the figures are wearing, how they stand, what objects they hold, etc. Afterwards, each group will share their analysis with the class.

Key Terms Ambulatory Apse Catacomb Central-plan Iconic image Iconoclasm Illuminated manuscript Longitudinal-plan Menorah

..

Narrative image Narthex Nave Oratory Parchment Pendentive Pier Squinch Transept

37

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Question: Christianity is not the only religion to fear idolatry; Islam also forbids the depictions of holy figures. Do you agree with the policy of iconoclasm initiated during the Byzantine Era? Question: Christ was first depicted as a shepherd and later in the Byzantine Era as royalty, what do you think this change in iconography means?

Think About It 7.1 Discuss the Roman foundations of Early Christian sculpture, focusing your answer on the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus (See Fig. 7-11).

7.2 istinguish the “iconic” from the “narrative” in Early Christian and Byzantine art, locating one example of each in this chapter. How are these two traditions used by the Church and its members?

7.3 Distinguish the identifying features of basilicas and central-plan churches. How were the forms of these early churches geared toward specific types of Christian worship and devotional practice?

7.4 How were images used in Byzantine worship? Why were images suppressed during iconoclasm?

..

38

CHAPTER

8 Islamic Art Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Explain the different art forms of Islam, including calligraphy, carpet making, and book production.

• Identify and distinguish among the different styles of Islam, particularly in Persia, Spain, and Turkey.

• Interpret Islamic art as a reflection of both religion and secular society.

• Appreciate the value of ornament in Islamic art.

• Understand the history of Islam.

Chapter at a Glance Art During the Early Caliphates: Architecture Art and Its Contexts: Islam and the Prophet Muhammad Calligraphy Later Islamic Art: The Saljuqs in Persia The Nasrids in Spain Luxury Arts A Closer Look: A Mamluk Glass Oil Lamp Technique: Carpet Making The Ottoman Empire Modern Islam Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Bahram Gur with the Indian Princess in her Black Pavilion (Fig. 8-15)

Abu Zayd Preaching in a Mosque (Fig. 8-1)

Hamza’s Spies Scale the Fortress (Fig. 8-17)

Islamic Mosque and Cultural Center (Fig. 8-18)

Taj Mahal (Fig. 8-18) Mosque at New Gourna (Fig. 8-21)

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Panoramas: Alhambra (GRANADA, SPAIN, 1354-91) Closer Looks: A Mamluk Glass Oil Lamp Web Resources: Great Mosque of Cordoba ..

39

Sacred Places Architectural Simulations: Islamic Arches Documents: The Qur’an: God’s Promise of Paradise to Good Muslims Videos and Podcasts: Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzin, Granada Historic Centre of Cordoba Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: Ask students to watch the Video: Historic Centre of Cordoba and to pay particular attention to the last minute, when they discuss the Christian church inside the Great Mosque of Cordoba. Ask your students to respond to the decision not to destroy the mosque, but instead to build a church inside of it.

In-Class Assignment: Watch the Architectural Panorama: Alhambra and Video: Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzin, Granada and afterwards ask your students about the significance of the design and decoration of the Alhambra. Students should mention how the fountains, muquarnas dome, and mosaics recall paradise.

Key Terms Arabesques Islam Iwan Madrasa Maqsura Mihrab

Minaret Minbar Mosque Muqarnas Qibla Tugras

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Question: What similarities can we find among Judaism, Christianity, and Islam? And what does these commonalities tell us about these religions?

Question: After learning about the complexity and variety of Islamic decoration, as seen in Tile Mosaic Mihrab, from the Madrasa Imami, ask your students if they think that figurative representations are essential to communicating religious messages?

Relate this discussion back to the issue of iconoclasm during Byzantine times.

Think About It 8.1 Select an Islamic building that is influenced by Roman or Byzantine art. Discuss which forms are borrowed from the earlier culture and how they are transformed in their new Islamic context.

8.2 Compare two mosques from two different parts of the Islamic world. What do they have in common and how do they vary? Why? 8.3 Choose a secular work of art discussed in this chapter and assess the ways in which it is still linked to Islamic religious art and traditions.

8.4 Since Islam prohibits the use of human figures in religious contexts, what decorative motifs are used instead? Discuss how they are used in two specific examples of religious art and architecture. ..

40

CHAPTER

9 Later Asian Art Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Explain the characteristics of Islamic architecture in India.

• Explain the development of Hindu architecture in India.

• Understand the importance of landscape as a subject in Chinese handscroll painting.

• Recognize the focus of indigenous subjects during the Joseon dynasty in Korea.

• Identify and distinguish between Japanese court styles and the new audience of the Edo Period.

Chapter at a Glance The South Asian Subcontinent: The Mughal Empire Technique: Indian Paintings on Paper Rajput Painting and the Luxury Arts Art and Its Contexts: Panel from an Ivory Box Cambodia China Technique: Formats of Chinese Painting Korea Japan Art and Its Contexts: Writing, Language, and Culture in Japan A Closer Look: Scene from The Tale of Genji Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Womb World Mandala (Fig. 9-17)

Taj Mahal (Fig. 9-1)

Teabowl, called Mount Fuji (fig. 9-24)

Jahangir and Shah Abbas (Fig. 9-5)

Picnic at the Lotus Pond (Fig. 9-19)

Teabowl, called Yugure (“Twilight”)

..

41

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Panoramas: Taj Mahal Forbidden City Joined-Block Technique Closer Looks: The Forbidden City The Tale of Genji Katsushika Hokusai, The Great Wave Videos and Podcasts: The Forbidden City Hokusai and Hiroshige: Great Japanese Prints from the James Michener Collection The Printmaking Process of Woodcut Ukiyo-E Techniques Architectural Simulations: The Forbidden City Web Resources: Taj Mahal Chinese Painting National Museum of Taipei Tale of Genji Ryoan-Ji Temple Ukiyo-e Prints Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: Ask your students to watch Closer Look: The Forbidden City and afterwards compare the plan of the Forbidden City to the plan of the Palace at Knossos. How does this difference in layout (from a grid to a labyrinth) change the function of these buildings?

In-Class Assignment: After watching Closer Look: The Tale of Genji, ask your students to identify the similarities and differences between Japanese and Chinese handscrolls. Students should address differences in subject and style, however similarities in their form of creation (including the participation of calligraphers, artists, etc.).

Key Terms Atelier Bodhisattva Cenotaph Collage Handscroll

..

Joined-block Key block Porcelain Underglaze painting Woodblock print

42

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Discussion Topic: Ask one of the students to read the translation of the poem featured on the upper left hand corner of Poet on a Mountaintop (page 218). As one student reads the poem, ask the other students to focus on the image. Afterwards ask them how the poem is “visually” depicted in the handscroll? How does the poem add to the image? The discussion should uncover the art of literati painting which lies in its combination of poetry and landscape.

Discussion Topic: Discuss the style of architecture of the Mughal Empire, as evidenced in the Taj Mahal and Humayun’s Tomb, as example of how Islamic architecture changes according to region. Ask your students to identify its resemblance with other Islamic styles, particularly with Persian architecture.

Think About It 9.1 Which aspects of the Taj Mahal derive from the Islamic traditions introduced into India during the Mughal period?

9.2 Use a discussion of Fan Kuan’s Travelers Among Mountains and Streams to outline the principal features of Song dynasty landscape painting, both its form and its meaning.

9.3 Choose a Korean painting in this chapter and identify ways in which it represents a turn to local subjects during the Josean dynasty.

9.4 Compare the forms and objectives of the Japanese pictures represented in the “Closer Look” and in Figure 9-27.

..

43

CHAPTER

10 Early Medieval and Romanesque Art Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Explain the technique and different styles of medieval illuminated manuscripts.

• Assess the revival of Roman artistic traditions in Carolingian art.

• Explain the changes in plan and portal decoration that occurred in Romanesque churches, including pilgrimage churches.

• Explain the revival of monumental sculpture in Romanesque portals to display religious messages.

Chapter at a Glance Early Medieval Art in the British Isles: Art and Its Contexts: The Medieval Scriptorium Scandinavian Art Carolingian Art Spanish Art Ottonian Art Romanesque Art: Architecture Architectural Sculpture and Painting Elements of Architecture: The Romanesque Church Portal Manuscripts, Textiles, and Wood Carving A Closer Look: Bishop Odo Blessing the Feast Art and Its Contexts: Hildegard of Bingen Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Reconstruction drawing of the Palace Chapel of Charlemagne (Fig. 10-7)

Section Drawing of Palace Chapel of Charlemagne (Fig. 10-7A)

Dover Castle (Fig. 10-19)

Cathedral Complex, Pisa (Fig. 10-20)

Modena Cathedral (Fig. 10-20)

South portal and porch, showing Christ in Majesty, Priory Church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac (Fig. 10-22)

The Magi Asleep and The Flight Into Egypt (Fig. 10-27)

The Flight Into Egypt (Fig. 10-24)

Detail of Odo Blessing (Fig. 10-30)

..

44

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Panoramas: Cathedral of Saint-Lazare at Autun Durham Cathedral (DURHAM, ENGLAND, 1087-1133) Closer Looks: The Bayeux Tapestry (also, Bayeux Embroidery) The Last Judgment at Autun Architectural Simulations: Romanesque Portal Documents: From Pilgrim’s Guide to Santiago de Compostela (Part I) [mid twelfth century] From Pilgrim’s Guide to Santiago de Compostela (Part II) [mid twelfth century] Videos and Podcasts: The Palace Chapel of Charlemagne (Aachen Cathedral) Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France Web Resources: Sutton Hoo Bayeux Tapestry Cathedral of Saint James, Santiago de Compostela Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: Ask students to watch Closer Look: The Last Judgment Tympanum at Autun and afterwards answer the following question: Based on The Last Judgment tympanum, which depiction do you think is most effective in communicating a religious message: realism or imagination, or no figurative image whatsoever? Explain your reasoning.

In-Class Assignment: Watch the Video: The Palace of Chapel of Charlemagne (Aachen Cathedral) and ask students to identify and explain the symbolism of the chapel’s design (an octagon modeled on the Church of San Vitale) and of Charlemagne’s sarcophagus.

In-Class Assignment: Many religions have pilgrimages, as seen in the Video: Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France, engage your students on the significance on this spiritual journey.

Key Terms Archivolt Buttress Compound pier Crossing Embroidery Jamb Millefiori

..

Parchment Repoussé Scriptorium Tapestry Trumeau Tympanum Vellum

45

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Question: How does the Equestrian Portrait of Charles the Bald (?) compare to the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius? And what do these differences tell us about the personality of each ruler? What does Charles the Bald (?) borrow from Marcus Aurelius, if anything? Students should mention the importance of the equestrian portrait in the Roman tradition, although the depiction of Charles the Bald (?) is much more authoritarian than Marcus Aurelius, who is depicted as an intellectual.

Another important point to mention is the difference in size, which speaks to a difference in function.

Question: Compare and contrast the Virgin and Child with Kneeling Figure of Hatshepsut, ask students to discuss the role of these women in their respective societies and to discuss how the manner in which they are depicted, whether as maternal or authoritarian figures, speaks to that role.

Think About It 10.1 Compare and contrast representations of the Gospel author Matthew in two books discussed in this chapter.

10.2 Explain the reference to ancient Roman tradition in the small bronze portrait of a Carolingian ruler in Fig. 10-6.

10.3 Define the term “Romanesque,” and outline the key stylistic features of the architectural style, grounding your answer by referring to specific buildings.

10.4 Discuss the type of sculpture that was integrated into Romanesque buildings.

Where was it located? Why was it there? What sorts of messages did it convey to medieval viewers?

..

46

CHAPTER

11 Gothic Art Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Explain the ideas, events, and structural innovations that led to the development of Gothic architecture.

• Understand the importance of patronage in creating works of art during the Gothic period.

• Identify and distinguish among the Gothic styles in France, England, and the Germanic Lands.

• Explain the technique of stained glass, and the development of sculpture and illustrated books during the Gothic period.

• Explain the differences between the Sienese and Florentine schools of painting, as exemplified by Duccio and Giotto.

Chapter at a Glance Gothic Art in France Technique: Stained-Glass Windows Elements of Architecture: Rib Vaulting Elements of Architecture: The Gothic Church Art and Its Contexts: Notre-Dame de Paris Gothic Art in England Gothic Art in the Germanic Lands Late Medieval Art in Italy A Closer Look: Effects of Good Government in the City and in the Country Sculpture Painting in Siena and Florence Technique: Cennini on Panel Painting Technique: Buon Fresco Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Pulpit, Baptistery, Cathedral of Pisa (Fig. 11-27)

Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds (Fig. 11-23)

..

47

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Panoramas: Abbey Church of Saint-Denis (Plan of choir and ambulatory, SAINT-DENIS, FRANCE, 1140-44) Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris (PARIS, FRANCE, ca. 1155-ca. 1250) Cathedral of Notre Dame, Reims (REIMS, FRANCE, BEGUN IN 1211) Chartres Cathedral (CHARTRES, FRANCE, BEGUN 1194) Sainte-Chapelle Salisbruy Cathedral Closer Looks: Rose Window and Lancets, North Transept, Chartres Cathedral The Opening of Psalm 1 in the Windwill Psalter The Hours of Jeanne d’Evreux The Scrovegni Chapel Web Resources: Chartres Cathedral Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris Salisbury Cathedral Architectural Simulations: Ribbed Vault Documents: Suger of Saint-Denis (1081-1151), From “On the Consecration of the Church of Saint-Denis” Suger of Saint-Denis (1081-1151), From “On What Was Done Under His Administration” Cennino Cennini (c. 1370-1440), “On Painting” Inscriptions on the Frescoes in the Palazzo Pubblico, Siena Videos and Podcasts: Chartres Cathedral Interview with Marilyn Stokstad on Medieval Art Egg Tempera Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: Ask your students to study the plan and Architectural Panoramas of a few Gothic churches. Afterwards, they should photograph a Gothic church in their community that features at least three characteristics of Gothic architecture (stained glass windows, flying buttresses, rose windows, ribbed vaulting, etc.).

In-Class Assignment: Show your students the panoramic views of Notre-Dame de Paris on Web Resource: Notre-Dame de Paris and ask them to explain how the structural innovations of the Gothic style make for a more “spiritual” experience. In the past, when I have shown these panoramic views, students are usually impressed and at times silenced by the open uninterrupted spaces and the visual effects of stained glass.

..

48

Key Terms Buon fresco Cartoon Fleur-de-lis Flying buttress Goths Grisaille Hemicycle Mullion

Panel painting Pinnacle Rib vault Rose window Stained glass Tempera Tracery Triforium

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Question: Gothic cathedrals are the equivalent of city skyscrapers today in that they dominate the skyline and emphasize verticality. Why, in both contexts, is height such an important factor? What is achieved with height?

Question: Vasari described Gothic as an “anti-Classical” style, hence the derogatory term “Goths.” But does Gothic architecture truly destroy the Classical examples of the Roman Empire? In what ways, if any, does the Gothic build on Roman art?

Discussion Topic: Compare Cimabue’s Virgin and Child Enthroned with Giotto’s Virgin and Child Enthroned in regards to realism. Focus on issues of perspective, three dimensionality, space, composition, and shading. This discussion should lay the groundwork for the classicism of Giotto and his eventual influence on the Italian Renaissance.

Think About It 11.1 Explain what you think are the most important technological innovations and cultural factors that made the “Age of the Cathedrals” possible.

11.2 Choose one manuscript discussed in this chapter and analyze how its illumination was used to convey complex theological ideas and/or teach moral lessons.

11.3 Identify the three works of art in this chapter that were commissioned by French King Louis IX. Discuss their relationship to this political life and aspirations.

11.4 Compare and contrast Duccio’s and Giotto’s renderings of the biblical story of Christ’s Raising of Lazarus (Figs. 11-25, 11-29). In what ways are these paintings representative of Sienese and Florentine art at the beginning of the fourteenth century?

..

49

CHAPTER

12 Early Renaissance Art Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Understand the differences between Northern European and Italian Renaissance painting.

• Explain the hidden symbolism of Flemish religious painting.

• Explain the process and benefits of oil painting.

• Explain the techniques of woodcuts and engravings.

• Explain the development of perspective in Italian Renaissance painting.

• Explain the role of wealthy patrons in the development of Renaissance art and architecture.

Chapter at a Glance Northern Renaissance Art The Limbourg Brothers Art and Its Contexts: Women Artists in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance Painting in Flanders Technique: Oil Painting Second-Generation Painters Tapestries The Graphic Arts Technique: Woodcuts and Engravings Italian Renaissance Art Architecture Art and Its Contexts: The Competition Reliefs Sculpture Technique: Renaissance Perspective Painting A Closer Look: The Battle of San Romano Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Miniature with Thamyris from Giovanni Boccaccio’s De Claris Mulieribus (Concerning Famous Women) (Fig. 12-3)

Ghent Altarpiece (Fig. 12-4)

Jan Van Eyck, The Annunciation (Fig. 12-5)

The City of Nuremberg, from the Nuremberg Chronicle (Fig. 12-9)

The Buxheim Saint Christopher (Fig. 12-10) View of an Ideal City (Fig. 12-19)

..

50

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Panoramas: Florence Cathedral (Florence, Italy, begun 1296) Closer Looks: A Goldsmith in his Shop Jan and Hubert van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece (closed) Jan and Hubert van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece (open) Jan van Eyck, Double Portrait of a Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife Limbourgh Brothers, February, Life in the Country Rogier van der Weyden, Deposition Workshop fo the Master of Flemalle, The Merode Altarpiece Brunelleschi’s Dome Masaccio, The Tribute Money Web Resources: National Gallery of Art, London The Unicorn Tapestries Monumental Sculpture from Renaissance Florence The Gates of Paradise: Lorenzo Ghiberti’s Renaissance Masterpiece Architectural Simulations: Brunelleschi’s Florence Cathedral: Doming Documents: Karel Van Mander (1548-1606), From the Painter’s Treatise Videos and Podcasts: Making Oil Paint Oil Painting The Trinity-Masaccio, Part 2 Teaching with MyArtsLab In-Class Assignment: Watch Closer Look: Jan van Eyck, Double Portrait of a Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife, and afterwards ask students for their own interpretations of this canvas. Does it really depict a wedding portrait?

In-Class Assignment: After viewing Video: Oil Painting and Video: Egg Tempera (from Chapter 11), ask your students to explain, from the perspective of a painter, the advantages and disadvantages of oil painting versus egg tempera.

Key Terms Atmospheric perspective Diptych Engraving Glaze Linear perspective Majolica Matte Oil painting Orthogonal

..

Palazzo Picture plane Putti Rusticated Sgraffito Triptych Trompe l’oeil Vanishing point Woodcut

51

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Question: If “renaissance” means “rebirth,” then ask students to describe what exactly is being born again during this period. What Classical attributes are the Italians borrowing from the Greeks or Romans? Make sure they are specific in their response.

Discussion Topic: Discuss dome building, tracing its history from Mycenaean tombs, to Hagia Sophia, the Pantheon, and the Florence Cathedral. Conclude by discussing domes that they are familiar with today, and how those were built.

Discussion Topic: Discuss the shift in patronage that occurred from the Gothic to the Renaissance period and how that altered artistic production.

Think About It 12.1 Discuss the symbolic meanings that fifteenth-century viewers would have comprehended in the objects obtained in the domestic environments of either the Mérode Altarpiece (Fig. 12-3) or the Arnolfini double portrait (Fig. 12-1). How have the artists made these objects look so real?

12.2 How do fifteenth-century Northern painters present the devotional visions of the patrons within their paintings? Focus your answer on a specific example.

12.3 Define linear perspective. Choose a work in this chapter that clearly demonstrates its use and discuss how the artist employs this technique. Does perspective affect the way the story is told or the meaning that it conveys?

12.4 Choose one wealthy patron discussed in this chapter and explain how this patronage fostered the emergence of the Renaissance in fifteenth-century Italy.

..

52

CHAPTER

13 Art of the High Renaissance and Reformation Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Explain the emergence of the papacy as an important art patron, and consequently the shift in artistic center from Florence to Rome.

• Explain the influence of the Inquisition and Reformation on the arts.

• Explain the defining characteristics of Venetian painting.

• Evaluate the impact of Italian art on Northern European artists during the sixteenth century.

• Explain the subversion of the Classical style in Mannerism.

Chapter at a Glance Italian Art of the High Renaissance Art and Its Contexts: The Vitruvian Man Elements of Architecture: St. Peter’s Basilica Venice and the Veneto Art and Its Contexts: Women Patrons of the Arts Art and Its Contexts: Veronese is Called Before the Inquisition Mannerism French Art German Art The Reformation and the Arts A Closer Look: The French Ambassadors Netherlandish and Spanish Art Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Giovanni Bellini, The Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints (Fig. 13-16)

Bronzino, Allegory with Venus and Cupid (Fig. 13-25)

Capponi Chapel, Church of Santa Felicita (Fig. 13-26)

Hans Holbein the Younger, The French Ambassadors (A Closer Look)

Bronzino, Portrait of a Young Man (Fig. 13-28) Tilman Riemenschneider, Altarpiece of the Holy Blood (Fig. 13-33) Hans Holbein the Younger, Henry VIII (Fig. 13-39)

..

53

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Closer Looks: Bronzino’s Allegory with Venus and Cupid Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa Michelangelo, Pieta The Giorgione, Tempest Titian, Pastoral Concert Veronese, Feast in the House of Levi Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights Durer, Adam and Eve El Greco, Burial of Count Orgaz Hans Holbein the Younger, The French Ambassadors Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Return of the Hunters Web Resources: A Closer Look at the Mona Lisa Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel Ceiling St. Peter’s Basilica Stanza della Segnatura Albrecht Durer’s Self-Portrait Matthias Grünewald Isenheim Altarpiece Architectural Simulations: St. Peter’s Basilica Documents: Andrea Palladio (1508-1580), From The Four Books of Architecture [1570] From a Session of the Inquisition Tribunal in Venice of Paolo Veronese [1573] Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), From his undated manuscripts Michelangelo Interprets the Vatican Pieta [published in 1553] Michelangelo the Poet- Artists on Art [sixteenth century] Albrecht Durer (1471-1528), From the draft manuscript for the Book on Human Proportions Karel van Mander Writes About Pieter Bruegel the Elder, 1604 Videos and Podcasts: Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie with The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci Saint Peter’s Basilica Historic City of Toledo Teaching with MyArtsLab In-Class Assignment: After reading Document: From a Session of the Inquisition Tribunal in Venice of Paolo Veronese [1573], discuss the controversy surrounding Veronese’s Feast in the House of Levi, particularly the reasons for why this work was deemed unacceptable.

In-Class Assignment: After watching Closer Look: Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa compare the Mona Lisa to a traditional Italian portrait of the fifteenth century, for example Piero della Francesca’s Portrait of Battista Sforza (Fig. 12-28). In contrasting the facial expressions, attire, and landscape of these two portraits, you can reveal the uniqueness and mystery of the Mona Lisa.

..

54

Key Terms Château Chiaroscuro Martyria

Pietà Sfumato Villa

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Question: How does Dürer’s Self-Portrait reveal the idea of “the artist as an independent creative genius” (page 357)?

Discussion Topic: Discuss the personalities of Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael, as reflected in their work. The School of Athens, believed to include a portrait of Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael, touches on this subject, revealing the rivalry between Raphael and Michelangelo, and their opposing personalities.

Discussion Topic: The concept of an “artist,” as opposed to artisan or craftsman, was born during the Renaissance. Discuss the ways that Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian fit this description.

Think About It 13.1 Discuss Julius II’s efforts to use art and architecture to create a new golden age of the papacy. Your answer should focus on two specific works he commissioned.

13.2 Select either Pontormo’s Deposition or Bronzino’s Allegory and explain the ways in which the painting is characteristic Mannerist art and its anti-Classical objectives.

13.3 Explore the impact of Italian art and ideas on the work and self-image of German artist Albrecht Dürer. Focus your answer on one specific work, discussing its Italianate features but also the ways it maintains key aspects of the Northern tradition.

13.4 Discuss the impact of the Reformation on the visual arts in northern Europe. What types of subject matter were popular with Protestant patrons?

..

55

CHAPTER

14 Seventeenth-Century Art in Europe Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Explain the stylistic and anti-Classical traits of the Baroque.

• Explain the spread of the Baroque style across Europe.

• Explain the importance of royal patronage during the Baroque period.

• Explain the resurgence of Classicism in Seventeenth-Century France.

• Explain the development of portraiture, still life, landscape, and genre scenes in Netherlandish painting.

Chapter at a Glance Rome Spain Flanders: A Closer Look: Allegory of Sight The Dutch Republic: Technique: Etching and Drypoint Art and Its Contexts: Science and the Changing Worldview France: Art and Its Contexts: Grading the Old Masters Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, The Esquilache Immaculate Conception (Fig. 14-14)

Francesco Borromini, Exterior view (A) and plan (B) of the Church of San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane (Fig. 14-6)

Sebastian Salcedo, Our Lady of Guadalupe (Fig. 14-15)

Francesco Borromini, View into the dome of the Church of San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane (Fig. 14-7)

Frans Hals, Catharina Hooft and her Nurse (Fig. 14-20)

Francisco de Zurbarán, St. Serapion (Fig. 14-16)

Rembrandt, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (Fig. 14-21)

Frans Hals, Isaac Massa and Beatrix van der Laen (Fig. 14-20)

Germain Boffrand, Salon de la Princesse (Fig. 14-35)

André Le Nôtre, Plan of the Gardens of the Palais de Versailles (Fig. 14-32)

Jean-Antoine Watteau, The Pilgrimage to Cythera (Fig. 14-36) Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Meeting (Fig. 14-37)

..

56

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Panoramas: Francesco Borromini, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane St. Peter’s Basilica (ROME, ITALY, FAÇADE 1607-12; COLONNADE 1657) Closer Looks: Brueghel and Rubens, Allegory of Sight Hyacinthe Rigaud, Louis XIV Velazquez, Las Meninas Web Resources: Artemisia Gentileschi Essential Vermeer Gianlorenzo Bernini Rembrandt’s House Museum Architectural Simulations: Cornaro Chapel Documents: Antonio Palomino (1655-1726), From El museo pictorica y escala optica: On Velazquez [written 1724] Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-ca. 1653), From a letter to Don Antonio Ruffo [1649] Filippo Baldinucci (1625-1697), From the Life of Cavalier Gianlorenzo Bernini [written 1682] Nicolas Poussin (ca. 1594-1665), From an undated manuscript- Artists on Art Peter Paul Rubers (1577-1640), From a letter to Sir Dudley Carleton- Artists on Art [1618] Videos and Podcasts: Intaglio: Etching with Acid and Drypoint Etching Johannes Vermeer’s Woman Holding a Balance Palace and Park of Versailles Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: Ask your students to watch Video: Palace and Park of Versailles and Video: Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzin, Granada, and afterwards compare the gardens of Versailles to those of the Alhambra. Each difference or similarity that they mention should be contextualized within French or Islamic culture.

