American Social Welfare Policy, 6E Howard Jacob Karger Test Bank & Instructor Manuals

Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for

Karger and Stoesz

American Social Welfare Policy A Pluralist Approach Sixth Edition prepared by

June Hopps University of Georgia

David Okech University of Georgia

Kareema Gray University of Georgia

Instructor’s Manual Contents

Chapter 1 Social Policy and the American Welfare State

1

Chapter 2 Social Welfare Policy Research: A Framework for Policy Analysis

4

Chapter 3 Religion and Social Welfare Policy

7

Chapter 4 Discrimination in American Society

11

Chapter 5 Poverty in America

14

Chapter 6 The Voluntary Sector Today

17

Chapter 7 Privatization and Human Service Corporations

19

Chapter 8 The Making of Governmental Policy

21

Chapter 9 Tax Policy and Income Distribution

24

Chapter 10 Social Insurance Programs

27

Chapter 11 Public Assistance Programs

29

Chapter 12 The American Health Care System

32

Chapter 13 Mental Health and Substance Abuse Policy

35

Chapter 14 Criminal Justice

38

Chapter 15 Child Welfare Policy

41

Chapter 16 Housing Policies

44

Chapter 17 The Politics of Food Policy and Rural Life

47

Chapter 18 The American Welfare State in International Perspective

50

Test Bank Contents

Chapter 1 Social Policy and the American Welfare State

53

Chapter 2 Social Welfare Policy Research: A Framework for Policy Analysis

62

Chapter 3 Religion and Social Welfare Policy

72

Chapter 4 Discrimination in American Society

82

Chapter 5 Poverty in America

92

Chapter 6 The Voluntary Sector Today

101

Chapter 7 Privatization and Human Service Corporations

111

Chapter 8 The Making of Governmental Policy

120

Chapter 9 Tax Policy and Income Distribution

130

Chapter 10 Social Insurance Programs

140

Chapter 11 Public Assistance Programs

149

Chapter 12 The American Health Care System

158

Chapter 13 Mental Health and Substance Abuse Policy

167

Chapter 14 Criminal Justice

177

Chapter 15 Child Welfare Policy

187

Chapter 16 Housing Policies

197

Chapter 17 The Politics of Food Policy and Rural Life

207

Chapter 18 The American Welfare State in International Perspective

216

Chapter

1

Social Policy and the American Welfare State

Chapter Overview The authors offer an extensive glimpse into the latter history and evolution of U.S. social policy and welfare initiatives with a focus on the interaction of major political, economic, and ideological institutions. They cover the differences that characterize differences and few similarities between those on the right and left of the political landscape in the U.S. welfare policy agendas. The chapter also provides a framework through which liberals and conservatives interpret the role of government, the market, and individual in meeting the common good of society. A strong point in this chapter is the depiction of the evolution of both the liberal and conservative views about welfare policy over the years. In addition, the chapter recognizes the growing role of a globalized social and economic order that is becoming increasingly relevant to U.S. welfare policy discussions.

Learning Objectives 1. Apply initial thinking skills and knowledge within the context of the profession relative to philosophies regarding the welfare state, social policy and social welfare.

2. Ability to understand and articulate how the ideologies of democratic socialism and political economy affect social welfare policy as well as the role of social work in society.

3. Gain awareness and knowledge regarding the values and ideologies that under gird the modern welfare state and the practice of social work.

4. Understand and pinpoint the under girding frameworks and philosophies that direct liberal or conservative social welfare policies in the U.S. 5. Understand the difference between quality of life indicators or well-being indicators and economic growth indicators and apply this knowledge in critiquing social welfare policy 6. Develop knowledge and skill in understanding and articulating the historical developments of major theories, schools of thought, and approaches (political, economic and sociological) that direct the welfare state.

7. Develop an orientation to global social policy questions and how the United States is positioned relative to addressing several 21st century quality of life or well-being indicators, e.g., poverty, child welfare, and health care.

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Chapter 1 Social Policy and the American Welfare State

8. Apply critical thinking skills and knowledge within the context of the profession relative to philosophies regarding the welfare state, social policy, social welfare, democratic socialism, and political economy as well as the role of social work in society.

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1. Start the initial discussion in the policy class with “What’s policy got to do with it?” a. The professor presents definitions of social policy and social welfare policy.

Students are asked to indicate “if and how” social welfare policy impacts their day including their journey to school by describing how they benefited. Social welfare policy examples: food stamps, TANF, Section 8, Medicare, Medicaid.

(Note: let students generate examples) b. Similarly, ask students to describe “if and how” their parents and grandparents benefited from the welfare state. Finally, did they know that they and their families were “welfare recipients”? c. Should the welfare program be scrapped? Why or why not? (Note: present information on current budget deficit of $175 billion and current debt of $9.4 trillion). d. If benefits were scrapped, what would happen to businesses and the economy?

2. The above exercise leads into a discussion of the origins of the welfare state and to the present mixed welfare economy. Why is the private sector unable to handle basic needs of many Americans? Why is the public sector unable to handle basic needs of many Americans?

3. How do values play out in your response to the questions above? Note those values that you hold as high priority. Why? 4. Ask students to make a list of all the social welfare benefits that they or their family members have received or are receiving. Discuss their lists. Ask the students to identify the social welfare ideologies, including the laws or Acts that made the grants or benefits available.

5. Ask students to discuss the welfare state in the U.S. in comparison to another country in Northern or Western Europe. The publication series from the Social Security Administration entitled Social Security Programs around the World may be helpful

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 6e

Classroom Discussion Questions 1. Demonstrate competence in your awareness and understanding of the following terms: social welfare, social welfare policy, welfare state, and social policy by articulating a working definition of each and how they differ from one another.

2. Discuss major tenets and targets of several competing ideologies that help drive and shape social welfare policy including for example, liberalism, communitarism, neoconservatism, cultural conservatism and others.

3. Articulate your views of the major political ideological continuum and state assumptions that under gird the country’s political economy.

4. Major political movements can be dichotomized as liberalism and left of center and conservatism as far right. How would you apply philosophies associated with these movements to contemporary arguments regarding principles of a social safety net and social justice?

Spotlight Box The year 2008 was a historic election year with Senator Barak Obama and Senator John McCain each running for President of the United States of America. Both candidates took a stand on social welfare policy. Visit each candidate’s website and compare their positions on social welfare policy. Senator Barak Obama at http://www.barakobama.com and Senator John McCain at http://www.johnmccain.com .

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Chapter

2

Social Welfare Policy Research: A Framework for Policy Analysis

Chapter Overview This chapter provides the importance of policy analysis and that are useful in analyzing social welfare policies. Policy analysis involves a systematic investigation of a social policy or a set of policies. Readers will understand how policy frameworks can be useful in implementing policies that are in harmony with the historical and contemporary contexts of the problem and the proposed policies. The Chapter places emphasis on the use and benefits of objective research based on sound data in policy implementation. Lastly, various sources for locating policyrelevant information are provided that include internet resources which have made both data and information easily accessible for those involved in policy analysis.

Learning Objectives 1. Demonstrate an understanding of how efficiency and effectiveness are important but sometimes difficult to achieve in policy implementations.

2. Understand the value premises, ideological connotations, and partisan interests that drive various social welfare policies.

3. Describe and illustrate how feasibility may be a hindrance for good policy proposals and show how these may be overcome.

4. Demonstrate and use the various sources of data and information that are useful for policy analysis.

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 6e

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1.

Select a major policy debate being discussed in the media (print or electronic). Ask students to analyze the policy question using the analytical framework set forth in the text. Examples: extending unemployment compensation, implementing the living wage (in contrast to the minimum wage).

2.

Contact the area wide United Way. Ask for information on major programs and program goals. Also ask for the targeted service population. What socio-economic groups and population groups receive priority?

3.

Ask the United Way for salaries of policy staff, executive staff including CEO and clerical staff. (Note: students may need to push to get information on executive compensation).

Classroom Discussion Questions 1.

Cite several reasons for employing or not employing a structural framework in policy analysis.

2.

How might personal and professional perspectives and values impact the work of a policy analyst? Do you believe that there can be a value-free policy analyst?

3.

Select an existing policy from your field placement or another local agency. Can you identify the explicit goals of the policy? Implicit goals? What questions will you think about and use to guide your explication of goals?

4.

After the policy analyst has defined and honed a policy question for analysis, what are the major sources of data, research, and information available to facilitate the task? Why can the search for useful, current, historical, relevant information prove difficult? How might the analyst develop a level of comfort with material on hand and not feel overwhelmed by the volume of content that cannot be assimilated and analyzed because of any number of constraints, e.g., time limitations, expenses?

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Chapter 2 Social Welfare Policy Research: A Framework for Policy Analysis

5.

Select an issue being covered or debated in “policy news” by print and electronic media. How can the issue be approached in terms of political, economic and administrative feasibility? What is the relationship, if any, among these three critical factors? Describe and explain.

Spotlight Box The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities seeks to improve, strengthen, and expand social programs that serve low- and moderate-income households with the overall aim of reducing poverty and ensuring that the interests of low-income families and individuals are represented in policy debates. Integral to this mission is the promotion of fiscally responsible policies at both the state and federal levels that lead to reduced deficits and a strong and growing economy, and, at the same time, garner sufficient revenue to fund anti-poverty programs and meet the nation’s critical needs. Browse the website ay www.cbpp.org and invite class discussion regarding some of the issues that the website presents about the economic crisis we are facing.

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Chapter

3

Religion and Social Welfare Policy

Chapter Overview Chapter 3 provides a thorough historical and contemporary analysis of the role of JudeoChristian religious values in the evolution of social welfare policy in the US. A chronological analysis of the major shifts in religious thought and philosophy and the provision of social welfare services is done with emphasis on the effects of Protestantinism and the work ethic. This chapter also provides a glimpse of the dynamic nature between the church and state and other institutions and events like poverty, immigration, urbanization, scientific revolution, and the media in influencing social welfare in the US.

Learning Objectives 1. Critically analyze how social welfare policy in the US has been and continues to be influenced by Judeo-Christian Protestant religious values.

2. Demonstrate an understanding and implications of the declining influences of religious values in the US welfare policy discourse and provision.

3. Pinpoint the specific effects of the Protestant Work Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism on US social welfare policy.

4. Demonstrate an understanding of the legal and policy implications in the differences on the provision of social welfare services by the state or church and private agencies 5. Demonstrate an understanding of how other institutions, especially the media, are influencing the discussions and state of social welfare policy in the US.

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Chapter 3 Religion and Social Welfare Policy

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1.

What verses are you able to cite from the Bible, the Torah, and the Koran that suggest how the poor, aged, and ill should be cared for by society? Is responsibility located in individual/family visits, communities, government (all levels) or all of the above?

Discuss and explain.

2.

Now that you have discussed how Christians, Jews and Muslims respond to human need and giving of charity, do the same for Confucianism and Buddhism.

3.

What values do the religions hold in common? What differences did you find in approaches to charity and social justice for the needful? You should check library and internet sources. Note: These three related questions can be an individual or small group (table) assignment.

4.

The Civil War era and the holocaust of slavery represented major ideological, political, and religious struggles. Can you research and describe the response of your family’s ideological and religious tradition to the slave question? What is your response to you findings?

5.

What force has religion played in shaping historical and current social welfare policy?

Check out historical records and current news sources for material to augment this chapter.

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 6e

Classroom Discussion Questions 1.

Explain the connection between religion and politics manifested in the abolitionist movement. Also discuss the role that women played in the abolitionist movement.

2.

Discuss the Freedman’s Bureau (include purpose, auspices, influence/power, budget) and the reasons why it was such an important social agency after the Civil War. Did the Bureau only serve freed slaves?

3.

What role did social science play in shaping social policy during the late 19th and early 20th centuries? Co-relatively, discuss the influence of Social Darwinism on attitudes towards the poor.

4.

American Protestantism spilt into two distinct camps: Mainline and evangelical. What are the major ideological positions and values of each camp and how have these factors influenced social welfare policy? Define liberation theology and trace its influence on mainstream perspectives and social policy. What influence did the moral majority and Christian Right have on social welfare policy?

5.

Discuss the Progressive Movement and its relation to the recent social work profession.

6.

Discuss the pros and cons of Charitable Choice as an approach to funding for social service programs.

7.

Are the underlying values and assumptions of Personal responsibility and Work Opportunity Act in keeping with tenets of Judeo-Christian beliefs?

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Chapter 3 Religion and Social Welfare Policy

Spotlight Box The White House Office of Faith Based and Community Initiatives has units within the Departments of Labor, Housing and Urban Development, education, and Health and Human Services. Explore this website at http://www.whitehouse.gov/government/fbci/ and determine what policy initiatives this office is focusing on and what type of impact they may have.

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Chapter

4

Discrimination in American Society

Chapter Overview This Chapter explores the concept of social, economic, and political discrimination and its correlation with poverty. The Chapter postulates that discrimination likely leads to poverty, which in turn has implications on the provision of welfare services to the victims. Theoretical basis for discrimination are provided and followed by a comprehensive analysis of inequity on the bases of race, class, gender, age, sexual orientation, minority-status and how these influences social and economic well-being.

Learning Objectives 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the implications of various forms of discrimination on the welfare of the victims.

2. Apply the various theories of discrimination in relation to the contemporary welfare and poverty status of various minority groups in the US. 3. Describe and illustrate, if and how institutional racism is still a force in US welfare policy despite previous laws to mitigate it.

4. Describe the strengths and weaknesses of using non-discriminatory policies and affirmative actions as strategies of reducing discrimination in the US today.

5. Demonstrate an understanding of why African Americans and Women continue to lag behind in key quality of life indicators in the US 6. Apply knowledge in debunking the myths surrounding income and job disparities between men and women

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Chapter 4 Discrimination in American Society

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1.

Prior to having student read this chapter, ask them to write down the causes for discrimination in American society. After they have read the chapter, have them repeat the exercise and then compare the two sets of responses. Students should grade themselves and then discuss areas where they identified growth in their understanding of discrimination.

2.

The country finished a historical presidential election in 2008. Go to the internet and pull at least five racially motivated hostile or hate filled reactions to the campaign and victory of President Barak Obama. (He will be president when this is published) Similarly pull up at least five hate based reactions to former First Lady and now Senator Hilary Clinton who was a contender for the 2008 Democratic Party’s nomination for president. Do the same for Governor Sarah Palin, the Republican candidate for vice-president in 2008. Also, check out five reaction directed to gays and lesbians. What forces drive racism, sexism and ageism in contemporary American society? What about homophobia? Can you research and document historical antecedents?

3.

Based on your research, what are your thought s relative to prospects for resolving both institutional and individual racism, sexism, ageism, and homophobia in American society?

Do you think the prospects are better for any particular group (or groups)? Explain.

Classroom Discussion Questions 1.

Racism, sexism, ageism, and homophobia are problems that the country has tried to resolve for several decades through legal, judicial, and programmatic initiatives. Why do you think these problems continue to persist? What role does discrimination play in the persistence of these “isms”?

2.

Discuss why the term “feminization of poverty” is used to describe and characterize a problem that has significant impact on women and families. Is the term an accurate reflection of the status of women and as a major situation that challenges women? Why? Why not?

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 6e

3.

There is a relatively new minority middle class in this country. What factors helped move these groups upward? Is their position strong, robust, and permanent or is it tenuous? Why? Why not?

4.

Discuss several reasons why immigration and immigration policies have become hot button issues?

5.

Abortion is a highly charged policy issue in this country. Roe vs. Wade (1973) legalized abortion; however, there have been attempts to chip away at the Supreme Court decision and restrict abortion. Given the results of the 2008 Presidential election, is it more or less likely that the decision will be overturned? Explain.

Spotlight Box The U.S. Census Bureau projects that immigration will cause the population of the United States to increase from 300 million to more than 400 million in less then 50 years. Mexicans made up over half of undocumented immigrants (57%) between January 2000 and March 2002 with another 23% coming from other Latin American countries. The National Network for Immigrant and Refugee Rights (NNIRR) “is a national organization composed of local coalitions and immigrant, refugee, community, religious, civil rights and labor organizations and activists. It serves as a forum to share information and analysis, to educate communities and the general public, and to develop and coordinate plans of action on important immigrant and refugee issues.”

On their website: http://www.nnirr.org/immigration/immigration_links.html the Network discusses their foci:

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Chapter

5

Poverty in America

Chapter Overview Chapter 5 describes the complex nature of poverty in the US. The Chapter begins by providing three main theories that attempt to explain the nature and causes of poverty. The different aspects of poverty that include various demographic measures are captured with highlights of higher rates of poverty among minorities, female single-headed households, and children. Chapter 5 also looks at the strengths and weaknesses of the various definitions of poverty and attempts to show that employment-based strategies are the most effective in dealing with poverty.