In-Class Assignment: Visit the Web Resource: Artemesia Gentileschi and read excerpts from Mary O'Neill’s “Artemesia’s Moment” (Smithsonian Magazine, May 2002). Ask students to discuss how her biography and upbringing are reflected in her work, particularly in Judith and Her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes.

Key Terms Baldachin Drypoint Etching Genre painting

..

Still life Tenebrism Vanitas

57

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Question: Compare Michelangelo’s David to Bernini’s David. How do these works relate to their respective period? What makes Michelangelo’s David a Renaissance version of the subject, and Bernini’s a Baroque one?

Discussion Topic: Comment on the way in which art history sometimes tends to repeat itself, in regards to Greek Classical and Hellenistic, and the Renaissance and Baroque. And allude to how it will continue to do so, in regards to Neoclassicism and Romanticism.

Discussion Topic: Discuss the work of Vermeer and the reasons for why Hitler (and others of the Third Reich) sought out the work of this artist in particular. The scarcity of Vermeer’s work and his meticulous methods (including the camera obscura) are but a few of the reasons.

Think About It 14.1 Discuss how Bernini and Caravaggio established the Baroque style in sculpture and painting respectively, focusing on one specific work by each artist.

14.2 Choose two paintings of monarchs in this chapter and explain how the artists who painted them signified the ruler’s prestige and power.

14.3 Explain how Poussin’s landscape in Fig. 14-33 can be seen as an example of seventeenth-century Classicism.

14.4 Discuss the development of portraiture, still life, and genre painting in the Dutch Republic during the seventeenth century. What accounts for the increased importance of these subjects at this time?

..

58

CHAPTER

15 Art of the Americas Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Identify and distinguish among the different artistic and architectural styles and techniques of the Americas, including South, Central, and North America.

• Explain the relation of artworks to ritual performances.

• Explain the aftermath of colonization.

Chapter at a Glance Mesoamerica The Olmecs Teotihuacan The Maya The Aztecs A Closer Look: Aztec Calendar Stone Central America South America: The Central Andes The Moche Culture The Inca Empire Elements of Architecture: Inca Masonry The Aftermath of the Spanish Conquest North America: Early Cultures of the East The Southwest Technique: Basketry The Eastern Woodlands and the Great Plains The Northwest Coast Art and Its Contexts: Hamatsa Masks Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Sun Dagger Solar Market at Equinox (Fig. 15-1)

Offering 4, La Venta (Fig. 15-1)

The Moon Goddess, Coyolxauhqui (Fig. 15-10) Bill Reid, The Spirit of Haida Gwaii (Fig. 15-32)

..

Aztec Calendar Stone (A Closer Look) Chilkat Blanket (Fig. 15-30)

59

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Simulations: Teotihuacan Inca Polygonal Masonry Closer Looks: Calendar Stone The Goddess Coatlicue Web Resources: Archaeology of Teotihuacan Mesoweb Machu Picchu Flashback National Museum of the American Indian San Ildefonso Pottery Documents: From the Popol Vuh: Great Mythological Book of the Ancient Maya [ca. 1550] Navajo Night Chant Videos and Podcasts: Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Pamaps de Jumana Maya Rise & Fall Pre-Hispanic City of Chichen-Itza Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: Watch Video: Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu and discuss the relation of Inca masonry to their admiration for nature. The Sacred Rock of Machu Picchu, which echoes the form of the mountain beyond, is a prime example of the Inca belief that sculpture should complement the natural landscape, rather than impose its shape on the landscape.

In-Class Assignment: Watch Closer Look: The Goddess Coatlicue and discuss the style of Aztec art, its lack of realism (or idealization for that matter, unlike the Greeks), and its monstrous appearance, which shocked Spaniards, who then reburied the statue.

Key Terms Chacmool Geoglyph

Roof comb Talud-tablero

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Question: As seen in Teotihuacan, and even Manhattan, why is the grid so important in urban planning?

Discussion Topic: Discuss San Ildefonso Pueblo pottery as an example of traditional techniques combined with modern Art Deco design. This is a good way to move the discussion of native North American art to the present, demonstrating that this art is not “dead” but rather being constantly adapted and reinvented.

..

60

Discussion Topic: Discuss the concept of “God” in pre-Columbian civilizations as natural forces, different from the “God” as narrative in Christianity or Islam. The geoglyphs of the Nazca or the pyramids of Teotihuacan are a prime example of how natural forces, like the moon, sun, and rain, were integral to their daily life, and thus to their religion.

Think About It 15.1 Explain the original function of two ancient American objects from two different cultures by situating them within their broad sociocultural contexts.

15.2 Distinguish the characteristic styles and techniques associated with three different indigenous American cultures, focusing your discussion on one specific work from each.

15.3 Choose a native North American work that was made to be used in social life or ritual. Explain the difference between its form and meaning while in use and while observed in the context of a museum installation.

15.4 Discuss two works of art within this chapter that exhibit influence from European culture. How have the indigenous artists adapted the foreign forms or materials?

..

61

CHAPTER

16 African Art Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Identify and distinguish among the different cultures of sub-Saharan Africa.

• Explain the varying styles and techniques of African art and architecture.

• Explain the relation of African artworks to their ceremonial function.

• Explain the relationship of African art to the political leaders who often commissioned it.

Chapter at a Glance Early African Art: Nok Ife and Benin Technique: Lost-Wax Casting Jenné and Great Zimbabwe Art and Its Contexts: The Myth of “Primitive” Art African Art in the Modern Era: Living Traditions and New Trends: Art and Domestic Life Art and Its Contexts: Mande Pots Art and the Spiritual World Art and Power Closer Look: A Palace Door Art and Initiation Art and Its Contexts: Kuba Funerary Mask Art and Death Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Head of a king (Fig. 16-3)

Crowned head of a ruler (Fig. 16-1)

Chair (Fig. 16-9)

Drawing of Great Zimbabwe (Fig. 16-7)

Pierre Legrain, Tabouret (Fig. 16-10)

Ngady Mwaash Mask (Fig. 16-16)

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Simulations: Adobe-brick Construction Closer Look: Kongo Nkisi Nkonde Web Resources: Metropolitan Museum of Art National Museum of African Art ..

62

Nok Terracottas Videos and Podcasts: Old Towns of Djenne Art as a Verb in Africa: The Masks of the Bwa Village of Boni Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: Watch Closer Look: Kongo Nkisi Nkonde and ask your students to think of a modern day object similar to the nkisi nkonde in its power and versatility.

In-Class Assignment: Watch Video: Old Towns of Djenne and afterwards discuss what we can learn from Djenne and their use of mud, particularly the value of local and humble materials.

Key Terms Adobe Kente

Lost-Wax Casting Scarification

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Discussion Topic: Discuss the importance of realism in art as a Western construct, first articulated by the Greeks, and not necessarily shared by non-Western cultures. Use Ngady Mwaash Mask and Crowned Head of a Ruler to discuss alternate styles in African art.

Discussion Topic: Building on “The Myth of ‘Primitive’” (page 434), discuss the impact of colonization on the study of non-Western art. Instead of using the word “primitive,” the more recent terminology is “non-Western,” however this term is also problematic since art is still being determined in relation to the Western world. Even the words “New World” and “Old World” are problematic, since there were civilizations in Latin America and Africa well before the arrival of European colonizers; hence they were not “new.”

Think About It 16.1 Select one work of art in this chapter and identify and summarize the role it played within its original cultural context.

16.2 Explain the way one of the following works was used: the Yoruba twins in Figure 16-17 or the Benin hip mask in Figure 16-4. How could a museum exhibition of your chosen work help viewers understand this important aspect of its meaning?

16.3 Choose a work in this chapter that was made for a political leader and explore how its form and meaning related to the political aspirations of its patron.

16.4 Explain the role of masquerade in African art by discussing the role of masks in these two rite-of-passage ceremonies: the initiation rites of the Bwa culture and the Kuba funeral ceremony.

..

63

CHAPTER

17 European and American Art, 1715-1840 Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Explain the development of the Rococo style in relation to salon life among the aristocracy in eighteenth-century France.

• Explain the style and intellectual origins of Neoclassicism.

• Explain the style and dramatic subjects of Romanticism.

• Explain the work of Francisco Goya in relation to the political climate of the times.

Chapter at a Glance Rococo Moralizing Narrative Painting: Art and Its Contexts: “Am I Not a Man and a Brother?”

Portraiture: Art and Its Contexts: Art Academies in the Eighteenth Century Neoclassicism and Romanticism: Neoclassical Painting in France Neoclassical Architecture in England A Closer Look: Georgian Silver Romantic Painting and Printmaking in France and Spain Technique: Lithography Romantic Landscape Painting in England, America, and Germany Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Johann Zoffany, Academicians of the Royal Academy (Fig. 17-5)

Germain Boffrand, Salon de la Princesse (Fig. 17-2)

George Caleb Bingham, Fur Traders Descending the Missouri (Fig. 17-26)

Jean-Antoine Watteau, The Pilgrimage to Cythera (Fig. 17-3)

Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, The Artist’s Studio (Fig. 17-27)

Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Meeting (Fig. 17-4)

William Henry Fox Talbot, The Open Door (Fig. 17-28)

Honoré Daumier, Rue Transnonain, Le 15 Avril 1834 (Fig. 17-21)

Julia Margaret Cameron, Portrait of Thomas Carlyle (Fig. 17-29)

Caspar David Friedrich, Monk by the Sea (Fig. 17-28)

Gustave Courbet, A Burial at Ornans (Fig. 17-30)

..

64

Jean-Francois Millet, The Gleaners (Fig. 17-31) Rosa Bonheur, Plowing in the Nivernais: The Dressing of the Vines (Fig. 17-32) Ilya Repin, Bargehaulers on the Volga (Fig. 17-33)

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Closer Looks: Francisco Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters Georgian Silver Goya’s The Family of Charles IV Web Resources: Monticello Wedgwood Museum Documents: Etienne-Jean Delecluze (1781-1863), From Louis David, son ecole et son temps Jean de Jullienne (1686-1767), A Summary of the Life of Antoine Watteau, 16841721 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780-1867), From the Doctrine of Ingres John Constable (1776-1837), From a letter to John Fisher Sir Joshua Reynolds, “A Disclosure, Delivered at the Opening of the Royal Academy” Videos and Podcasts: Lithography Welcome to the Monticello Explorer Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: At home, watch Closer Look: Goya’s The Family of Charles IV. Compare this painting with Velazquez’s Las Meninas. How is royalty depicted differently? And what does all this tell us about the state of Spanish royalty in the eighteenth century?

In-Class Assignment: Watch Video: Lithography and then ask students why they think Daumier chose the lithography technique, as opposed to etching or woodcut, for Rue Transnonain. The reasons for why Daumier chose lithography reveal his intent to reach a wide audience as quickly, cheaply, and effectively as possible.

Key Terms Fête galante Lithography

..

Odalisque Sublime

65

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Question: Influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment, Goya believed in human reason and rationality. How is this reflected in his work? Make sure to refer to specific examples.

Discussion Topic: Discuss the influence of Classical art and philosophy on American culture. This influence is reflected not only in architecture, as seen in Monticello and the Virginia State Capitol, but also in government.

Think About It 17.1 Summarize some of the key stylistic traits of French Rococo art and architecture, and explain how these traits relate to the social context of salon life. Then analyze one Rococo work from the chapter and explain how it is typical of the period style.

17.2 Explain the relationship of David’s Oath of the Horatii to Enlightenment thought and Classical art.

17.3 How can artists as stylistically diverse as Delacroix and Friedrich be classified under the same category of Romanticism?

17.4 Analyze Goya’s Third of May, 1808 as an expression of the political climate that surrounded him.

..

66

CHAPTER

18 European and American Art, 1840-1910 Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Explain the architectural innovations that permitted the construction of skyscrapers.

• Explain the emergence, development, and technique of photography as a new art form.

• Explain the ways in which the movement toward Realism in art reflected the social and political concerns of the nineteenth century.

• Explain the style and different manifestations of Impressionism and PostImpressionism.

Chapter at a Glance Architecture Art and Its Contexts: Orientalism Enduring Neoclassicism in Academic Art Reactions Against the Academy Art Nouveau Early Photography Technique: The Photographic Process Realism: Early French Realist Painters “The Painter of Modern Life” A Continuing American Tradition Impressionism Post-Impressionism A Closer Look: Mahana no atua Art and Its Contexts: Japonisme Late Nineteenth-Century French Sculpture Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Timothy O’Sullivan, Ancient Ruins in the Cañon de Chelley, Arizona (Fig. 18-12)

Charles Garnier, The Opéra (Fig. 18-2)

Paul Signac, Place des Lices, Saint-Tropez (Fig. 1832)

Jean-Léon Gérôme, The Snake Charmer (Fig. 18-5) Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, The Artist’s Studio (Fig. 18-12) William Henry Fox Talbot, The Open Door (Fig. 18-13)

..

67

Timothy O’Sullivan, The Home of the Rebel Sharpshooter: Battlefield at Gettysburg (Fig. 18-14) Julia Margaret Cameron, Portrait of Thomas Carlyle (Fig. 18-15) Gustave Courbet, A Burial at Ornans (Fig. 18-16) Jean-Francois Millet, The Gleaners (Fig. 18-17) Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair (Fig. 18-18) Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Moulin de la Galette (Fig. 18-27) Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Luncheon of the Boating Party (Fig. 18-23)

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Simulation: Cast-Iron Construction Architectural Panoramas: Eiffel Tower (Paris, France, 1887-89) Palais Garnier, at the Place d’Opera (Opera, France, 1861-74) Closer Looks: Courbet’s A Burial at Ornans Edgar Degas, The Rehearsal of the Ballet Onstage Edouard Manet, Le Dejeuner sur l’Herbe (Luncheon on the Grass) Edouard Manet, Olympia George Seurat, Sunday on La Grande Jatte Louis Sullivan, Wainwright Building Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night Web Resources: Vincent van Gogh Museum William Morris Documents: James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834-1903), From the Gentle Art of Making Enemies Lila Cabot Perry (1848-1933), From Reminiscences of Claude Monet from 1889 to 1909- Artists on Art Paul Gauguin (1848-1903), From a letter to J.F. Willumsen- Artists on Art Rosa Bonheur (1822-1899), From Reminiscences of Rosa Bonheur- Artists on Art Videos and Podcasts: The Courtauld Collection: Cezanne’s Mont Sainte-Victoire

..

68

Teaching with MyArtsLab In-Class Assignment: Watch Closer Look: Courbet’s A Burial at Ornans and discuss the ways through which Courbet “democratizes” art with this painting, by depicting common country people in an un-idealized manner and on a 22-foot-wide canvas. You can continue this discussion by citing other artists who similarly made the arts more accessible to a wider audience.

In-Class Assignment: Watch the Video: The Courtauld Collection: Cézanne’s Mont Sainte-Victoire and afterwards discuss this painting in particular and the work of Cézanne in relation to tradition and modernity. Focus on the way Cézanne creates a sense of perspective, while framing the composition in an untraditional manner as a result of the cropped tree in the foreground.

Key Terms Avant-garde Camera obscura Calotype Daguerreotype Expressionism

Historicism Japonisme Impasto Watercolor

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Discussion Topic: Discuss the tradition of American artists studying abroad from 1860 to 1900, citing the reasons for why artists partook in this artistic pilgrimage and the differences between going to France or Italy, depending on whether you were studying painting (Eakins, Cassatt, Whistler, and Tanner) or sculpture (Lewis).

Discussion Topic: Compare and contrast the various photographic techniques, camera obscura, daguerreotype, and calotype, citing the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Think About It 18.1 Explain how photographs were made in the middle of the nineteenth century.

Discuss the contributions of Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre and Henry Fox Talbot to the emergence of this new artistic medium.

18.2 Evaluate Gustave Courbet’s Realist painting Burial at Ornans in relation to the social and political issues of its time and place.

18.3 Characterize the form and content of Impressionist paintings, focusing on how they differ from those of traditional European painting. Ground your answer in a discussion of specific works of art.

18.4 Compare and contrast two Post-Impressionist paintings by different artists discussed in this chapter. Explain how each offers an alternative to Impressionism.

..

69

CHAPTER

19 Modern Art in Europe and the Americas, 1900-1945 Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Identify and distinguish among the different styles of early Modernism in Europe.

• Explain the influence of Cubism on abstract art.

• Explain the impact of war on modern art.

• Explain the different art movements during the wars, in both Europe and the Americas.

• Explain the relationship between function, form, and technology in early twentiethcentury architecture.

Chapter at a Glance Early Modernism in Europe: Les Fauves Die Brücke and Expressionism Der Blaue Reiter Cubism Responses to Cubism Dada Modern Art Comes to the United States: A Closer Look: Portrait of a German Officer European Art Between the Wars: Constructivism De Stijl Architectural Purism Elements of Architecture: The International Style The Bauhaus Surrealism Art and Its Contexts: Suppression of the Avant-Garde in Germany Art and Its Contexts: Guernica Sculpture North American Art between the Wars: The United States The Harlem Renaissance Mexico Canada Architecture Elements of Architecture: The Skyscraper

..

70

Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Liubov Popova, Architectonic Painting (Fig. 19-16)

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain (Fig. 19-16)

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain (second version) (Fig. 19-18)

Hannah Höch, Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife Through the Last Weimer Beer-Belly… (Fig. 19-17) Georgia O’Keeffe, City Night (Fig. 19-19)

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Simulation: The Skyscraper Architectural Panoramas: Kaufmann House (Fallingwater, ground floor) Kaufmann House (Fallingwater, second floor) Villa Savoye (first floor) Villa Savoye (second floor) Villa Savoye (third floor [roof]) Closer Looks: Portrait of a German Officer Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Berlin Hannah Höch, The Kitchen Knife Cuts Through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly…

Meret Oppenheim, Object (Le Dejeuner en fourrure) (Luncheon in Fur) Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (The Young Ladies of Avignon) Picasso, the History of Guernica Picasso’s Collages Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory Web Resources: Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Frida Kahlo interactive feature from SFMoMA Library of Congress: Dorothea Lange Museum of Modern Art: Picasso Vassily Kandinsky Documents: Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (1876-1944), From the Foundation and Manifesto of Futurism Hannah Hoch (1889-1978), From an interview with Edouard Roditi- Artists on Art Kazimir Malevich (1878-1935), From the Non-Objective World- Artists on Art Vassily Kandinsky (1866-1944), From Concerning the Spiritual in Art- Artists on Art Videos and Podcasts: Clement Greenberg on Marcel Duchamp Diego Rivera’s Frescoes Fallingwater Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain Piet Mondrian’s Place in Art History Toussaint L’Ouverture Series by Jacob Lawrence

..

71

Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: In class, visit the Web Resource: Frida Kahlo interactive feature from SFMoMA and watch the video, “Was Kahlo a Surrealist?” Ask students to watch at home Closer Look: Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory and afterwards respond to whether they think Frida Kahlo was in fact a Surrealist, and if so, how does she compare to a Surrealist like Dali.

In-Class Assignment: Watch Closer Look: Guernica and discuss how Picasso’s Cubist style, monochromatic palette, and bullfighting iconography, communicate an anti-war message, in the tradition of Goya.

Key Terms Collage Installation art Mobile

Primary colors Readymade

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Question: How does modern art challenge or expand on the definition of art? Which artists or works come to mind?

Discussion Topic: Discuss what “modernism” means and explain its varied interpretations. Explain the ways in which “modern” artists and movements have challenged tradition.

Discussion Topic: Building on the earlier class discussion topic of Hitler and Vermeer (Chapter 14), discuss in broader terms Hitler’s artistic campaign, including his desire to build a world-class museum (the Linz Museum in Austria) and his condemnation of modern art, which he called “degenerate art.”

Think About It 19.1 Discuss the impact that Cubism had on subsequent avant-garde styles in the early part of the twentieth century by analyzing two works from the chapter.

19.2 Evaluate the effect of the two world wars on the visual arts by discussing one work related to each global conflict.

19.3 Explain how both Dada and Surrealism changed the form, content, and concept of art.

19.4 Define the International Style of Modern architecture. What is the relationship between form and function of International Style buildings? Who were the major European architects in the movement?

..

72

CHAPTER

20 Art Since 1945 Learn About it – Learning Objectives By the end of the semester, students should be able to: • Explain how Abstract Expressionism and Assemblage transformed the art of painting.

• Explain the ways in which artists since 1950 have introduced popular culture into their art.

• Explain the development of non-traditional formats of art, including performance, earthworks, and site-specific art.

• Explain the impact of feminism on art during the second half of the twentieth century.

• Identify and distinguish among the different movements and style of Postmodernism.

Chapter at a Glance Abstract Expressionism Art and Its Contexts: Clement Greenberg and the Idea of the Mainstream Assemblage Art and Its Contexts: Homage to New York Art and Its Contexts: “High” and “Low” Culture and the Myth of Modernism Art and Its Contexts: Appropriation and the “Death of the Author” Pop Art Minimalism and Process Art Conceptual and Performance Art Earthworks and Site-Specific Art Feminist Art The Persistence and Global Impact of Modernism: A Closer Look: Man’s Love Story Postmodernism Neo-Expressionism Social Commentary and Moral Activism Identity, Race, and Ethnicity Installation: Electronic and Video Art Art and Its Contexts: Critical Theory New Ideas in Traditional Materials Postwar Architecture Public Memory and Art: The Memorial

..

73

Transition Guide Images Removed from 4th Edition

Images Added to the 5th Edition

Bridget Riley, Current (Fig. 20-16)

Shigeyuki Kihara, Ulugal’I Samoa: Samoan Couple (Fig. 20-32)

Betye Saar, The Liberation of Aunt Jemima (Fig. 20-25)

Shirin Neshat, Rebellious Silence (Fig. 20-33)

Shirin Neshat, Production still from Fervor (Fig. 20-37)

Kara Walker, Darkytown Rebellion (Fig. 20-34)

Jennifer Steinkamp, Jimmy Carter (Fig. 20-38)

Bill Viola, The Crossing (Fig. 20-38) Dale Chihuly, The Sun (Fig. 20-40)

MyArtsLab Multimedia Library Architectural Simulation: The Steel Skeleton of the Hongkon and Shanghai Bank Corporation Limited (HSBC) Closer Looks: Jackson Pollock, Autumn Rhythm (Number 30) Andy Warhol, Marilyn Diptych Faith Ringgold, Tar Beach Martin Puryear, Pletny’s Boast Richard Hamilton, Just What Is It That Makes Today’s Homes So Different, So Appealing?

Web Resources: Jackson Pollock Judy Chicago- Images of Women Documents: Cindy Sherman (b. 1954), From an interview Eva Hesse (1936-1970), From an interview with Cindy Nemser- Artists on Art Roy Lichtenstein (1923-1997), From an interview with Joan Marter- Artists on Art Videos and Podcasts: Jackson Pollock at Work Judith Baca- The Great Wall of Los Angeles Just What Is It That Makes Today’s Homes So Different, So Appealing?- Richard Hamilton Kara Walker Kerry James Marshall’s Relationship to Art History Silkscreen Teaching with MyArtsLab Homework Assignment: At home, students should watch Video: Jackson Pollock at Work. Their homework assignment is to describe how the process of action (or drip) painting relates to Surrealism.

In-Class Assignment: Watch Closer Look: Faith Ringgold, Tar Beach and then discuss critical theory (Art and Its Contexts: Critical Theory, page 581). Provide a reading of Tar Beach from the point of view of feminist theory. ..

74

Key Terms Action Painting Appropriation Assemblage Color Field Painting

Earthwork Pluralism Silkscreen Site-specific sculpture

Class Discussion Topics and Questions Question: In what works or movements of the late-twentieth-century do we most clearly see the influence of Duchamp? Explain your response.

Discussion Topic: Reintroduce the discussion about “democratizing art” (Chapter 18) and discuss Pop Art, including Andy Warhol, in regards to kitsch and lowbrow culture (Art and Its Contexts: “High” and “Low” Culture in the Myth of Modernism, page 562), and the creation of an artistic mainstream (Art and Its Contexts: Clement Greenberg and the Idea of the Mainstream, page 554).

Discussion Topic: Discuss the development of the skyscraper, beginning with the Chicago School (Chapter 18) and continuing to the International Style (Chapters 19 and 20).

Think About It 20.1 Discuss the goals and interests of the painters associated with Abstract Expressionism. What role did Surrealism and other earlier twentieth-century art movements play in the formation of this postwar movement?

20.2 Explain the emergence of Pop art in the 1950s and 1960s. How and why did Pop react to Abstract Expressionism? Who were the major figures in the movement?

20.3 Assess the impact of feminism on contemporary art, concentrating on the work of two specific artists.

20.4 Analyze how contemporary American artists have used their art to address social and political issues surrounding race.

..

75

TEST BANK

Introduction Multiple Choice Questions: 1. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following terms would best describe the painting Flower Piece with Curtain by van der Spelt & van Mieris? abstraction naturalism/realism nonrepresentational figurative

2. a. b. c. d.

A painting that portrays inanimate objects is called a: canon lithograph still life trompe l’oeil

3. a. b. c. d.

The painting Red Canna would be best described by which of the following terms? abstraction naturalism/realism nonrepresentational figurative

4. a. b. c. d.

David Smith’s Cubi works would best be described by which of the following terms? abstraction naturalism/realism nonrepresentational figurative

5. a. b. c. d.

To depict the human body according to an idea of physical perfection is called: idealization romanticism naturalism realism

6. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is more important in Kiki Smith’s The Shoppers? idealization abstraction realism iconography

7. a. b. c. d.

What is the study of conventional subjects and symbols? aesthetics iconography canon capital

..

76

8. a. b. c. d.

A person or group who commissions or finances a work of art is called a(n): artist patron researcher historian

9. a. b. c. d.

What is the study and evaluation of art based on formal, visual, and stylistic analysis in order to deduce its maker called? contextualism iconography connoisseurship aesthetics

10. a. b. c. d.

What is the study of art as product of its broad cultural context? naturalism iconography aesthetics contextualism

Short Answer Questions: 11. What important method of learning to be an artist is suggested by Rembrandt’s drawing of The Last Supper?

12. Why is the Sphinx considered a work of art?

13. What are two possible functions of art?

14. Explain the different types of patronage.

Essay Questions: 15. Who is an artist?

16. What is art history?

..

77

Answer Key: 1. b; Page ref: 2-3 2. c, Page ref: 2 3. a; Page ref: 3-4 4. c; Page ref: 4 5. a; Page ref: 4 6. c; Page ref: 6 7. b; Page ref: 6 8. b; Page ref: 12 9. c; Page ref: 15 10. d; Page ref: 15 11. copying of masterworks; Page ref: 12 12. human imagination conceived it, following of formulaic conventions, symbol of mysterious wisdom; Page ref: 1 13. communal ritual and sociopolitical commentary; Page ref: 8-10 14. museums, institutions, governments, and collectors are patrons; Page ref: 14 15. a person with special creative skills, in the Renaissance they proclaimed themselves “geniuses”; Page ref: 10 16. an academic field of study that combines two distinct but interrelated aspects, formal analysis and contextualism; Page ref: 15

..

78

TEST BANK CHAPTER

1 Prehistoric Art of Europe Multiple Choice Questions: 1. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following best describes the meaning of “Upper” Paleolithic? the earliest part the latest part from Northern Europe the highest in elevation

2. a. b. c. d.

The Old Stone age is known as the ________ period: Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Calcolithic

3. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following best corresponds to the Upper Paleolithic era?

200,000 to 42,000 BCE 42,000 to 8,000 BCE 8,000 to 3,000 BCE 2,300 to 1,000 BCE

4. a. b. c. d.

The Lion-Human is an example of: sculpture in the round casting relief sculpture modeling

5. a. b. c. d.

The Woman from Willendorf was formerly known as the: Mother of Willendorf Hunter of Willendorf Venus of Willendorf Aphrodite of Willendorf

6. a. b. c. d.

Female figurines from the Paleolithic period typically stress what attribute? the ability to cure the ability to hunt the ability to reproduce the ability to worship

..

79

7. a. b.

Relief sculpture can be created through modeling.

True False

8. a. b. c. d.

In Russia and Ukraine, Upper Paleolithic homes were made of: mammoth bones timber natural caves stones

9. a. b. c. d.

Paleolithic cave paintings are primarily located in: Germany Austria Belgium France

10. a. b. c. d.

The oldest dated European cave paintings are at: Lascaux Altamira Chauvet Cogul Lérida

11. a. b. c. d.

Which description fits the cave at Lascaux, France best? not a cave, but an overhanging shelter has a rare depiction of a human has the most pronounced sculptural effects named for its discoverer

12. a. b. c. d.

At Le Tuc d’Audobert there are: Bison sculpted in the round Relief sculptures of bison Relief sculptures of women Women sculpted in the round

13. a. b. c. d.

One fundamental change that marks the beginning of the Neolithic period is: year-round settlements use of the bow and arrow weaving use of stone tools

14. a. b. c. d.

Ceramics are made of: baked clay glass sand stone

15. a. b. c. d.

Compared to Paleolithic sculpture, the Woman and Man from Cernavoda display more: exaggerated features attitude and expression idealization ritual significance

..

80

16. When each row of blocks or stones projects past the one below until they come together over a window or door, it is called: a. a dolmen b. a cairn c. a lintel d. corbeling 17. a. b. c. d.

When two upright blocks support a horizontal one, it is called: a post-and-lintel corbeling a henge a dolmen

18. a. b. c. d.

The term “megalithic” means: small stone large stone old stone new stone

19. a. b. c. d.

A simple stone chamber formed of upright stones and another across the top is called a: dolmen corbel cairn henge

20. a. b. c. d.

The top rock on a dolmen is called the: bridge henge capstone cairn

21. a. b. c. d.

An elaborate tomb chamber with a corridor leading into it is a: henge cairn corbel vault passage grave

22. a. b. c. d.

A circle formed by stones or wooden posts is called a: henge dolmen cairn corbel

23. a. b. c. d.

Stonehenge functioned primarily as a place for the: sick hungry living dead

..

81

24. a. b. c. d.

The Neolithic period ended with the introduction of: weaving metalworking cabinetry glassmaking

Short Answer Questions: 25. Describe the characteristics of megalithic architecture.

26. How is Stonehenge different from all other henges?

Essay Questions: 27. Describe at least three of the possible meanings that prehistoric painting may have had, and explain the rationale as to why each has been considered.

28. Describe the Lion-Human and discuss its possible meaning(s).

29. How might the name of an object, such as the Woman from Willendorf, alter the way we understand it?

30. Describe the tomb interior at Newgrange, Ireland in regards to at least three architectural innovations.

31. Describe Stonehenge and discuss the theories that have surfaced regarding its meaning.

..

82

Answer Key: 1. b; Page ref: 20 2. a; Page ref: 20 3. b; Page ref: 20 4. a; Page ref: 20-21 5. c; Page ref: 22 6. c; Page ref: 21 7. a; Page ref: 26 8. a; Page ref: 22 9. d; Page ref: 22-26 10. c; Page ref: 23 11. b; Page ref: 24 12. b; Page ref: 26 13. a; Page ref: 27 14. a; Page ref: 27 15. b; Page ref: 28 16. d; Page ref: 29 17. a; Page ref: 29 18. b; Page ref: 28 19. a; Page ref: 29 20. c; Page ref: 29 21. d; Page ref: 29 22. a; Page ref: 29-30 23. d; Page ref: 30 24. b; Page ref: 27 25. large stones, organized workforces, cooperative collaboration; Page ref: 28 26. it is the most complex; Page ref: 29-30 27. love of beauty, social function, to teach novice hunters, for ritualistic purposes; Page ref: 23 28. person wearing mask, shamanistic practice, communication with the animal/spirit world; Page ref: 20-21 29. words are associated with concepts which affect the way that we understand an object; Page ref: 22 30. dolmens, capstones, corbeling, posts, lintels; Page ref: 29 31. astronomical significance, site for ceremonies and rituals; Page ref: 30

..

83

TEST BANK CHAPTER

2 Art of the Ancient Near East Multiple Choice Questions: 1. a. b. c. d.

The term “Mesopotamia” means land: outside the rivers between the rivers North of the rivers South of the rivers

2. a. b. c. d.

Which two great rivers run through Mesopotamia? the Euphrates and the Nile the Indus and the Nile the Nile and the Tigris the Tigris and the Euphrates

3. a. b. c. d.

Simple pictures, called pictographs, evolved into representations of syllable sounds known as: hieroglyphs cuneiforms phonograms icons

4. a. b. c. d.

An early form of writing using wedge-shaped marks is the definition of: hieroglyphic cuneiform pictograph hieratic

5. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a writing instrument shaped like a triangular wedge? cuneiform stele cartouche stylus

6. a. b. c. d.

A tall stepped structure in Mesopotamia with a shrine on the top is a: pyramid mastaba ziggurat necropolis

..

84

7. a. b. c. d.

The Sumerians worshiped many gods, among them Inanna, the Goddess of: Love and Beauty Love and Happiness Love and Death Love and War

8. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is an image created as a devotional offering to the gods? cartouche icon stele votive figure

9. a. b. c. d.

Which adjective would best describe Sumerian votive figures? cylindrical spherical rectangular triangular

10. As seen in the carved vessel from Uruk, the horizontal bands where visual narratives are displayed are known as: a. brackets b. bays c. registers d. pillars 11. a. b. c. d.

The world’s oldest epic tale, told in poetry, is called the Epic of: Naram-Sin Gilgamesh Gudea Hammurabi

12. A small stone, decorated with incised patterns, that makes an identifying “signature” when rolled across soft clay or wax is called a: a. cylinder seal b. capital c. stele d. cairn 13. An upright stone slab decorated with writing or images, used as a marker or memorial is a: a. dolmen b. stele c. pylon d. cairn 14. a. b. c. d. ..

The Stele of Naram-Sin commemorates: a military victory the dedication of Naram-Sin’s palace the first law code the grave of Naram-Sin 85

15. In some works of art, the size of the figures denotes their importance. What is this known as? a. hieratic scale b. iconography c. stylization d. abstraction 16. a. b. c. d.

The world’s oldest recorded code of law is found on the: Stele of Naram-Sin Votive statue of Gudea Palette of Narmer Stele of Hammurabi

17. a. b. c. d.

A guardian figure found on Assyrian gateways is called a(n): anthromorph sphinx lamassu taotie

18. Of what is the relief sculpture of Assurbanipal and His Queen in the Garden a depiction? a. a military victory celebration b. a romantic love scene c. an homage to the king d. a religious ritual 19. a. b. c. d.

The most well known Neo-Babylonian ruler was: King Croesus Nebuchadnezzar II Xerxes I Darius I

20. a. b. c. d.

As seen in the Ishtar Gate, the notched towers can also be described as: crenellated undercut glazed buttressed

21. The Persians laid Persepolis out in a rectangular grid. From where did they borrow this tradition? a. the Babylonians and Indians b. the Romans and Carthaginians c. the Greeks and Egyptians d. the Japanese and Chinese 22. a. b. c. d. ..

Who ultimately put an end to the Persian Empire? the Etruscans the Romans the Greeks the Egyptians 86

Short Answer Questions: 23. How can you identify God Shamash in the Stele of Hammurabi?

24. Describe the process through which the colorful glazed bricks of the Ishtar Gate were made?

Essay Questions: 25. Discuss the iconography on the Carved Vessel from Uruk.

26. Describe the function and appearance of Sumerian votive figures.

27. Describe the purposes for which cylinder seals were used.

28. Explain how the iconography of the Stele of Naram-Sin speaks to the greatness of Naram-Sin. 29. Interpret the message of the Votive Statue of Gudea.

..

87

Answer Key: 1. b; Page ref: 34 2. d; Page ref: 34 3. c; Page ref: 35 4. b; Page ref: 35 5. d; Page ref: 35 6. c; Page ref: 35 7. d; Page ref: 36 8. d; Page ref: 37 9. a; Page ref: 37 10. c; Page ref: 36 11. b; Page ref: 38 12. a; Page ref: 39 13. b; Page ref: 41 14. a; Page ref: 33 15. a; Page ref: 33 16. d; Page ref: 41 17. c; Page ref: 42 18. a; Page ref: 43 19. b; Page ref: 44 20. a; Page ref: 44 21. c; Page ref: 46 22. d; Page ref: 46 23. throne, hieratic scale; Page ref: 41 24. Fire the bricks, however each brick had to be slightly larger since it shrunk during the firing process; Page ref: 44 25. Agricultural offerings to Inanna, ritual marriage between the goddess and priestking; Page ref: 36 26. simplified cylindrical form, stocky, staring eyes, men are bare-chested and wear sheepskin kilts; Page ref: 37 27. to seal jars, bundles, and doors; Page ref: 39 28. Naram-Sin is larger, wears horns on his helmet, therefore more important, he steps upon the bodies of enemies and ascends; Page ref: 33 29. Gudea provides life-giving water with leaping fish; Page ref: 40

..

88

TEST BANK CHAPTER

3 Art of Ancient Egypt Multiple Choice Questions: 1. a. b. c. d.

In Egypt, the rule by one family is known as a(n): kingdom empire dynasty tribe

2. a. b. c. d.

Why is Upper Egypt in the south and Lower Egypt in the north? the Nile River floods in the south. the Nile River floods in the north. the Nile River flows from north to south. the Nile River flows from south to north.

3. a. b. c. d.

Who unified Upper and Lower Egypt into one empire?

Khafre Hatshepsut Akhenaten Narmer

4. a. b. c. d.

Which was the function of the Palette of Narmer? a breastplate a shield a place to grind paint for eye makeup a stele to honor the king

5. a. b. c. d.

The Egyptian convention of depicting shoulders and torso in a frontal manner and hips, legs, and feet in profile was used: when depicting the slaves when depicting the priests when depicting royalty when depicting commoners

6. a. b. c. d.

In Egypt, which kind of person would be portrayed most naturalistically? a king a military leader a queen a person of lesser social rank

..

89

7. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a flat-topped, one story structure with slanted walls above a burial chamber? pyramid mastaba ziggurat necropolis

8. a. b. c. d.

Which is a city of the dead?

Mastaba Sarcophagus Necropolis Mausoleum

9. a. b. c. d.

Who designed the funerary complex and stepped pyramid of Djoser?

Djoser Imhotep Menkaure Menes

10. a. b. c. d.

What is the name of the King of Dynasty 3 buried at Saqqara?

Senusret III Djoser Ramses II Hatshepsut

11. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a thin layer or facing of a building or other object? veneer module stylus course

12. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is, in Egyptian belief, the life force or spirit of a human being?

Uraeus Ankh Ka Wedjat

13. a. b. c. d.

The oldest and largest of the Giza pyramids is that of Djoser Khafre Khufu Menkaure

14. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is the Egyptian symbol of everlasting life? cartouche scarab ankh wedjat

..

90

15. a. b. c. d.

Who was the first king of Egypt to use the title “Pharaoh”?

Djoser Tuthmose III Narmer Khafre

16. a. b. c. d.

A hall that is filled with rows of columns is called: a clerestory a dolmen pylonesque hypostyle

17. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a massive Egyptian gateway? clerestory hypostyle pylon dolmen

18. Which of the following are windows above a side roof that let light into the central interior space? a. pylons b. hypostyle c. bracketing d. clerestory 19. a. b. c. d.

The reign of Akhenaten is also known as the: Amarna Period Second Intermediate Period Babylonian Captivity Ptolemaic Period

20. a. b. c. d.

What was unusual about Egypt during the reign of Akhenaten? it was monotheistic slavery was abolished images of gods were outlawed it was ruled by the Hyksos

21. a. b. c. d.

Where was the bust of Nefertiti discovered? on the prow of a ship in her tomb in a sculptor’s studio in the palace of neighboring Nubia

22. a. b. c. d.

In the Egyptian religion, who was the god of the dead and the underworld?

Osiris Ammit Anubis Horus

..

91

23. In the Egyptian religion, who oversaw funerals and cemeteries, and was represented with a jackal’s head? a. Osiris b. Ammit c.

Anubis d. Horus 24. a. b. c. d.

In the Egyptian religion, who was the “Eater of the Dead”?

Thoth Ammit Anubis Horus

25. b. c. d. e.

In the Egyptian religion, who was the falcon-headed god?

Thoth Ammit Anubis Horus

26. a. b. c. d.

The “Book of the Dead” was: a book of prayers a collection of magic spells a collection of songs a list of ancient kings

27. a. b. c. d.

Ptolemaic mummy portraits were painted using what kind of medium? encaustic fresco oil watercolor

Short Answer Questions: 28. Identify and explain why the earliest great civilizations, such as in Egypt and Mesopotamia, grew up around a certain important geographic feature.

29. How does the Palette of Narmer lead us to conclude that Narmer is the King?

30. Where are the Egyptian cities of the dead placed in relationship to the Nile, and why is this symbolic?

31. What was the purpose of “sham buildings” at the funerary complex and stepped pyramid of Djoser?

32. Along with the three Great Pyramids at Giza, what did the funerary complex include?

33. Describe the pose of Menkaure in the statue with his wife.

..

92

Essay Questions: 34. How did the Egyptians’ beliefs about the afterlife influence their art and architecture?

35. Describe the development of the pyramid as an architectural form.

36. Compare the sculptures of the Seated Scribe and Khafre.

37. Explain the purpose and symbolism in a hippopotamus hunt.

..

93

Answer Key: 1. c; Page ref: 50 2. d; Page ref: 50 3. d; Page ref: 50 4. c; Page ref: 50 5. c; Page ref: 50 6. d; Page ref: 50 7. b; Page ref: 53 8. c; Page ref: 53 9. b; Page ref: 52-53 10. b; Page ref: 52-53 11. a; Page ref: 53 12. c; Page ref: 50 13. c; Page ref: 55 14. c; Page ref: 58 15. b; Page ref: 59 16. d; Page ref: 61 17. c; Page ref: 61 18. d; Page ref: 62 19. a; Page ref: 62 20. a; Page ref: 62 21. c; Page ref: 64 22. a; Page ref: 65 23. c; Page ref: 65 24. b; Page ref: 65 25. e; Page ref: 58 26. b; Page ref: 65-66 27. a; Page ref: 66 28. rivers, irrigation, fertile land, agriculture, transportation; Page ref: 49 29. hieratic scale, hieroglyphics; Page ref: 50-51 30. west, where the sun sets; Page ref: 53 31. a replica of the King’s realm for the use of his Ka; Page ref: 53 32. funerary temples, valley temples, and the sphinx; Page ref: 54-55 33. left foot forward, weight on both legs equally, fists clenched, entire body frontal and erect; Page ref: 55-56 34. belief in Ka, or spirit, needs home, nourishment, mummification, etc. Page ref: 50-53 35. mastaba to Djoser’s complex to Pyramid; Page ref: 53 36. Khafre seem authoritarian, idealized, rigid, and frontal, the Seated Scribe is more naturalistic and individualized; Page ref: 55-56 37. triumph of good over evil; Page ref: 56-57

..

94

TEST BANK CHAPTER

4 Early Asian Art Multiple Choice Questions: 1. a. b. c. d.

The Indus Valley Civilization is also called: Aryan Akkadian Mauryan Harappan

2. a. b. c. d.

The Torso from Harappa is described as: abstract idealized naturalistic stylized

3. a. b. c. d.

What are the religiously sanctioned hereditary social classes in India called? samsara mudras castes vedas

4. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is the cycle of birth, life, death, and rebirth? samsara castes nirvana vedas

5. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is the goal of religious life, i.e., to end reincarnation by uniting with eternal Brahman? samsara nirvana chakra torana

6. a. b. c. d.

Prince Siddhartha Gautama is the historical: Buddha Mahavira Brahman Shiva

..

95

7. a. b. c. d.

The term “Buddha” means: The Spiritual One The Religious One The Enlightened One The God

8. a. b. c. d.

You can tell a bodhisattva from a Buddha because a bodhisattva has: simple monk’s robes a lotus throne a tuft of white hair between his eyes lavish clothes and crown

9. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a dome-shaped monument or mound in Buddhist architecture that contains sacred relics? mandala torana yakshi stupa

10. a. b. c. d.

The relic at the Great Stupa, Sanchi is: a wheel of life a piece of a bodhi tree part of the cremated body of Buddha a lion skull

11. A stupa has a mast that connects the cosmic waters below the earth with the celestial realm above known as the: a. Axis mundi b. Torana c.

Yakshi d. Pagoda 12. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following are stone gateways around a stupa? pylons toranas mudras chakras

13. a. b. c. d.

In Buddhism, female spirits associated with beauty and fertility are known as: Mudras Yakshis Bodhisattvas Toranas

14. Which of the following artistic traditions had a strong influence on the Standing Buddha as well as other Gandharan sculpture? a. Roman b. Chinese c.

Egyptian d. Persian ..

96

15. a. b. c. d.

What are symbolic Buddhist hand gestures called? urnas mudras laksnanas chakras

16. In Buddhism, which symbolizes spiritual purity, the wholeness of creation, and cosmic harmony? a. a mandala b. a wheel with spokes c. a lotus flower d. elongated earlobes 17. a. b. c. d.

Wall paintings, such as the Bodhisattva in Ajanta, are called: glazes murals tempera billboards

18. a. b. c. d.

The Gupta monarchs promoted: Islam Hinduism Jainism Buddhism

19. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is NOT a Hindu deity?

Buddha Devi Shiva Vishnu

20. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a large stylized mask-like face on Chinese vessels? fang ding haniwa yaksha taotie

21. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a building used as a tomb? stupa module mausoleum cenotaph

22. a. b. c. d.

Who first unified China?

Emperor Wu Lao Tzu Confucius Shihuangdi

..

97

23. a. b. c. d.

Qin Shihuangdi’s ceramic soldiers were mass-produced by using: standardized molds body casts cylinders for legs, arms, torso. stamps

24. Which of the following is a philosophy that emphasizes harmony between humans and nature? a. Confucianism b. Shintoism c.

Daoism d. Hinduism 25. Which of the following is a philosophy that emphasizes a just and harmonious society based on respectful fulfillment of your social roles as husband or wife, elder sibling and younger sibling, etc.? a. Confucianism b. Shintoism c.

Daoism d. Hinduism 26. What was the name of the 5,000-mile long trade route between East Asia and the West? a. The Gold Route b. The Silver Route c.

The Wool Route d. The Silk Route 27. Which of the following is an architectural element that projects from a wall and often helps support a horizontal element? a. corbel b. cairn c. torana d. bracketing 28. a. b. c. d.

In the Tang dynasty, ceramic figurines were produced by the thousand for use in: houses tombs courts trade

29. Which of the following is the first important surviving example of Chinese wood frame architecture? a. Nanchan Temple b. Borobudur c.

Horyu-ji d. Qin Shihuangdi’s mausoleum

..

98

30. a. b. c. d.

The art of beautiful writing is known as: painting drawing inscription calligraphy

31. Which of the following is an East Asian reliquary tower built with successively smaller, repeated stories? a. mausoleum b. mastaba c. pagoda d. torana 32. Which are the stamped characters called that have been added to many Chinese letters and paintings? a. pictographs b. chakra c. seals d. calligraphy 33. a. b. c. d.

From where does the world’s oldest surviving fired pottery come?

Japan Korea China India

34. a. b. c. d.

What is the literal meaning of Kofun? cord patterns old tombs right balance spirit harmony

35. What are the small, unglazed ceramic sculptures called that are found in Japanese tombs? a. taotie b. haniwa c. chakra d. kami 36. a. b. c. d.

Which Shinto shrine has been ritually rebuilt every 20 years?

Inner Shrine, Ise, Japan Horyu-ji, Japan Nanchan Temple, China Great Stupa, Sanchi, India

37. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a type of hard glossy varnish? lacquer glaze seal enamelwork

..

99

Short Answer Questions: 38. What influenced the style of Mathuran images of Buddha?

39. Explain the significance of the lotus flower and the lotus throne.

40. What makes the Cave-Temple of Shiva seem a mysterious and confusing complex?

41. What was the purpose of bronze vessels in Shang Dynasty China?

42. How were Qin Shihuangdi’s ceramic soldiers individualized?

43. What reasons did Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty have for making Confucianism the official philosophy?

44. What was the method used to apply glazes on Tang Dynasty ceramics?

45. Briefly describe the narrative from the Hungry Tigress Jataka panel of the Tamamushi Shrine.

Essay Questions: 46. Explain the symbolism of the Eternal Shiva from the Cave-Temple at Elephanta.

47. How is the colossal Seated Buddha from Sanxi, China different from its earlier Indian counterparts?

48. Describe the Silk Route and its use and effect in China and the West.

49. Discuss how the purpose and design of Horiyu-Ji reveals the influence of China.

..

100

Answer Key: 1. d; Page ref: 70-71 2. c; Page ref: 71 3. c; Page ref: 72 4. a; Page ref: 72 5. b; Page ref: 72 6. a; Page ref: 71 7. c; Page ref: 71 8. d; Page ref: 71 9. d; Page ref: 72 10. c; Page ref: 72 11. a; Page ref: 72 12. b; Page ref: 72 13. b; Page ref: 73-74 14. a; Page ref: 74-75 15. b; Page ref: 76 16. c; Page ref: 75 17. b; Page ref: 76 18. b; Page ref: 76 19. a; Page ref: 77 20. d; Page ref: 79 21. c; Page ref: 80 22. d; Page ref: 80 23. a; Page ref: 69 24. c; Page ref: 80 25. a; Page ref: 80 26. d; Page ref: 81 27. d; Page ref: 84, 86 28. b; Page ref: 84 29. a; Page ref: 84 30. d; Page ref: 85 31. c; Page ref: 86 32. c; Page ref: 85 33. a; Page ref: 87 34. b; Page ref: 87 35. b; Page ref: 88 36. a; Page ref: 88-89 37. a; Page ref: 90 38. indigenous traditions such as images of yakshas (male nature deities); Page ref: 75 39. symbolizes spiritual purity, wholeness of creation, and cosmic harmony; nirvana; Page ref: 75 40. controlled entrances, the lighting; Page ref: 76-77 41. serving containers for ritual food offerings; Page ref: 79 42. modeled and carved individual features, painted them, and added weapons; Page ref: 69 43. it taught respect for authority and emphasized social order; Page ref: 80 44. splashed freely and allowed to run during firing; Page ref: 84 45. Buddha nobly sacrifices his life by throwing himself off a cliff to feed a tigress and her cubs; Page ref: 90 46. fivefold nature; Page ref: 77-78 47. the Chinese is more formal, less human, unearthly; Page ref: 83 ..

101

48. not only goods but ideas and religion were transmitted; Page ref: 81-82 49. Buddhist temple, kondo, pagoda; Page ref: 89-90

..

102

TEST BANK CHAPTER

5 Art of Ancient Greece and the Aegean World Multiple Choice Questions: 1. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is the oldest Aegean Civilization?

Minoan Mycenaean Cycladic Greek

2. a. b. c. d.

Where are Cycladic figurines usually found? in and around graves in megarons in temples in homes

3. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following best describes Cycladic sculpture? it has been reduced to geometric essentials it is rounded and fleshy they are in the shape of houses, boats, birds, and animals their glazes are splashed freely over them and allowed to run

4. a. b. c. d.

The Minoan writing that has been deciphered is hieroglyphic linear A linear B cuneiform

5. a. b. c. d.

Minoan culture gets its name from: the Island Minos King Minos the Mountain Minos Queen Minos

6. a. b. c. d.

Cut and highly finished blocks of stone are called: dressed stone capstone slipstone pietra serena

..

103

7. a. b. c. d.

Which did the Minoans practice? bull fighting leaping over a bull running of the bulls bull wrestling

8. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a gold working technique where minute granules are fused in a pattern to a larger surface? niello granulation inlay bracketing

9. a. b. c. d.

What is the Greek name for Greece?

Grecque Hellas Aegea Mycenaea

10. a. b. c. d.

Which civilization had the most fortifications?

Cycladic Minoan Mycenaean Harappan

11. a. b. c. d.

The Greek war against Troy as told by Homer in the Iliad most likely involved the: Cycladic people Minoans Mycenaeans Persians

12. a. b. c. d.

Mycenaean large-stone masonry was also known as: Helladic Cyclopean Aegean Archaic

13. a. b. c. d.

In masonry construction, what are the rows or layers of stone, brick, or block called? courses granulation cornices pediments

14. a. b. c. d.

Which type of ceiling was used by the Mycenaeans for their tholos tombs? a corbeled vault a relieving arch a groin vault a barrel vault

..

104

15. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is the final, topmost stone in a corbeled vault? dressed stone relieving arch cornice capstone

16. a. b. c. d.