Learning Objectives 1.

Demonstrate an understanding of the various explanations and theories of poverty in the US.

2.

Describe and show a critical understanding of how and why poverty affects different demographics in the US.

3. Critically analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the different measurements and definitions of poverty.

4. Demonstrate an understanding of the different types and levels of poverty.

5. Critically analyze the merits and demerits of using employment or work-based strategies to reduce poverty.

6. Demonstrate how the quasi-financial and financial institutions in the US are increasing the financial burden of low-income and working poor families. .

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 6e

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1. Ask students to live for one day on food that could be purchased by a poor family or individual, or ask students to prepare and share a poor people’s meal during class session. These assignments would be implemented after research on diet and nutrition of today’s poor.

2. Arrange visitation to a community or church food pantry. Plan to interview a staff member and ask about a.) population served b.) items most requested c.) capacity to respond to need, and d.) donors.

3. If there is a member of your family who lives below the poverty line, would you discuss how they survive day to day; prospects for moving out of poverty and retaining that status. If you don’t have a family member who is poor now, speak with someone who moved up and out of poverty, perhaps someone who remembers the Great Depression.

Classroom Discussion Questions 1.

Poverty is a perilous problem in America and continues to exist in spite of many social welfare interventions directed toward its alleviation. How do you define poverty? How are people of color, women, children, older citizens, the physically disabled, and gays and lesbians challenged by poverty? How is poverty related to other social ills, e.g., high incarceration rates for some groups, unemployment, and housing?

2.

Discuss the meaning of and difference between absolute and relative poverty. What would be a good, solid measure of poverty?

3.

There are many theories used to explain poverty although none have weathered the rigor of empirical testing. What theory, or combination thereof, do you find most plausible and useful to explain this phenomenon? Which theory or theories do you find offensive? Explain.

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Chapter 5 Poverty in America

4.

Curative, alleviative, and preventative approaches have been developed as strategies to fight poverty. What do you think are the strengths and limitations of each approach? Defend your position (with use of discussion and tables).

5.

Has the availability of credit, including refund anticipation loans (RAL) been a facilitating or debilitating force in the lives of poor people? Explain.

6.

In the current 2008 worldwide economic meltdown, there is discussion of need for New Deal ideology and policies. Do you think New Deal type interventions, public jobs, would be effective in reducing unemployment and at the same time create useful infra-structure improvement? What types of New Deal projects would be beneficial to your community and state?

Spotlight Box The low income population pays more than the middle class for financial services in both absolute dollars and relative to their income. These costs are exacerbated by the bifurcation of financial services that results in one system for the poor and another for the middle and upper class. The fringe economy represents the financial exploitation of the poor by a predatory market designed to deplete rather than enhance the resources of poor families and communities. There is an organization that is waging a battle to combat these exploitative practices, The National Consumer Law Center. Visit their website at: http://www.consumerlaw.org/.

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Chapter

6

The Voluntary Sector Today

Chapter Overview Chapter 6 provides a broad analysis of the role of the voluntary sector- described as a forgotten sector, vis-à-vis other institutions in contemporary social welfare in the US. Specifically, the roles of the private, nonprofit sector as a modern welfare institution are described in this chapter. Competing groups to the voluntary sector are also identified. In addition, major contemporary nonprofit organizations, including elite philanthropies and their impact on social welfare services are identified with a conclusion on the future of the non-profit sector in US social welfare.

Learning Objectives 1.

Demonstrate and understanding of the interaction between the nonprofit sector and other institutions in US welfare service provision.

2.

Critically describe the role of the non-profit sector in relation to other competing institutions like traditional providers in US welfare services.

3.

Describe and locate the roles of non profit agencies and marginal interest groups in representing marginalized populations in the US class and interest conflicts.

4.

Demonstrate an understanding of the factors that led to the reduced importance of the voluntary sector in US welfare history.

5.

Demonstrate an understanding of the composition of the voluntary sector.

6.

Critically analyze why recent US administrations have strengthened the voluntary sector to varying degrees.

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Chapter 6 The Voluntary Sector Today

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1. A group of students should contact their local United Way office and set up a conference with the executive director or a key staff member. Points to be covered in the conference might include a. Information on a needs assessment of the geographical community served. b. The gap between need and services rendered, if any. c. The capacity of fund-raising engine and structure to meet needs. d. Prospects for raising needed funds. e. Formula(ae) for allocating funds.

2. Discuss composition of the United Way Board. Is the membership reflective of demographics of the geographical area served? If not, why? Get a biographical sketch of all the board members.

Assess adequacy of representation.

3. Check with a not-for-profit agency that receives funding from the United Way. Ask the director or senior staff member their view regarding the effectiveness and viability of the United Way. Would that organization be better off raising their own funds? Why or why not?

Classroom Discussion Questions 1. Do you think the United Way is a viable organization in your community? Why or why not? If your response was negative, could you think of a more effective approach to community fundraising for the not-for-profit sector?

2. Can you find out if any United Way funded agencies were denied funds in the last two to five years? Why were their funding denied?

3. Can you identify foundations in your community? List the foundations, their founders, their original purposes, current assets and record of contributors to the community or their targeted service population. How have the foundations managed their assets? Can you show the asset growth (on a figure) of the largest and smallest foundation in your community?

Spotlight Box According to USAid.com, as of the 2008 hurricane season, the total value of U.S. Government (USG) humanitarian assistance in response to recent storms is more than $30 million. Even with this assistance, there is still much work that needs to be done in these devastated areas. Organizations such as Action Against Hunger, American Red Cross, AmeriCares, Habitat for Humanity, Salvation Army, and the United Way, among others, offer volunteerism and funding to aid in relief and rebuilding efforts. Visit www.charitynavigator.org to read about how funds are raised, disseminated, and spent for disaster relief and aid efforts. This site also serves as a watchdog for illegitimate fundraising practices.

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Chapter

7

Privatization and Human Service Corporations

Chapter Overview Chapter 7 provides a history of the events and factors that led to the increased privatization of the US social welfare. This chapter identifies the arguments of both the critics and proponents of the privatization movement in the context of the role of government as perceived by people from the left and the right of the political divide. This chapter also looks at the history and roles of the corporations in influencing social welfare in the US. Human service corporations are depicted as providing a vast array of social welfare services in contemporary US welfare system.

Learning Objectives 1.

Demonstrate an understanding of the history and political and economic factors that have led to increased privatization of social services in the US.

2.

Critically analyze the major issues and challenges surrounding the privatization of the social welfare services in the US.

3.

Critically analyze how some of the values and practices like preferential selection and costeffectiveness affect service provision to the most vulnerable populations.

4.

Demonstrate a grasp of the dynamic and controversial role of unions in the provision of social welfare services.

5.

Articulate and identify the strengths and weaknesses of private practice and agency-based practice.

6.

Gain a deeper framework for understanding the future of private practice within the social work profession.

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Chapter 7 Privatization and Human Service Corporations

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1. Think about a career as a private practitioner. You have an incorporated business with at least two social work practitioners and a consulting psychiatrist. a. What clientele/population/cohort would you serve? b. Who would you exclude? c. Where would you establish the practice? d. What staff would you hire immediately? e. How would you raise start up funds? f. What amount of funding would you need to open the business? g. How would you arrange insurance coverage? h. Would you offer health care, vacation and retirement benefits to all employees?

After you answer these questions, review your business plan with a private practitioner on a group practice. What was his/her response? What suggestions were proffered?

2. Assuming your practice survives, what steps will you take to avoid the YAVIS Syndrome – plus whites? And also, the practice of deliberate misdiagnosis?

3. In addition to the two concerns above, what ethical issues should you be concerned about? List and discuss each.

Classroom Discussion Questions 1. Can you identify several potential ethical problems associated with privatization of the delivery of social services?

2. Who are the interest groups in society promoting privatization and practice in groups/businesses?

What are the motives and the privatization agenda?

3. What, if any, steps can be taken to protect the rights of clients to receive quality service when the goal of a private corporation is to generate profits for owners and shareholders.

Spotlight Box Home Health Care of America is a leader in the home health care market. It is an example of a successful privatized health care company. More information regarding Home Health Care of America (HHCA) can we found at http://www.homehealthcareofamerica.com .

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Chapter

8

The Making of Governmental Policy

Chapter Overview This chapter provides a glimpse into the process through which social welfare policies are made through the relevant governmental agencies. The technical aspect of the law-making process is also provided with an outline of the roles played by the different arms of the government. A very captivating role played by partisan lobbyists is provided in this chapter in a fashion not found in many policy texts. An analysis is made of how to incorporate the voices of the marginalized in policy and politics and finally, the role played by various conservative and liberal think tanks in making policy is provided.

Learning Objectives 1.

Demonstrate an understanding of how policies are made in the US

2.

Show a grasp of the technical aspects of the policy process including the roles of committees, viability of a proposed policy, and the budget considerations of a [proposed policy.

3.

Show an appreciation and comprehension of the role played by power dynamics in welfare policy making.

4.

Demonstrate an understanding of how varied interpretations of policies may influence its successful passage and implementation.

5.

Demonstrate an understanding of the strong influence of lobbyists on the policy making process.

6.

Understand the challenges and demonstrate a clear understanding of the differences between policy enaction and implementation

7.

Outline the important role played by social workers in including marginalized populations in the policy making process.

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Chapter 8 The Making of Governmental Policy

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1. Plan a visit to a county commission, city council or state legislative session where ordinances or bills will be sponsored, debated, and/or decided. Try to visit a government resource that will be deliberating in a subject of interest to most students. a. Students should study the subject under deliberation b. Find out the names of the sponsors c. Find out names and purpose of interest groups/organizations or businesses advocating for or against the proposed ordinance, legislation or rule. d. What are reasons advocates support the proposal or bill? Likewise, what are reasons cited by opponents? e. Try to obtain a reading on views and positions of many in the community about the issue (check out possible polls, editorials of newspapers, letters to editor, position papers by professional organizations e.g., the National Association of Social Workers, NSAW; National Nurses Association; United Way; Rotary Club and others. f. Now that you have assembled and analyzed thoughts, data and opinions relative to the issue, assert an opinion of your own. g. Generate several questions you would like to discuss about the issue with a legislator, city council member, or county commissioner. h. Write and thank any elected official that you were able to speak with about the issue being deliberated 2. Each student should identify the name, part affiliation of his/her U.S. Senator and Representative.

Also find out their committee assignments, legislation sponsored/co-sponsored, legislation enacted, and terms served. The same exercise can be done for state legislators, senators and representatives.

3. Each student (or small group) should identify a senator or representative from their state on a health and human service, labor or education committee and find out about his/her role in sponsoring legislation and helping to get it passed or in helping to block passage. Find out who on the senator or representative’s staff assisted in the particular legislation activity. Learn as much as you can about the staff member(s) since they often wield tremendous influence. The range of questions should cover a. Attitudes related to being a recipient; b. Significance of funds (personal check) to their quality of life; c. Perception of how he/she would “make it” (survival) if funds were not available; d. If interviewee would like to see the structure of the program remain intact or tweaked to improve long-term financial stability or if they would like to see it privatized. Students might wish to generate other questions.

Classroom Discussion Questions 1. Discuss the meaning of power in the policy process. (An implicit assumption is that you have command of the working definition of power). The authors described how power and influence are used to sway legislation and legislators. What role does the social work profession play in advocating for and advancing causes that are of interest and beneficial to marginalized populations?

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 6e

2. How would you rank social work, mostly the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) in comparison to other organizations that conduct advocacy functions? If you rank social work low on a Likert-like scale of one to five, why? Likewise, if you rank the profession high, why?

Assuming the former, what steps do you think that the profession and its organizational arm, NASW, can do to increase its influence, power and political clout?

3. Assuming influence and power are string assets, what can you and other students across the social work educational continuum (BSW, MSW, Ph.D. and joint degrees) do in terms of individual and collective leadership to help the profession increase its political clout (for greater leverage in advocating for needful and marginalized groups?)

4. Several social workers, across racial, ethnic and gender lines, have taken on major social problems and “made a difference”, back in the Progressive Era, e.g., Jane Adams and Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Who were other outstanding advocates for social change? Select one advocate, e.g. Adam, Wells-Barnett, Haynes, Cohen, and write a brief bio about the individual and what impressed you most about his/her social work/social reform cause, targeted population and change oriented stance or position.

5. Increasingly, social workers are going into political careers (elected and appointed officials and staff positions). Is this an encouraging sign for the profession? Explain.

6. Give a strong rationale explaining the need for social workers to master intricate knowledge of large, complex, bureaucratic departments, and program budgets if they are to be effective at any level of government in affecting social policy.

Spotlight Box The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities is one of the nation’s premier policy organizations working at both the federal and state levels on fiscal policy and public programs that affect low- and moderateincome families and individuals. The Center conducts research and analysis to inform public debates over proposed budget and tax policies and to help ensure that the needs of low-income families and individuals are considered in these debates. They also develop policy options to alleviate poverty.

That organization’s website is, www.cbpp.org . What issues on this website are most interesting and/or pertinent to you and your community?

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Chapter

9

Tax Policy and Income Distribution

Chapter Overview Chapter 9 explains the significance of the tax policy in the US and its implication on the provision of welfare services. Taxation provides revenue through which the federal and state governments are able to offer various services to the citizenry. In addition, to the history of the tax policy, tax policy and special interests, the perspectives of the proponents and opponents of government taxation run throughout the Chapter. Poignant in this chapter, is the fact that tax code in the US seems to be more regressive than progressive and is a tool that has exacerbated poverty, especially poverty as measured by wealth holdings.

Learning Objectives 1.

Demonstrate an understanding of the tax policy in the US with its implications on the provision of social welfare services and poverty.

2.

Critically analyze the distinctions between progressive and regressive taxation policies and their implications on inequality and poverty.

3.

Demonstrate an understanding of the role of special interest groups and lobbyists in influencing tax policies.

4.

Identify the strengths and weaknesses of arguments for or against increased taxation in US social welfare provision and ideological wars.

5.

Demonstrate an understanding of how poor and vulnerable populations in the US are sometimes left out of the benefits of existing tax codes,

6.

Increase an appreciation of creative means of increasing upward mobility among poor Americans through the tax code.

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 6e

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1. Role play. One actor should play President Bill Clinton and another Federal Reserve Chairman. The Play: Research the period when Clinton was president and wanted to expand national program initiatives and Greenspan essentially poured cold water on his initiatives. Develop a “conversation” between the two leaders where each explained and argued their position. Remember, Greenspan won the argument.

2. Another role play. This time the actors are George W. Bush and Alan Greenspan. The Play: Research the period when Bush (43) was president and Greenspan still Chair of the Federal Reserve. Develop a conversation between the two where Bush explains the need for and value of the tax cuts to Americans and 1.) supply side economics and 2.) how the surplus, left by President Clinton, dissipated and the country again went into debt.

3. The country experienced a world wide economic downturn in 2008. A 7000 billion bailout was passed to “save” the economy. Research the fall 2008 economic crisis. What sectors (investment banks, housing, automobile industry, etc.) receded? What portion of the money went to which sector?

What sectors were left out? How did this “corporate welfare” bailout? Rescue? Loan? Resonate with the American public? Include responses and reactions from liberals, conservatives and others?

4. What tax policies have benefited you and your family? Are these benefits greater than benefits available to poor people who receive public assistance, e.g., TANF? Working poor who receive EITC?

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Chapter 9 Tax Policy and Income Distribution

Classroom Discussion Questions 1. Examine information on tax cuts enacted during the first or second terms of President George W. Bush (43). What population cohorts received the greatest benefit? Likewise, the smallest benefit?

What assumption and economic theory under girded the administration’s approach to tax policy?

2. Discuss how tax reform could be used to dismantle the welfare state.

3. Explain how the tax code has been influenced by lobbyists on behalf of special interest groups and constituents. What special interest groups are currently lobbying for special consideration under the tax code? (Check electronic and print media for information) 4. How does tax policy influence contributions to charitable, educational, and other not-for-profit organizations and causes? Do you think it would be a good approach or idea for write-offs to the extent that private charitable contributors replace public social welfare funding? Explain.

Spotlight Box The tax code can be manipulated to serve the interests of the affluent, and many social justice advocates have targeted “corporate welfare”, or the special provisions directed at specific industries for reform.

Even the prominent conservatives in the CATO institute were calling for an abolition of tax cuts to businesses. The mission of the CATO institute is to increase the understanding of public policies based on the principles of limited government, free markets, individual liberty, and peace. The Institute pledges to use the most effective means to originate, advocate, promote, and disseminate applicable policy proposals that create free, open, and civil societies in the US and throughout the world. Visit their website at: http://www.cato.org.