The largest free-span in an interior space before the Romans is the: Palace at Knossos Parthenon, Athens Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens Treasury of Atreus

17. Which of the following is a “great room” or large audience hall in a Mycenaean ruler’s residence? a. tholos b. peristyle c. megaron d. pronaos 18. a. b. c. d.

Which is represented on the Lion Gate at Mycenae that shows a Minoan influence? the lions the column the plinth the bulls

19. a. b. c. d.

Who is called the “father of democracy”?

Kleisthenes Pericles Phidias Socrates

20. a. b. c. d.

When was the Geometric style dominant in Greece?

900 to 700 BCE 600 to 480 BCE 3000 to 1000 BCE 320 to 30 BCE

21. a. b. c. d.

How were Geometric funerary vases used? to pour libations as grave markers to carry wine to the funeral to keep the ashes of the deceased

22. a. b. c. d.

The Man and Centaur sculpture is an example of Archaic ceramics Early Classical bronze casting Geometric style “High” Classical ideals

..

105

23. a. b. c. d.

When was the Archaic period in Greece?

900 to 700 BCE 600 to 480 BCE 3000 to 1000 BCE 320 to 30 BCE

24. a. b. c. d.

What does “archaic” mean? advanced unique common antiquated

25. a. b. c. d.

The main room in a Greek temple is called the: peristyle nave megaron cella

26. a. b. c. d.

In a Greek temple, the enclosed vestibule in front of the cella is called the: peristyle stylobate treasury pronaos

27. a. b. c. d.

When a building or room has free-standing columns around it, it is said to be: archaic crenellated Ionic peristyle

28. a. b. c. d.

In architecture, what is a regulated decorative system called? a stylobate an order a peristyle a forum

29. Which of the following is a horizontal lintel consisting of three other horizontal elements? a. architrave b. entablature c. echinus d. metopes 30. a. b. c. d.

..

Which architectural order has fluted columns without bases and unadorned capitals?

Ionic Corinthian Tuscan Doric

106

31. a. b. c. d.

Which is the block at the top of a column? capital pediment triglyph metope

32. a. b. c. d.

The triangular gable end of a Greek temple is the: triglyph stylobate echinus pediment

33. In the Doric order, which of the following are alternating panels in the frieze, which are sometimes sculpted? a. metopes b. triglyphs c. palmettes d. volutes 34. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following architectural orders has an acanthus leaf motif?

Doric Ionic Corinthian Tuscan

35. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a statue of a young man? kylix skene kore kouros

36. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a statue of a young woman? kylix skene kouros kore

37. Which of the following is a Greek all-purpose storage jar, with an egg-shaped body and two curved handles? a. kylix b. amphora c. hydria d. krater 38. Which of the following is a style of ancient Greek pottery in which the objects are black and the background is red? a. red-figure b. geometric c. black-figure d. niello ..

107

39. Which of the following is a mixture of clay and water that is applied to the surface of an unfired ceramic vessel? a. niello b. slip c. glaze d. enamel 40. a. b. c. d.

Which event marked the beginning of the Classical period in Greece? the end of the Persian War the death of Alexander the Great the Greek conquest of Egypt the Roman conquest of Greece

41. a. b. c. d.

A shallow two-handled drinking cup is known as a: hydria amphora krater kylix

42. a. b. c. d.

When was the “High” Classical period in Greece?

450 to 400 BCE 600 to 480 BCE 3000 to 1000 BCE 320 to 30 BCE

43. a. b. c. d.

Who designed the sculpture of the Parthenon?

Pericles Kleisthenes Socrates Phidias

44. a. b. c. d.

Who designed the Parthenon?

Iktinos Kallikrates Iktinos and Kallikrates Iktinos and Phidias

45. The shafts of many Greek columns swell in the center and taper towards the top.

This is known as: a. vaulting b. a bell krater c. entasis d. echinus 46. a. b. c. d.

..

The Parthenon is a Greek temple dedicated to: Poseidon Athena Aphrodite Zeus

108

47. a. b. c. d.

The Panathenaic festival procession is depicted on the Parthenon’s: ionic frieze west pediment northern metopes cella doors

48. a. b. c. d.

The North and East porches of the Erechtheion employ which architectural order?

Corinthian Ionic Doric Tuscan

49. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following best describes the shape of a volute? a spiral scroll concentric circles a golden rectangle a floral pattern

50. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is the term given to female figures acting as columns? caryatids metopes kouros kore

51. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following means “measure,” “rule,” or “law” in Greek? contrapposto canon acropolis kylix

52. Which ancient Greek is noted for developing a “canon” of proportion, which he illustrated in the sculpture, the Spear Bearer? a. Phidias b. Polykleitos c.

Pericles d. Praxiteles 53. a. b. c. d.

Praxiteles’ Aphrodite of Knidos was considered daring because it: broke the canon of Polykleitos showed the goddess as an old woman was brightly painted was nude

54. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following coincides with the end of the Classical period in Greek art? the defeat of the Persian Xerxes the defeat of the Greeks by the Romans the administration of Pericles the death of Alexander

..

109

55. Which of the following characteristics of Greek art became more pronounced during Hellenistic times? a. it became more idealized b. it became more all-encompassing c. it was more individual and emotional d. it was more calm and aloof 56. a. b. c. d.

Which new subject became important to the Hellenistic Greeks? emotional melodrama pastoral landscapes idealized portraiture heroic narratives

57. Which of the following terms refers to images formed by small colored stone or marble pieces? a. inlay b. module c. skene d. mosaic 58. Which of the following refers to the illusion on a flat surface of objects projecting sharply into space? a. foreshortening b. shading c. undercutting d. modeling 59. Which is the term for creating the illusion of three-dimensionality on a flat surface through the use of lights and darks? a. foreshortening b. perspective c. modeling d. contrapposto 60. Which of the following are small pieces of stone or glass that are used to create a larger design? a. mosaics b. tesserae c. palmettes d. voussoirs 61. a. b. c. d.

..

Which two conflicting trends increase in prominence in Hellenistic sculpture? realistic and abstract Classical and anti-Classical organic and geometric conservative and liberal

110

62. a. b. c. d.

Where were Greek theaters built? in the city center on hilltops into a hillside adjacent to a temple

63. a. b. c. d.

The Greek word orkhestra literally means to dance a group of musicians several instruments to chant in unison

64. a. b. c. d.

In Greek theater, what is the architectural backdrop for performances called? orkhestra skene proskenion parados

65. During which period of Greek history were sculptures made that depicted people from all levels of society and all physical types? a. Archaic b. Classical c. fourth century d. Hellenistic 66. a. b. c. d.

Noblemen from which cultural group wore Torcs?

Celts Greeks Neo-Babylonians Persians

Short Answer Questions: 67. What is different about the appearance of Cycladic figurines when compared to the way they originally looked?

68. Explain what the “flying gallop” is and give an example.

69. Describe the appearance of a Geometric style vase.

70. Briefly describe the identifying characteristics of the Doric architectural order.

71. Briefly describe the identifying characteristics of the Ionic architectural order.

72. Briefly describe the identifying characteristics of the Corinthian architectural order.

..

111

Essay Questions: 73. Compare the Greek Anavysos Kouros with the Egyptian stature of Menkaure and a Queen. Note differences and similarities in appearance, intent, and meaning.

74. Discuss the development of Kouros figures culminating in the Kritios Boy. What changes have taken place in the kouroi tradition?

75. Discuss the element of color and its relationship to Greek sculpture. Why is the consideration of color important?

76. Discuss the various meanings of the words “classic” and “classical.”

77. What subtle adjustments or refinements were made in the Parthenon that give it a more organic appearance? Speculate about the possible reasons for these refinements.

78. Describe the stylistic development that occurred from the Peplos Kore, to the Parthenon’s pedimental sculpture, and the Nike Adjusting Her Sandal.

79. How does the Aphrodite of Melos combine fourth century styles with Hellenistic styles?

80. How does the altar from Pergamon fit the characteristics of Hellenistic art?

..

112

Answer Key: 1. c; Page ref: 94 2. a; Page ref: 95 3. a; Page ref: 95 4. c; Page ref: 96 5. b; Page ref: 95 6. a; Page ref: 96 7. b; Page ref: 98 8. b; Page ref: 98 9. b; Page ref: 99 10. c; Page ref: 99 11. c; Page ref: 99-100 12. d; Page ref: 100 13. a; Page ref: 100-1001 14. a; Page ref: 100 15. d; Page ref: 101 16. d; Page ref: 100 17. c; Page ref: 101 18. b; Page ref: 101 19. a; Page ref: 102 20. a; Page ref: 102 21. b; Page ref: 111 22. c; Page ref: 111 23. b; Page ref: 111 24. d; Page ref: 103 25. d; Page ref: 104 26. d; Page ref: 104 27. d; Page ref: 104 28. b; Page ref: 104 29. b; Page ref: 104 30. d; Page ref: 104 31. a; Page ref: 104 32. d; Page ref: 104 33. a; Page ref: 104 34. c; Page ref: 104 35. d; Page ref: 107 36. d; Page ref: 107 37. b; Page ref: 93, 108 38. c; Page ref: 108 39. b; Page ref: 108 40. a; Page ref: 110 41. d; Page ref: 111 42. a; Page ref: 112 43. d; Page ref: 112 44. c; Page ref: 112 45. c; Page ref: 112 46. b; Page ref: 112 47. a; Page ref: 114-115 48. b; Page ref: 117 49. a; Page ref: 117 50. a; Page ref: 117 ..

113

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

..

b; Page ref: 116 b; Page ref: 116 d; Page ref: 118 d; Page ref: 120 c; Page ref: 123 a; Page ref: 123 d; Page ref: 120 a; Page ref: 120 c; Page ref: 120 b; Page ref: 120 b; Page ref: 123 c; Page ref: 122 a; Page ref: 122 b; Page ref: 122 d; Page ref: 123 a; Page ref: 125 their faces and hair were painted; Page ref: 95 legs fully extended in opposite directions. Bull in Bull Jumping and deer in Mycenaean dagger blade; Page ref: 98, 100 horizontal lines; flat patterns; stylized geometric figures; Page ref: 102-103 oldest and plainest, columns have no base, cushion-like echinus, frieze with triglyphs and metopes; Page ref: 104 elongated and delicate, capitals have scrolled volutes, the frieze is a continuous strip; Page ref: 104 appeared around 450 BCE, elaborate capitals with acanthus leaves; Page ref: 104 The Kouros is more athletic and completely nude. The figure is fully freed from the stone but stylization is greater. Stance is obviously borrowed from the Egyptians; Page ref: 107-108 natural, lifelike, contrapposto, no Archaic smile, no stylization; Page ref: 110 use contrasts with most modern viewers’ assumptions, increased naturalistic & lively character of works; Page ref: 106 high quality, good design, enduring style, style of ancient Greece and Rome, etc.; Page ref: 112 entasis of columns, tilt of columns, variation in spacing of columns; Page ref: 112 the Kore is stiff and frontal with no sense of figure beneath the clothing. The pedimental sculpture has anatomically correct figures with clinging drapery. The Nike adds motion; Page ref: 108, 114, 117 Classical subject with sensuous Hellenistic portrayal; Page ref: 118 diagonal lines, projecting figures, emotional expressions; Page ref: 126

114

TEST BANK CHAPTER

6 Etruscan and Roman Art Multiple Choice Questions: 1. a. b. c. d.

Which is an oven designed to fire clay at high temperature? basilica aqueduct atrium kiln

2. a. b. c. d.

The Apollo Veii was originally located: in a temple cella on the processional path to a temple. on a temple roof. in a tomb.

3. a. b. c. d.

Which is our source of Etruscan temples?

Etruscan homes writings of Roman architect, Vitruvius the one remaining at Cerveteri models in Etruscan tombs

4. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a slow-drying type of plaster? enamel skene stucco slip

5. a. b. c. d.

Another name for a large carved coffin is a: conch vault sarcophagus megaron

6. a. b. c. d.

A Roman administrative and commercial town center is called a(n): basilica forum peristyle agora

..

115

7. a. b. c. d.

In 509 BCE, the Romans: became an Empire with an Emperor conquered Greece and adopted Greek customs overthrew the Etruscans and set up a Republic began a reign by Etruscan dictators

8. a. b. c. d.

What was the important contributing tradition that resulted in Roman veristic portraiture? celebrity status of the gladiators fame of the Roman people death masks of deceased relatives honor given to the Roman senators

9. a. b. c. d.

In the Temple dedicated to Portunus, which of the following shows a Greek influence? the Ionic order columns the engaged columns the raised platform or podium the stairs leading up to the porch

10. a. b. c. d.

A structure that transports flowing water is called a(n): voussoir pier bay aqueduct

11. a. b. c. d.

A round arch consists of the following? voussoirs and buttresses voussoirs and keystone keystones and voussoir keystones and arcades

12. a. b. c. d.

Two equal intersecting barrel vaults form a(n): exedra spandrel groin vault corbeled vault

13. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a series of arches in a row? arcade aqueduct spandrel entablature

14. a. b. c. d.

What is the act of a human being elevated to divine status? augury crenellation apotheosis dharma

..

116

15. a. b. c. d.

The title “Augustus” means: important sacred untouchable immortal

16. Augustus’s triumphal return to Rome after establishing Roman rule in Gaul is commemorated in the: a. Augustus of Primaporta b. Temple of Portunus c.

Gemma Augustea d. Ara Pacis 17. What is the striking difference between depictions of the Greek procession on the Parthenon and the Roman procession on the Ara Pacis? a. the Greek figures are nude b. the Roman one is longer c. the Greek cutting is much deeper d. the Roman one shows actual people 18. a. b. c. d.

A semi-precious stone or gemstone carved in low relief is known as a: cameo dado pilaster spandrel

19. Two areas in a Roman house that are open to the sky and might have a shallow pool are the: a. peristyle and atrium b. gymnasium and caldarium c. insula and villa d. solarium and tepidarium 20. As seen in the mosaic, An Unswept Floor, to fool the viewer with a great sense of detail and realism is known as: a. cameo b. trompe l’oeil c. dado d. veristic 21. a. b. c. d.

An engaged column-like element that is rectangular instead of rounded is called a: buttress pilaster drum jamb

22. a. b. c. d.

The theme of wall paintings in the Villa of Mysteries is probably: a Roman orgy divine justice initiation into the cult of Bacchus the Greek play Oedipus Rex

..

117

23. a. b. c. d.

The Romans could build faster and cheaper because they developed the use of: mass production concrete slave labor modular construction

24. a. b. c. d.

What does the Arch of Titus commemorate?

Titus’s coronation as Emperor Titus’s birth Titus’s death Titus’s capture of Jerusalem

25. a. b. c. d.

Which were the two Roman architectural orders?

Doric and Tuscan Tuscan and Composite Composite and Ionic Corinthian and Ionic

26. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a large rectangular Roman administration building? forum peristyle basilica cubiculum

27. a. b. c. d.

What is a circular wall that supports a dome called? architrave pilaster vault drum

28. a. b. c. d.

Which is the Roman word for “all the gods?” apotheosis basilica exedrae pantheon

29. a. b. c. d.

What device is used inside the dome of the Pantheon to lighten its weight? coffers columns groin vaults pilasters

30. Certain sculptural effects, such as the circular patterns in the hair of the Young Flavian Woman are called: a. drillwork b. openwork c. cloisonné d. undercutting

..

118

31. Who was the Roman Emperor that succeeded Hadrian, and was known for his military and intellectual achievements? a. Commodus b. Marcus Agrippa c.

Marcus Aurelius d. Trajan 32. Which was in the original apse of the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine that was the focus of the building because of its placement and size? a. the Roman double eagle b. a colossal statue of Constantine c. the earliest depiction of Jesus d. the imperial throne 33. a. b. c. d.

In 313 CE Constantine: moved the capital to Byzantium destroyed Jerusalem legalized Christianity and all religion was assassinated

34. a. b. c. d.

In 330 CE Constantine: moved the capital to Byzantium destroyed Jerusalem legalized Christianity and all religion was assassinated

Short Answer Questions: 35. Identify at least five buildings located in Imperial Rome around 324 BCE. 36. How did the Romans use a stylus and wood tablets?

37. Why was the equestrian statue Marcus Aurelius never melted down?

38. What psychological insights can be inferred from the statue of Commodus as Hercules?

Essay Questions: 39. Compare Etruscan sculpture with Archaic Greek sculpture. What are the similarities and differences? Give examples.

40. How do an Etruscan temple and a Greek temple compare in form?

41. Discuss the mixture of traditions that come together in the Augustus of Primaporta.

42. Describe the symbols, their meaning, and the message of the Gemma Augustea.

43. Describe the purpose of the Colosseum and its architectural orders. ..

119

44. Discuss the Tetrarch in regards to what has happened to the tradition of Roman verism.

45. Discuss two examples of Roman art that demonstrate the commemorative nature that much of it has.

..

120

Answer Key: 1. d; Page ref: 130 2. c; Page ref: 131 3. b; Page ref: 131 4. c; Page ref: 132 5. c; Page ref: 133 6. b; Page ref: 133 7. c; Page ref: 134 8. c; Page ref: 134 9. a; Page ref: 136 10. d; Page ref: 136 11. b; Page ref: 136 12. c; Page ref: 135 13. a; Page ref: 134/135 14. c; Page ref: 138 15. b; Page ref: 138 16. d; Page ref: 138 17. d; Page ref: 138-139 18. a; Page ref: 138 19. a; Page ref: 140-141 20. b; Page ref: 142 21. b; Page ref: 142 22. c; Page ref: 142 23. b; Page ref: 145 24. d; Page ref: 145 25. b; Page ref: 146 26. c; Page ref: 147 27. d; Page ref: 150 28. d; Page ref: 149 29. a; Page ref: 150 30. a; Page ref: 150 31. c; Page ref: 152 32. a; Page ref: 154 33. c; Page ref: 154 34. a; Page ref: 156 35. Forums of Trajan, Julius Caesar, Augustus and Vespasian; Arch of Titus, Colosseum, Tmeple of Venus and Rome, Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rostrum, Markets of Trajan, Basilica Ulpia, Column of Trajan, and Pantheon; Page ref: 146 36. the tablets had a wax surface. The stylus could engrave in the wax. It could be smoothed over and rewritten; Page ref: 151 37. it was mistaken to be Constantine, the first Christian emperor; Page ref: 152 38. his grand pretensions as Hercules are shown; Page ref: 152 39. Both use the Archaic smile, Greek – nudity, Etruscan – more energetic pose; Page ref: 130-131 40. Etruscan has raised porch, single flight of stairs, three-part cella; Page ref: 131 41. Greek idealization and Roman naturalism; Page ref: 138 42. the apotheosis of Augustus, succession of Tiberius, Rome personified by Livia; Page ref: 138/140 43. amphitheater used for entertainment, gladiators; Tuscan, Ionic, Corinthian, and Corinthian pilasters in the attic story; Page ref: 144-145 ..

121

44. Tetrarch has geometricized abstraction, no individual likeness; it is a portrait of power, more symbolic than personal; Page ref: 153 45. essay; Page ref: 133-156

..

122

TEST BANK CHAPTER

7 Jewish, Early Christian, and Byzantine Art Multiple Choice Questions: 1. a. b. c. d.

Which is the Jewish book that contains the first five books of the Hebrew Bible?

Talmud Torah Koran Bible

2. a. b. c. d.

Which was in the Ark of the Covenant? tablets with the Ten Commandments the bones of Abraham Moses’s staff and robe a weapon of unimaginable destructive power

3. a. b. c. d.

A high-ranking angel closely associated with God is a(n): madrasa transept icon cherub

4. a. b. c. d.

An underground burial chamber is a: sarcophagus mausoleum catacomb necropolis

5. a. b. c. d.

A seven-branched Jewish candleholder is called a(n): menorah mandorla codex exedra

6. a. b. c. d.

The synagogue at Dura-Europos was located in a: private home catacomb palace marketplace

..

123

7. a. b. c. d.

Which was painted on the walls of the synagogue at Dura-Europos? geometric patterns scenes from Jewish history animal and plant forms a garden scene

8. a. b. c. d.

Old Saint Peter’s basilica was funded by: Justinian Constantine Pope Gregory the Great Charlemagne

9. a. b. c. d.

St. Peter’s in Rome was given its location because it was believed to be where Peter was: killed buried ordained Pope born

10. a. b. c. d.

Which is the central space of a longitudinal church? nave apse transept narthex

11. a. b. c. d.

The wings that intersect with the nave and aisles at a right angle are known as: colonnade apse transept arcade

12. a. b. c. d.

Which is the entrance porch of a church? narthex transept triforium naos

13. At the “Last Supper,” Jesus ate bread (calling it his body) and drank wine (calling it his blood) with his disciples and told them to do it in remembrance of him. This began the Christian tradition called the: a. Annunciation b. Eucharist c.

Visitation d. Incarnation 14. Which is the large semicircular element projecting from the end wall of an Early Christian church? a. narthex b. transept c. apse d. triforium ..

124

15. a. b. c. d.

The focal point of an Early Christian church with its altar is the: apse clerestory nave narthex

16. Which is the term for a building, especially a church, which has a primary space in the middle with roughly symmetrical areas placed around it? a. a cubiculum b. longitudinal plan c. central plan d. a basilica 17. a. b. c. d.

Who ruled Byzantium in its first “golden age”?

Constantine Charlemagne Justinian Muhammad II

18. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is the term for a half-dome? naos conch exedra pendentive

19. a. b. c. d.

At Hagia Sophia the entire roof structure rests on four massive: conches exedrae piers galleries

20. a. b. c. d.

In Byzantine architecture, which is the preferred way to support a dome? with squinches with pendentives with a colonnade with a drum

21. a. b. c. d.

The earliest use of pendentives in a major building is at: San Vitale. Ravenna San Marco, Venice Santa Sabina, Rome Hagia Sophia, Constantinople

22. a. b. c. d.

The famous Empress of the first Golden Age of Byzantium was: Irene Theodora Galla Placidia Sabina

..

125

23. a. b. c. d.

All books were once “written by hand.” The term for these books is: scroll codex folio manuscript

24. a. b. c. d.

What is parchment made of? animal skin papyrus tree bark cloth

25. a. b. c. d.

Another word for a page or leaf in a book is a(n): folio manuscript illumination codex

26. a. b. c. d.

Which is an image of a holy person? mandorla icon cheribum cloison

27. a. b. c. d.

What is the banning or destruction of religious images called?

Iconoclasm Calvinism Secularism Humanism

28. During the eleventh century, Byzantium gave special trade status to this city, which allowed it to control much of the commerce between the East and West. a. Rome b. Kiev c.

Venice d. Milan 29. a. b. c. d.

Later Byzantine architecture became more: organic simple unadorned complex

30. a. b. c. d.

Anastasis means: hell resurrection ascension entombment

..

126

31. a. b. c. d.

The “third Rome” is: Constantinople Byzantium Moscow Venice

Short Answer Questions: 32. What is the effect of the use of conches at the Church of Hagia Sophia?

33. Describe the continuous narrative technique used in the Page with Rebecca at the Well.

34. What was the Byzantine iconoclastic controversy?

35. Explain the theme of gifts found in the mosaics of the Emperor and Empress at San Vitale.

Essay Questions: 36. Use one or two examples to explain the importance of narrative in Early Christian art.

37. Use one or two examples to explain the importance of symbolism in Early Christian art.

38. Discuss the theme of the “good shepherd” in Early Christian and Byzantine art. What was its importance to Christians? What antecedents did it have? How did it change over time?

39. The icon Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels is among the oldest images of Mary in a position of importance. How is she shown and what are the implications?

40. In Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels from the Monastery of Saint Catherine, how is Roman realism combined with stylization and two-dimensional pattern?

41. Discuss Andrey Rublyov’s art and style as a fine example of Byzantine art. What are its characteristics? How does it relate to the naturalism and idealization of the ancient Greeks?

..

127

Answer Key: 1. b; Page ref: 161 2. a; Page ref: 161 3. d; Page ref: 161 4. c; Page ref: 161 5. a; Page ref: 161 6. a; Page ref: 161 7. b; Page ref: 161 8. b; Page ref: 165 9. b; Page ref: 166 10. a; Page ref: 166 11. c; Page ref: 166 12. a; Page ref: 166 13. b; Page ref: 164 14. c; Page ref: 166 15. a; Page ref: 166 16. c; Page ref: 166 17. c; Page ref: 169 18. b; Page ref: 170 19. c; Page ref: 170 20. b; Page ref: 170 21. d; Page ref: 170 22. b; Page ref: 169 23. d; Page ref: 176 24. a; Page ref: 176 25. a; Page ref: 176 26. b; Page ref: 176 27. a; Page ref: 177 28. c; Page ref: 179 29. d; Page ref: 179 30. b; Page ref: 181 31. c; Page ref: 182 32. it expands the central area to form a longitudinal nave; Page ref: 170 33. events that take place at different times in the story are adjacent on the page; Page ref: 176 34. the banning and destruction of images by the Byzantine emperor (726-843); Page ref: 177 35. the magi are symbolically compared with Justinian and Theodora’s offerings; Page ref: 174-175 36. essay; Page ref: 159 37. essay; Page ref: 159 38. it evolved or was borrowed from Hermes and/or Orpheus and/or King David; Page ref: 166 39. she is the intercessor between Christians and God, and Theotokos, or imperial throne of Christ; Page ref: 176-178 40. Roman-derived illusionism in the faces (especially the angels), clothing is stylized; Page ref: 185 41. simple contours, elongation of the body, few figures, reverse perspective; Page ref: 181-182

..

128

TEST BANK CHAPTER

8 Islamic Art Multiple Choice Questions: 1. a. b. c. d.

Which is the highest art form in the Islamic world? sculpture weaving calligraphy painting

2. a. b. c. d.

“Submission” is the literal meaning of: Islam Muslim Koran Mosque

3. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a linear design based on geometric patterns and scrolling vines?

Kufic script Tugras Arabesque Mandorla

4. a. b. c. d.

Which is the first great Islamic building?

Great Mosque, Kairouan Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem Great Mosque, Cordoba Great Mosque, Isfahan

5. a. b. c. d.

What is a place of worship where Muslims gather on Fridays? adrasa qibla iwan mosque

6. a. b. c. d.

What is the wall in a mosque called that is toward Mecca? mihrab iwan qibla madrasa

..

129

7. a. b. c. d.

What is the recess, or niche, called in the wall closest to Mecca of a mosque? mihrab iwan qibla madrasa

8. a. b. c. d.

What is the tower from which the call to prayer is made called? mihrab iwan minaret qibla

9. a. b. c. d.