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Chapter

10

Social Insurance Programs

Chapter Overview This chapter looks at the existing social insurance programs in the US and how the programs have helped especially senior to escape poverty. A distinction between these programs and the means-tested welfare programs is made to show how the traditional welfare programs are rife with stigma. The various forms of social insurance programs are made with arguments from critiques and supporters of the programs.

However, this chapter also offers some concerns about the viability of social security programs in light of the changing demographics and economic realities. Finally, a glimpse into recent attempts to privatize social security is done.

Learning Objectives 1.

Demonstrate an understanding of the rationale for the existing forms of social insurance programs.

2.

Show a critical understanding of the various forms of social insurance programs concerning the amounts of benefits, eligibility, and length of benefit.

3.

Critically analyze some of the endemic problems with the various programs concerning benefits to vulnerable and low-wage populations.

4.

Analyze the strengths and weaknesses and show a clear grasp of the challenges facing the social security system today with implications for the demographic and economic dynamics in the US.

5.

Analyze the factors that significantly threaten the feasibility of social security in the future.

6.

Critique the recent ideologies behind and plans by the Bush administration to privatize social security.

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Chapter 10 Social Insurance Programs

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1. Divide the class into several groups of about five students each. Each group should research films related to social conditions prior to the enactment of the 1935 Social Security Act under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Once each group has selected a film and described the content and foci to the class, the entire class should vote to watch and critique the winning entry. The stories of poor people, rural and/or urban, is an excellent backdrop for beginning discussion on this chapter.

2. Students should interview different cohorts receiving social insurance, e.g., elderly, retired employee, financially well heeled recipients over 65 but still working full time, a very poor recipient, someone young, about 18 years old (and with parental or custodial approval if necessary), and receiving worker’s compensation.

Classroom Discussion Questions 1. Social Security has been base for the country’s security net since 1935. It has not only withstood political storms, survived but also expanded – significantly. From your readings, research on this topic and contacts with recipients, do you think a.0 the program should have been enacted? Why or why not? Explain. If no, what would you prepare as a national social safety net? If yes, what would you prepare to protect its solvency for the long term?

2. Social Security/OASDI, for example, is linked to employment and a major source of financial security for the elderly. However, many people work and are ineligible to receive benefits. One group, women who were homemakers and not employed outside of the home, come to mind. Do you think these “workers” should be able to receive benefits although they elect to or are forced to raise children or some as caregivers? (A few men serve in caregiving roles also and the assumption here is that they should receive same benefits as women caregivers).

3. There is extensive argument that social security, and certainly components of the act, e.g., Medicare, are in serious trouble and maybe even doomed owing primarily to financial extrigencies when funds are depleted in a few decades. What is your view? Do you think the program can be made viable for both the short and long term? Explain.

4. Do you favor privatization of Social Security or a certain portion of an individual funds in a private account? Why? Why not?

Spotlight Box Social insurance programs, especially OASDI, have become a mainstay of the American social welfare state. OASDI has demonstrated the ability to not only arrest the poverty rate for its constituents, but to actually reduce the poverty rate for its constituents. For more infomration on OASDI visit the website at: http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/COLA/cbb.html .

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Chapter

11

Public Assistance Programs

Chapter Overview Chapter 11 provides a history of the evolution of the US welfare programs from the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) to the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). Ideologies behind the welfare programs are provided including the problems to recipients that have accompanied the programs. The Chapter begins with providing an excellent synthesis of myths and facts about the programs and concludes by offering the challenges and failures of the programs.

Learning Objectives 1.

Demonstrate an understanding of the history of the main welfare programs in the US including AFDC and TANF.

2.

Demonstrate a critical understanding of the main ideologies behind the welfare programs as it relates to work and personal responsibility.

3. Critically analyze some of the inherent problems and challenges in the welfare programs for recipients, states, and the federal government.

4.

Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the welfare programs by showing a capacity to deconstruct myths by using empirical data.

5.

Demonstrate an understanding of the major trends and issues surrounding the welfare programs.

6.

Critically analyze how the Elizabethan Poor Laws have contributed to the stigma that accompanies welfare programs in the US.

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Chapter 11 Public Assistance Programs

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1.

Public assistance is critical in the survival of daily activities of many. Try and locate a public assistance recipient in your family, church, neighborhood organization, or United Way agency. Develop an open-minded discussion guide so that your questions are clear, appropriate and not invasive. Some ideas might include: a. How long have you received the specific assistance? b. What were the reasons that caused your circumstances to change and required you to apply for assistance? c. How did you learn about the specific assistance program? Social worker?

Minister? Community organizer? Neighbor? Another student? Relative? Friends?

News/TV? d. What did you think when you decided to apply? e. What did you feel when you decided to apply? f. Who do you think is responsible for the change in your circumstance that influenced your decision to apply for assistance? g. How long do you expect to use assistance? h. Have you told others about the program that helped you? i.

What would you do to improve the program?

Note: Be sure to pay attention to privacy rights. Ask your professor to approve the plan for completing the experience.

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 6e

Classroom Discussion Questions 1. Take any one of the programs presented. Read the text discussion carefully. Read at least five other references (articles or editorials) carefully. Write a one page presentation covering the pros and cons relative to the program.

2. AFDC and TANF are major components of the country’s safety net. Why do you think stigma surrounds these programs? Is this sentiment re: stigma manifest in other countries, e.g., Sweden, France, Ghana, etc.? (Check comparable literature, internet, etc.)

3. Debate: Divide the class in small table groups. Have each small group or table group debate this question; “pro & com: public assistance programs should be cut out. Period.”

Teams should take one class session conducting research and preparing for the debate.

Spotlight Box The online Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance gives you access to a database of all Federal programs that are available to State and local governments (including the District of Colombia); federally recognized Indian tribal governments; Territories (and possessions) of the United States; domestic public, quasi-public, and private profit and nonprofit organizations and institutions; specialized groups; and individuals. You can use this website to find the program that you want and find the contact information for the office that administers the program, and information on how to apply. http://www.cfda.gov/

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Chapter

12

The American Health Care System

Chapter Overview Chapter 12 is an assessment of the US health care system that includes the health services provided, various health programs, the costs and access to healthcare, the impact of HIV/AIDS, and a comparative analysis with Canadian, British, and Australian health care systems. This Chapter does a good job of tying health provision in the US with welfare ideologies and America’s obsession with individual responsibility in every aspect of well-being, including health.

Learning Objectives 1. Critically analyze the parameters of the major issues in the US health care system including programs, access and costs, effectiveness and efficiency, and the impact of HIV/AIDS. 2.

Demonstrate an understanding of the major structural factors associated with the high costs of health services in the US.

3.

Critique the health care system in the US with a comparative analysis of the health care systems in Canada, Britain, and Australia.

4.

Demonstrate a comprehension of how welfare ideology has and continues to shape health care provision in the US.

5. Provide an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, and failures of the various strategies to reduce health care cots in the US. 6.

Demonstrate the factors that may explain America’s reluctance and/or failure to develop a health care system that is inclusive and cost-efficient.

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 6e

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1. Students should: Check local newspapers, TV, radio, internet for stories about people who have health care needs that are not being met (for a couple of weeks). Pull all of the stories together and have them write an editorial or letter to the editor (for local news outlet) a. Discussing the existing need b. Ideas for an improved health care system 2. Divide the class into five groups. First, each group should prepare to discuss one of the five components of the US health care system. Second, present the discussion in a visual form, e.g., posters, video, etc. Third, each group should prepare a news conference for the purpose of announcing how the program could be improved and what such improvements would mean to individuals and the community.

Classroom Discussion Questions 1. The cost of American healthcare 2.26 trillion in 2007; has trended upward for many years, since 1992. What are the major factors driving this upward trend? What if any steps can be taken to decelerate the rate of health care costs?

2. Describe the major public health care programs; Medicare, Medicaid and S-CHIP. What do they have in common? How are they different?

3. Data suggest that the American healthcare system in place today does NOT perform as well as it might or as well as systems in other industrialized countries. Discuss historical factors that might have influenced this phenomenon. a. What can be done to improve performance of the healthcare system? b. Would the suggestions you make help reduce costs?

4. If you or a member of your family became very sick, what country; United States, Canada, Britain, Australia, Japan, would provide the best health care system? Why? .

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Chapter 12 The American Health Care System

Spotlight Box There is currently a heated debate in the United States about social security. Do Americans want a massive tax hike in exchange for propping up the current Social Security System for a few more years? Or do they want fundamental reforms that give them more ownership and control over their money?

The Cato Institute has a long history of seeking alternatives to the current Social Security system.

Since 1979 the Cato Institute has published more than 40 books, articles, and reports outlining the program's problems and crafting innovative policy solutions. Go to the Cato Institute website at: http://www.socialsecurity.org/ and join in the debate.

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Chapter

13

Mental Health and Substance Abuse Policy

Chapter Overview Chapter 13 provides some history and issues on the provision of care to people with mental health and substance abuse problems. The role of community mental health centers is discussed, including how funding for the centers has evolved into block grants. Various reforms and initiatives in the mental health policy arena are also outlined in this Chapter. In addition, the roles of alcohol, drugs, and substances in mental health issues are discussed.

Learning Objectives 1.

Demonstrate an understanding of the mental health services in the US, especially from the 1980s.

2.

Critically analyze the various initiatives by various groups in reforming US mental health care services and programs.

3.

Critically analyze the roles and challenges faced by community mental health centers in the provision of health care in the US.

4.

Demonstrate an understanding of the challenges of mental health care service provision in the US vis-à-vis the role of state and the federal government.

5.

Identify and place the current issues in mental health policy in the US.

6.

Critically analyze the association between substance, alcohol, and drug abuse in mental health policy and service provision in the US.

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Chapter 13 Mental Health and Substance Abuse Policy

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1. Dorothea Dix was an acknowledged pioneer and advocate for human treatment of the mentally ill. However, for all of her great accomplishments, she did not advocate for or include former slaves in her definition of needful clients. Why did she omit or exclude this population? Present your discussion to the class.

2. President Franklin Pierce vetoed legislation in 1854 that would have authorized the federal government to provide assistance to states in order to improve mental institutions, the President expressed that such action would interfere with the rights of a state. Review as much literature as needed to debate whether or not this decision was wise. If so, why?

What forces influenced his decision? Why did it take so long to achieve a reversal of Pierce’s action?

3. If possible, arrange for the class to visit a state mental hospital for a facilities tour and presentation on services offered to clients. The discussion and tour should focus on the contrast in current services and those at the turn of the 20th century.

Classroom Discussion Questions 1.

What impact did World War II have on the provider of mental health services?

Explain. Be prepared to discuss the following cases: Wyatt vs. Stickney, Donaldson vs. O’Connor, and Halderman vs. Penhust.

2.

What impact did these decisions have on mental health care? What societal values were embedded in these decisions? Find out the year each decision was made and by what court (district, supreme).

3.

Check historical and archived material on mental health care in your state. Did you find evidence of institutional abuses? If so, describe.

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 6e

4.

Discuss how and under what conditions preventive commitment might become a form of social control. Also, discuss instances where patients might refuse to take drugs. Do you think their actions are reasonable? Do you think that better, more expensive drug therapies should be made available to those in need? If yes, how should costs be covered and managed?

Spotlight Box The Partnership for a Drug-Free America is a nonprofit organization that unites parents, renowned scientists and communications professionals to help families raise healthy children.

Best known for its research-based national public education programs, the Partnership motivates and equips parents to prevent their children from using drugs and alcohol, and to find help and treatment for family and friends in trouble. Visit their website at: http://www.drugfree.org/portal/

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Chapter

14

Criminal Justice

Chapter Overview Chapter 14 provides a review of the history of the criminal justice system in the US that includes the roles of various agencies, analyses of crime data, the juvenile justice system, drugs and crime, poverty and crime, and new initiatives in response to crime. Like the previous Chapters, the ideologies behind an understanding of crime and a response to the same are also provided. In general, the US appears to be more inclined to use incarceration as a crime prevention strategy than other developed countries, excluding Russia.

Learning Objectives 1.

Demonstrate an understanding of the history of the conceptualization of crime and deviance and the criminal justice system.

2. Critically analyze and interpret the various sources of criminal data in the US. 3.

Demonstrate an understanding of the various government agencies, including the prison system and the juvenile justice system in the criminal justice system.

4.

Demonstrate an understanding of the link between drugs, violence, poverty and the criminal justice system in the US with a social justice perspective.

5. Critically analyze the criminal justice policy and societal implications of the legalization of drugs initiative.

6. Analyze existing models in crime reduction and demonstrate a grasps of the future of criminal justice in the US.

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 6e

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1. Read as much as you can about Jerome Miller, Director of the Massachusetts Division of Youth Services (DYS). a. What were the core principles of his reform policy? b. How did the DYS staff respond to Dr. Miller’s initiative? c. How did Dr. Miller implement his policy? d. What research guided Dr. Miller’s policy approach? e. Was the Miller initiative instructive? f. Who were the winners in the Miller policy? And, who were the losers?

2. Determine if there is a drug court in your community. If so, arrange for your class to attend a session. a. Who are the clients? b. Why did they get into drugs? c. What responsibility does society have for the conditions and growth of drug use? d. Can the country break its drug habit?

Classroom Discussion Questions 1. Check your state correction department’s website. a.

How many facilities are online for adults? Juveniles?

b. What is the department budget? c. Trace the amount of the budget over the past five years. Did it increase? Decline?

Remain constant? d. How were the funds used? Were facilities improved? New facilities put on line? e. Did the inmate population grow? If yes, what population groups grew the most?

The fastest? f. What were the major offenses? Describe the characteristics of the majority of the offenders?

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Chapter 14 Criminal Justice

2. Given your quick research, do you think there is likelihood that the prison-industrial complex will sustain its growth?

How do you account for the country’s acceptance of the social phenomenon that places many blacks in the criminal justice system? Given costs to individuals, families, and communities, should the social work profession become more involved in advocacy for principles of justice and opportunity for this targeted population?

Spotlight Box Drug Policy Alliance (DPA) Network is the nation's leading organization working to end the war on drugs. They envision new drug policies based on science, compassion, health and human rights and a just society in which the fears, prejudices and punitive prohibitions of today are no more. For more information about this organization and their position on the war on drugs, visit their website at: http://www.drugpolicy.org/homepage.cfm

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Chapter

15

Child Welfare Policy

Chapter Overview Chapter 15 reviews the child welfare system in the US by providing a history of the system and the important policies and programs that are assumed under the child welfare umbrella.

Specifically, emphasis is on foster care, adoption, child protective services, and early childhood education. The various challenges that face the different players in the child welfare system are also discussed and a summary of some local or national attempts to reform the child welfare system is also provided.

Learning Objectives 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the evolution of the child welfare system in the US with emphasis on child protection services foster care, adoption, and the early childhood Head Start education program.

2. Critically analyze the various responses including family preservation and other state-based demonstration projects to the welfare of children in the US. 3. Demonstrate an appreciation and understanding of the myriad challenges faced by players in the child welfare system including the workers, foster parents, biological parents and the children.

4.

Demonstrate an understanding of the role of adoption in providing child welfare services.

5. Critically assess the most pressing and emerging issues in child welfare that include day care teen pregnancy, and maternal and child health 6.

Demonstrate an understanding of the current child welfare issues at the federal or state levels and to assess the reforms that are necessary to improve the child welfare system in the US.

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Chapter 15 Child Welfare Policy

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1.

Research students should: a. Research and read as much as they can about Mary Ellen and her situation and the development of the development of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. b. Research and read about the status of children in similar circumstances of children across the country during that period of time. c. Contrast the circumstances of children like Mary Ellen during her time with those of in need of protective service today. d. Develop a story or a skit base don material you have researched and present to the full class or a larger audience. Students should dress (clothing, hairstyle, hats and accessories that were worn during the time of the discussion, the latter part of the 19th century). e. Students might wish to develop a video instead of a story or skit.

2.

Conduct a similar exercises to the one above on Charles Luring Brace can be done on the movement of children from the urban scene to live with farm families of the Midwest

Note: these exercises should be initiated early enough in the semester to allow sufficient time for a first rate production

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 6e

Classroom Discussion Questions 1. Did Mary Ellen’s’ advocates make a difference in the quality of care for children on America? Explain your response.

2. Was Charles Loren Braces approach of moving children from their homes in poor urban areas to far households in the Midwest effective? Would the policy be considered “best practice” today?

3. Did Braces practice lead to improve child welfare services? Explain.

4. Why do you think it is so difficult for this country to develop an effective child protective policy? Be sure to include Sec, legal, educational, political, parental rights, children’s rights, and family privacy issues in your response 5. Do you think the social work profession and the NASW are effective advocates for children? Are other advocacy organizations more effective? Explain.

Spotlight Box Created in 1965, Head Start is the most successful, longest running, national school readiness program in the United States. It provides comprehensive education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low0income children and their families. Nearly 25 million pre-school aged children have benefited from Head Start.