The pulpit from which the Imam speaks is a(n): minaret madrasa minbar mihrab

10. a. b. c. d.

Which is NOT a type of decoration used at the Great Mosque in Cordoba? geometric motifs stylized vegetation arabic inscriptions human figures

11. a. b. c. d.

What is the angular Islamic script that developed first called? tugra iwan muqarnas kufic

12. a. b. c. d.

An influence on the bowl with kufic border from Samarkand is: Chinese porcelain Korean celadon Greek pottery Byzantine mosaic

13. In Islamic architecture, which is a large vaulted chamber with one side being an open arch? a. iwan b. madrasa c. muqarna d. mihrab 14. Which is an Islamic architectural decoration that appears as niche-like cells often in the transition area of wall to dome with many other decorative uses as well? a. iwan b. madrasa c. mihrab d. muqarnas

..

130

15. a. b. c. d.

Which Islamic art form was most well known and accepted best in Europe? tugras carpets ceramics silks

16. a. b. c. d.

In textiles, the best known flat-weaves today are Turkish: carpets piles kilims tugras

17. a. b. c. d.

In Cairo, mosques were primarily illuminated with? candles glass lamps metallic lamps electric light bulbs

18. a. b. c. d.

In Turkey, which dynasty brought the Byzantine Empire to an end?

Mughal Umayyad Ottoman Saljuq

19. a. b. c. d.

Which building were Ottoman architects like Sinan particularly inspired by?

The Alhambra, Granada The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem The Great Mosque, Cordoba Hagia Sophia, Istanbul

20. Which was the specialized art form developed by the Ottomans to symbolize the authority of the sultan on official seals, coins, buildings, and documents? a. arabesques b. tugras c. muqarnas d. madrasas Short Answer Questions: 21. What are Islam’s five pillars of faith?

22. Explain the religious importance of the Dome of the Rock to several faiths.

23. What features distinguish the arches at the Great Mosque in Cordoba?

..

131

Essay Questions: 24. Who are Muhammad, Abu Bakr, and Ali and what was their role in the Islamic faith?

25. Relate the Islamic idea of paradise to the Alhambra’s Court of the Lions.

26. How does the Dome of the Rock reveal the presence of outside architectural and decorative influences?

..

132

Answer Key: 1. c; Page ref: 191/203 2. a; Page ref: 186 3. c; Page ref: 186 4. b; Page ref: 186 5. d; Page ref: 188 6. c; Page ref: 188 7. a; Page ref: 188 8. c; Page ref: 189 9. c; Page ref: 188 10. d; Page ref: 186/190-191 11. d; Page ref: 191 12. a; Page ref: 192 13. a; Page ref: 192-193 14. d; Page ref: 193 15. b; Page ref: 199 16. c; Page ref: 198 17. b; Page ref: 197 18. c; Page ref: 200 19. d; Page ref: 200-201 20. b; Page ref: 201 21. the statement of faith, prayer five times daily, alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca; Page ref: 188 22. it was the location of Muhammad’s Night Journey, creation of Adam, Abraham’s sacrifice of Isaac, temple of Solomon; Page ref: 186 23. double arches, alternating red and white voussoir, horseshoe shape; Page ref: 190 24. Muhammad, the prophet and founder, Abu Bakr, his father-in-law and first caliph, and Ali, son-in-law and fourth caliph; Sunnis and Shi’ites (followers of Ali); Page ref: 188 25. rivers of paradise, lush garden, pairidiz in Persian, meaning an enclosed park; Page ref: 196 26. Byzantine mosaics, octagonal plan, dome; Page ref: 186

..

133

TEST BANK CHAPTER

9 Later Asian Art Multiple Choice Questions: 1. a. b. c. d.

Which became the most prominent religion in India during the period of c. 650-1526?

Islam Hinduism Buddhism Christianity

2. a. b. c. d.

Which is the cone-like superstructure of a Hindu temple? shikara fusuma garbhagriha mandapa

3. a. b. c. d.

Which is the knob-like architectural decoration found at the top point of a spire where earthly and cosmic worlds are thought to join? axis-mundi finial shikara mandapa

4. a. b. c. d.

Ankor Wat is dedicated to the: Hindu god Vishnu Buddha Emperor Suryavarman II Confucius

5. a. b. c. d.

Which was the new system of thought that developed during the Song dynasty?

Daoism Buddhism Neo-Confucianism Hinduism

6. a. b. c. d.

In Neo-Confucian thought, li is the: object or matter principle or idea middle path great Ultimate

..

134

7. a. b. c. d.

Which subject was of special interest to Neo-Confucian artists? portraits still life the gods landscape

8.

Southern Song painting applied the concept of “sudden enlightenment” from which of the following philosophies?

Chan Buddhism Neo-Confucianism Daoism Shintoism

a. b. c. d.

9. a. b. c. d.

The element of the Guan ware vase that relates most directly with Chan Buddhist concepts is the: controlled form irregular cracks lustrous off-white glaze vertical format

10. a. b. c. d.

For whom were the Chinese Guan ware produced? the courts the public markets for export for the middle class

11. a. b. c. d.

What was the nationality of the Yuan dynasty rulers?

Chinese Japanese Mongol Korean

12. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is generally true of Chinese scholars under the Yuan dynasty?

They took government positions.

They suppressed the arts.

They developed the arts.

They educated the Yuan rulers.

13. a. b. c. d.

Why is Zhao Mengfu unusual?

He was a high Yuan official.

He resigned his position with the Yuan court.

He refused association with the Yuan dynasty.

He combined poetry and painting.

14. a. b. c. d.

Which is NOT an aspect of Chinese literati painting? an interest in antique styles small scale made for friends or small audience use of strong colors

..

135

15. a. b. c. d.

Which is a long, narrow, horizontal painting that is unrolled for viewing? hanging scroll handscroll album leaf fusuma

16. a. b. c. d.

Which is an extremely refined white clay made from kaolin? stoneware earthenware porcelain guan ware

17. a. b. c. d.

Which is a color applied to a ceramic vessel before the glaze? polychrome gilding underglaze collage

18. a. b. c. d.

Which is the most important surviving example of traditional Chinese architecture?

The Forbidden City Byodo-in Angkor Wat Kandariya Mahadeva temple

19. a. b. c. d.

During the Heian period Japan was culturally influenced by?

China and India India and Korea China and Cambodia China and Korea

20. Which branch of Buddhism teaches of a Western Paradise and has the beautiful temple, Byodo-in? a. Pure Land Buddhism b. Theravada Buddhism c.

Esoteric Buddhism d. Chan Buddhism 21. a. b. c. d.

Byodo-in is designed to evoke the: Forbidden Palace Western Paradise world mountain home of Vishnu

22. Which is a technique in Japan where a large wooden sculpture is constructed from smaller hollow blocks? a. woodblock b. system c. joined-block d. assemblage

..

136

23. a. b. c. d.

Which is a technique in which cutout paper is pasted onto another surface? gilding collage polychrome paste-up

24. a. b. c. d.

The world’s oldest novel is which of the following?

Beowulf The Iliad The Tale of Genji Gilgamesh

25. a. b. c. d.

The samurai ruled Japan during which of the following periods?

Heian Kamakura Momoyama Edo

26. a. b. c. d.

Which philosophy is evident in Monk Sewing attributed to Kao Ninga?

Zen Pure Land Buddhism Shinto Daoism

27. a. b. c. d.

What is the philosophy behind the dry landscape gardens of Japan?

Environmentalism Shintoism Zen Buddhism Confucianism

28. a. b. c. d.

The cranes and pines in Kano Eitoku’s Fusuma both symbolize: endurance friendship peace long life

29. a. b. c. d.

Which is an image transferred to paper from a carved piece of wood? album leaf lacquer joined-wood woodblock printing

30. Which is the Japanese name for the popular art, usually woodcuts, that literally means “pictures of the floating world”? a. fusuma b. ukiyo-e c. shikara d. li

..

137

31. a. b. c. d.

Who designed the first polychrome prints?

Hokusai Utamaro Shimomura Harunobu

Short Answer Questions: 32. How does the appearance of the Seated Guanyin Bodhisattva differ from the political situation of the time and place that it was created?

33. What does a dragon symbolize in Chinese art?

34. What is the key block?

35. What were the most popular subjects for Ukiyo-e prints?

Essay Questions: 36. What are the physical characteristics of the axis mundi of an Indian temple and what is its symbolism and meaning?

37. Discuss the iconography of Nataraja: Shiva as Lord of the Dance.

38. Describe the iconography and general meaning of The Hour of Cowdust.

39. What makes Chinese landscape painting fundamentally different from Western landscape painting? Explain why a viewer might be able to “wander” through a Song painting more easily than in a Western painting.

40. What makes Shen Zhou’s Poet on a Mountaintop such an excellent example of literati painting during the Ming dynasty?

41. Describe the Japanese aesthetic sensibility that has created such admiration for simple objects such as a teabowl. What characteristics should a proper teabowl have?

..

138

Answer Key: 1. b; Page ref: 206 2. a; Page ref: 206 3. b; Page ref: 206 4. a; Page ref: 213 5. c; Page ref: 215 6. b; Page ref: 215 7. d; Page ref: 215 8. a; Page ref: 217 9. b; Page ref: 217-218 10. a; Page ref: 217 11. c; Page ref: 218 12. c; Page ref: 218 13. a; Page ref: 218 14. d; Page ref: 219 15. b; Page ref: 216 16. c; Page ref: 219 17. c; Page ref: 219 18. a; Page ref: 220 19. d; Page ref: 222 20. a; Page ref: 222 21. b; Page ref: 222 22. c; Page ref: 224 23. b; Page ref: 224 24. c; Page ref: 224 25. b; Page ref: 224 26. a; Page ref: 226 27. c; Page ref: 227 28. d; Page ref: 227 29. d; Page ref: 229-230 30. b; Page ref: 229 31. d; Page ref: 230 32. no hint of disruption or despair; Page ref: 214 33. powerful and sudden manifestations of nature (e.g. wind, thunder), great rulers or sages, and an imperial symbol; Page ref: 219 34. the block which reproduced the master drawing; Page ref: 230 35. courtesans, actors, landscape; Page ref: 229 36. finial, garbhagriha, heavenly conduit; Page ref: 206-207 37. destruction of ego and ignorance. rhythms of creation and destruction, birth and death; Page ref: 208 38. love of Vishnu/Krishna for human beings; Page ref: 210-211 39. absence of linear perspective; no single vantage point; Page ref: 215/217 40. self-expression rather than record of nature, synthesis of poetry, calligraphy, and painting, harmony of mind and landscape; Page ref: 219 41. sabi or stillness or deprivation, wabi or loneliness, humbleness, and admirable shabbiness, and shibui meaning plain and astringent; Page ref: 229

..

139

TEST BANK CHAPTER

10 Early Medieval and Romanesque Art Multiple Choice Questions: 1. a. b. c. d.

Which is a container for holy objects? bailey reliquary colophon scriptorium

2. a. b. c. d.

Who controlled the Western Roman Empire after it fell in the fifth century? the Muslims the Spaniards Germanic peoples Byzantium

3. a. b. c. d.

Which is the room in a monastery that is used for writing or copying manuscripts?

Scriptorium Refectory Sanctuary Library

4. a. b. c. d.

The Chi Rho Iota page from the Book of Kells includes all the following EXCEPT idealized human figures an appearance like gold and enamel brooches abstract ornament animal and human interlace

5. a. b. c. d.

In Medieval manuscripts, what is the page at the end called where scribes and illustrators sometimes signed their names and provided background information? colophon index scriptorium gallery

6. a. b. c. d.

Which is NOT a characteristic of the style of the Gummersmark brooch? symmetrical designs fantastic animal forms interlaced patterns careful observation of nature

..

140

7. a. b. c. d.

8. a. b. c. d.

9.

Which is a wood-frame church that has four huge timbers that form the structural core of the building? stave church basilica hall church cottage church The territory of which of the following modern countries was NOT part of Charlemagne’s empire?

Western Germany France Belgium Northeastern Spain

a. b. c. d.

In church architecture, which is the monumental entrance found on Carolingian, Ottonian and later churches? transept tribune westwork gallery

10. a. b. c. d.

Which was the “cultural army” that Charlemagne used to stabilize his empire? artists, through the guild of Saint Luke the barefoot Carmelite nuns the Benedictine monks the Knights Templar

11. Which of the following describes the depiction of Jesus on the Lindau Gospel outer cover? a. calm and classical b. turbulent and agitated c. emotional d. abstract and ornamental 12. a. b. c. d.

What is the symbolism of jewels when applied to the covers of Gospel books? the “pearl of great price” that Jesus spoke of biblical descriptions of the Heavenly Jerusalem that Jesus was descended from royalty that the owner was a member of the nobility

13. a. b. c. d.

Which is the hybrid style developed by Christian artists living in Islamic Spain?

Mozarabic Arabesque Romanesque Ukiyo-e

14. a. b. c. d.

Who revived large scale, complex bronze casting during the Early Medieval period?

Gislebertus Bishop Odo Abbess Hitda Bishop Bernward

..

141

15. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is the organization of Abbot Bernward’s doors?

The saved on the right and the damned on the left The Old Testament on the left ant the New Testament on the right Heaven on the left Hell on the right monks on the right and nuns on the left

16. Which precedent is set by the Church of Saint Cyriakus and followed by Romanesque churches? a. an open beam ceiling b. the use of flying buttresses c. alternating heavy, rectangular supports with lighter round supports in the nave arcade d. rib vaults 17. After the tomb of Christ in Jerusalem and Peter in Rome, where was the most important pilgrimage destination? a. Alexandria, Egypt b. Bethlehem, Palestine c.

Santiago de Compostela, Spain d. Patmos, Greece 18. a. b. c. d.

Which are thick masses of masonry that counter the thrust of vaults? groin vaults westworks buttresses spandrels

19. a. b. c. d.

Which is the place where the nave and the transept intersect? bailey buttress crossing tympanum

20. Which of the following describes the nave ceiling at the Cathedral of Saint James, Santiago de Compostela? a. wooden coffered b. groin rib vaulted c. a dome d. ribbed barrel vault 21. What did the architects at Durham Cathedral develop that became an important element of Gothic architecture? a. a crisscrossing rib vault and bay system b. the clerestory c. the bailey d. the three story nave

..

142

22. a. b. c. d.

Which is the semicircular area above the door lintel of a church? archivolt trumeau jamb tympanum

23. a. b. c. d.

Which is the central supporting post in a Romanesque church portal? archivolt trumeau jamb tympanum

24. a. b. c. d.

Where is the primary area for Romanesque architectural sculpture? on the bell tower in the apse and around the altar on the façade, entrance, and column capitals in the cloister

25. a. b. c. d.

As seen at Saint-Lazare, Autun, how is a Last Judgement scene typically laid out? the damned are not depicted the damned are on the viewer’s left the damned are on Christ’s left the damned are beneath Christ’s feet

26. On the Christ in Majesty from the Church of San Clemente, Tahull Lérida, Spain, whose influence is seen in the frontal pose, the repeated lines, and the alpha and omega symbols? a. Byzantine b. Ottonian c.

Mozarabic d. Hiberno-Saxon 27. Where can one find depictions of William the Conqueror’s invasion and eventual defeat of England? a. Bishop Bernard Doors b. Bayeux Tapestry c.

Worchester Chronicle d. Book of Homilies 28. a. b. c. d.

The Worchester Chronicle is the oldest known: codex illuminated manuscript novel illustrated history book

29. a. b. c. d.

In the Dream of Henry I from the Worchester Chronicle, Henry promises to: rescind taxes defeat the French go on crusade marry Anne of Cleves

..

143

30. In a rare introduction to a medieval artist who is also a woman, Guda introduces herself as: a. an artist whose work shines forth b. a sinful woman c. painter and servant of God d. without equal 31. a. b. c. d.

Who made the oldest signed self-portrait by a woman in Western Europe? the Abbess Hitda the nun Guda the nun Ende Saint Walpurga

32. a. b. c. d.

What is the subject of a “Throne of Wisdom” statue?

Solomon on his throne Christ sitting in judgment of the world the Virgin Mary holding the Christ Child on her lap the emperor and empress enthroned

Short Answer Questions: 33. Name the three parts of the interior nave elevation at the Church of Saint Cyriakus.

34. What does the term “Romanesque” mean?

35. What were the advantages of using masonry in church building?

36. How does Gislebertus create a strong sense of three-dimensionality in The Creation and Fall of Adam and Eve? 37. Identify and explain how the Palace Chapel of Charlemagne was influenced by one Byzantine church in particular.

Essay Questions: 38. Discuss the iconographic meaning of the page with Christ Washing the Feet of His Disciples.

39. Describe the style and characteristics of the Page with Matthew the Evangelist from the Ebbo Gospels.

40. Define, describe, give an example, and explain the purpose of a continuous ambulatory in a pilgrimage church.

..

144

Answer Key: 1. b; Page ref: 235 2. c; Page ref: 235 3. a; Page ref: 236 4. a; Page ref: 233 5. a; Page ref: 236 6. d; Page ref: 237 7. a; Page ref: 238 8. d; Page ref: 238 9. c; Page ref: 240 10. c; Page ref: 240 11. a; Page ref: 243 12. b; Page ref: 243 13. a; Page ref: 243 14. d; Page ref: 244 15. b; Page ref: 244 16. c; Page ref: 246 17. c; Page ref: 247 18. c; Page ref: 247 19. c; Page ref: 247 20. d; Page ref: 248 21. a; Page ref: 250 22. d; Page ref: 251 23. b; Page ref: 251 24. c; Page ref: 250 25. c; Page ref: 252-253 26. a; Page ref: 262 27. b; Page ref: 255 28. d; Page ref: 256 29. a; Page ref: 256 30. b; Page ref: 258 31. b; Page ref: 258 32. c; Page ref: 258 33. nave arcade, gallery, clerestory; Page ref: 246 34. in the Roman manner; Page ref: 247 35. fire resistant, enhanced the acoustical properties of the building and consequently the effect of the Gregorian chants; Page ref: 247 36. deft modeling and undercutting; Page ref: 255 37. Church of San Vitale, octagonal plan, patterned and multicolored stone, mosaics; Page ref: 240 38. city of God, cruciform halo, washing of feet, removing sandal, bowls of water; Page ref: 246-247 39. energetic, spontaneous, calligraphic; Page ref: 241 40. one that traverses around the entire sanctuary. To accommodate pilgrims; Page ref: 248

..

145

TEST BANK CHAPTER

11 Gothic Art Multiple Choice Questions: 1. a. b. c. d.

Where did Gothic Architecture begin? Île-de-France Burgundy Tuscany Southern England

2. a. b. c. d.

Who introduced the term Gothic?

Michelangelo Buonarroti Giorgio Vasari Petrarch Dante

3. a. b. c. d.

Gothic originally meant: dark and evil full of light frightening and macabre a fourth-century Germanic people

4. a. b. c. d.

What was Gothic architecture called in its own time? modern Italian old-fashioned ancient

5. a. b. c. d.

What types of buildings were built in the Gothic style?

Christian churches Jewish synagogues town halls all of the above

6. a. b. c. d.

Which two new religious orders served the urban populations? the Augustinians and the Benedictines the Cluniacs and the Cistercians the Franciscans and the Dominicans the Jesuits and the Trappists

..

146

7. a. b. c. d.

Which ancient scholar’s work became available to Thomas Aquinas and consequently changed the church, all because the crusades brought Europe into contact with Byzantium and Islam?

Sophocles Plato Aristotle Virgil

8. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is the first Gothic building?

Notre Dame, Paris Church of Saint-Denis Chartres Cathedral Salisbury Cathedral

9. a. b. c. d.

Politically, the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis was important because: French kings were crowned there French royalty were buried there important treaties were signed there royal weddings were held there

10. a. b. c. d.

Which one individual is most responsible for originating Gothic architecture?

Saint Denis King Louis XI Saint Louis Abbot Suger

11. a. b. c. d.

Which concept was most important in the direction that Gothic architecture took? the association of light with divinity the church as a city of God the church as a fortress a mountain of the Lord

12. a. b. c. d.

Which was an innovation in Gothic architecture? horseshoe arches round arches ribbed groin vaults stained glass windows

13. a. b. c. d.

De diversis artibus (On the Various Arts) was written by Abbot Suger Pseudo-Dionysius Saint Denis Theophilus Presbyter

14. a. b. c. d.

Typical Gothic structural devices include: pointed arches and ribbed groin vaults round arches and ribbed groin vaults round arches and barrel vaults pointed arches and groin vaults

..

147

15. a. b. c. d.

Where is the “Royal Portal”?

Reims Cathedral Chartres Cathedral Sainte-Chapelle Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris

16. a. b. c. d.

The “Royal Portal” gets its name from which of its decorative features? central tympanum depicting Christ in majesty elaborate doors pointed arches statue columns of Old Testament figures

17. a. b. c. d.

Which did the combined effect of the Gothic structural devices make possible? sculptural decoration taller nave walls a continuous ambulatory huge windows

18. a. b. c. d.

The passageway above the nave arcade and below the clerestory is called the: archivolt mullion tracery triforium

19. a. b. c. d.

Which are tall, narrow windows crowned by a pointed arch? rose windows pinnacles lancets cames

20. Which are the narrow lead strips that join the pieces of glass in a stained-glass window? a. grisaille b. armature c. cames d. bar tracery 21. a. b. c. d.

Which is the very large round window above the entrance to a Gothic church? lancet oculi rose window grisalle

22. a. b. c. d.

The main entrance in Gothic churches is usually on the: North South East West

..

148

23. What is an arch and connected pier on the outside of a church that contains the thrust of the vault called? a. compound pier b. mullion c. flying buttress d. archivolt 24. What are the smaller semicircular rooms attached to the walkway going around the sanctuary of a Gothic church called? a. cames b. apsidal or radiating chapels c. mullions d. lancets 25. In architecture, what are the vertical sculptural elements on both sides of an opening called? a. mullions b. archivolts c. jambs d. compound piers 26. At Reims Cathedral, what technique permitted the creation of even more expansive walls of glass? a. bar tracery b. stone tracery c. plate tracery d. gold tracery 27. a. b. c. d.

What is the slender stone bar that divides a window into smaller parts called? cames armature oculi mullion

28. In order to have an appropriate place to keep his collection of relics, King Louis IX constructed: a. Notre-Dame, Paris b. Chartres Cathedral c.

Sainte-Chapelle d. Saint-Denis 29. In manuscripts during the Gothic age, illuminators used columns of medallions and colors both of which were derived from: a. stained-glass windows b. cloisonné metalwork c. portal sculpture d. Italian frescos

..

149

30. Which is a private prayer book that has readings for devotionals at different times of the day and often includes a calendar? a. Opus anglicanum b. Moralized Bible c.

Book of Homilies d. Book of Hours 31. Which conveys the idea that the scene of the Annunciation in Jean Pucelle’s Petites Heures of Jeanne d’Evreux is a vision? a. You can see through the wall of the house. b. Queen Jeanne is included, kneeling with her book. c.

The depiction of clowns and jesters. d. The musicians are a symbol of sleep.

32. a. b. c. d.

Which is the pose that was a stylistic signature of the Gothic period? contrapposto figura serpentinata column-like swaying s-curve

33. a. b. c. d.

Which is the real subject of the ivory box showing the Attack on the Castle of Love? military tactics romantic love physical prowess athletic competition

34. a. b. c. d.

English needlework was well known outside England by the name: opus anglicanum mozarabic punchwork Hiberno-Saxon style

35. What was the new type of church that developed in the thirteenth-century in Germanic lands called? a. a central-plan church b. a basilican church c. a hall church d. a pilgrimage church 36. a. b. c. d.

Which feature characterized a “hall church”?

It had a dome over the crossing.

The vaults of the side aisles and nave were the same height.

The arcade, triforium, and clerestory were clearly separated.

The nave roof was open beam, not vaulted.

37. a. b. c. d.

The Altneuschul in Prague is the _____________ in Europe. oldest synagogue first central plan church first university tallest synagogue

..

150

38. a. b. c. d.

Where did the Pope and his court move in 1309?

Rome Constantinople Avignon Athens

39. a. b. c. d.

Who commissioned Ambrogio Lorenzetti’s Allegory of Good Government in the City? the papacy the king the Bishop of Siena the Siena city council

40. a. b. c. d.

Where was Lorenzetti’s Allegory of Good Government in the City painted?

Siena cathedral the Duke’s palace Siena city hall the Vatican

41. a. b. c. d.

Which is the usual binder in tempera painting? rabbit skin glue gum arabic linseed oil egg yolk

42. a. b. c. d.

Where were the two important schools of Italian Gothic painting?

Rome and Naples Venice and Ravenna Milan and Bologna Siena and Florence

43. a. b. c. d.

Which painting tradition was the most important influence on Cimabue?

French Byzantine Spanish English

44. To whom did Giorgio Vasari give the credit for “[having] revived the modern and excellent art of painting, introducing good drawing from live natural models, something that had not been done for more than two hundred years”? a. Giotto b. Cimabue c.

Duccio d. Lorenzetti 45. a. b. c. d.

..

Giotto did an important series of frescoes in which chapel in Padua?

Altneuschul Scrovegni (Arena) Holy Cross Santa Trinita

151

Short Answer Questions: 46. What is grisaille painting and in which art form was it used?

47. Explain how the Gothic church in England differed from the Gothic church in France.

48. What is the theme of Lorenzetti’s Allegory of Good Government in the Country and City?

Essay Questions: 49. List and describe the architectural elements that combined to make the Gothic style and describe the overall effect that was achieved.

50. What stylistic differences are seen in the figures of the Annunciation and Visitation sculptures at Reims Cathedral? What influences are felt and in which figures?

51. Contrast the two Virgin and Child Enthroned paintings by Cimabue and Giotto. What are their similarities and differences? Who was more important to the future of painting and why?

..

152

Answer Key: 1. a; Page ref:262 2. b; Page ref:262 3. d; Page ref:262 4. a; Page ref:262 5. d; Page ref:262 6. c; Page ref:262-263 7. c; Page ref:263 8. b; Page ref:263 9. b; Page ref:263 10. d; Page ref:263 11. a; Page ref:263 12. d; Page ref:265 13. d; Page ref:265 14. a; Page ref:265-266 15. b; Page ref:265-266 16. d; Page ref:265 17. d; Page ref:266 18. d; Page ref:266 19. c; Page ref:269 20. c; Page ref:265 21. c; Page ref:268/269 22. d; Page ref:268 23. c; Page ref:268 24. b; Page ref:263/268 25. c; Page ref:268 26. a; Page ref:271 27. d; Page ref:272 28. c; Page ref:272 29. a; Page ref:274 30. d; Page ref:275 31. b; Page ref:275 32. d; Page ref:276 33. b; Page ref:276-277 34. a; Page ref:279 35. c; Page ref:280 36. b; Page ref:280 37. a; Page ref:281 38. c; Page ref:282 39. d; Page ref:282 40. c; Page ref:282 41. d; Page ref:293 42. d; Page ref:284 43. b; Page ref:284 44. a; Page ref:287 45. b; Page ref:288 46. paintings executed only in shades of gray; used for manuscript illuminations; Page ref:276 47. less emphasis on height, use of long, broad naves and screen-like facades, walls retained a Romanesque sense of solidity; Page ref:277 48. examine the effects of good and bad government on people’s lives; Page ref:282 ..