The National Head Start Association is a private not for profit membership organization dedicated exclusively to meeting the needs of Head Start children and their families, It represents more than 1 million children, 200,000 staff and 2,700 Head Start Programs in the United States. The Association provides support for the entire Head Start community by advocating fro policies that strengthen services to head Start children and their families; by providing extensive training and professional development to Head Start staff, and by developing and disseminating research, information, and resources that enrich Head Start program delivery.

Visit their website at: http://www.nhsa.org/index40.htm

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Chapter

16

Housing Policies

Chapter Overview Chapter 16 reviews the history of housing policy in the US with an emphasis on the provision of housing to lower-income households. In addition, the challenges of providing housing to the lower-income households are explored with a deeper assessment of homelessness. While home owning is portrayed as a positive virtue in this Chapter, the disadvantages and challenges of home-ownership for the poor are outlined. Finally, some initiatives at reforming housing issues in the US are provided, including the role of non-governmental agencies.

Learning Objectives 1.

Demonstrate an understanding of the history of policies and institutions that are aimed at increasing home ownership among lower-income households.

2.

Demonstrate an understanding of the benefits and challenges of providing housing to lower- and moderate-income households.

3. Critically analyze the advantages and disadvantages of home ownership among lowincome households.

4. Demonstrate critical skills in assessing the institutional, individual and communal factors that creates barriers for lower-income households to own and keep their homes.

5. Apply skills on current housing policy to understand how this and other factors are correlated with homelessness in the US. 6. Critically assess the role of government and non-governmental agencies in providing housing through housing reform initiatives.

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 6e

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning 1.

Students should; research and read about Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent displacement of thousands of people in particularly poor people. a. How did cities like Houston Texas, Atlanta GA Baton Rouge LA, and other communities help the Katrina victims? b. What type of emergency housing arrangements were made for the evacuees when they arrived in the different cities? c. What arrangements did New Orleans make?

2.

What housing policies were utilized with the evacuees? Did most of the evacuee report that policies and services were adequate? Were administered?

3.

Should public housing project be rebuilt in New Orleans? Why? Why Not? a. What do former residents (evacuees) of New Orleans think? b. Current resident? c. Did race and sec make a difference in responses? d. Is there an adequate accounting of homeless individual and families in your community? Why or why not? e. Are there special initiatives in your community to make sure that homeless children go to school? Receive health care?

Note: for c and d (you might wish to check with you local United Way for current information)

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Chapter 16 Housing Policies

Classroom Discussion Questions 1. Review the history of federal housing policies since it is inception in the mid 1930s. did you think some population cohorts and social classes have benefited more than others as a result of housing policies. Explain.

2. Home ownership is a major part of the American dream, should ownership of a home remain a key component of housing policy? Why or why not?

3. Discuss what might be considered the upside of home ownership and likewise the downside of home ownership.

4. If home ownership has some risks, especially for some low income individual and families, should more thought be given to policies designed to create greater numbers of affordable rental housing units? Explain.

5. Can you think of some creative but viable housing options that might be implemented to provide safe shelter for homeless individuals and families?

6. Do sub prime mortgage creditors bear most of the responsibility for the default rate among low income home buyers? Why or why not?

Spotlight Box The Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program is a flexible program that provides communities with resources to address a wide range of unique community development needs.

Beginning in 1974, the CDBG program is one of the longest continuously run programs at HUD. The CDBG program provides annual grants on a formula basis to 1180 general units of local government and States.

The CDBG program works to ensure decent affordable housing, to provide services to the most vulnerable in our communities, and to create jobs through the expansion and retention of businesses. CDBG is an important tool for helping local governments tackle serious challenges facing their communities. The CDBG program has made a difference in the lives of millions of people and their communities across the country.

For more information about this very important HUD program, visit their website at: http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/communitydevelopment/programs/

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Chapter

17

The Politics of Food Policy and Rural Life

Chapter Overview Chapter 17 provides a review of US farm policy and portrays how a sizeable chunk of the US population is food insecure. The main programs that supplement food and nutrition for lower income households, i.e., Food Stamps and WIC are also examined. Since farming is a seasonal activity in the US, the plight and role of farm workers who help in harvesting fruit and vegetable is also reviewed. US farming policy in the light of increased globalization along with environmental and sustainability issues is also briefly assessed.

Learning Objectives 1. Demonstrate critical skills in understanding the role played by the USDA in alleviating hunger and food insecurity.

2.

Critically assess how hunger and food insecurity directly or indirectly affects various demographic populations in the US.

3. Reveal an understanding of the history, roles, operations and effects of the Food Stamp, WIC and other food programs in meeting the nutritional needs of lower-income households.

4. Gain skills to analyze past and present farming policies and practices in the US and their impact on food production and security.

5. Critically analyze the role and plight faced by farm workers in relation to social justice and food policy.

6.

Demonstrate an ability to pinpoint and assess US farming policy issues in relation to national and global environmental and sustainability concerns.

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Chapter 17 The Politics of Food Policy and Rural Life

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning Students should visit an emergency food provider such as a local community food pantry or church sponsored food pantry for the purpose of learning; how it operates; what groups/organizations provide food and supplies; who provides the staffing; who are the recipients; and determine whether there are limits on the amount of food that can be donated to a single family and the number of times a family can request food. Findings should be presented to the full class.

Classroom Discussion Questions 1. Is there force of argument to end malnutrition and hunger in America? Why or Why not?

2. Discuss the term “food insecurity”. Why do you think this phenomenon exists in America?

3. It is ironic that food insecurity and obesity coexist at about the same magnitude. Explain.

4. Life for those who help plant cultivate and tend and harvest crops in America is often unbelievably hard, children of farm workers suffer greatly and many are inflicted with parasites disease and even die from agricultural injuries, If you agree that this scenario should not be tolerated in America, what can you you’re your classmates do to convince others to prevent it.

5. There are several food programs that exist for the purpose of reducing hunger and malnutrition, a. Can you list and describe these programs? b. What programs do you think are most effective in meeting the goals of reducing hunger and malnutrition c. Do you think social services? Homeless shelters, churches etc are aware of these resources? d. If not, what can be done to expand their awareness and get these resources to eligible people

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Spotlight Box Food, nutrition counseling, and access to health services are provided to low-income women, infants, and children under the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, popularly known as WIC. WIC provides Federal grants to States for supplemental foods, health care referrals, and nutrition education for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and non-breastfeeding postpartum women, and to infants and children who are found to be at nutritional risk.

Established as a pilot program in 1972 and made permanent in 1974, WIC is administered at the Federal level by the Food and Nutrition Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Formerly known as the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children, WIC's name was changed under the Healthy Meals for Healthy Americans Act of 1994, in order to emphasize its role as a nutrition program. For more information about this important program, visit their website at: http://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/

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Chapter

18

The American Welfare State in International Perspective

Chapter Overview Chapter 18 is a summary of the welfare state in the light of global trends. The welfare system in the US is explored with comparisons to other European systems with an assessment of whether the US system is “exceptional” or not. At the beginning of the Chapter, various welfare systems are outlined with efforts to place the US in the various categories. The world is also ranked into 4 groups in terms of development and various measures of development are also provided. Finally, bi-lateral and multi-lateral agencies that are involved in global social and economic issues are briefly introduced.

Learning Objectives 1. Demonstrate skills in understanding the various welfare systems in different countries and their impact on the well-being of peoples.

2.

Analyze the factors that explain the presence of different welfare approaches between the US and most European countries.

3. Critique the strengths and weaknesses of the welfare state in the US. 4.

Critically assess how the welfare state is evolving, with some emphasis on the US and British examples.

5.

Demonstrate an understanding of the various measures of development among nations.

6.

Demonstrate an understanding of how globalization, including bilateral and multilateral agencies in the development and welfare of the nations.

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 6e

Teaching Suggestions and Exercises for Student Learning Fundraising Project: NGOs have made a difference in the lives of impoverished people across the world. Habitats for Humanity, Grameen Development Bank and First Nations Development Institute (FNDI) have made particularly significant contributions. Go to the website of each and gather information relevant for staging a mock fundraising event.

Students might donate tokens to the organization deemed most effective in serving its targeted population and reaching targeted goals. They must give a rationale for this selection.

Classroom Discussion Questions 1. Discuss how do you think the American welfare state compares to other industrialized nations? Has the country fallen behind, and if so why?

2. What is the unique rationale for capability poverty as set forth by Amartya Sen, the 1998 Nobel Prize winner in economics and Martha Nussbaum? Do you agree with their position? Why or why not?

3. What are some reasons why international organization might target women as a means for enhancing prosperity in struggling nations?

4. As strong as the contributions of NGOs have and continue to be in developing countries, what are problems that they cannot address that limit their effectiveness?

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Chapter 18 The American Welfare State in International Perspective

Spotlight Box According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), breaking the cycle of poverty depends on investments by governments, civil society and families in children's rights and wellbeing, and in women's rights. Spending on a child's health, nutrition, education, and social, emotional and cognitive development, and on achieving gender equality, is not only an investment in a more democratic and a more equitable society, it is also an investment in a healthier, more literate and, ultimately, more productive population.

Investing in children is morally the right thing to do. It is also a sound economic investment, with high rates of return. That is why UNICEF says "Poverty reduction starts with children".

The world has come to agree on this. Six of the eight Millennium Development Goals relate directly to children. For more information about UNICEF, visit their website at: http://www.unicef.org/index.php

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Chapter One: Social Policy and the American Welfare State Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. The American social welfare system is a. a function of the pluralism of American culture. b. influenced more by democracy. c. influenced more by capitalism. d. similar to that of other industrial nations.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 3 Topic: Applied Answer : a.a function of the pluralism of American culture.

1.0.2. Supply-side economics states that a. when taxes are cut, deficits will eventually decrease. b. when taxes are cut, deficits will eventually increase. c. taxes are unimportant. d. spending should never be decreased.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 8-9 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.when taxes are cut, deficits will eventually decrease.

1.0.3. Conservative economists believe that economic insecurity a. relates to all of the items listed below. b. is an important incentive toward work. c. is a useful part of capitalism. d. should not be controlled.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 9-10 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.relates to all of the items listed below.

1.0.4. The public choice school a. believes that strong interest groups will always make demands on government. b. believes that welfare recipients should have some say in policy choices. c. is a liberal political philosophy. d. was popular in the 1960s.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 10 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.believes that strong interest groups will always make demands on government.

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Chapter 1 Social Policy and the American Welfare State

1.0.5. The Constitution affects social welfare policy a. by dividing powers between the federal and state governments. b. through women's right to vote. c. by guaranteeing economic security. d. none of the above Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 22 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.by dividing powers between the federal and state governments.

1.0.6. Social welfare policy flows from a mixed economy. This means that a. governmental, voluntary, and corporate sectors all contriburte. b. the economy moves from surplus to deficit. c. all people in our country benefit from social welfare programs. d. both cash and in-kind services are provided.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 3 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.governmental, voluntary, and corporate sectors all contriburte.

1.0.7. All of the following are examples of in-kind benefits except a. public assistance. b. food stamps. c. WIC coupons. d. low-income energy assistance.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 4 Topic: Application Answer : a.public assistance.

1.0.8. American social welfare programs are a. in transition. b. relatively static. c. a model for the rest of the world. d. helpful only for the poor and elderly.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 2 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.in transition.

1.0.9. American social welfare programs are a. provided by the public and private sectors. b. exclusively governmental. c. delivered solely in the nonprofit sector. d. regulated primarily by states.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 4 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.provided by the public and private sectors.

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1.0.10. The function of social welfare is a. to help the poor and the nonpoor. b. to provide benefits to people to meet their basic life needs. c. to enhance relationships among people. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 3 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.all of the above.

1.0.11. Social welfare policy is a. usually based on a rational set of assumptions and reliable research. b. shaped by many values. c. rarely a "zero-sum" game. d. exemplary in America.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 5 Topic: Applied Answer : b.shaped by many values.

1.0.12. American social welfare is a. influenced by political and economic factors. b. influenced primarily by socialist ideals. c. not influenced by the "free market." d. primarily an expression of social altruism.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 5 Topic: Applied Answer : a.influenced by political and economic factors.

1.0.13. The American economic continuum is a. essentially a mixed welfare economy. b. basically Keynesian in nature. c. primarily conservative and free-market. d. primarily liberal in nature.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 7 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.essentially a mixed welfare economy.

1.0.14. Socialists see social problems as a. a logical consequence of an unjust society. b. unavoidable and unresolvable. c. a by-product of democracy. d. resolvable through government force.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 12 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.a logical consequence of an unjust society.

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Chapter 1 Social Policy and the American Welfare State

1.0.15. American liberals a. established the welfare state. b. no longer influence policy. c. had little influence on the New Deal. d. see social problems as a by-product of democracy.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 13 Topic: Applied Answer : a.established the welfare state.

1.0.16. The Green Party a. promotes social justice and grassroots democracy. b. concentrates on environmental issues only. c. is considered part of the conservative movement. d. established the welfare state in 1935.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 18 Topic: Applied Answer : a.promotes social justice and grassroots democracy.

1.0.17. Traditional conservatives a. favor lower taxes and less governmental spending. b. usually are anti-union. c. oppose budget deficits d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 15-16 Topic: Synthesis Answer : d.all of the above.

1.0.18. Neoconservative think tanks a. oppose welfare programs. b. are for privatization c. support traditional values. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 18-20 Topic: Applied Answer : d.all of the above.

1.0.19. According to the authors, voluntary social welfare policy is created by a. nonprofit agencies. b. for-profit agencies. c. governmental entities only. d. volunteers.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 4 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.nonprofit agencies.

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1.0.20. A means-tested social welfare program is a. public assistance. b. public education. c. Social Security. d. Medicare.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 14 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.public assistance.

True/False Questions 2.0.1. During the last 30 years, the number of human service corporations--for-profit firms providing social welfare through the marketplace--has increased dramatically. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 3 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.2. Social welfare policy regulates the provision of benefits to meet people's basic life needs, such as food, housing, and health care. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 3 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.3. The relationship between social problems and social welfare policy is linear. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 4-5 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.4. Social policy and its components do not influence the practice of social work; social work is an altruistic profession. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 5 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false

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Chapter 1 Social Policy and the American Welfare State

2.0.5. The current "War on Terror" is an example of social welfare policy coming to the forefront of our nations' consciousness, eclipsing the need for one's personal security. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 6 Topic: Applied Answer : b.false 2.0.6. Like political rights, economic rights also are mandated by the U.S. Constitution. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 20 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.7. The United States operates on a democratic capitalism political economy. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 6 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.8. By 2008, the U.S. national debt was $10 trillion. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 11 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.9. A conservative political philosophy promotes the private sector in delivering needed social services. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 9 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.true 2.0.10. An example of democratic capitalism is the regulation of market forces that promote inequality. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 6-7 Topic: Comprehension Answer : b.false .

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Instructor's Manual and Test Bank for American Social Welfare Policy: A Pluralist Approach, 6e

Essay Questions 3.0.1. What is meant by the authors' statement "American social welfare is in transition"?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 2 Topic: Conceptual Answer : By this statement, the authors are referring to the mix of liberalism and conservatism in social welfare policy. The Social Security Act of 1935 established the welfare state as the charge of the federal government. The shift to conservatism has left the burden of social welfare to private institutions and faith-based organizations.

3.0.2. How is social welfare becoming, as the text describes, a "big business"?

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 3 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Human service corporations are going from being predominantly public to for-profit entities. Because it is often less expensive for state and federal government entities to "contract out" to these agencies, they are growing in size, number, and profit margin.

3.0.3. Explain how social welfare programs can benefit the business community.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 4 Topic: Analysis Answer : They supplement nonlivable wages and increase the buying power of recipients.

3.0.4. How would the economist John Maynard Keynes react to a recession?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 7-8 Topic: Knowledge Answer : He would increase government spending and stimulate the economy.

3.0.5. In social welfare policy, what are in-kind benefits? Give three examples of what an in-kind benefit might entail for recipients.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 4 Topic: Factual Answer : In-kind benefits are proxies for cash. Examples include food stamps, Medicaid, housing vouchers, WIC, and low-income energy assistance.

3.0.6. Discuss how social welfare policy can be considered a mechanism of social control.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 4 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Social welfare policy can enforce social control by meeting the basic needs of the disadvantaged, making them less likely to revolt against those in power, seen as their "caretakers."

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Chapter 1 Social Policy and the American Welfare State

3.0.7. How does social welfare policy affect social work practice?

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 5 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Social policies dictate how the practice of social work is done, with whom, for whom, for how much, and toward what ends. Students should elaborate on each of these points to demonstrate their grasp of the indications that social welfare policy has on social work practice.