153

49. pointed arches, ribbed groin vaults, flying buttresses, larger windows; Page ref:265266 50. the Visitation shows a Roman influence (contrapposto and drapery). The Annunciation shows the graceful sway and refinement that was adopted by other Gothic sculptors; Page ref:272 51. same composition, angel wings. Giotto abandons the Byzantine tilt in Mary’s head and gold lines in drapery. Giotto adds greater light and shade and space; Page ref:286-287

..

154

TEST BANK CHAPTER

12 Early Renaissance Art Multiple Choice Questions: 1. a. b. c. d.

What was the area of western Belgium, southwestern Netherlands, and a small part of northern France called in the fifteenth-century?

Aquitaine Holy Roman Empire Flanders Aragon

2. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following was not among the great early Flemish painters?

Jan van Eyck Rogier van der Weyden Robert Campin Paolo Uccello

3. a. b. c. d.

Where does Campin place his Annunciation? in a first-century home in Palestine in a fifteenth-century Flemish home in a Gothic church in a landscape in Judea

4. a. b. c. d.

How were medieval and Renaissance women artists most likely to learn their trade if they couldn’t learn from a family member?

Convent Apprenticeship Art academy University

5. a. b. c. d.

What makes van der Weyden’s Deposition of special importance?

It is his only known work.

It is the first oil painting.

It establishes the characteristics of his work.

It was sent to Italy and spread the Flemish style there.

6. a. b. c. d.

Two influences on the work of Hugo van der Goes are the work of: Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden Petrus Christus and the Limbourg brothers Martin Schongauer and Antonio del Pollaiuolo Masaccio and Fra Angelico

..

155

7. a. b. c. d.

What is a print on which the high relief areas are printed called? intaglio lithograph engraving woodcut

8. a. b. c. d.

Which is a process where lines are cut into a plate with a burin and the low areas are printed?

Aquatint Engraving Woodcut Lithography

9. a. b. c. d.

Which is a metal instrument used to cut lines into a plate for printing? burin chisel aedicula needle

10. From which trade did engraving apparently develop; a trade practiced by Schongauer’s father? a. banker b. woodworker c. mason d. goldsmith 11. a. b. c. d.

What does Pollaiuolo’s only known print reveal to be a special interest of his? architecture lives of the saints everyday life classical sculpture

12. a. b. c. d.

Where was the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance?

Rome Siena Venice Florence

13. Which is the name of Brunelleschi’s added element, like a section of entablature, above the capital and below the springing of the arch? a. aedicula b. loggia c. impost block d. balustrade 14. a. b. c. d. ..

In architecture, what are rough stone blocks called? sgraffito high relief rusticated distressed 156

15. Which is used at the Palazzo Medici-Riccardi to visually separate the three different stories? a. the roughness of the stone b. varying classical orders c. arched windows, square windows, and no windows d. a wide entablature between them 16. a. b. c. d.

Which is a decoration made by scratching through plaster or glaze? sgraffito engraving rustication intaglio

17. a. b. c. d.

Who wrote about the system of perspective in Della Pittura?

Alberti Brunelleschi Vasari Vitruvius

18. a. b. c. d.

Which is the first life-size freestanding bronze nude in European art since antiquity?

Botticelli’s Birth of Venus Michelangelo’s David Donatello’s David Verocchio’s David

19. a. b. c. d.

Which is the first freestanding bronze equestrian statue since antiquity?

Riemenschneider’s Entry of Christ into Jerusalem Gislebertus’s Flight into Egypt Donatello’s Gattamelata Verocchio’s Bartolommeo Colleoni

20. a. b. c. d.

Who called Ghiberti’s doors the “Gates of Paradise”?

Michelangelo Brunelleschi Vasari Masaccio

21. a. b. c. d.

Who changed Florentine painting more than anyone since Giotto?

Fra Angelico Paolo Uccello Sandro Botticelli Masaccio

22. a. b. c. d.

Which is the term for a framed niche in the wall? loggia sacristy balustrade aedicula

..

157

23. a. b. c. d.

Who first demonstrated the system of linear perspective?

Masaccio Brunelleschi Donatello Ghiberti

24. Which is a line running back into the represented space of a picture that converges with other lines that are parallel in reality? a. perspective line b. vanishing line c. orthogonal d. giornata 25. a. b. c. d.

In linear perspective, all parallel lines converge at a(n): orthogonal vanishing point horizon line picture plane

26. Which of the following is a system of showing distance through color, clarity, and value? a. Atmospheric perspective b. Linear perspective c.

Mathematical perspective d. Intuitive perspective 27. Which is the term for a section of fresh plaster that could be prepared and painted in one day? a. sinopia b. intonaco c. sgraffito d. giornata 28. a. b. c. d.

What was the purpose and setting for Fra Angelico’s Annunciation? an altarpiece in a monastery chapel for meditation and prayer in monks’ private living quarters for a noblewoman’s devotional at her home for the Pope’s viewing in the Vatican apartments

29. Which artist has even fallen soldiers and broken lances fall along linear perspective lines? a. Paolo Uccello b. Sandro Botticelli c.

Fra Angelico d. Masaccio 30. a. b. c. d. ..

Who insulted his wife by loving linear perspective like a mistress?

Paolo Uccello Sandro Botticelli Fra Angelico Masaccio 158

31. a. b. c. d.

Which is the basis for Botticelli’s Venus?

Masaccio’s Eve the antique Medici Venus Donatello’s David Pollaioulo’s Battle of the Nudes

32. Which artist studied Alberti’s theoretical treatises and wrote his own on perspective, geometry, and volumetric construction? a. Sandro Botticelli b. Andrea Mantegna c.

Giovanni Bellini d. Piero della Francesca 33. a. b. c. d.

What are two panels paired together called? an altarpiece a diptych a duet a giornata

34. a. b. c. d.

What does trompe l’oeil mean literally? a day’s work a section of plaster fool the eye painted on location

35. a. b. c. d.

Who began the long tradition of illusionistic ceiling painting?

Sandro Botticelli Andrea Mantegna Giovanni Bellini Piero della Francesca

36. a. b. c. d.

Which is the term for a little boy often shown naked and with wings? giornata sgraffito aedicula putto

Short Answer Questions: 37. Literally, “Renaissance” means.

38. How do the Limbourg brothers show their interest in the natural world in their February page?

39. In the February page by the Limbourg brothers, what elements are “International Gothic” conventions?

40. How did Brunelleschi use color in his architectural interiors? ..

159

41. In which century were Masaccio’s frescos particularly copied and studied? Name a particular artist who copied them.

42. What were the two systems of perspective that enabled artists to represent the visible world in a convincingly illusionistic way?

43. What is oil painting and who introduced it to the Italians?

Essay Questions: 44. Give examples and explain how ordinary objects are used as disguised religious symbols in the Mérode Altarpiece.

45. Give examples and explain how ordinary objects are used as disguised religious symbols in The Annunciation by Jan van Eyck.

46. Explain the message and meaning of van Eyck’s Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife, Giovanna Cenami, the iconography of the objects it depicts, and the possible meaning of its signature.

47. Discuss the iconographic meaning of The Unicorn is Found and its meaning in contemporary fifteenth-century society.

48. Discuss the different ways that Masaccio increases the illusion of space in the Tribute Money and the ways that he breaks from the International Gothic style.

..

160

Answer Key: 1. c; Page ref:297 2. d; Page ref:293-301 3. b; Page ref:297 4. a; Page ref:296 5. c; Page ref:300 6. a; Page ref:302 7. d; Page ref:306 8. b; Page ref:306 9. a; Page ref:306 10. d; Page ref:304 11. d; Page ref:305 12. d; Page ref:306 13. c; Page ref:309 14. c; Page ref:310 15. a; Page ref:310 16. a; Page ref:311 17. a; Page ref:314 18. c; Page ref:311 19. c; Page ref:321-322 20. a; Page ref:312 21. d; Page ref:315 22. d; Page ref:315 23. b; Page ref:314 24. c; Page ref:314 25. b; Page ref:314 26. a; Page ref:314 27. d; Page ref:316 28. b; Page ref:317-318 29. a; Page ref:319 30. a; Page ref:318 31. b; Page ref:318 32. d; Page ref:318-319 33. b; Page ref:320 34. c; Page ref:320 35. b; Page ref:322 36. d; Page ref:322 37. rebirth; Page ref:294 38. cold winter weather – sky color, bare trees, snow, breath, etc.; Page ref:295-296 39. cutaway view of the house showing both interior and exterior, attention to anecdotal detail, high placement of horizon line; Page ref:3296 40. grey stone (pietra serena) against white stucco emphasizes his linear, mathematical basis; Page ref:309 41. sixteenth-century, Michelangelo; Page ref:317 42. linear perspective and atmospheric perspective; Pag ref: 314 43. powdered pigments suspended in linseed oil, Flemish painters introduced it to the Italians; Page ref: 298 44. lilies for virginity, water pot for purity and vessel of Incarnation, candle; Page ref:297-298 45. dove for Holy Spirit, lilies for Virgin Mary, zodiac for Annunciation date, three windows for trinity; Page ref:293, 299-300 ..

161

46. prayer beads, dog, single candle, round mirror, Jan as a witness; Page ref:293, 299300 47. incarnation, romantic love, purification; Page ref:303-304 48. use of both linear and atmospheric perspective, the vanishing point is at Jesus’s halo, atmospheric perspective is used in the mountains. No gold leaf, no crowding, no high horizon line, no cutaway building. Page ref:316-317

..

162

TEST BANK CHAPTER

13 Art of the High Renaissance and Reformation Multiple Choice Questions: 1. a. b. c. d.

Which of Raphael’s works includes a self-portrait?

The Small Cowper Madonna Poetry and the Arts The School of Athens Miraculous Draft of Fishes

2. a. b. c. d.

Which four artists define the High Renaissance?

Raphael, Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Titian Donatello, Botticelli, Raphael, and Leonardo Donatello, Mantegna, Masaccio, and Michelangelo Raphael, Donatello, Masaccio, and Brunelleschi

3. a. b. c. d.

When was the High Renaissance? the sixteenth-century 1495 to 1520 1520 to 1600 1401 to 1495

4.

Which of the following interests of Leonardo occupied much of his time when he worked for the court of the Duke of Milan? military and civil engineer painter sculptor musician

a. b. c. d.

5. a. b. c. d.

Upon which moment in the story of Jesus’s Last Supper did Leonardo focus in his portrayal? the passing of the bread Jesus’s statement that one of the disciples would betray him the symbolism and distribution of the wine the reception of the Holy Spirit

6. a. b. c. d.

What is the word for strong contrasts of light and dark on an object? sfumato chiaroscuro trompe l’oeil grisaille

..

163

7. a. b. c. d.

In which of his works did Leonardo explore the relationship of the circle and the square to the ideal human body?

Vitruvian Man Mona Lisa Last Supper School of Athens

8. a. b. c. d.

Which is the term for the effect in painting of softer or smoky edges? chiaroscuro tenebrism sfumato impasto

9. a. b. c. d.

Which theme gave Raphael early fame?

Virgin and Child the life of Jesus Old Testament themes Greek mythology

10. a. b. c. d.

Which artist’s influence is particularly strong in the work of Raphael?

Titian Botticelli Mantegna Perugino

11. a. b. c. d.

Which was Raphael’s first commission in Rome? tapestry cartoons a Virgin and Child for the Pope frescoes in the papal apartments a Sistine Chapel fresco

12. Which is the term for a painting or drawing used as a model or pattern for another work? a. cartoon b. hemicycle c. sketch d. illumination 13. a. b. c. d.

Which event marks the end of the classical phase of the High Renaissance? the death of Michelangelo the death of Bramante the death of Julius II the death of Raphael

14. a. b. c. d.

Which is true of the subject of the pietà?

Michelangelo’s is the first one.

It was common in Northern Europe.

It was common in Italy.

Michelangelo’s is the only one.

..

164

15. a. b. c. d.

Which work has Michelangelo’s signature?

David Pietà Sistine Ceiling Last Judgment

16. a. b. c. d.

Which Pope brought Michelangelo to Rome?

Leo X Innocent X Julius II Clement VII

17. a. b. c. d.

How does Michelangelo organize and give structure to the Sistine Ceiling? with fictive architectural elements by one unifying scene with a pyramidal composition with a circular composition

18. a. b. c. d.

Where did Michelangelo include a self-portrait in the Last Judgment? in Charon’s boat the sagging skin of Saint Bartholomew in the crowd on the right hand of Christ with donkey ears in Hell

19. a. b. c. d.

Both Bramante’s and Michelangelo’s plans for Saint Peter’s were: Latin crosses Greek crosses basilicas rectangular

20. In Christian architecture, which of the following is a building over a grave that was traditionally circular in plan? a. martyrium b. hemicycle c. mausoleum d. cenotaph 21. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a semicircular structure? martyrium hemicycle mausoleum cenotaph

22. Who was Giorgione’s assistant who became one of the most famous Renaissance artists? a. Titian b. Michelangelo c.

Raphael d. Pontormo

..

165

23. a. b. c. d.

In which subject is Titian considered renowned? landscape female nudes Virgin and Child still life

24. Who was perhaps the Renaissance’s greatest woman patron of the arts and the Marchesa of Mantua? a. Sofonisba Anguissola b. Lavinia Fontana c.

Caterina van Hemessen d. Isabella d’Este 25. a. b. c. d.

What is dramatically altered from reality in Titian’s portrait of Isabella d’Este? her nose her left eye her age her left hand

26. Which was influential in making paintings of female nudes socially acceptable in the sixteenth-century? a. the decline of Christianity b. the interest in classical mythology c. the dress styles of the day d. a relaxing of moral standards 27. Whose Last Supper was criticized because it was too grandiose, vulgar, and included dogs and foreign soldiers? a. Tintoretto’s b. Titian’s c.

Leonardo’s d. Veronese’s 28. a. b. c. d.

What happened to Veronese because of his painting Last Supper?

He became famous.

He was appointed painter to the Duke of Venice.

He was called before the Inquisition.

He was given many commissions from the Scuola di San Rocco.

29. a. b. c. d.

What did Veronese change in his Last Supper?

He removed the German soldiers.

The architectural setting.

The title The dogs were removed.

30. a. b. c. d.

Whose name means “little dyer”?

Tintoretto’s Bronzino’s Veronese’s El Greco’s

..

166

31. a. b. c. d.

Whose goal was to color like Titian and draw like Michelangelo?

Tintoretto Bronzino Veronese El Greco

32. a. b. c. d.

Palladio’s early training was as a: painter theorist and writer stonecutter military engineer

33. Which person’s books, I quattro libri dell’architettura, have influenced great architects for centuries? a. Andrea Palladio b. Piero della Francesca c.

Vasari d. Lavinia Fontana 34. a. b. c. d.

Which building was the main inspiration for the Villa Rotonda?

Saint Peter’s Basilica The Pantheon Santa Sophia The Palazzo Medici-Riccardi

35. a. b. c. d.

Thomas Jefferson’s home at Monticello was most directly influenced by: Alberti Palladio Michelozzo Brunelleschi

36. a. b. c. d.

Mannerism originated in: Venice, Italy Fontainebleau, France Florence, Italy Toledo, Spain

37. a. b. c. d.

What happened to most of the work that Anguissola did in Spain?

It sunk at sea.

It was destroyed in the Inquisition.

It was attributed to other painters.

It burned in a palace fire.

38. a. b. c. d.

Which artist depicted Jesus with a broad brimmed hat and a shovel?

Veronese Tintoretto Grünewald Fontana

..

167

39. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a grand country palace? palazzo domicile insula château

40. The first School of Fontainebleau had a particularly strong influence in which of the following places? a. Italy and Sicily b. Spain and Portugal c.

France and the Netherlands d. The Germanic states 41. a. b. c. d.

For what was the Isenheim Altarpiece commissioned? the pilgrimage church in Isenheim the residence of the Bishop of Mainz the residence of the ruler of Halle a hospital that specialized in skin diseases

42. a. b. c. d.

In which capacity was the Isenheim Altarpiece used? as a private devotional altar for Easter Mass celebration treatment for ill patients it was carried through the streets in Processionals

43. a. b. c. d.

Who was the leading German Renaissance artist?

Matthias Grünewald Tilman Riemenschneider Hans Holbein the Younger Albrecht Dürer

44. Who traveled to Italy twice and brought back ideas of perspective, ideal human proportions, and painting techniques to his home country? a. Albrecht Dürer b. Matthias Grünewald c.

Tilman Riemenschneider d. Hans Holbein the Younger 45. a. b. c. d.

In which work does Dürer first use a canon of ideal human proportions?

Self-Portrait Four Apostles Knight, Death, and the Devil Adam and Eve

46. a. b. c. d.

What is typically Northern (rather than Italian) about Dürer’s Adam and Eve? the proportions of the figures the inclusion of animals the microscopic detail the name plaque

..

168

47. a. b. c. d.

The religious reformers were most vocal against what? art in churches nudity in art the sale of indulgences the granting of divorces

48. a. b. c. d.

What generally happened to art in churches that became Protestant?

It was altered to fit the new doctrine.

It was sold to Catholic churches.

It was destroyed and the walls whitewashed.

The artists were forced to buy it back.

49. a. b. c. d.

Which subject became more important to artists living in newly Protestant cities?

Old Testament themes New Testament themes war themes portraiture

50. a. b. c. d.

What is Dürer trying to show in his Four Apostles? that Protestant imagery was possible a canon of ideal human proportions the new linear perspective the new oil medium

51. a. b. c. d.

What did Holbein do because of harassment from reformers? quit painting turned to book illustration moved to England turned to landscape painting

52. a. b. c. d.

Which artist’s career began with copying Bosch?

Pieter Bruegel the Elder Hans Holbein Caterina van Hemessen Matthias Grünewald

53. a. b. c. d.

What is the term for a series of paintings on a single subject? polyptych cycle arrangement procession

54. a. b. c. d.

Bruegel’s Hunters in the Snow represents which part of a cycle of paintings? the time of dusk the sense of sound the months of November and December the element of ice

..

169

55. a. b. c. d.

Caterina van Hemessen learned her trade from: a convent her father an apprenticeship the academy

56. a. b. c. d.

El Greco began as a: Byzantine icon painter stonecutter copyist of Bosch’s work goldsmith

57. a. b. c. d.

Where and with whom did El Greco train? with Titian in Venice with Pontormo in Florence with Grünewald in Mainz with Holbein in Basil

58. a. b. c. d.

Like Mannerist painting, the Burial of Count Orgaz: shows every detail has no specific reference to the setting has a symmetrical composition focuses on the surrounding landscape

Short Answer Questions: 59. What made Leonardo’s Last Supper a technical failure?

60. Which contemporary people does Raphael include in his School of Athens?

61. What is the message of Bosch’s large triptych?

62. Describe Michelangelo’s process of marble selection.

Essay Questions: 63. Choose a work that best represents the High Renaissance and explain why the artist is an appropriate choice and what characteristics make the work a prime example of the period.

64. How does Michelangelo’s David compare to Donatello’s earlier version?

65. Describe the setting of Giorgione’s The Tempest and explain why scholars have compared him to a modern artist. What evidence supports this conclusion?

66. Describe the typical characteristics of Mannerism and explain in what ways these characteristics appear, or do not appear, in Pontormo’s work.

67. Using a work by Dürer and one by Grünewald, compare the two artists’ interests, subject matter, characteristics of their work, and influence. ..

170

Answer Key: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49. ..

c; Page ref:325 a; Page ref:326 b; Page ref:327 a; Page ref:327 b; Page ref:327 b; Page ref:329 a; Page ref:327 c; Page ref:330 a; Page ref:330 d; Page ref:330 c; Page ref:331 a; Page ref:332 d; Page ref:327 b; Page ref:334 b; Page ref:334 c; Page ref:334 a; Page ref:334-337 b; Page ref:337 b; Page ref:339 a; Page ref:339 b; Page ref:339 a; Page ref:342 b; Page ref:342 d; Page ref:343 c; Page ref:343 b; Page ref:343 d; Page ref:346 c; Page ref:346 c; Page ref:346 a; Page ref:346 a; Page ref:346 c; Page ref:347 a; Page ref:347 b; Page ref:348 b; Page ref:348 c; Page ref:348 d; Page ref:352 d; Page ref:352 d; Page ref:353 c; Page ref:353 d; Page ref:354 c; Page ref:354-357 d; Page ref:357 a; Page ref:357 d; Page ref:357 c; Page ref:357-358 c; Page ref:358 c; Page ref:359 d; Page ref:359 171

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

..

a; Page ref:359 c; Page ref:361 a; Page ref:362 b; Page ref:362 c; Page ref:362 b; Page ref:363 a; Page ref:363 a; Page ref:363 b; Page ref:364 the experimental use of tempera and oil with fresco that didn’t adhere to each other; Page ref:329 himself, Leonardo as Plato, Bramante as Euclid, and Michelangelo; Page ref:331 ignorance and folly lead to damnation; Page ref:361-362 traveled to Carrara to select the marble block, the choice of stone was important since he envisioned his sculpture as already existing within the marble; Page ref: 333 a work by Leonardo, Raphael, Michelangelo, or Titian. The student should stress elements of Humanism, Classicism, and visual stability and order; Page ref:325-345 Donatello’s is triumphant, passive, and very young. Michelangelo’s is before the action, tense, and manly, hands are large, stump is a classical device; Page334 painted in response to personal, private impulses; clothed German mercenary and woman with child, storm approaching. Figures have been removed which implies that there was not a number of necessary figures, as in most scenes; Page ref:352-353 virtuosity, distortions of color, irrational space, elongated proportions, exaggerated poses, enigmatic gestures in Pontormo’s Deposition; Page ref:348-351 Isenheim Altarpiece with a work by Dürer. Emotional mysticism as opposed to Dürer’s Renaissance aims; Page ref:354-358

172

TEST BANK CHAPTER

14 Seventeenth-Century Art in Europe Multiple Choice Questions: 1. In the seventeenth-century, what was the Catholic Church’s reaction to the Renaissance’s Humanism rationality and independence? a. It encouraged independence. b. It nurtured Humanism. c.

It turned to an authoritarian position. d. It removed art from the churches and whitewashed the walls.

2. a. b. c. d.

It is thought that the word Baroque may come from the word for: an irregularly shaped pearl a watered garden a dramatic play exceptionally talented

3. a. b. c. d.

What inspired the spiral turned columns of Bernini’s Baldacchino? a tornado the Hall of One Hundred Columns at Persepolis columns from Solomon’s Temple columns from Djoser’s funerary complex

4. a. b. c. d.

Which element on Bernini’s Baldacchino DOES NOT symbolize the Pope’s family? honeybees anchors suns laurel leaves

5. a. b. c. d.

How has Bernini incorporated the Cornaro family into his sculptural group at the Cornaro Chapel? with their family coat of arms on the base with their emblems – honeybees and laurel leaves on the columns as figures of angels watching from above with eight statues of them in twobalconies on either side

6. a. b. c. d.

Which is the inspiration for the Farnese ceiling?

Michelangelo’s Sistine Ceiling Bernini’s Cornaro Chapel Gaulli’s frescoes in Il Gesu Mantegna’s Camera Picta

..

173

7. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is possibly the ultimate Baroque ceiling?

Michelangelo’s Sistine Ceiling Carracci’s Palazzo Farnese ceiling Gaulli’s frescoes in Il Gesu Mantegna’s Camera Picta

8. a. b. c. d.

Which artist introduced intense new realism and a dramatic use of light and gesture to Italian Baroque art?

Annibale Caracci Giovanni Battista Gaulli Bartolomé Estaban Murillo Caravaggio

9. a. b. c. d.

Why was Caravaggio’s work sometimes rejected?

It was too brutally naturalistic.

It was too idealized.

His patrons wanted larger work.

His patrons wanted greater realism.

10. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is an invention of Caravaggio’s? sfumato chiaroscuro tenebrism genre

11. a. b. c. d.

Who had a bad temper and was always in trouble with the law?

Bernini Velázquez Gentileschi Caravaggio

12. a. b. c. d.

Who was one of Caravaggio’s most successful Italian followers?

Artemisia Gentileschi Bartolomé Esteban Murillo Giovanni Battista Gaulli Anibale Carracci

13. a. b. c. d.

Which strong influence is seen in the early career of Velázquez?

Michelangelo Caravaggio Carracci Raphael

14. Who was made a knight of the Order of Santiago and included their insignia on his jacket in a self-portrait? a. Velázquez b. Rubens c.

Caravaggio d. Bernini

..

174

15. a. b. c. d.

Who painted Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor)?

Murillo Velázquez Salcedo El Greco

16. a. b. c. d.

Who was Saint Serapion? a Christian martyr a Christian monk a Spanish artist a Spanish monarch

17. a. b. c. d.

What did Rubens do for the Duke of Mantua? painted court portraits copied famous paintings painted the story of the Duchess’s life military engineer

18. a. b. c. d.

Whose life story did Rubens paint?

Phillip IV, King of Spain Pope Innocent X Marie de’ Medici, Queen of France Charles I, King of England

19. a. b. c. d.

In which category of painting did Anthony van Dyke specialize? portraiture landscape history and mythology religious art

20. Which of the following is often considered to be one of the greatest group portraits ever painted? a. Officers of the Haarlem Militia Company of Saint Adrian, Franz Hals b. Las Meninas, Velázquez c.

Burial of Count Orgaz, El Greco d. Captain Franz Banning Cocq Mustering His Company, Rembrandt 21. a. b. c. d.

Which intaglio process uses acid to “cut” the plate? engraving etching drypoint mezzotint

22. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following processes typically makes the fewest prints? etching drypoint engraving mezzotint

..

175

23. a. b. c. d.

Which artist is known for his many personal self-portraits?

Franz Hals Caravaggio Rembrandt Rubens

24. a. b. c. d.

For which subject is Judith Leyster best known? genre scenes mythological scenes religious subjects portraiture

25. a. b. c. d.