3.0.8. "Zero-sum game" refers to what practice in social welfare policy?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 6 Topic: Factual Answer : "Zero-sum game" refers to the fact that many social welfare policies are initiated for the good of some at the expense of others.

3.0.9. Identify and briefly describe the three major schools of economic thought dominating the American economy.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 7-13 Topic: Factual Answer : Students should elaborate on the Keynesian, classical or free market, and democratic socialism ideologies.

3.0.10. How do advocates of liberalism argue for the advancement of the public good?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 13-15 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Advocates of liberalism promote an expanding economy coupled with the growth of universal, non-means-tested social welfare and health programs.

3.0.11. What are the main differences between traditional liberalism and neoliberalism?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 13-15 Topic: Factual Answer : Neoliberalism is more cautious of government, less antagonistic toward big business, and more skeptical about the value of universal entitlement.

3.0.12. Discuss what is meant by "good" and "bad" public spending categories. Give an example of each.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 14 Topic: Applied Answer : Former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich established the concepts of "good" and "bad" public spending. "Good" spending refers to investments made in human capital, such as expenditures on education and job training. "Bad" spending refers to expenditures on stagnant categories such as welfare and price supports.

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3.0.13. What is the "self-reliance school," and where is it gaining in popularity?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 15 Topic: Factual Answer : This economic model maintains that a system that meets the real needs of the people, not a focus on trade and economic expansion, is paramount to economic freedom and more accurately measure the quality of life. This ideology is gaining in popularity in impoverished areas of the United States and in developing countries.

3.0.14. Discuss at least two differences between classical and cultural conservatism.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 15-17 Topic: Factual Answer : The text discusses these two political ideologies in great detail on pages 15-17.

3.0.15. Discuss the general role that government plays in liberalism, neoliberalism, the Green Party, self-reliance school, classic conservatism, neoconservatism, and cultural conservatism.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 13-18 Topic: Factual Answer : This is a very general question, measuring students' breadth of knowledge and grasp of Chapter 1's content in general. Each ideology presents a different view of how the government should operate and function in society.

3.0.16. What was the fourfold approach taken by the conservative agenda in the 1980s regarding social welfare policy?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 17 Topic: Conceptual Answer : This approach (1) ended the liberal hegemony in social policy, (2) rerouted public policy through the private sector, (3) curtailed costly social programs that lessened profits and restricted companies' global competitiveness, and (4) prohibited the resurgence of social programming.

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Chapter Two: Social Welfare Policy Research: A Framework for Policy Analysis Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. An effective policy framework a. examines the economic, political, and social feasibility of a policy. b. compares existing similar policies on level grounding. c. evaluates the congruence of a policy with the mission and goals of the social welfare state. d. all of the above Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 32 Topic: Factual Answer : d.all of the above 1.0.2. The term "pay-go" refers to: a. taking money from one program to pay for another. b. paying for a program out of the income from that program. c. not paying for social programs until the bill becomes due. d. developing a public policy to solve a societal problem.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 35 Topic: Applied Answer : a.taking money from one program to pay for another.

1.0.3. One goal of a policy analyst may be to a. conduct pure research. b. provide information to legislators. c. conduct advocacy research. d. all of the above Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 30 Topic: Factual Answer : d.all of the above 1.0.4. What is most likely to occur with an unsystematic framework for social policy analysis? a. unrealized costs b. unintended injury to the policy's target population c. positive results d. A and B only Difficulty: 0 Page-Reference: 34-36 Topic: Factual Answer : d.A and B only

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1.0.5. Social work practice is most clearly affected and influenced by a. social policy. b. public opinion. c. private sector economics. d. none of the above Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 30 Topic: Factual Answer : a.social policy.

1.0.6. Society's view of the target population of a policy could a. influence what policy choices are made. b. not be considered in policy analysis. c. create less understanding regarding a policy's success. d. be irrelevant in understanding the historical roots of a policy.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 34 Topic: Applied Answer : a.influence what policy choices are made.

1.0.7. Policy analysis of efficiency looks at a. the cost-effectiveness of a policy. b. the amount of time it takes for the policy to be put into place. c. the amount of time it takes to work with a client. d. the underlying condition that caused the policy to be created.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 36 Topic: Applied Answer : a.the cost-effectiveness of a policy.

1.0.8. Policy think tanks a. can take sides in a policy debate. b. are always neutral and nonideological. c. are not allowed to take positions on a given issue. d. are funded by the government.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 37 Answer : a.can take sides in a policy debate.

1.0.9. An example of an unintended consequence of a social policy is a. illegal sale of methadone to street addicts. b. reduction in poverty among seniors due to Social Security. c. reduction in crime due to tougher sentencing guidelines. d. improvement in infant's health due to WIC. Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 36 Topic: Applied Answer : a.illegal sale of methadone to street addicts.

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Chapter 2 Social Welfare Policy Research: A Framework for Policy Analysis

1.0.10. A social policy that is ineffective but still in use is a. drug enforcement. b. Social Security. c. the Earned Income Tax Credit. d. the home mortgage tax deduction.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 32 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.drug enforcement.

1.0.11. Policy analysis occurs a. only after a bill or policy is enacted. b. any time before or after a piece of legislation is passed. c. only when legislators request it. d. when it fits the ideological needs of its creators.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 32 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.only after a bill or policy is enacted.

1.0.12. Which of the following is NOT a component of the text's proposed policy framework? a. the historical background of a policy b. a description of the policy c. a projection of future trends for the policy's effectiveness d. a description of the problem necessitating the policy Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 32 Topic: Factual Answer : c.a projection of future trends for the policy's effectiveness 1.0.13. Understanding the historical antecedents of a policy is important because a. continuity requires that the analyst identify historical problems that led to the original policy. b. it helps to curb the tendency of decision makers to reinvent the wheel. c. A and B only d. A only Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 32-33 Topic: Factual Answer : c.A and B only

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1.0.14. To determine whether a proposed policy will successfully remedy a social problem, the analyst must a. understand the parameters of the problem. b. acquaint himself or herself with the magnitude of the problem. c. determine the population affected by the policy. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 34 Topic: Factual Answer : d.all of the above.

1.0.15. Which of the following serves as the guiding principle for a systematic policy analysis? a. a policy's goals b. funding needed to implement the policy c. public opinion or support of the policy d. bipartisan support for the policy Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 34 Topic: Factual Answer : a.a policy's goals 1.0.16. "Pay-go financing" is best defined as a. initiating a program only after sufficient funding has been realized. b. funding programs from federal, as opposed to state, revenue taxes. c. taking money from one program to fund another. d. none of the above.

Difficulty: 0 Page-Reference: 35 Topic: Applied Answer : c.taking money from one program to fund another.

1.0.17. When determining the administrative feasibility of a policy, the analyst should focus on what two administrative aspects? a. funding and allocation b. administrative "buy in" and employee participation c. nature and extent of outcomes d. effectiveness and efficiency Difficulty: 0 Page-Reference: 35 Topic: Factual Answer : d.effectiveness and efficiency

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Chapter 2 Social Welfare Policy Research: A Framework for Policy Analysis

1.0.18. Publicly financed services are provided primarily on the basis of a. the severity of the problem. b. the public's willingness to support the target population. c. the socio-economic status of the target population. d. none of the above Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 36 Topic: Factual Answer : a.the severity of the problem.

1.0.19. In policy research, what is the best example of primary research? a. conducting a telephone survey of area residents to determine their need of an after-school program in the neighborhood b. evaluating census data to determine the magnitude of poverty in an area c. interviewing legislators to determine their constituents' desire for the expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). d. none of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 36 Topic: Applied Answer : a.conducting a telephone survey of area residents to determine their need of an afterschool program in the neighborhood 1.0.20. A careful policy analyst will select a policy that a. produces utilitarian benefit. b. seeks to solve a wide range of societal problems. c. is specific and discrete. d. none of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 36 Topic: Applied Answer : c.is specific and discrete.

True/False Questions 2.0.1. A policy framework attempts to systematically analyze a social policy or program. a. true b. false Difficulty: 0 Page-Reference: 31 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true

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2.0.2. Policy frameworks reflect the understanding that social policy is context sensitive. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 31 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.3. Effective policy analysis must include the analysis of legitimate, objective data. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 31 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.4. Prohibition, enacted in 1919, is an excellent example of effective policy analysis put into practice. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 31 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.5. Drug enforcement policies (i.e., the war on drugs) have resulted in a decrease in illegal drug activity, exhibiting that an effective policy framework was instituted for said policies. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 32 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.6. The best policy framework typically results from a linear use of models. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 32 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false

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Chapter 2 Social Welfare Policy Research: A Framework for Policy Analysis

2.0.7. When analyzing a new or existing policy, the analyst must remain objective, dismissing opinions regarding the policy held by administrative units. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 35 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.8. Given the current political and economic climate, it appears unlikely that new social policy initiatives requiring large revenues will be successful. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 35 Topic: Conceptual Answer : a.true 2.0.9. Because Internet research involves information that is readily accessible to any person with Internet access and a computer, intellectual property rights do not apply. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 39 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.10. Despite its reliance on a subjective framework, social policy analysis is largely analytical. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 40 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false Essay Questions 3.0.1. Explain the importance of an effective policy framework.

Difficulty: 0 Page-Reference: 31 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students should provide an answer that is similar to the introduction of the concept at the beginning of the chapter. This answer should include a discussion centered around the policy's political, economic, and administrative feasibility.

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3.0.2. Discuss the different levels on which policy analysis frameworks can be used by social work practitioners.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 30 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Answers should expound upon the fact that social work practitioners are affected by policies in their agencies, determining with whom they will work, what services they will provide, and how long they will provide them. In addition, policies define who is or isn't a client and what services will be offered to that person.

3.0.3. Discuss some hidden issues that make a social policy such as mandatory drug testing for all employees a complex analysis.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 30 Topic: Applied Answer : See questions that the text raises on page 30.

3.0.4. Discuss four of the eight key elements to a well-designed policy framework.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 31 Topic: Factual Answer : Answers should include four of the following: systematic analysis, context sensitivity, objective and legitimate data, explicit analytic method, largest possible social benefit at the least possible social cost, consideration of unintended consequences a policy may produce, consideration of contextual alternatives, and examination of potential policy impacts (both positive and negative).

3.0.5. What should an effective policy description include?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 34 Topic: Factual Answer : Students' answers should include a discussion of (1) what the policy expectations are and how the policy is expected to work, (2) what resources or opportunities the policy is expected to provide (power, cash, economic opportunity, and so forth), (3) who will be covered by the policy and how, (4) how the policy will be implemented, (5) what the expected short- and longterm goals are, (6) under what operational administrative auspices the policy will be lodged, (7) what the funding is, (8) what agencies or organizations have administrative oversight, (9) what criteria are used to determine the policy's effectiveness, (10) how long the policy is expected to run, and (11) what the knowledge base or scientific undergirding for the policy is.

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3.0.6. Why is it imperative for policy analysts to understand the value premise of the policy as well as the underlying assumptions it has?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 34 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Answers should include the consideration of some or all of the following: What are the hidden ideological assumptions in the policy? How is the target population viewed in the context of the policy? What social vision, if any, does the policy contain? Does the policy encourage the status quo, or does it depart from that? Who benefits from the policy? Is the policy designed to foster real social change or just placate a potentially insurgent group? Uncovering the hidden ideological dimensions of a policy is often the most difficult task for the policy analyst. Knowing answers to these questions helps ensure that a proposed policy will be successful.

3.0.7. Should a policy analyst keep in mind the political feasibility of a proposed policy when analyzing it? Why or why not?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 34-35 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Yes! Ensure that students' answers discuss the fact that social policy is what guides effective practice--without political feasibility or "buy-in" a policy is doomed to failure and only serves as an ineffective use of time, resources, and energy.

3.0.8. Discuss the pros and cons of "pay-go financing."

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 35 Topic: Conceptual Answer : PROS: Minimum funding often necessitates this practice; it is a real-world solution; without any funding, the probability that a policy will be implemented is slim to none; without any funding, at a policy is not likely to be considered anytime in the future. CONS: Thinning out fiscal resources means that no policy will be appropriately funded; it prohibits full realization of benefits of any programs or policies because none are effectively funded.

3.0.9. Why does social policy implementation involve economic and political trade-offs?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 36 Topic: Applied Answer : In this answer, students should exhibit their understanding of the following concept: "Even in the best of economic times, fiscal resources are always inadequate to meet the breadth of human need." Politically, it is a well-known construct of our legislative system that compromise is often the only means by which a policy, or a portion of it, will be implemented.

3.0.10. Discuss the pros and cons of Internet research in conducting an effective policy analysis.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 37-40 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students should discuss topics such as cost, data collection, informed consent, confidentiality, tools for conducting online research, plagiarism, validity, and reliability.

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3.0.11. Why is it important for a policy analyst to critically evaluate information or recommendations received from think-tank organizations?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 37 Topic: Applied Answer : Often these organizations exist as proponents of a specific cause or population. As such, information obtained from these organizations is likely to be biased in favor of their cause or population, making an unbiased analysis difficult, if not impossible. Relying solely on such information is often problematic.

3.0.12. Discuss issues that a policy analyst must keep in mind when utilizing online journals for policy research. Would you recommend this resource? If so, under what circumstances. If not, why not?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 37-40 Topic: Applied Answer : Journals, while plentiful, can accrue costly subscription costs. In addition, full journal text often is not available. Analysts should seek out articles that are peer-reviewed and up-todate.

3.0.13. Discuss ethical areas of concern regarding conducting electronic research and utilizing online participants.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 38 Topic: Applied Answer : Answers will vary but should include references, at a minimum, to issues of informed consent and confidentiality.

3.0.14. Describe the pros and cons of Internet research in conducting an effective policy analysis.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 37-40 Topic: Applied Answer : Answers will vary but should include some of the following topics: PROS: breadth of information, instant accessibility, and ease of recruiting subjects and collecting data. CONS: biased samples, limited pool of people available, difficulty in ascertaining validity of websites, and complicated issues regarding informed consent and confidentiality.

3.0.15. Describe three online resources available to policy researchers.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 36-38 Topic: Factual Answer : Answers will vary but may include government and agency websites, online libraries, journals, census data, and research results.

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Chapter 03: Religion and Social Welfare Policy Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. Beginning in 1828, what movement sought to end mail delivery on Sundays? a. temperance movement b. New England Sabbatarian campaign c. abolitionists' endeavors d. U.S. Postal Service Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 45 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.New England Sabbatarian campaign 1.0.2. Due to a change in Federal Communication Commission rules, the loss of free public service airtime, allowed a. liberal groups to monopolize the airwaves. b. for no effect on the religious discourse in our country. c. the Chrisitan Right to develop their own networks. d. for lawsuits challenging these new regulations.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 53 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.the Chrisitan Right to develop their own networks.

1.0.3. The New Deal included a. a national old-age retirement system. b. a federal-state unemployment system. c. federal grants to states for welfare services. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 52 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.all of the above.

1.0.4. Faith-based organizations a. are becoming the preferred vehicle for delivery of human services. b. have been determined to be illegal. c. through studies, deliver better services than secular entities. d. none of the above Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 56-57 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.none of the above

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1.0.5. The Christian Right is becoming less homogeneous a. due to the questioning of the separation of church and state. b. as the Republican agenda has been realized. c. as the younger generation of supporters question its priorities. d. as newer religions enter the church.

Difficulty: 4 Page-Reference: 57 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.as the younger generation of supporters question its priorities.

1.0.6. Social workers a. were against the New Deal on moral grounds. b. assisted in creating the New Deal. c. wanted a less secular approach to New Deal legislation. d. were not involved in New Deal legislation due to the NASW Code of Ethics.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 52 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.assisted in creating the New Deal.

1.0.7. What movement is said to have shown the intricate interweaving of religion and politics? a. the Second Great Awakening b. the abolition movement c. the suffragist movement d. separation of church and state Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 44-45 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.the Second Great Awakening 1.0.8. The first important national public health group was the a. Christian Women for Maternal Health. b. Freedman's Bureau. c. U.S. Sanitary Commission. d. National Institute of Public Health.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 46 Topic: Comprehension Answer : c.U.S. Sanitary Commission.

1.0.9. Following the Civil War, what churches immediately reunited? a. Baptist and Presbyterian b. Presbyterian and Unitarian c. Catholic and Episcopal d. Presbyterian and Catholic Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 46 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.Catholic and Episcopal

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1.0.10. Of the following, which was a major provider of care to impoverished individuals beginning in the late 1800s? a. social welfare policies b. Charity Organization Societies c. Daughters of the Republic d. the New Deal Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 49 Topic: Comprehension Answer : b.Charity Organization Societies 1.0.11. Who established Hull House? a. Dorthea Dix b. Jane Addams c. Julie Daigrepont McCuen d. Abraham Flexner Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 50 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.Jane Addams 1.0.12. What movement served as a reaction to the perceived heartlessness of American society? a. Progressive b. temperance c. liberalist d. Christian Coalition Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 50-51 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.Progressive 1.0.13. What single event marked the high point of Protestant dominance in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a. women's right to vote b. abolition c. taxation without representation d. prohibition Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 51 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.prohibition

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1.0.14. What percent of religious broadcasting was controlled by conservative and evangelical ministers in 1990? a. 10 b. 30 c. 75 d. 90 Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 53 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.90 1.0.15. What court decision expanded the U.S. Constitution's 1st Amendment to include states? a. Plessy v. Ferguson b. Buchli v. Texas c. Cantwell v. Connecticut d. Presbyterian Church USA v. Illinois Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 54 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.Cantwell v. Connecticut 1.0.16. What president coined the phrase "War on Poverty"? a. Nixon b. Kennedy c. Johnson d. Carter Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 55 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.Johnson 1.0.17. The Moral Majority supported a. prayer in school. b. equal rights for all U.S. citizens. c. peace talks with the Soviet Union. d. abortion rights.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 56 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.prayer in school.

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1.0.18. White, mainline Protestants comprised what percent of Republican voters in 1972? a. 45 b. 10 c. 75 d. 25 Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 57 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.45 1.0.19. What percent of congregations in the United States receive public funds as a result of Charitable Choice funding? a. 21 b. 9 c. 15 d. 3 Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 58 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.3 1.0.20. Which statement regarding faith-based organizations (FBOs) is true? a. Two-thirds of states have pursued outreach efforts to FBOs. b. Less than one-third of states provide technical assistance to FBOs. c. Fewer than one-quarter of states have modified proposal notification processes. d. All of the above.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 58 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.All of the above.

True/False Questions 2.0.1. American social welfare history has been more strongly influenced by Christianity than by any other world religion. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 43 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true

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2.0.2. Responsibility for social welfare relief was initially considered a federal matter, disinvolving the churches and individuals. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 44 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.3. In colonial America, less than 1 percent of American colonists received help outside their social support system. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 44 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.4. The majority of Southern abolitionist converts were male property owners. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 45 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.5. Churches were primarily against assisting soldiers who fought in the Civil War, based on the ideology that war is "sinful." a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 45 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.6. Lutherans, Episcopalians, and Catholics took a strong denominational stand against slavery in the early 1860s. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 45 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false

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2.0.7. In the 1920s, community solidarity became the norm, creating an increase in the number of Protestant denominations. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 47 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.8. Social Darwinists argued for the federal government's assistance for society's poor. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 47 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.9. The major emphasis of the early social worker was more often on spiritual guidance than material aid. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 48 Topic: Conceptual Answer : a.true 2.0.10. No special protective legislation for women existed until the early 1900s. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 49 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true Essay Questions 3.0.1. What is meant by "the Protestant work ethic?"

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 49 Topic: Conceptual Answer : This refers to the pervasive Colonial American ideology that those who were ablebodied and yet unemployed were sinners, thereby reinforcing the value of "hard work."

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3.0.2. What is thought to be the main result of the 1801 Cane Ridge Camp meeting?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 45 Topic: Conceptual Answer : This meeting is often viewed as the beginning of the Second Great Awakening, lending credence and giving support to the abolitionist movement.

3.0.3. What were the three end products of the Second Great Awakening?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 45 Topic: Applied Answer : First, the religious impulse for reform was channeled into private organizations attempting to affect change. Second, female leaders were mobilized and trained to promote this change. Third, African American clergy began to form to lead the African American converts.

3.0.4. What consideration prompted creation of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands? What was this entity created to do?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 46 Topic: Factual Answer : By the close of the Civil War, political leaders realized that emancipation of the slaves without social services and assistance would create serious social problems. The Freedmen's Bureau, as it is more commonly known, was created to provide temporary relief for the duration of the war and one year afterward, offering, for example, emergency rations, employment training and assistance, health care, and education.

3.0.5. How did applying Charles Darwin's theory of evolution lead to a problematic set of assumptions regarding economics and sociology?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 47-48 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Social Darwinism appeared as a result of Darwin's theory of evolution. An in-depth discussion of how these theories affected society and the economic models of the time is included on pages 47-48 in the text, including disregard for the poor.

3.0.6. What is meant by the term the worthy poor?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 43-44 Topic: Conceptual Answer : This referred to the concept that poverty was related to laziness, sinful practices, and overall disrespect for the laws of God. Those deemed "worthy poor" were primarily those that had no choice in the matter of being poor: children and widows.

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3.0.7. What was the premise on which the Social Gospel movement emerged?

Difficulty: 4 Page-Reference: 48 Topic: Factual Answer : Social Gospelists believed that the church should recapture the militant spirit of Christ by taking on the issues of social justice and poverty. They advocated fair play and justice for workers and believed that churches wrongfully stressed spirituality rather than morality.

3.0.8. Have the values and ethics of the social work profession evolved since its inception? If so, in what ways?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 48 Topic: Applied Answer : Yes. The major emphasis of early social workers was on spiritual guidance rather than material aid.

3.0.9. How could the goals of Charity Organization Societies be considered a means of social control?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 49 Topic: Conceptual Answer : "Friendly visitors," often members of the upper classes, were often called upon to intervene in the lives of the poor, instructing them in how to better manage their lives. The moral superior attitude that the friendly visitors often held toward their clientele was viewed by some as a form of social control as well as a means of providing assistance.

3.0.10. Compare and contrast Charity Organization Societies and Settlement Houses.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 49 Topic: Applied Answer : Settlement houses were more akin to modern-day social work practice than Charity Organization Societies. They were established in the neighborhoods they served and sought to help people in the neighborhoods to organize themselves. Settlement houses were thought to be less patronizing forms of charity.

3.0.11. What did Abraham Flexner find regarding the profession of social work?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 50 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Flexner judged that social work lacked "all the requirements of a profession, particularly a scientifically derived knowledge base that was transmittable."

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3.0.12. Discuss how "new media" affected religious groups and the dissemination of their agendas.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 53-54 Topic: Applied Answer : The infiltration of television and radio into American society allowed for religious groups to reach widespread audiences, accelerating the commercialization of religion.

3.0.13. What does the term Charitable Choice refer to, and for what does it allow?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 58 Topic: Applied Answer : This provision is fully discussed, along with implications of its implementation, on page 58 in the text. This discussion includes using FBOs to provide services.

3.0.14. Why is it unlikely that faith-based organizations have the capacity and commitment to sustain comprehensive and long-term services?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 58 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Possible answers to this question are included on page 58 in the text--for example, that religious organizations often underperform compared to public agencies and that they have expanded the competition for access to ever-decreasing amounts of social service funding.

3.0.15. What does the National Congregations Study indicate?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 58 Topic: Conceptual Answer : This study indicates that congregation-based social services are advanced by the smallest handful of volunteers and that these services are overwhelmingly dispensed at arm's length. It also indicates that no quantitative or qualitative evidence suggests that congregations' social services are more effective than secular social services.

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Chapter Four: Discrimination in American Society Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. According to the text, economic, social, and political discrimination often leads to poverty, which in turn results in the need for a. social programs. b. legislative action. c. an examination of American political priorities. d. widespread income redistribution.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 64 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.social programs.

1.0.2. The largest income category for seniors is from a. earnings. b. pensions. c. Social Security. d. asset income.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 96 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.Social Security.

1.0.3. In 1996, welfare reform a. assisted immigrants in obtaining public assistance more easily. b. made it more difficult for noncitizens to receive public assistance. c. mandated denying welfare benefits to all immigrants. d. allowed recent immigrants to receive food stamps.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 78 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.made it more difficult for noncitizens to receive public assistance.

1.0.4. The Equal Rights Amendment would have a. mandated that all women have the right to work. b. required that men and women be treated equally. c. applied to both public and private employment practices. d. invalidated all state custody laws.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 87 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.required that men and women be treated equally.

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1.0.5. In relation to homosexuality, the Supreme Court decided in 2003 that a. homosexuals cannot serve in the military. b. it is against the law for homosexuals to marry. c. it is illegal to discriminate against homosexuals in employment. d. private consensual sexual conduct is legal.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 90 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.private consensual sexual conduct is legal.

1.0.6. The Defense of Marriage Act a. allowed for free legal assistance for couples contemplating divorce. b. established that the only legitimate marriage was between two members of the opposite sex. c. was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. d. allowed marriage without a marriage license.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 92 Topic: Comprehension Answer : b.established that the only legitimate marriage was between two members of the opposite sex.

1.0.7. The "frustration-aggression hypothesis" maintains that discrimination is a form of aggression activated a. when society becomes frustrated with economic policies. b. when individual needs become frustrated. c. by individuals with a psychiatric proclivity toward antisocial personality disorder. d. when rage is passively expressed.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 64 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.when individual needs become frustrated.

1.0.8. That individuals hold prejudicial attitudes because of their socialization is an example of a. a Marxian explanation of prejudice. b. a discounted theory. c. the normative-cultural explanation of prejudice. d. the frustration-aggression hypothesis of discrimination.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 64 Topic: Comprehension Answer : c.the normative-cultural explanation of prejudice.

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1.0.9. Of the reasons listed below, what does the text purport as being necessary for discriminatory practices to appear valid? a. strong leadership capable of perpetuating discriminatory thoughts and beliefs b. social legitimation c. historical validity d. discriminatory laws Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 65 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.social legitimation 1.0.10. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, minority groups will no longer be a "true minority" around the year a. 2030. b. 2040. c. 2050. d. The U.S. Census Bureau does not make any such assumptions regarding minority populations.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 65 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.2050.

1.0.11. Which group constitutes the fastest-growing Spanish-speaking subgroup in the United States? a. Puerto Ricans b. Cuban Americans c. Mexican Americans d. Spanish Americans Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 73 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.Mexican Americans 1.0.12. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the American Indian populations? a. American Indians were granted citizenship in 1924. b. There is no single definition of an American Indian. c. American Indians have a maternal death rate lower than the national average. d. Substance abuse and education remain major problems to the American Indian population.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 73-75 Topic: Synthesis Answer : c.American Indians have a maternal death rate lower than the national average.

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1.0.13. What is the most comprehensive welfare reform legislation since the New Deal to affect legal and illegal immigration in the United States? a. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) b. USA Patriot Act c. The Voting Rights Act Reauthorization and Amendments Act of 2006 d. Enhanced Border Security Act Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 78 Topic: Applied Answer : a.Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) 1.0.14. VAWA is a. a law that reflects a comprehensive approach to domestic violence. b. designed to improve the response of police and prosecutors to crimes of sexual assault. c. a vehicle to enforce protection orders. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 80 Topic: Comprehension Answer : d.all of the above.

1.0.15. Regarding same-sex relationships, which statement is NOT accurate? a. The Defense of Marriage Act was passed in part as a reaction to court decisions in the state of Hawai'i. b. Twenty-six states have constitutional amendments that bar the recognition of same-sex marriages. c. Because of equal protection laws, sexual orientation can no longer be considered a factor in child custody disputes. d. Vermont recognizes same-sex unions.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 92-93 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.Because of equal protection laws, sexual orientation can no longer be considered a factor in child custody disputes.

1.0.16. The wage gap between women and men in the United States is a. nonexistent. b. shrinking slowly. c. expanding slowly due to states striking down affirmative action legislation. d. rapidly closing.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 83 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.shrinking slowly.

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1.0.17. Which of the following statements regarding our nation's elder population is NOT accurate? a. Although elderly women live longer than men, the women have only 58 percent of men's income. b. A full 10 percent of elderly live below the poverty line. c. The proportion of elderly persons living in poverty has been declining in recent decades. d. Approximately 60 percent of those over the age of 85 live in nursing homes.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 95-96 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.Approximately 60 percent of those over the age of 85 live in nursing homes.

1.0.18. Which statement below is NOT accurate? a. Title XX Social Services Block Grant is the largest federal program for child care services. b. Most industrialized nations, except the U.S., provide a tax-free family allowance ranging from $300-$600 yearly. c. The Family and Medical Leave Act allows for limited paid maternity leave. d. The availability of day care has increased rapidly in terms of the number of vacancies and the number of day care centers.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 85-86 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.The Family and Medical Leave Act allows for limited paid maternity leave.

1.0.19. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) a. would have nullified all laws on the basis of gender. b. would have affected only public employment. c. was ratified by less than half of the state legislatures. d. would not have affected property rights of married women.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 87 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.would have affected only public employment.

1.0.20. Governor Jeb Bush, in signing the One Florida Plan (1999) legislation, a. prohibited using racial preferences in university admissions. b. implemented a plan statewide to expand the use of racial preferences in the hiring practices of agencies under his control. c. allowed nonprofit agencies to hire on the basis of race. d. abolished affirmative action in that state.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 103 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.prohibited using racial preferences in university admissions.

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True/False Questions 2.0.1. The frustration-aggression hypothesis was formulated by Theodore Adorno. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 64 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.2. Those who exhibit "authoritarian personality" often discriminate because they oppose rigidity and conformity toward an authority figure or entity. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 64 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.3. The middle class is a well-defined social stratification class in America. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 66 Topic: Applied Answer : b.false 2.0.4. After rising in the mid-1990s, the nationwide number of poor African Americans has dropped dramatically, in part due to revamped social welfare programs. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 68 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.5. In 1997, over 50 percent of all minority-owned businesses whose sales exceeded $1 million were owned by Mexican Americans. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 72-73 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false

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2.0.6. The U.S. Census Bureau projects that in less than 50 years, immigration will cause the population of the United States to increase approximately 30 percent. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 77 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.7. Although legislation passed after September 11, 2001, has had a profound impact on border controls and immigration policy, the United States continues to increase the number of refugees allowed asylum in our country. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 78 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.8. According to a 2004 AFL-CIO study, three in five working women women reported earning half or more of their family's income. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 83 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.9. The abortion rate in the United States decreased from 2000 to 2005 due to educational programs offered by pro-life organizations in the United States. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 89 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.10. The Americans with Disabilities Act specifies that employers may discriminate against candidates with disabilities only if the disability is of a psychiatric nature. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 98 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false

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Essay Questions 3.0.1. What are common motives for discrimination as discussed in the text?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 64-65 Topic: Factual Answer : The text categorizes motives into psychological, normative-cultural, and economic theories. Students should expand on each category as discussed in the text.

3.0.2. How can we, as social workers, combat prejudice expressed through the "normative-cultural" explanation?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 64 Topic: Applied Answer : Students should conceptualize that this form of prejudice is explained by an adherence to societal and institutional norms that support discriminatory practices. Answers will vary, but students should discuss the fact that social workers often work to combat these prejudices through advocacy, education, and direct practice.

3.0.3. How would a Marxist explain discriminatory practices?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 64 Topic: Applied Answer : A Marxist sees discriminatory practices as being economically useful to the capitalist class. Unskilled workers are willing to take the jobs rejected by the groups that are better off economically.

3.0.4. Discuss how the federal government's accumulation of data contributes to the concept of racism.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 65 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Federal and state governments often gather data based on dividing U.S. society along the lines of whites and people of color. However, this data does not account for the important cultural differences among different factions of whites and people of color.

3.0.5. In what ways does racism typically manifest itself?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 66 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students should address one or more of the following: hiring and firing practices and promotions, differential resource allocations in health care and education, a two-tier transportation system, segregated housing, discriminatory practices of judicial and law enforcement agencies, and stereotypical and prejudicial media images.

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3.0.6. Describe how "institutional racism" develops.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 66 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Institutional racism is the culmination of years and years of "strongly entrenched" racism in a society. Although it takes many generations to develop, it is often the most difficult racism to recognize and thus combat.

3.0.7. Discuss at least three of the factors that contribute to African Americans being disproportionately represented among impoverished individuals.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 68-72 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students may choose several answers. The topic is discussed on pages 68-72 and includes issues of poverty, family structure, African American businesses, vulnerability to economic cycles, participation in the labor force and income, crime, housing, health, education, and dependency on welfare.

3.0.8. Discuss at least two major changes to immigration law since September 11, 2001.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 78 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students should discuss two of the following: the USA Patriot Act, the Enhanced Border Security Act, and the Homeland Security Act of 2002. Some students may choose to discuss the changes made with regard to foreign students and refugees.

3.0.9. Discuss the concept of the feminization of poverty and explain why women tend to be more impoverished than their male counterparts.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 81-82 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Answers will vary, but students should speak to the complexity of the problem. The term was coined in a 1978 article written by Diana Peirce to explain that women represent an increasingly larger proportion of the economically disadvantaged. Students may mention the disproportionate number of women in low-paying jobs, the high cost of child care, the financial situation of single mothers in the United States compared to European nations, and inequities in public transfer programs.