To whom does le Roi Soleil (the Sun King) refer?

Phillip IV of Spain Charles I of England Louis XIV of France Henri IV of France

26. a. b. c. d.

What was Versailles before Louis XIV? a small hunting château a botanical garden a monastery a village of masons

27. a. b. c. d.

Which word best describes Nicolas Poussin?

Medievalist Classicist Modernist Realist

28. a. b. c. d.

The French Academy was based upon the art of which artist?

Rigaud Rembrandt Bernini Poussin

29. a. b. c. d.

Which element of art did the poussinistes think was most important? color texture line/drawing value

30. a. b. c. d.

Which element of art did the rubénistes think was most important? color texture line/drawing value

..

176

Short Answer Questions: 31. What is a genre painting?

32. What did Bernini intend to represent by the colonnade in front of Saint Peter’s?

33. In what way is the work of Frans Hals like that of Velázquez?

34. What is a burr and in what process is it used?

Essay Questions: 35. How does Bernini’s Cornaro Chapel reveal the characteristics of Baroque art.

36. Compare Bernini’s David with that of Michelangelo - discuss the purpose, moment in the narrative, and the viewer’s role.

37. How is Vermeer’s Woman Holding a Balance both a genre painting and an allegorical vanitas painting?

..

177

Answer Key: 1. c; Page ref:368 2. a; Page ref:368 3. c; Page ref:369 4. b: Page ref:369 5. d; Page ref:371-372 6. a; Page ref:374-375 7. c; Page ref:375-376 8. d; Page ref:376 9. a; Page ref:377 10. c; Page ref:379 11. d; Page ref:379 12. a; Page ref:379 13. b; Page ref:380 14. a; Page ref:382 15. b; Page ref:380 16. a; Page ref:382 17. b; Page ref:383 18. c; Page ref:384 19. a; Page ref:385 20. d; Page ref:388 21. b; Page ref:389 22. b; Page ref:389 23. c; Page ref:390 24. a; Page ref:391 25. c; Page ref:397 26. a; Page ref:397 27. b; Page ref:400 28. d; Page ref:398 29. c; Page ref:398 30. a; Page ref:398 31. depicts scenes from everyday life; Page ref:368 32. the “motherly arms of the church” reaching out to the world; Page ref:370 33. they both tried to re-create the optical effects of light; they both painted loosely and boldly; Page ref: 388 34. the metal pushed up by the needle in the etching and drypoint process; Page ref:389 35. intense (erotic) emotion, dramatic lighting, theatrical compositions, different levels of illusion; Page ref:367/371-372 36. not a symbol of Florence, the moment of action, implied extension of space – encroaching on the viewer; Page ref:370-371 37. the Last Judgment painting placed behind the genre scene suggests the comparison of worldly things with salvation; Page ref:391

..

178

TEST BANK CHAPTER

15 Art of the Americas Multiple Choice Questions: 1. All the civilizations of which area had a ritual ball game with religious and political significance? a. Mesoamerica b. Central America c.

South America d. North America 2. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following best describes Mesoamerican society? sharply divided class structure egalitarian communistic democratic

3. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is the oldest Mesoamerican civilization?

Aztec Maya Olmec Teotihuacan

4. a. b. c. d.

Which ancient Americans made the most accurate calendar?

Olmec Aztec Nazca Maya

5. a. b. c. d.

Which ancient Americans developed the most advanced writing system?

Olmec Aztec Nazca Maya

6. a. b. c. d.

What is the crest on the top of a Mayan temple called?

Chacmool Roof comb Talud-tablero Formline

..

179

7. a. b. c. d.

What are the Mayan half-reclining stone figures called?

Chacmool Coyolxauhqui Talud-tablero Coatlicue

8. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following was the largest city in the Americas?

Chichén Itzá Teotihuacan Cahokia Machu Picchu

9. a. b. c. d.

What was the trade item that made Teotihuacan wealthy? quetzal feathers obsidian ceramic vessels jaguar pelts

10. Which figure is represented on the Temple of the Feathered Serpent with a square, stylized head, protruding upper jaw, huge, round eyes (originally inlaid with obsidian), and large, circular earspools? a. jaguar b. corn god c. tobacco god d. storm god 11. What is the Aztec name of the figure that is represented on the Temple of the Feathered Serpent as a fanged serpent head with feathers around its neck? a. Tlaloc b. Coyolxauhqui c.

Quetzalcoatl d. Coatlicue 12. When the Aztecs saw an eagle perching on a prickly pear cactus, what did it mean to them? a. A human sacrifice was required. b. They should settle there. c.

It foretold military success. d. The sun setting on the earth.

13. a. b. c. d.

In Aztec belief, who is “she of the serpent skirt”?

Huitzilopochtli Coyolxauhqui Quetzalcoatl Coatlicue

14. a. b. c. d.

Which kind of sculpture did the Diquis of Central America make? monumental stone sculpture lost-wax sculpture piece-mold sculpture geoglyphs

..

180

15. a. b. c. d.

Who made the giant earth-drawings in Peru that we call geoglyphs? the Inca the Nazca the Moche the Olmec

16. a. b. c. d.

Which technique did the Moche use to mass-produce some ceramic forms? lost-wax casting geoglyphs molds assembly line

17. The stirrup, or U-shaped spout, on ceramic vessels was a form used by which civilization? a. Inca b. Maya c.

Olmec d. Moche 18. a. b. c. d.

The headdress seen on the image of a person on a Moche earspool resembles what? cactus feathers crescent-shaped knife poppy flower

19. a. b. c. d.

What united the Inca Empire? a common language a unified ethnic group a state religion wheeled vehicles

20. How did the Inca finance their 25,000 miles of roads and 1000 lodgings that they built for transportation and communication? a. with their gold mines b. with labor taxation c. with slavery d. road-use fees 21. a. b. c. d.

Which was considered by the Incas to be a worthy gift to the gods? smoke cloth obsidian a human heart

22. a. b. c. d.

Spanish conquerors were obsessed with amassing what material(s)? gold diamonds gold and Silver gold and diamonds

..

181

23. Cultures in what is now the southeastern United States formed their communities around: a. lakes b. earthen mounds c. geoglyphs d. pyramids 24. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following peoples made effigy pipes?

Moche Inca Pueblos Hopewell

25. An enormous 100-foot tall earth mound is the most prominent feature of which of the following places? a. Cahokia b. Pueblo Bonito c.

Machu Picchu d. Tenochtitlan 26. Which is a subterranean circular room used as a ceremonial center in southwest Native American cultures called? a. kiva b. chacmool c. tepee d. pueblo 27. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following describes the roads built around Pueblo Bonito?

Wide and straight Concentric Radiating Following the terrain

28. a. b. c. d.

Pueblo people of the Southwest are known for their: pottery paintings printmaking sculpture

29. Maria Montoya Martinez’s famous pottery was decorated in which of the following ways? a. designs of colored glazes b. different metallic slips c. black and white designs d. matte black and glossy black designs

..

182

30. Which is a conical dwelling, used by plains Indians, made of hide over a pole framework? a. tepee b. pueblo c. kiva d. roof comb 31. a. b. c. d.

The earliest evidence of basketwork in North America was found in: Key Marco, Florida Chaco Canyon, New Mexico Danger Cave, Utah Cahokia, Illinois

32. The battle-scene hide painting from the North Dakota Mandan Native Americans was collected by: a. Daniel Boone b. George Washington c.

Alexander Hamilton d. Lewis and Clark 33. a. b. c. d.

What are potlatches? ceramic vessels with stirrup spouts monumental earthworks circular ceremonial rooms ritual feasts

Short Answer Questions: 34. What unusual features does the portrait head of Lord Pakal have and how do we explain them?

35. What is talud-tablero construction?

36. In Aztec culture, what did the double temples of Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc accomplish?

37. How were the giant earth-drawings on the Nazca plain made?

38. What were the subjects of Moche ceramics?

39. What is quillwork?

Essay Questions: 40. Discuss the purpose of Inca tunics and the message, meaning, and symbolism in the Inca’s use of pattern and color on cloth.

41. Describe the iconography of The Founding of Tenochtitlan page from the Codex Mendoza. ..

183

Answer Key: 1. a; Page ref: 405 2. a; Page ref: 405 3. c; Page ref: 405 4. d; Page ref: 407 5. d; Page ref: 407 6. b; Page ref: 408 7. a; Page ref:409 8. b; Page ref: 406-407 9. b; Page ref: 407 10. d; Page ref: 407 11. c; Page ref: 407 12. b; Page ref: 410 13. d; Page ref: 411 14. b; Page ref: 412 15. b; Page ref: 413 16. c; Page ref: 414 17. d; Page ref: 414 18. c; Page ref: 414 19. c; Page ref: 415 20. b; Page ref: 415 21. b; Page ref: 415-416 22. c; Page ref:416 23. b; Page ref:418 24. d; Page ref:418 25. a; Page ref:419 26. a; Page ref:421 27. a; Page ref:421 28. a; Page ref:421 29. d; Page ref:421-422 30. a; Page ref:423 31. c; Page ref:422 32. d; Page ref:424 33. d; Page ref:425 34. a sloping forehead and elongated skull from binding as a baby and an artificial nose bridge, Maya ideal of beauty; Page ref: 408 35. a sloping base below an entablature both sculpted and repeated in a diminishing stack as found on the Ciudadela at Teotihuacan; Page ref: 407 36. during the rainy season the sun rose behind the temple of Tlaloc and during the dry season it rose behind Huitzilopochtli, double temples united two natural forces, sun and rain, fire and water; Page ref: 410 37. by removing a layer of dark gravel, exposing lighter soil and lining with stones; Page ref:413 38. humans, animals, architectural structures; Page ref: 414 39. softened and dyed porcupine and bird quills woven into rectilinear patterns on deerskin and birch bark; Page ref:423 40. tunic as royal garment, state requirements about design, quality, and quantity identified class, family, and group membership. Page ref:416 41. the eagle and cactus – symbol of the city, the symbolic waterways of the island city, the figures representing city divisions and warfare; Page ref: 410 ..

184

TEST BANK CHAPTER

16 African Art Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Which people made the oldest known sculpture from sub-Saharan Africa? a. Nok b. Yoruba c.

Shona d. Kongo 2. a. b. c. d.

Which characteristic do the eyes of Nok sculptural figures have in common?

They are left blank.

They are painted.

They are “D”-shaped.

Their height is greater than their width.

3. a. b. c. d.

What do the parallel lines on the Ife portrait heads represent? tattoos ceremonial paint a beaded veil scarification patterns

4. a. b. c. d.

What is the Queen Mother of Benin called?

Numumusow Iyoba Oni Nkisi nkondo

5. a. b. c. d.

How was the Pendant representing an iyoba displayed? on the king’s crown in the doorway of a shrine as the king’s belt or hip ornament on the neck of the king’s panther

6. a. b. c. d.

In Benin sculpture, such as that of the iyoba, what represents Olokun, the Lord of the Great Waters? a Portuguese soldier a mudfish a panther coral-beads

..

185

7. a. b. c. d.

In the fifteenth- and sixteenth-centuries, which tradition came to an end in Old Djenné because of rival warfare that caused the city to decline? weaving stone architecture bronze casting ceramic sculpture

8. a. b. c. d.

What did the tall Conical Tower at Great Zimbabwe represent? a pyramid, symbol of stability connection between the natural and supernatural worlds a good harvest and prosperity the king’s power

9. a. b. c. d.

What is the symbol of purity on the top of the Great Friday Mosque in Djenné? an ivory tusk a gold leaf covered crescent moon an ostrich egg an abstract mask

10. Which of the following is a specialist in ritual that opens the lines of communication between the supernatural and human worlds? a. Diviner b. Oba c.

Iyoba d. Oni 11. What are the magical or medicinal objects and ingredients called that are added to a Power Figure in the Kongo culture? a. kente b. bilongo c. ere ibeji d. torons 12. a. b. c. d.

The potters, called numumusow, among the Mande-speaking peoples are: diviners sculptors blacksmiths women

13. Which method does the numumusow of the Mande-speaking people use to make their pottery? a. coiling b. wheel-thrown c. molds d. slab construction 14. a. b. c. d. ..

The word for woven textiles among the Ashante culture is: kente ere ibeji bilongo weft 186

15. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following was true of kente cloth?

It was made of pounded bark.

Only women wore it.

Some patterns were restricted to certain classes of people.

It could not be traded or sold to non-Asante people.

16. a. b. c. d.

On which occasion is an ere ibeji made? when a contract is agreed upon when a youth is initiated into adulthood when a woman cannot conceive children when a twin dies

Short Answer Questions: 17. In the Crowned Head of a Ruler from Ife, what use did the holes have?

18. What is a toron and what practical purpose does it serve?

19. What purpose does the blolo bla serve?

20. Why are some Bwa masks abstract; unlike those that depict spirits in human or animal shapes?

21. What is the meaning of the symbols on the abstract Bwa masks?

Essay Questions: 22. Explain the “myth” of Primitive art and how it applies to African art.

23. How is pattern used to enhance cultural identity at Nankani compound, Sirigu, Ghana? What kinds of patterns are used and on what kinds of objects and surfaces?

24. Describe how an nkisi nkonde changes over time and becomes a visual record of a community.

25. How does a hierarchy of materials or subject differ in African cultures compared to Western cultures? How do African cultures differ from Western cultures in their assessment of “fine art” as opposed to “craft”?

..

187

Answer Key: 1. a; Page ref:431 2. c; Page ref:431 3. d; Page ref:429 4. b; Page ref:432 5. c; Page ref:432 6. b; Page ref:433 7. d; Page ref:433 8. c; Page ref:436-437 9. c; Page ref:435 10. a; Page ref:437 11. b; Page ref:438 12. d; Page ref:437 13. a; Page ref:437 14. a; Page ref:441 15. c; Page ref:441 16. d; Page ref:444 17. to attach a hair, crown, veil, and/or the head to a wooden body; Page ref:429 18. wooden beams projecting from the walls. They provide supports for scaffolding for yearly re-plastering; Page ref:435 19. helps someone assume his/her gender-specific role as an adult Baule; Page ref:439 20. they represent spirits that have not taken animal or human form; Page ref:442 21. white crescent is quarter moon, X is scar that the Bwa wear, zig-zag is path of ancestors, beak of hornbill which mediates between living and dead; Page ref:442443 22. primitive means early, crude, simple, and backwards, term rooted in racism and colonialism; the skill and sophistication of African art and architecture has challenged these assumptions; Page ref:434 23. geometric motifs on pottery, baskets, skin, textiles, architecture; patterns enhance cultural identity; Page ref:436-437 24. neutral at first, magical ingredients added to solve community problems. It is collaborative. There is no single artist; Page ref:438 25. all these distinctions are more or less irrelevant in African cultures; Page ref:445

..

188

TEST BANK CHAPTER

17 European and American Art, 1715-1840 Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Which style developed is seen as a reaction to the formality and rigidity of seventeenth-century court life? a. Neoclassicism b. Mannerism c.

Rococo d. Realism 2. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Rococo? larger scale projects more intense emotion greater naturalism pastel colors

3. a. b. c. d.

For whom was the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture’s category fête galante created?

Watteau Fragonard Bernini Poussin

4. a. b. c. d.

British eighteenth-century painting favored which theme? moralizing scenes religious history classical mythology high-minded history

5. a. b. c. d.

Who was the favorite painter of French Queen Marie Antoinette?

Marie-Louise-Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun Thomas Gainsborough Angelica Kauffmann Adélaïde Labille-Guiard

6. a. b. c. d.

Which art movement is rooted in stylistic sources from ancient Greek or Roman art?

Romanticism Rococo Realism Neoclassicism

..

189

7. a. b. c. d.

Which art movement was particularly influenced by literary fantasies infused with a spirit of sensationalism and melancholy?

Romanticism Rococo Realism Neoclassicism

8. a. b. c. d.

Which movement did the archaeological excavations at Pompeii stimulate?

Neoclassicism Romanticism Rococo Realism

9. a. b. c. d.

Which art movement was particularly interested in moral incorruptibility, patriotism, and courage?

Romanticism Rococo Realism Neoclassicism

10. a. b. c. d.

Which best describes the attitude of John Henry Fuseli?

He portrayed humanity as rational and good.

He glorified the irrational side of human behavior.

He showed that humanity is violent, greedy and foolish.

He portrayed that strong leadership is needed to control the people.

11. a. b. c. d.

Interestingly, who hung a copy of Fuseli’s The Nightmare in his office?

Napoleon Bonaparte Sigmund Freud Thomas Jefferson Winston Churchill

12. a. b. c. d.

What was the biannual or annual show of the French Academy called? the Royal Pavilion the Paris Exposition the Legion of Honor the Paris Salon

13. a. b. c. d.

Who was one of the two female founding members of the Royal Academy in London?

Angelica Kauffmann Adélaïde Labille-Guiard Marie-Louise-Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun There were no women in the British Royal Academy

14. a. b. c. d.

Which American artist was elected to the Royal Academy in London?

John Singleton Copley Angelica Kauffmann Thomas Gainsborough Thomas Cole

..

190

15. How many women were members of the British Royal Academy during the first 154 years? a. none b. two c. twenty-two d. one-hundred and two 16. a. b. c. d.

Who painted moralizing tales in series of four to six paintings?

William Hogarth Thomas Gainsborough Angelica Kauffmann Joseph Wright

17. Which cause was Josiah Wedgewood, who founded the famous Wedgewood ceramics factory, active in? a. women’s right to vote b. the abolition of slavery c. child labor laws d. anti-war 18. Who was the president of the Philadelphia Abolition Society to which Josiah Wedgewood sent copies of his work? a. Thomas Jefferson b. George Washington c.

Benjamin Franklin d. Samuel Adams 19. a. b. c. d.

For which kind of work was Robert Adam world-renowned? finely crafted silver vessels fine English ceramics neoclassical architecture photography pioneer

20. Which is the strongest and most obvious influence on Thomas Jefferson’s design for his home at Monticello? a. Bernini b. French Rococo c.

Early American clapboard homes d. Palladio 21. Which is the principle that Rousseau and other Enlightenment philosophers taught that seems to be a conscious theme in Vigée-Lebrun’s Portrait of Marie Antoinette with Her Children? a. the importance of the aristocracy b. the idea of the “noble savage” c. the importance of each class fulfilling their duty d. the importance of the mother in nature

..

191

22. Who was successful in changing in the French Academy’s rule that only four women could be admitted at a time? a. Labille-Guiard b. Vigée-Lebrun c.

Bonheur d. Kauffmann 23. Who is best known for severe classical paintings that extol the antique virtues of moral incorruptibility, stoicism, courage, and patriotism? a. Angelica Kauffmann b. Jacques-Louis David c.

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres d. Théodore Géricault 24. a. b. c. d.

David’s Oath of the Horatii became an emblem for what? the French Revolution the Monarchy Napoleon Paris Commune of 1871

25. a. b. c. d.

Which Baroque element is in David’s Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard? the loose, fluid brushwork the emphasis on color over line the sweeping diagonals evocation of intense emotion

26. a. b. c. d.

Who was one of David’s most talented pupils?

Vigée-Lebrun Théodore Géricault Delacroix Ingres

27. a. b. c. d.

Who was the inspirational leader of the Romantic movement after Géricault?

Eugène Delacroix Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres Adélaïde Labille-Guiard Jacques-Louis David

28. a. b. c. d.

Which artist criticized Spanish morals and manners, especially in his Los Caprichos?

Diego Velázquez Francisco Goya Ilya Repin Bartolomé Estaban Murillo

29. a. b. c. d.

Which best describes the attitude of Francisco Goya?

Humanity is rational and good.

The Enlightenment would change the world for the better.

Humanity is violent, greedy, and foolish.

Strong leadership is needed to control the people.

..

192

30. Which describes the English Romantic Landscape painting style that was thought to be “sublime”? a. tranquil b. reverent c. beautiful d. dramatic 31. a. b. c. d.

Which best describes the painting of John Constable? turbulent fantastic natural scenery naturalistic scenes of rural stability depicting natural disasters

32. Thomas Cole inspired a group of landscape painters in the early nineteenth-century.

What were they called? a. the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood b. the Hudson River School c. the Barbazon Painters d. the Wanderers Short Answer Questions: 33. How does Joseph Wright use light in An Experiment on a Bird in the Air-Pump?

34. In general, what characteristics did Romantic painting feature?

35. Why did Goya say that he painted the Third of May 1808?

36. How did British and German landscape paintings speak to the transcendent power of God? 37. What were the advantages of lithography for artists such as Daumier?

Essay Questions: 38. Discuss why David’s Oath of the Horatii is considered to be a severely classical painting by a most truly Neoclassical artist.

39. What made the Raft of the Medusa so controversial? Consider both style and subject matter.

40. What characteristics distinguish the Rococo, Neoclassicism, and Romanticism from each other? How were the styles reactionary? Use examples to illustrate and clarify.

..

193

Answer Key: 1. c; Page ref: 448 2. d; Page ref: 448 3. a; Page ref: 448-450 4. a; Page ref: 450 5. a; Page ref: 454 6. d; Page ref: 457 7. c; Page ref: 458 8. a; Page ref: 457 9. d; Page ref: 457 10. b; Page ref: 458 11. b; Page ref: 458 12. d; Page ref: 455 13. a; Page ref: 453 14. a; Page ref: 455 15. b; Page ref: 455 16. a; Page ref: 451 17. b; Page ref: 452 18. c; Page ref: 452 19. c; Page ref: 462 20. d; Page ref: 462 21. d; Page ref: 455 22. a: Page ref: 456 23. b; Page ref: 459 24. a; Page ref: 460 25. c; Page ref: 461 26. d; Page ref: 461 27. a; Page ref: 465 28. b; Page ref: 467 29. c; Page ref: 467 30. d; Page ref: 471 31. c; Page ref: 469 32. b; Page ref: 471 33. dramatically and symbolically as science enlightens ignorance; Page ref:453 34. loose, fluid brushwork, strong colors, complex compositions, dramatic value contrast, expressive gestures; Page ref:458 35. “To warn men never to do it again.” Page ref:468 36. idea of the sublime by Edmund Burke, nature as a power that cannot be controlled by men; Gotthard Kosegarten teachings that the divine was visible through a deep personal connection with nature; Page ref:471-472 37. direct method of creating a printed image, inexpensive, consumed by all levels of society; Page ref: 466 38. Classical subject, pyramidal grouping, moral message (places good of state above personal interests), visual clarity, controlled style based on drawing; Page ref:459460 39. sensationalist journalism, implied political criticism of the monarchy; Page ref:464465 40. Rococo – aristocratic and sensuous; Neoclassicism – restrained; Romanticism – emotional; Page ref:473

..

194

TEST BANK CHAPTER

18 European and American Art, 1840-1910 Multiple Choice Questions: 1. In architecture, which style rejected the values of modern industry and recaptured a pre-industrial sense of beauty? a. Art Nouveau b. Historicism c.

Impressionism d. Realism 2. a. b. c. d.

3.

In architecture, what is the strong consciousness of and attention to the institutions, themes, styles, and forms of the past called?

Passage technique Arts and Crafts Movement Art Nouveau Historicism

a. b. c. d.

According to Charles Garnier, to hear, to see, and to be seen was the purpose of what? the Louvre art museums the Paris Opera house the Eiffel Tower

4. a. b. c. d.

Which was built specifically for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1889? the Paris Opera the Wainwright Building the Eiffel Tower Tassel House

5. a. b. c. d.

What was the Eiffel Tower meant to symbolize? universal love a bridge to the future french industrial progress french ties to four continents

6. a. b. c. d.

Architects from which city are credited for the development of the skyscraper?

New York Chicago Paris St. Louis

..

195

7. a. b. c. d.

In the Wainwright Building, what did Louis Sullivan adapt from the Beaux-Arts tradition? steel construction a vertical emphasis opulent ornamentation base, body, and crowning cornice elements

8. a. b. c. d.

Which describes Harriet Hosmer’s Zenobia in Chains? submissive defiant seductive erotic

9. a. b. c. d.

Which group of artists advocated a naturalistic approach to painting and moralizing subject matter? the Impressionists the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood the Post-Impressionists the Symbolists

10. a. b. c. d.

From where did the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood borrow their ideas about symbolism?

Early Renaissance art Mannerist art Baroque art Rococo art

11. Which artist carried the “organic principle” the farthest, incorporating it even into the structure of his architecture? a. Antoni Gaudi b. William Morris c.

Louis Sullivan d. Gustave Eiffel 12. a. b. c. d.

What does “camera obscura” mean? lost machine mysterious picture dark chamber missing image

13. Which is an early photographic process that was a positive print made on a lightsensitized copper plate using iodine fumes, mercury vapors, and a saltwater bath? a. Dagurreotype b. Calotype c.

Lithograph d. Albumen print

..

196

14. Which photographic process developed the negative from which an unlimited number of positives could be made? a. Dagurreotype b. Calotype c.

Lithograph d. Albumen print 15. Who took portraits of famous British scholars and wanted to make photography an art form in its own right? a. Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre b. William Henry Fox Talbot c.

Julia Margaret Cameron d. Joseph-Nicéphore Niépce 16. Conservative critics hated this person’s work because of its focus on the common people and its disregard for traditional composition and traditional standards of beauty: a. Gustave Courbet b. Rosa Bonheur c.

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres d. Adélaïde Labille-Guiard 17. a. b. c. d.

What was it that Rosa Bonheur had to get police permission in order to do?

Dissect a cadaver Draw from a nude model Wear men’s clothing Take paints into the Louvre

18. a. b. c. d.

Who began his career as an artist for the press during the Civil War? Winslow Homer Thomas Eakins Henry O. Tanner Mary Cassatt

19. Which style of art did Winslow Homer say he thought was most appropriate for a democracy? a. Impressionism b. Romanticism c.

Realism d. Neoclassicism 20. Who was “the most uncompromising American naturalist of the era,” that is, the second half of the nineteenth century? a. Winslow Homer b. Thomas Eakins c.

Henry O. Tanner d. Mary Cassatt

..

197

21. a. b. c. d.

For which purpose does Thomas Eakins use light in The Gross Clinic? to stir emotions to imply that science is the light of knowledge he minimizes contrast to reduce emotion to spotlight the students in the gallery

22. a. b. c. d.

Who was one of the most brilliant pupils of Thomas Eakins?

Henry O. Tanner Mary Cassatt Winslow Homer Charles Sheeler

23. a. b. c. d.

Which group of artists is well known for painting en plein air? the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood the Impressionists the Romanticists the Pointillists

24. a. b. c. d.