3.0.10. Discuss three barriers identified in the text that women face in the workplace that prevent them from being equal to their male counterparts.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 84-87 Topic: Factual Answer : Students may offer a multitude of answers including but not limited to the following: the glass ceiling, high day care costs and subsidized child care leave, poor or nonexistent health insurance, sexual harassment, and inflexibility of work schedules.

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3.0.11. Discuss the religious and psychological explanations behind the concept of homophobia.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 94 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Justification for homophobia on a religious stand is that it is a "sin against God." Psychologically, it is often viewed as a disease or symptom of arrested development or a fear of intimacy with members of the opposite sex.

3.0.12. Discuss at least three ways in which the concept of ageism affects society.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 95-96 Topic: Applied Answer : Answers will vary. Pages 95-96 discuss a myriad of effects caused by the nation's idolization of youth.

3.0.13. Discuss how the psychosocial model views the concept of "disabled."

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 97 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Essentially, a psychosocial approach to disability looks at it as a socially defined category. For example, poverty in the disabled is a result of discrimination, not personal inadequacy.

3.0.14. How did the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act affect employment hiring practices?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 99 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students should discuss the fact that employers may not discriminate against a person with a disability if that person is otherwise qualified for the job. Additionally, employers cannot ask a person if he or she has a disability and may not use screening tests to determine such information. Employers must provide "reasonable accommodation" to employees with disabilities, and all employers with 15 or more employees must comply with the ADA. 3.0.15. Discuss at least three legal attempts made to remedy discrimination in the United States.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 99-104 Topic: Conceptual Answer : A myriad of answers can be found in the text on pages 99-104.

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Chapter Five: Poverty in America Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. Approximately how many millions of Americans were living in poverty in 2006? a. 10 b. 36 c. 42 d. 22 Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 116 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.36 1.0.2. The concept of culture of poverty a. first came into being during the Great Depression. b. relates to poverty being transmitted intergenerationally. c. can also be applied to African cultures. d. has been discredited by the Republican party.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 113 Topic: Comprehension Answer : b.relates to poverty being transmitted intergenerationally.

1.0.3. Poor people pay high costs for receiving credit because a. institutions do not trust the poor. b. they do not have the finances to pay back loans in a timely manner. c. lending institutions can take advantage of the poor. d. all of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 132-133 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.all of the above 1.0.4. Charles Murray's 1994 book, The Bell Curve, argued that a. poverty was caused by society's oversupply of labor. b. poverty was caused by an unequal educational system. c. socioeconomic inequality was due to lack of genetic intelligence. d. minimum wage increases cause job loss.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 114 Topic: Conceptual Answer : c.socioeconomic inequality was due to lack of genetic intelligence.

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1.0.5. One reason for the increase in the numbers of working poor is due to the a. loss of high-paying manufacturing jobs in this country. b. increased subsidies under TANF. c. slow increase in the minimum age for receiving Social Security benefits. d. loosening of food stamp eligibility rules.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 122 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.loss of high-paying manufacturing jobs in this country.

1.0.6. The concept of public assistance programs providing only maintenance a. is related to unlimited time requirements on welfare. b. is connected to the parallel food stamp program. c. is shown by regulations not promoting the accumulation of assets. d. relates to the loss of prevention programs under Medicaid.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 127 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.is shown by regulations not promoting the accumulation of assets.

1.0.7. In 2006, the poverty rate among children was a. 26.9 percent. b. 17.4 percent. c. 32.8 percent. d. 10.1 percent.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 116 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.17.4 percent.

1.0.8. From 2005 to 2006, the poverty rate among the aged a. increased. b. was not analyzed. c. decreased. d. stayed the same.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 120 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.decreased.

1.0.9. The largest number of poor Americans are a. white. b. black. c. Asian. d. Hispanic.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 117 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.white.

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1.0.10. In 2006, the poverty rate among blacks was a. 10.2 percent. b. 42.5 percent. c. 24.2 percent. d. 35.7 percent.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 116 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.24.2 percent.

1.0.11. In 2006, the poverty rate among Hispanics was a. 20.6 percent. b. 45.2 percent. c. 8.8 percent. d. 35.7 percent.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 116 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.20.6 percent.

1.0.12. From 2002-2006, the poverty rate among blacks a. fell. b. was not analyzed. c. stayed the same. d. increased.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 117 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.increased.

1.0.13. Based on statistics from 2006, beginning in 2001, the poverty rate among Hispanics a. stayed the same. b. fell. c. increased. d. cannot be measured.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 116 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.increased.

1.0.14. From 1999-2006, the poverty rate among whites a. decreased. b. increased. c. stayed the same. d. was equal to that of blacks.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 117 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.increased.

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1.0.15. On July 24, 2007, the minimum wage was raised to a. $6.55. b. $4.75. c. $5.85. d. $5.15.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 124 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.$5.85.

1.0.16. By 2008, how many states had a minimum wage above the federally required rate? a. all of them b. over 20 c. 13 d. none of them Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 126 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.over 20 1.0.17. The current value of the federal minimum wage as a percent of the 2008 poverty line for a family of three is a. 103 percent. b. 93 percent. c. 45 percent. d. 79 percent.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 125 Topic: Comprehension Answer : d.79 percent.

1.0.18. In 2007, the poverty level for a one-person family was a. $8,501. b. $10,787. c. $6,472. d. $15,601.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 118 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.$10,787.

1.0.19. In 2007, the poverty line for a four-person family was a. $10,419. b. $7,763. c. $35,607. d. $21,386.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 118 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.$21,386. .

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1.0.20. The poverty line and the poverty threshold a. are not used to measure poverty anymore. b. measure poverty, but they are a bit different. c. have been shown to be too high. d. are the same statistical measures.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 116 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.measure poverty, but they are a bit different.

True/False Questions 2.0.1. Culture of poverty theorists maintain that poverty traits are not transmitted intergenerationally, but rather culturally. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 113-114 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.2. Before his ulterior motives were exposed, Hitler's racial and genetic theories increased the popularity of the eugenics movement. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 114 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.3. Radicals define poverty as the result of exploitation by the ruling or dominant class under capitalism. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 114 Topic: Applied Answer : a.true 2.0.4. For most Americans experiencing poverty, it is a static process, meaning it usually remains at consistent levels. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 115 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false

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2.0.5. "Spells of poverty" were most often ended by family reconstitution. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 115 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.6. The number of people living below the poverty line has steadily increased every year since 1959. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 118 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.7. According to the Census Bureau, 77 percent of custodial parents received child support in 2005. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 119 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.8. Since 1959, the poverty rate for the elderly has decreased consistently. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 117 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.9. More than one-half of the rural poor live in the Northeast. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 121 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.10. The minimum wage is adjusted annually to the cost of living. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 125 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false

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Essay Questions 3.0.1. What is the difference between absolute and relative poverty? Which is given more focus in contemporary social welfare policy?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 113 Topic: Applied Answer : Absolute poverty refers to a base standard of what is necessary for survival. Anyone who falls below this line is considered poor. Relative poverty focuses on deprivation that is relative to the standard of living enjoyed by other members of society. Absolute poverty is more commonly considered in our society.

3.0.2. What type of society enables the culture of poverty to flourish?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 113 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The culture of poverty flourishes in the following types of societies: those in which a cash economy is based on wage labor and production for profit; those that have a high rate of underemployment and unemployment; those in which low wages are common; those that fail to provide social, political, and economic organization for low-income groups; and those that focus on the accumulation of wealth and property, upward mobility, thrift, and the idea that low economic status is a result of personal inadequacy.

3.0.3. Discuss three of the elements indicated in the culture of poverty. How do these contribute to a culture that perpetuates poverty?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 113-114 Topic: Applied Answer : These elements are discussed on pages 113-114 in the text. Commonsense links can be made as to how these elements contribute to the cycle of poverty and its culture.

3.0.4. Discuss how socialists view poverty as a necessity for capitalism.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 114-115 Topic: Applied Answer : Poverty provides capitalists with an army of surplus laborers who will depress the wages of similar workers, thereby driving down wages because of the abundance of job seekers.

3.0.5. What are some of the structural problems attributed to the poverty index.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 116-118 Topic: Factual Answer : The poverty index is plagued by a variety of structural issues: excluding in-kind benefits when counting family income, ignoring the cost of earning income when calculating net income (e.g., cost of transportation to and from work, cost of purchasing work attire), disregarding regional cost of living variations, ignoring the impact of tax payments for individuals, ignoring the effects of EITC, ignoring the value of health coverage in determining family income and ignoring medical costs, and not accounting for changing consumption patterns and expenses.

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3.0.6. What progress has been made since 1959 in reducing poverty?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 117 Topic: Applied Answer : Refer to Table 5.1 for the general numbers. However, answers will vary regarding the measures taken to reduce poverty.

3.0.7. How has poverty changed since 1980?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 117 Topic: Applied Answer : Answers will vary, but Table 5.1 references figures pertinent to this question. In addition, students should be able to point to a shift toward conservatism as a factor in the change regarding poverty.

3.0.8. What is meant by the term the working poor? Who comprises this group?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 121-122 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students may give several answers, but for standard purposes, the working poor are those individuals who spend at least 27 weeks in the labor force (working or looking for work) but whose family or personal incomes fall below the poverty line.

3.0.9. What are the three reasons given for the cause of poverty?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 113-115 Topic: Factual Answer : In-depth discussion of these reasons is provided on pages 113-115 of the text.

3.0.10. Why is the unemployment rate considered by many to be a misrepresentation?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 122 Topic: Conceptual Answer : This rate doesn't take into account people who are underemployed and "discouraged workers," people who simply give up and stop looking for employment, relying on other ways to support themselves.

3.0.11. Discuss the differences between the primary and secondary labor markets.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 124 Topic: Applied Answer : The primary labor market offers jobs that possess high wages, good working conditions, employment stability and job security, equity and due process in the administration of work rules, and opportunities for advancement. Jobs in the secondary labor market tend to involve low wages, poor working conditions, considerable variability in employment, harsh and often arbitrary discipline, and little opportunity for advancement.

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3.0.12. How does poverty vary (by age, sex, education, employment, and so forth)?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 113-141 Topic: Applied Answer : This question references facts and figures found throughout the chapter. Answers will vary.

3.0.13. How are individual development accounts (IDAs) designed to affect poverty?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 127-128 Topic: Factual Answer : IDAs are part of an asset-building strategy designed to enable asset-poor individuals to accumulate assets by setting up savings accounts matched by public and private resources.

Those assets are then used for home purchases, business capitalization, and postsecondary education.

3.0.14. Discuss the three basic strategies for combating poverty.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 128 Topic: Applied Answer : (1) The curative approach helps the poor to become self-supporting through changes in their personal lives and environment. (2) In the alleviative approach, public assistance programs seek to ease the suffering of the poor rather than remove the causes of poverty. (3) The preventative approach requires people to use social insurance against accidents, sickness, death, old age, unemployment, and disability.

3.0.15. Discuss at least three mechanisms of credit in the fringe economy.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 132-139 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Pages 132-139 in the text discuss the different exploitations of the poor through the fringe economy.

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Chapter Six: The Voluntary Sector Today Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. Which of the following agencies is in the voluntary sector? a. a for-profit child care facility b. a Veterans Administration facility c. the American Red Cross d. none of the above Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 154 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.the American Red Cross 1.0.2. A purchase-of-service agreement a. is an agreement between two government entities. b. is funding from the government to a voluntary sector agency. c. usually increases costs for the government. d. was outlawed by Title XX. Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 164 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.is funding from the government to a voluntary sector agency.

1.0.3. Faith-based human service organizations a. increased the use of moral concepts to assist the needy. b. were outlawed by the Supreme Court in 2002. c. have shown superior results when compared to nonsectarian organizations. d. cannot dismiss employees who disagree with their religious principles.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 164-165 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.increased the use of moral concepts to assist the needy.

1.0.4. The Community Development Financial Institutions Act a. allowed for enterprise zones to assist businesses in poor areas. b. enabled the working poor to further their food stamp benefits. c. designated a revolving loan fund for economic development in low-income communities. d. was signed into law by President George W. Bush.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 166 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.designated a revolving loan fund for economic development in low-income communities.

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1.0.5. The United Way obtains its revenues from a. employees. b. small businesses. c. corporations. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 161 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.all of the above.

1.0.6. Marginal interest groups a. get results only when working within lawful guidelines. b. have never improved their positions through voter registration. c. have been coopted by government agencies. d. have difficulty influencing welfare bureaucrats.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 152-153 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.have difficulty influencing welfare bureaucrats.

1.0.7. The term compassionate conservatism is associated with a. John McCain. b. faith-based social services. c. the Democratic Party. d. the New Deal.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 148 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.faith-based social services.

1.0.8. David Stoesz has posited that ________ groups can be identified within American social welfare. a. five b. four c. three d. two Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 149 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.four 1.0.9. The influence of ________ grew as a result of the Social Security Act of 1935. a. clinical entrepreneurs b. for-profit agencies c. welfare bureaucrats d. traditional providers Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 149 Topic: Applied Answer : c.welfare bureaucrats

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1.0.10. What 1930's event discouraged a unilinear evolution between the federal welfare bureaucrats and traditional providers? a. prohibition of federal welfare funds being given to private agencies b. discord among the public and private sector c. election of President Hoover d. all of the above Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 149-150 Topic: Applied Answer : a.prohibition of federal welfare funds being given to private agencies 1.0.11. According to the National Association of Social Workers in the early nineties, approximately ________ percent of their members were in private practice. a. 50 b. 31 c. 21 d. 11 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 151 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.11 1.0.12. The National Association of Social Workers did not officially sanction privately practicing social workers until a. 1983. b. 1975. c. 1964. d. 1991.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 150 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.1964.

1.0.13. What do the authors point to as being the reason that clinical entrepreneurs are not better positioned to lobby for social welfare interests? a. private interests superseding philanthropic desires b. exclusivity of clientele serviced by private practitioners c. incursion of managed care d. therapist disinterest Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 151 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.incursion of managed care

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1.0.14. Purchasing social services from private providers was allowed under which amendment to the Social Security Act? a. Title XIX b. Title XX c. Section 473 d. Title X Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 153 Topic: Factual Answer : b.Title XX 1.0.15. Which of the following programs did NOT originate in the voluntary sector? a. TANF b. Job Corps c. food stamps d. Medicaid Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 158 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.TANF 1.0.16. Maintaining a local symphony through the use of the tax code is an example of what type of philanthropy? a. cerebral b. bourgeois c. elite d. discounted Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 162 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.elite 1.0.17. Faced with declining revenues, some voluntary sector agencies have experimented with a. bourgeois. b. purchase of service contracts. c. commercialization. d. compassionate conservatism.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 163 Topic: Applied Answer : c.commercialization.

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1.0.18. Ben & Jerry's ice cream company and Working Assets Long Distance (WALD) represent a new trend in the nonprofit sector called a. commercialism. b. privatization. c. social entrepreneurship. d. compassionate conservatism.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 165 Topic: Applied Answer : c.social entrepreneurship.

1.0.19. Which of the following federal agencies granted the highest percentage of their monies to faithbased organizations? a. Health and Human Services (HHS) b. Labor c. Housing and Urban Development (HUD) d. Justice Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 162 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.Housing and Urban Development (HUD) 1.0.20. The September 11 Victims Compensation Fund dispensed $ ________ to ________ families. a. 238 million; 5,000 b. 2 billion; 1,591 c. 7 billion; 5,000 d. 10 billion; 10,000 Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 154 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.7 billion; 5,000 True/False Questions 2.0.1. The primary reason for renewed interest in the voluntary sector was the congressional Republicans' promise in 1994 to reform welfare. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 154 Topic: Conceptual Answer : a.true 2.0.2. The influence of welfare bureaucrats shrank as a result of the Social Security Act of 1935. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 149 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false .

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2.0.3. The Generosity Index suggests that a state's charity is inversely related to its wealth. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 152 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.4. The Democratic Party embraced the voluntary sector as a means to address social problems while limiting governmental spending on these problems. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 153 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.5. Title XX allowed for the "purchase of services" from private providers. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 153 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.6. The most generous Americans giving to charity earn under $50,000. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 162 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.7. Total charitable giving in 2005 accounted for approximately 15 percent of the nation's GDP. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 154 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.8. The value of the four George W. Bush tax cuts is estimated to total $1.9 billion over ten years. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 157-158 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false

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2.0.9. The Charitable Giving Act of 2003 received wide acceptance from foundations and thus passed without question in the 2004 legislative session. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 162 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.10. After September 11, 2001, the public's soured attitude toward charitable giving, due to the United Way incident, improved greatly. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 154 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false Essay Questions 3.0.1. Discuss the four structural interests in the U.S. social welfare system.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 149-151 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The four structural interests within the social welfare system are traditional providers, welfare bureaucrats, clinical entrepreneurs, and human service executives. Discussion of these four entities can be found in the text on pages 149-151.