What does en plein air mean? at one sitting in the open air without glazes without color

25. a. b. c. d.

Whose painting gave Impressionism its name?

Manet Monet Morisot Degas

26. a. b. c. d.

Which group first organized exhibitions independent from the official Salon? the Realists the Impressionists the Post-Impressionists the Symbolists

27. Who had the most loose and painterly Impressionist style that developed increasingly through the 1870s? a. Edgar Degas b. Edouard Manet c.

Pierre Renoir d. Berthe Morisot 28. The art of which country so greatly influenced French art in the last half of the nineteenth century that a term was coined (the country’s name being the root of the term) just to describe this influence? a. China b. Japan c.

India d. Saudi Arabia ..

198

29. a. b. c. d.

For which subject is Degas best known? ballet scenes landscape portraits mother and child

30. a. b. c. d.

Which theme is Mary Cassatt best known for? landscape ballet outdoor social scenes mother and child

31. a. b. c. d.

What is the reaction against Impressionism called?

Realism Surrealism Expressionism Post-Impressionism

32. a. b. c. d.

What was Georges Seurat’s technique called?

Impressionism Pointillism Symbolism Synthetism

33. Who said that he wanted to “make of Impressionism something solid and durable, like the art of the museums”? a. Paul Gauguin b. Vincent van Gogh c.

Edvard Munch d. Paul Cézanne 34. Who changed the Impressionist brushstroke to be more solid and rectangular and applied more according to a grid of vertical and horizontal shapes? a. Paul Gauguin b. Vincent van Gogh c.

Edvard Munch d. Paul Cézanne 35. Who began the concept of seeing objects from different viewpoints into the same painting? a. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec b. Edvard Munch c.

Paul Gauguin d. Paul Cézanne 36. a. b. c. d. ..

Which is an art term that was originally a military term for the advance unit? avant-garde alla prima en plein air incising 199

37. The original idea of the avant-garde, as applied to art, was that it would prepare people for what? a. social change b. intellectual ideas c. unusual designs d. new subject matter 38. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following differentiates Georges Seurat from Impressionism? the subjects he chooses the bright colors the formal geometry of the composition the lack of glazing and blending

39. a. b. c. d.

What was Gauguin’s word for combining feelings with observation?

Synthetism Passage technique Pointillism Avant-garde

40. a. b. c. d.

Which artist contributed most significantly to the emergence of expressionism?

Georges Seurat Vincent van Gogh Paul Cézanne Paul Signac

41. a. b. c. d.

Which artist is best known for expressing anxiety and a fear of death?

Vincent van Gogh Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Edvard Munch Paul Gauguin

42. In Toulouse-Lautrec’s Jane Avril, which of the following is a particularly strong influence? a. Pointillism b. Synthetism c.

Japonisme d. Passage technique 43. a. b. c. d.

Which is true of Rodin’s Burghers of Calais?

They were calm.

They were idealized.

They were on a high pedestal.

Their arms and hands were enlarged.

44. a. b. c. d.

How did Camille Claudel change The Waltz after the inspector saw it? added drapery separated the figures reduced the size of the hands added a base

..

200

Short Answer Questions: 45. What is Orientalism?

46. How did Georges Seurat mix color?

47. What two developments made the skyscraper feasible?

48. Art Nouveau derives its forms from what natural things?

49. What was the Salon des Refusés?

Essay Questions: 50. Explain how Manet subverts tradition in at least one of his canvases.

51. How did the Impressionists in general, and Monet in particular, paint light instead of objects?

52. Using Mont Saint-Victoire as an example, explain how Paul Cézanne creates the illusion of depth.

Answer Key: 1. a; Page ref:484 2. d; Page ref:477 3. c; Page ref:477 4. c; Page ref:475 5. c; Page ref:475 6. b; Page ref:478 7. d; Page ref:478 8. b; Page ref:481 9. b; Page ref:482 10. a; Page ref:482 11. a; Page ref:485 12. c; Page ref:485 13. a; Page ref:486 14. b; Page ref:486 15. c; Page ref:488 16. a; Page ref:488 17. c; Page ref:490 18. a; Page ref:492 19. c; Page ref:492 20. b; Page ref:493 21. b; Page ref:494 22. a; Page ref:494 23. b; Page ref:495 24. b; Page ref:495 25. b; Page ref:495 26. b; Page ref:495 ..

201

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

d; Page ref:497-499 b; Page ref:503 a; Page ref:499 d; Page ref:499 d; Page ref:500 b; Page ref:500-501 d; Page ref:505 d; Page ref:506 d; Page ref:506 a; Page ref:500 a; Page ref:500 c; Page ref:501 a; Page ref:502 b; Page ref:502 c; Page ref:504 c; Page ref:504 d; Page ref:507 a; Page ref:508 the French nineteenth-century fascination with the Middle East; Page ref: 480 by placing them side by side they would mix optically; Page ref:501 development of steel and passenger elevators; Page ref:478 vines, snakes, flowers, and winged insects; Page ref:484 an exhibition of the art refused by the jury of the official Salon in 1863 in Paris; Page ref:490 50. he followed Titian’s Pastoral Concert in Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe and Titian’s Venus of Urbino in Olympia; however the lack of modeling and finish, and of a mythological pretext, the mixture with modern clothing; all were shocking; Page ref:490-492 51. applying paint with strokes and touches of pure color; Page ref:496 52. by placing the tree in foreground, changing colors, atmospheric perspective; Page ref:505

..

202

TEST BANK CHAPTER

19 Modern Art in Europe and the United States, 1900-1945 Multiple Choice Questions: 1. What are the documents called wherein twentieth-century artists wrote declarations of their artistic principles? a. automatic writing b. readymades c. collage d. manifestoes 2. a. b. c. d.

3. a. b. c. d.

4.

Which kind of art must communicate EXCLUSIVELY through formal means such as line, shape, color, and texture?

Realist Nonrepresentational Abstract Intuitive The tendency to emphasize physical processes, for example, visible brushstrokes or chisel marks, is a characteristic of: Modernism Formalism Analytic Cubism Surrealism

a. b. c. d.

What caused Modern art to be transformed from an embattled fringe movement to being a component of “high culture”? the two great world wars the advance of capitalism technological changes state supported museums of modern art

5. a. b. c. d.

Les Fauves means: the bridge wild beasts blue rider hobbyhorse

6. a. b. c. d.

Die Brücke means: the bridge wild beasts blue rider hobbyhorse

..

203

7. a. b. c. d.

From which writer did Die Brücke take their name?

Sigmund Freud Karl Marx Charles Darwin Frederich Nietzsche

8. a. b. c. d.

Which did the artists of Die Brücke hope to bridge? art and science happiness and sorrow past and future color and line

9. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following best describes Käthe Schmidt Kollwitz’s idea of what art should be or do? a mental comforter, like a good armchair a political tool, to reach as many people as possible an escape from the drab, ordinary world to evoke an emotive response, like music

10. a. b. c. d.

For which media is Käthe Schmidt Kollwitz best known? painting printmaking sculpture drawing

11. a. b. c. d.

Who did Käthe Schmidt Kollwitz use for the figure of Black Anna in The Outbreak? her mother herself Florence Nightingale Marie Curie

12. Which movement was organized by Kandinsky to include nine artists interested in the power of color? a. Die Brücke b. Fauves c.

Der Blaue Reiter d. Orphism 13. a. b. c. d.

Which art movement was the invention of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque?

Orphism Fauvism Cubism Futurism

14. Multiple perspectives, i.e., seeing an object from more than one point of view, is an important pictorial device in which movement? a. Fauvism b. Cubism c.

Expressionism d. Suprematism ..

204

15. Which art movement combined Fauvist color with Analytic Cubist form in works dedicated to the modern city and modern technology? a. Futurism b. Orphism c.

Suprematism d. Dada 16. Which art movement aimed to attack everything old, dull, feminine, and safe and promote the masculine, including warfare and speed? a. Dada b. Orphism c.

Suprematism d. Futurism 17. Which work personifies the new Italian man rushing headlong into the brave new Futurist world? a. Electric Light b. Torso of a Young Man c.

Unique Forms of Continuity in Space d. Improvisation No. 30 (Cannons) 18. a. b. c. d.

Who was the artist who produced the first truly nonrepresentational work of art?

Pablo Picasso Vasily Kandinsky Piet Mondrian Kasimir Malevich

19. a. b. c. d.

What did Duchamp call found objects, that is, ordinary manufactured items? readymades collage suprematism prouns

20. a. b. c. d.

Which kind of work did the 291 Gallery promote?

American realism Impressionism European modernism the “Ashcan School”

21. Which of the following thought that art should leave the studio and go into the factories? a. Orphism b. Dada c.

Constructivism d. Futurism

..

205

22. El Lissitzsky made what he called a, “Project for the Affirmation of the New,” otherwise known as: a. a Proun b. a Readymade c.

Suprematism d. Surrealism 23. a. b. c. d.

Mondrian thought that the beauty we see in nature is: sensual and subjective rational and universal ideal picturesque or sublime

24. a. b. c. d.

The primary colors are: red, yellow, and blue green, orange, and purple red, green, and blue black and white

25. a. b. c. d.

What did Mondrian eliminate in his work? color straight lines representational elements anything feminine

26. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following describes the design aesthetic of Gerrit Rietveld? biomorphic, curving shapes random, subconscious and free association use of historical styles rectangular planes of color

27. a. b. c. d.

The ideas of Le Corbusier formed the basis of which movement?

Constructivism Purism Suprematism The International Style

28. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following was NOT an aim of Bauhaus design? sleek functional ornamental suitable for mass production

29. a. b. c. d.

Which is true of the new Bauhaus building in Dessau that Gropius designed?

It makes use of beautiful veneers.

The surface decorations add variety and interest.

Materials appear simply as they are: concrete, glass, and steel.

It follows Beaux-Arts traditions.

..

206

30. a. b. c. d.

Nazi animosity was a factor in the suicide of whom?

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Marianne Brandt Walter Gropius Lazlo Maholy-Nagy

31. Which art movement was particularly interested in exploring Freud’s ideas about the subconscious? a. Cubism b. Fauvism c.

Surrealism d. De Stijl 32. Which group would be most likely to use dream analysis, free association, automatic writing, word games, and hypnotic trances? a. Dada b. Futurism c.

De Stijl d. Surrealism 33. a. b. c. d.

Merit Oppenheim’s most famous work intentionally confuses which element of art? line color texture value

34. Whose philosophy did Brancusi borrow that all worldly objects are imperfect imitations of a perfect model, which exists only as an idea? a. Einstein b. Rousseau c.

Freud d. Plato 35. a. b. c. d.

What took on new importance in the work of Henry Moore? texture holes the materials motion

36. a. b. c. d.

Alexander Calder invented: readymades collage mobiles automatic writing

37. a. b. c. d.

Who coined the name “mobile”?

Marcel Duchamp Alexander Calder Georgia O’Keeffe Pablo Picasso

..

207

38. What is the title of Grant Wood’s American classic of an Iowa farmer and his daughter? a. American Landscape b. American Gothic c.

Spring Showers d. The Joy of Life 39. a. b. c. d.

Who modeled for Grant Wood’s famous painting of an Iowa farmer and his daughter? an Iowa farmer and his daughter Wood’s sister and dentist Academy models while Wood was studying in Paris a New York City man and his daughter

40. Whose art influenced the federal government to include a photographic unit in the Farm Securities Administration? a. James Van Der Zee b. Dorothea Lange c.

Grant Wood d. Aaron Douglas 41. What was the movement of African-American writers, artists, and musicians that explored black experience and identity? a. Precisionists b. Harlem Renaissance c.

New Realists d. Regionalists 42. Whose photographs of African Americans in Harlem in the first half of the twentieth century conveyed a sense of racial pride and social empowerment? a. Dorothea Lange b. Timothy O’Sullivan c.

James Van Der Zee d. Aaron Douglas 43. a. b. c. d.

What was the primary subject of Jacob Lawrence’s early work?

Factories and skyscrapers Migrant farm workers Farms and small-town life Black history

44. In which category is the work of Frida Kahlo generally placed (even though she herself thought it was an uncomfortable fit)? a. Mexican mural movement b. Harlem Renaissance c.

American Scene Painting d. Surrealism

..

208

45. a. b. c. d.

On which occasion was The Two Fridas painted?

Frida’s marriage to Diego Rivera Frida’s divorce from Diego Rivera Frida’s stormy engagement Diego Rivera’s death

46. a. b. c. d.

Which is the term for the elements that project out from the house at Fallingwater? cantilevers load bearing walls girders cladding

Short Answer Questions: 47. What is the difference between Analytic Cubism and Synthetic Cubism?

48. “Collage” is borrowed from the French, meaning?

49. What does the term “Dada” mean?

50. How does Marsden Hartley portray his friend in Portrait of a German Officer?

51. Why did the Rockefellers destroy an unfinished mural by Diego Rivera that they had paid for?

52. What are the three principles of the International Style architecture?

Essay Questions: 53. Recount the event that inspired the painting Guernica. Discuss the style and imagery that Picasso used to respond to that event.

54. Describe the development and influence of Cubism. Include a comment regarding the working relationship of Picasso and Braque.

..

209

Answer Key: 1. d; Page ref: 513 2. b; Page ref: 513 3. a; Page ref: 513 4. d; Page ref: 513 5. b; Page ref: 513 6. a; Page ref: 514 7. d; Page ref: 514 8. c; Page ref: 514 9. b; Page ref: 515 10. b; Page ref: 515 11. b; Page ref: 515 12. c; Page ref: 515 13. c; Page ref: 516-517 14. b; Page ref: 518 15. b; Page ref: 519 16. d; Page ref: 520 17. c; Page ref: 521 18. d; Page ref: 522 19. a; Page ref: 523 20. c; Page ref: 525 21. c; Page ref: 528 22. a; Page ref: 542 23. a; Page ref: 529 24. a; Page ref: 529 25. c; Page ref: 529 26. d; Page ref: 531 27. d; Page ref: 531 28. c; Page ref: 532 29. c; Page ref: 533 30. a; Page ref: 534 31. c; Page ref: 533 32. d; Page ref: 535 33. c; Page ref: 535-536 34. d; Page ref: 538 35. b; Page ref: 538 36. c; Page ref: 539 37. a; Page ref: 539 38. b; Page ref: 540 39. b; Page ref: 540 40. b; Page ref: 540-541 41. b; Page ref: 541 42. c; Page ref: 543 43. d; Page ref: 543 44. d; Page ref: 545 45. b; Page ref: 545 46. a; Page ref: 546 47. Synthetic Cubism creates motifs by using simpler elements and collage; Page ref: 519 48. to paste or to glue; Page ref: 519 49. in German, “baby talk”; in French, “hobbyhorse”; in Russian, “yes, yes”; Page ref: 523 ..

210

50. symbolically, through numbers, letters, German military paraphernalia and insignia; Page ref: 526 51. Rivera included a portrait of Lenin in a favorable way; Page ref: 543 52. The conception of architecture as volume rather than mass, regularity rather than symmetry as the chief means of ordering design, arbitrary applied decoration; Page ref: 532 53. bombing of Basque city in 1937 during Spanish Civil War, screaming horse is Spanish republic; Page ref: 537 54. influenced all other early twentieth-century movements after it (Futurism, Orphism, etc.). They collaborated in each development; Page ref: 516-522

..

211

TEST BANK CHAPTER

20 Art Since 1945 Multiple Choice Questions: 1. According to Maya Ying Lin, what was an important point of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial? a. to see yourself reflected in the names b. a monument to suffering humanity c. the names would lose individuality and become a texture d. the futility of war 2. a. b. c. d.

By design, the arms of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial are pointing toward what? the White House and the Capitol the National Academy of Sciences and the National Gallery the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument the State Department and the Justice Department

3.

Which movement was deeply affected by the ideas of Surrealism and the teaching of Hans Hofmann?

Art informel Pop Art Abstract Expressionism Minimalism

a. b. c. d.

4. a. b. c. d.

Which was the art movement that used broad sweeping expanses of color to evoke transcendent contemplative states?

Minimalism Color Field Action Painting Gesturalism

5. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following describes the work of Mark Rothko? large rectangles that hint at a momentary resolution of our duality thinned oil paints that resemble watercolor chaotic mixture of painted and found elements imagery from cartoons and advertisements

6. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following describes the work of Helen Frankenthaler? large rectangles that hint at a momentary resolution of our duality thinned oil paints that resemble watercolor chaotic mixture of painted and found elements imagery from cartoons and advertisements

..

212

7. a. b. c. d.

According to Clement Greenberg, a work of art should be judged on which one criteria? convincing narrative formal analysis accurate representation spatial depth

8. a. b. c. d.

Which is the term for putting disparate elements together to construct a work of art? collage appropriation femmage assemblage

9. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following describes the work of Louise Nevelson? polished steel inspired by the formalism of Analytic Cubism a construction of discarded packing boxes, spindles, and other wooden refuse kinetic sculpture that destroys itself monumentally scaled objects from popular culture

10. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following describes Robert Rauschenberg’s “combines”? large rectangles that hint at a momentary resolution of our duality thinned oil paints that resemble watercolor chaotic mixture of painted and found elements imagery from cartoons and advertisements

11. Largely because of Jasper Johns, which artist came to be thought of as important as Picasso? a. Salvadore Dali b. Marcel Duchamp c.

Henri Matisse d. Paul Cézanne 12. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following describes the work of Jean Tinguely? polished steel inspired by the formalism of Analytic Cubism a construction of discarded packing boxes, spindles, and other wooden refuse kinetic sculpture that destroys itself monumentally scaled objects from popular culture

13. Comic books, advertisements, movies, and television were the sources for which art movement? a. Minimalism b. Op Art c.

Pop Art d. Dada 14. a. b. c. d. ..

Which of the following describes Richard Hamilton’s work?

It satirizes American materialism.

It uses imagery found in cartoons and advertisements.

It celebrates middle-class social and material values.

It uses precisely structured patterns of lines and colors.

213

15. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following describes Roy Lichtenstein’s work?

It satirizes American materialism.

It uses imagery found in cartoons and advertisements.

It celebrates middle-class social, and material values.

It uses precisely structured patterns of lines and colors.

16. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following describes Andy Warhol’s work?

It satirizes American materialism.

It uses imagery found in cartoons and advertisements.

It celebrates middle-class social and material values.

It uses precisely structured patterns of lines and colors.

17. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following describes the work of Claes Oldenburg? polished steel inspired by the formalism of Analytic Cubism a construction of discarded packing boxes, spindles, and other wooden refuse kinetic sculpture that destroys itself monumentally scaled objects from popular culture

18. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following is an aim of Minimalism? gesturalism self-expression simplicity and clarity investigation of perception

19. Which artist’s work was like a “drawing in space,” like Minimalism except for a capacity for movement and change? a. Eva Hesse b. Joseph Kosuth c.

Donald Judd d. Bruce Nauman 20. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following eliminated the art object itself? performance artists conceptual artists minimalists pop artists

21. Whose assertion that art was a mental, rather than a physical, activity influenced the Conceptualists? a. Pablo Picasso b. Jackson Pollock c.

Marcel Duchamp d. Kazimir Malevich 22. a. b. c. d.

..

Which is the art form that produced dramatic displays outdoors?

Happening Conceptual art Earthworks Performance art

214

23. a. b. c. d.

Who, in the spirit of Duchamp, designated himself a work of art?

Robert Smithson Christo Eva Hesse Bruce Nauman

24. Which form did Robert Smithson use because it suggested to him the perpetual “coming and going of things”? a. square b. spiral c. circle d. straight line 25. Whose work has a formal and emotional richness that was meant to counter Minimalist “male” art? a. Miriam Schapiro b. Betye Saar c.

Faith Ringgold d. Cindy Sherman 26. China painting and needlework are traditional women’s mediums, but should be considered “high” art forms according to whom? a. Judy Chicago b. Betye Saar c.

Faith Ringgold d. Cindy Sherman 27. Which artist appropriates the stereotypical, cheerful, domestic, black servant and changes its meaning? a. Judy Chicago b. Betye Saar c.

Faith Ringgold d. Cindy Sherman 28. a. b. c. d.

Which artist is best known for the photographs of herself in various assumed roles?

Judy Chicago Betye Saar Faith Ringgold Cindy Sherman

29. Which is the acceptance of a variety of artistic intentions and styles coexisting in the same social structure? a. art informel b. kitsch c. assemblage d. pluralism

..

215

30. Which of the following artists works on irregularly shaped canvases with swelling shapes? a. Elizabeth Murray b. Anselm Kiefer c.

Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri d. Faith Ringgold 31. What was the attitude of Aborigine artists toward modern American and European mediums? a. They rejected them. b. They combined them with their traditional mediums. c.

They adopted them with Western subject matter. d. They adopted them.

32. What is the French Philosopher Jacques Derrida’s theory called that texts have unstable meanings that change depending on the context? a. Pluralism b. Deconstruction c.

Combines d. Appropriation 33. Which material is used by Wenda Gu to construct his United Nations – Babel of the Millennium? a. steel and glass b. human hair c. mahogany d. clay 34. What does the writing suggest in Wenda Gu’s United Nations – Babel of the Millennium? a. the importance of all life on earth b. electronic communication c. uniting of cultures d. limitations of human knowledge 35. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following describes the most well known work of Jenny Holzer? it evokes images and information carried by electronic communication systems continuous looping signboards with disturbing commands and declarations mixed media painting with collage and fake Indian trinkets a combination of Japanese woodblock prints and American Pop art

36. a. b. c. d.

Which of the following describes the work of Nam June Paik? it evokes images and information carried by electronic communication systems continuous looping signboards with disturbing commands and declarations mixed media painting with collage and fake Indian trinkets a combination of Japanese woodblock prints and American Pop art

..

216

37. a. b. c. d.

Which is often the subject of Shirin Neshat’s photographs?

Iranian history Iranian landmarks Iranian men Iranian women

38. a. b. c. d.

Whose influence was evident in the “clay revolution” led by Peter Voulkos?

Abstract Expressionism De Stijl Pop Art Minimalism

39. a. b. c. d.

Which describes work by Peter Voulkos? torn, gouged, and pierced traditional ceramic forms trompe l’oeil realism done in carved wood wooden objects that may suggest a sea creature or musical instrument closed form, nonfunctional ceramic forms with richly colored glazes

40. a. b. c. d.

Which describes the work of Martin Puryear? torn, gouged, and pierced traditional ceramic forms trompe l’oeil realism done in carved wood wooden objects that may suggest a sea creature or musical instrument closed form, nonfunctional ceramic forms with richly colored glazes

41. The Seagram Building in New York is one of the finest examples of which style of architecture? a. Postmodernism b. Historicism c.

International Style d. Beaux-Arts 42. a. b. c. d.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a: Bauhaus architect De Stijl architect Purist architect Neo-Baroque architect

43. According to Robert Venturi, what is wrong with the International Style of architecture? a. It is too heterogeneous. b. It is too complex. c.

It is too contradictory. d. It is too inflexible.

44. Architecture that is complex, contradictory, and borrows from “high” and “low” architecture and from the past is which of the following styles? a. International Style b. Postmodern c.

Beaux-Arts d. Chicago style ..

217

45. a. b. c. d.

A building where the load-bearing steel skeleton is on the exterior is the: Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank, Hong Kong World Trade Center, Transportation Hub, New York City Seagram Building, New York City

46. a. b. c. d.

A building that has a powerfully organic, sculptural style is the: Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank, Hong Kong World Trade Center, Transportation Hub, New York City Seagram Building, New York City Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao

47. Designed as a metaphor for tenacity and survival, this building will reflect the place of the sun at a certain specific time: a. Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao b. Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank, Hong Kong c.

World Trade Center, Transportation Hub, New York City d. Seagram Building, New York City Short Answer Questions: 48. What are the two main branches of Abstract Expressionism?

49. What is meant by the “mainstream”?

50. What is “kitsch”?

51. What are “benday dots”?

52. Explain the meaning of the prefix “neo” when part of the title of an art movement.

Essay Questions: 53. Contrast the painting of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning. What is the emotional impact on the viewer and how does it differ between the two painters?

What was the difference in the artists’ approaches?

54. Describe Marcel Duchamp’s use of kitsch and its inclusion in Pop Art. How did this confuse and upset ideas of “high” and “low” art?

55. Discuss the International Style of Architecture and its expression in the Seagram Building in New York. Include its use of materials and ideas of aesthetics.

..

218

Answer Key: 1. a; Page ref: 551 2. c; Page ref: 551 3. c; Page ref: 552 4. b; Page ref: 552 5. a; Page ref: 557-558 6. b; Page ref: 555 7. b; Page ref: 554 8. d; Page ref: 558 9. b; Page ref: 558 10. c; Page ref: 558 11. b; Page ref: 561 12. c; Page ref: 561 13. c; Page ref: 561 14. a; Page ref: 563 15. b; Page ref: 563 16. c; Page ref: 563-564 17. d; Page ref: 564 18. c; Page ref: 565 19. a; Page ref: 566 20. b; Page ref: 567 21. c; Page ref: 567 22. c; Page ref: 568 23. d; Page ref: 567 24. b; Page ref: 568 25. a; Page ref: 570 26. a; Page ref: 571 27. b; Page ref: 573 28. d; Page ref: 573 29. d; Page ref: 575 30. a; Page ref: 573 31. d; Page ref: 573 32. b; Page ref: 581 33. b; Page ref: 577 34. d; Page ref: 577 35. b; Page ref: 583 36. a; Page ref: 583 37. d; Page ref: 579 38. a; Page ref: 584 39. a; Page ref: 584 40. c; Page ref: 586 41. c; Page ref: 587 42. a; Page ref: 587 43. d; Page ref: 588 44. b; Page ref: 588 45. b; Page ref: 589 46. d; Page ref: 589 47. ; Page ref: 590 48. Action Painting, or gesturalism, and Color Field painting; Page ref: 552 49. the notion that some artworks are more central and important than others and are part of a continuous development of art; Page ref: 554 ..

219

50. cheap items made for ordinary, popular culture; Page ref: 562 51. small black and white or colored circles, used in modern printing, that make up lettering and images; Page ref: 563 52. it denotes a new form of something that already exists; Page ref: 575 53. de Kooning reintroduced the figure. Pollock described his work as peaceful and pure – de Kooning’s was neither; Page ref: 555 54. Duchamp’s Fountain and Hamilton’s collage use it to repudiate modernism by placing it in establishments of high culture, like galleries and museums; Page ref: 562 55. Bauhaus ideals, no decoration or ornament except surfaces of expensive materials (bronze and glass); page ref: 587-588

..

220