3.0.2. What difference do you see as being most significant between the ideology of human service executives and clinical entrepreneurs?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 150-151 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The primary difference is that human service executives are salaried employees of institutions and firms. For the most part, they have less autonomy but more job security than clinical entrepreneurs.

3.0.3. How have members of marginalized groups secured positions within welfare bureaucracies?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 153 Topic: Applied Answer : The text points to the assistance of affirmative action, although students' opinions and, thus, answers will vary.

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3.0.4. What did the 1994 Congress establish with its "Contract with America"?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 154 Topic: Factual Answer : Congress established arguments for the overhaul of the welfare system: Government had induced dependency on public assistance, and welfare programs largely benefited the welfare professionals who worked in them--all of this diminishing the influence of community institutions.

3.0.5. How has Title XX affected the governmental welfare state?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 153 Topic: Applied Answer : Title XX allowed for the purchase of contract services from private providers. This meant that the government could avoid the costs and responsibilities of administering programs directly. The human services industry has become primarily a for-profit institution as a result.

3.0.6. Discuss the effects of September 11, 2001, on charitable giving overall.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 154 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Because September 11, 2001, adversely affected the economy, it dampened philanthropic activity. Between 2001 and 2002, charitable contributions fell approximately 1.2 percent. Despite $2.6 billion raised for victims of 9/11, subsequent mismanagement of nonprofit organizations reduced charitable giving overall.

3.0.7. What do analysts note as being the reasons for decreases in charitable giving during Reagan's presidency, a time when the voluntary sector was heavily depended upon?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 157 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Analysts cite a severe recession, reductions in government assistance, and adverse changes in tax law.

3.0.8. How has the voluntary sector been important to U.S. social welfare.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 158 Topic: Applied Answer : It has been the source of efforts to advance the rights of disenfranchised populations with regard to matters of social justice.

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3.0.9. John Gardner asserts that the voluntary sector is responsible for "virtually every far-reaching social change in our history." Name at least three of these social changes and discuss their implications for the advancement of social justice.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 158 Topic: Applied Answer : Gardner's examples are "the abolition of slavery, the reforms of populism, child labor laws, the vote for women, civil rights, and so on." However, students may be able to come up with more contemporary issues as well.

3.0.10. What is the most commonly cited reason for a notable decrease in the United Way's funding?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 159-160 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Financial indiscretions, including inappropriate use of funds and personal use of funds by the organization's leader are commonly cited as the reason for a drop in United Way's funding.

3.0.11. What was the Charitable Giving Act of 2003, and why was it undesirable to foundations?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 162 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The Charitable Giving Act of 2003 required foundations to give 5 percent of their endowments annually to charities, excluding administrative expenses. Current law allows foundations to include administrative expenses in this 5 percent. This act was expected to increase gifts by $4.3 billion; however, foundations fought the act and it died in the House Ways and Means Committee.

3.0.12. To what does the term elite philanthropy refer?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 161-162 Topic: Factual Answer : This concept refers to the large amounts of money given by foundations, which totaled $43 billion in 2007, as opposed to "bourgeois philanthropy," which is in reference to the gifts of individuals.

3.0.13. What reason is cited for the large disparity in salary between nonprofit executives and their "field" workers?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 162 Topic: Factual Answer : Nonprofit executives are expected to socialize with for-profit executives and business heads in order to acquire funding for their organizations. To do this and do it well, salaries must be inordinately large to accommodate social obligations of entertainment, memberships, and the like.

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3.0.14. What is commercialization, and how does it serve nonprofits?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 163-164 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Discussion of this topic is found on pages 163-164 in the text.

3.0.15. Describe the Mueller Macaroni Company scandal. What happened as a result of this scandal?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 163 Topic: Applied Answer : New York University Law School alumni bought the company and ran it as a fundraising entity for the law school. However, competitors soon realized that its nonprofit status might allow it to avoid taxation and cut prices, thereby resulting in a monopoly of sorts. As a result of this controversy, the tax code was changed, making income from commercial activities not related to the service function of a nonprofit organization taxable.

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Chapter Seven: Privatization and Human Service Corporations Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. Privatization of social welfare is a. the private provision of public services. b. the public provision of private services. c. not legal in the United States. d. generally supported by liberals.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 174 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.the private provision of public services.

1.0.2. Privatization may include a. contracting with private firms to provide goods and services previously offered by the government. b. selling government assets. c. using vouchers. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 174-175 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.all of the above.

1.0.3. The business community has influenced social welfare in many ways, including all but which of the following? a. changing social policies in human services b. providing benefits to employees c. contributing to the public good d. providing grants through company-sponsored foundations Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 184-185 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.providing grants through company-sponsored foundations 1.0.4. John Donahue contends that the United States would save how much if one-quarter of welfare services were privatized? a. $30 billion b. $500 million c. $10 billion d. Donahue actually asserts that government expenses would rise.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 175 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.$30 billion

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1.0.5. Amidei's "Decency Principles" relate to a. guidelines for public speech on television. b. an adequate living wage for all employees. c. ideal standards for corporations doing business in the United States. d. ideal business practices in developing countries.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 192-193 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.ideal standards for corporations doing business in the United States.

1.0.6. Privatization of social welfare began to grow in the a. 1980s. b. 1930s. c. 1960s. d. 1950s.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 174 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.1980s.

1.0.7. The 1996 Welfare Reform Act allowed states to contract with for-profit firms to a. provide social services. b. determine benefits. c. determine eligibility. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 176 Topic: Conceptual Answer : d.all of the above.

1.0.8. The American Enterprise Institute was created to a. promote a conservative political agenda. b. continue the traditions of the New Deal. c. support the public sector in social policy formulation. d. keep a liberal majority on the Supreme Court.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 191-192 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.promote a conservative political agenda.

1.0.9. The term welfare capitalism relates to a. corporations taking over public assistance responsibilities. b. industry attending to the social needs of its workers. c. increases in the welfare grant every five years. d. none of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 186 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.industry attending to the social needs of its workers.

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1.0.10. The term grandfathering relates to a. the practice of adding sessions to managed care treatment plans. b. pregnant teen welfare recipients asking parents to manage their grants. c. social workers obtaining licenses to practice without meeting all technical licensing requirements. d. Rockefeller philanthrophy of the 1920s.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 204 Topic: Comprehension Answer : c.social workers obtaining licenses to practice without meeting all technical licensing requirements.

1.0.11. The authors report that the approximate dollar value of government expenditures for social welfare programs is a. $500 billion. b. $200 billion. c. $900 billion. d. $1.1 trillion Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 194 Topic: Comprehension Answer : d.$1.1 trillion 1.0.12. The term exceptionalism relates to a. the need for each case to be judged individually. b. the desire for union workers to receive higher wages. c. social workers' tasks being more important than those in other professions. d. special provisions in the Welfare Reform Act. Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 184 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.social workers' tasks being more important than those in other professions.

1.0.13. Overdiagnosis is a. used by policy makers who overanalyze a social problem. b. used to increase the probability of insurance reinbursement for clients. c. used only with the severely mentally ill. d. not a by-product of managed care pollicies.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 206 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.used to increase the probability of insurance reinbursement for clients.

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1.0.14. The Medicare reforms of 2003 a. were later vetoed by Congress. b. were not used by President Bush to promote his reelection. c. reduced the costs of Medicare to the government. d. increased the use of the private sector in health care.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 177 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.increased the use of the private sector in health care.

1.0.15. Opponents of privatization believe that a. corporations may reduce personnel costs by cutting staff. b. it could encourage corporations to use technology to save money. c. corporations in certain markets can shape social policy. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 176 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.all of the above.

1.0.16. Which of the following is not a prominent conservative think tank? a. Brookings Institution b. American Enterprise Institute c. Heritage Foundation d. Cato Institute Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 190-191 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.Brookings Institution 1.0.17. Nancy Amidei includes which of the following as responsible business practices? a. equitable wages b. employee rights c. environmental responsibility d. all of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 192-193 Topic: Comprehension Answer : d.all of the above 1.0.18. There were ________ human services corporations with revenues above $10 million in 2003. a. 241 b. 268 c. 191 d. 121 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 195 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.241 .

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1.0.19. What percent of the nursing homes in the United States are proprietary? a. 70 b. 20 c. 50 d. 90 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 196 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.70 1.0.20. Which of the following is not a child care proprietary firm? a. Kids R Us b. KinderCare c. Children's Discovery Centers of America d. Rocking Horse Child Care Center of America Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 199-200 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.Kids R Us True/False Questions 2.0.1. Welfare capitalism was a popular idea among business leaders before World War I. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 186 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.2. Proponents of privatization argue that it will lead to cost-effectiveness. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 178-179 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.3. The standardization of services is an important method for lowering organizational costs. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 179 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true

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2.0.4. Standardization refers to a means of lowering costs of goods and services. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 179-180 Topic: Conceptual Answer : a.true 2.0.5. There is clear and convincing evidence that privatization leads to greater cost-effectiveness. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 178-179 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.6. Oligopolization refers to control of markets by a large number of private corporations. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 180 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.7. Public social welfare expenditures grew more rapidly than private social welfare expenditures from 1980 to 1994. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 188 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.8. Manor Care is the largest health care provider of nursing homes in the United States. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 196 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.9. Kaiser Permanente is one of the largest for-profit HMOs in the United States. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 198 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false .

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2.0.10. Most analysts expect proprietary correctional facilities to continue to grow. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 201 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true Essay Questions 3.0.1. What contributions have business leaders made to U.S. social welfare?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 174 Topic: Applied Answer : Historically, business leaders have contributed to U.S. social welfare by envisaging utopian work environments; providing benefits to employees; fashioning governmental welfare policies; assessing the broader implications of their activities, thereby becoming more socially responsible; influencing the political process and subsidizing policy institutes; and shaping social welfare policy.

3.0.2. To what does the term privatization refer?

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 174 Topic: Conceptual Answer : This term addresses the idea that private is more efficient than public and that private firms should therefore be responsible for providing health and human services. More detail is given on page 174 of the text.

3.0.3. What are the three techniques for privatization of services as identified by the President's Commission on Privatization.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 174-175 Topic: Applied Answer : The three techniques are (1) selling government assets, (2) contracting with private firms to provide goods and services previously offered by the government, and (3) using vouchers to compensate private providers for the goods and services they have provided.

3.0.4. What does David Osborne (in Reinventing Government) suggest for the integration of the public and private sectors? What is your opinion regarding the feasibility of this suggestion?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 175 Topic: Applied Answer : Osborne suggests that the government should establish the objectives of public policy, assigning the execution to the private sector. Students' answers will vary to the second question.

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3.0.5. Discuss at least two advantages of privatization that proponents cite.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 176-177 Topic: Applied Answer : Students may discuss the two privatization options: Advocates of voluntarization cite its historical contribution to the national culture, the agencies' rootedness in the community, and the altruistic motives behind its programs. Proponents of corporatization argue that corporations offer more cost-effective administration, are more responsive to consumer demands, and pay taxes.

3.0.6. Discuss at least two of the concerns associated with the privatization of welfare services.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 176 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Opponents argue that if a corporation's profits are linked to reducing welfare rolls, the incentive to deny aid will be significant. In addition, corporations are apt to reduce personnel costs and encourage the use of technology, as opposed to humans, to save money. The inherent probability of private corporations pulling out of service contracts would leave the federal government with quite a burden, and corporations with a strong market presence have a proclivity to shape public policy, which may or may not be in the best interest of beneficiaries.

3.0.7. To what does the concept of preferential selection refer? What are the pros and cons?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 177-178 Topic: Applied Answer : Preferential selection is the practice of choosing clients according to criteria of organizational performance, not client need. Entities that do not practice preferential selection end up serving a disproportionate number of clients with serious problems and less ability to pay for those problems. On the other hand, providers that select clients who have less serious problems and who can cover the cost of care claim surpluses.

3.0.8. Explain the concept of corporatization.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 177 Topic: Applied Answer : This concept denotes the dependence on the corporate sector to provide welfare.

3.0.9. Why is the standardization of care within an industry that is dominated by for-profit firms equated with socialism?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 179-180 Topic: Conceptual Answer : There are several social consequences of standardized care, one of which is the fact that with everyone being treated the same, a one-class social system is created, indicative of socialist treatment.

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3.0.10. Why does the prospect of extensive proprietary involvement in life care trouble some analysts?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 180 Topic: Applied Answer : There is a fear that well-funded proprietary interests will "drain off the more financially able segment" of the older population, which will widen the gap between the "haves" and the "have-nots."

3.0.11. What are the implications of the oligopolization of human services?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 180-181 Topic: Applied Answer : The control of the market by only a few providers means that competitors seek to monopolize the market by purchasing their competitors. Doing so gives the most powerful and wealthy entities a greater advantage at shaping public policy in their areas of interest or with regard to the services they provide.

3.0.12. How is standardization important to the idea of lowering organizational costs?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 179 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The logic of the market dictates that the goal of production is to process the largest number of people at the lowest possible cost, meaning that standardizing care is an important method for lowering organizational expenses.

3.0.13. Why is privatization considered a retreat from a century of hard-won gains in social programs?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 181 Topic: Conceptual Answer : "A large-scale shift of public services to private providers would contribute to further isolating the least advantaged, since private firms have strong incentives to skim off the best clients and most profitable services. . . ." This means that the poorest and sickest clients would be relegated to a less attractive, poorer public sector.

3.0.14. Discuss the impact of unions in privatization.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 182-184 Topic: Conceptual Answer : An in-depth discussion of these impacts can be found on pages 182-184 of the text.

3.0.15. How has the privatization of the correctional industry affected that conglomerate cost?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 201 Topic: Conceptual Answer : In-depth discussion of privatization in the corrections industry is found on page 201 of the text.

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Chapter Eight: The Making of Governmental Policy Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. Which of the following is the only U.S. state to have a unicameral legislature? a. Texas b. Wyoming c. California d. Nebraska Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 217 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.Nebraska 1.0.2. Political practice refers to a. legislators passing bills. b. social workers being involved in the policy arena. c. social workers advocating for their clients. d. managed care promoting its own legislation.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 238-239 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.social workers being involved in the policy arena.

1.0.3. By 2008, the number of social workers elected to federal office was a. 6. b. 10. c. 17. d. 22.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 239 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.6.

1.0.4. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities a. operates only at the state level. b. was developed to advance New Deal legislation. c. was created to offset conservative policy ideas. d. was created as a conservative policy think tank.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 238 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.was created to offset conservative policy ideas.

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1.0.5. The term bureaucratic disentitlement refers to a. welfare professionals keeping demand for services within manageable proportions. b. welfare recipients receiving low living wage benefits. c. the difficulty in passing social policy legislation. d. the tendency for union workers to receive low wages.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 234 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.welfare professionals keeping demand for services within manageable proportions.

1.0.6. Program evaluation a. is an objective way to see if a program is working. b. has never been found to be reliable or valid. c. is always funded as part of a grant application. d. can be used by advocates in a partisan way.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 232 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.can be used by advocates in a partisan way.

1.0.7. Of the bills presented in Congress, approximately ________ percent are reported out of committee and ________ percent become law. a. 25; 20 b. 60; 30 c. 10; 5 d. 8; 1 Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 218 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.10; 5 1.0.8. What piece of legislation requires California lawmakers to have a two-thirds majority in order to raise property taxes and establish that state's fiscal budget? a. Proposition 11 b. California Balanced Budget Amendment c. Proposition 13 d. Article 15 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 219 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.Proposition 13

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1.0.9. An elitist orientation asserts that a. individuals represent a "power structure" control policy to maintain a status quo that advantages them, excluding marginal groups. b. social policy in a mixed democratic polity is the result of trade-offs among different groups, all having an equal opportunity to participate. c. bit-by-bit additions to the public social infrastructure produce important questions about social policy. d. "best practice" evaluations determine to what extent policy changes bring about intended outcomes.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 220 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.individuals represent a "power structure" control policy to maintain a status quo that advantages them, excluding marginal groups.

1.0.10. Pluralist orientations assume that a. individuals represent a "power structure" control social policy to maintain a status quo that advantages them, excluding marginal groups. b. the continued recertification and funding by public decision makers is a sign of an effective and successful program. c. social policy in a mixed democratic polity is the result of trade-offs among different groups, all having an equal opportunity to participate. d. "best practice" evaluations determine to what extent policy changes bring about intended outcomes.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 220 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.social policy in a mixed democratic polity is the result of trade-offs among different groups, all having an equal opportunity to participate.

1.0.11. Incrementalists suggest that a. the continued recertification and funding by public decision makers is a sign of an effective and successful program. b. individuals represent a "power structure" control social policy to maintain a status quo that advantages them, excluding marginal groups. c. "best practice" evaluations determine to what extent policy changes bring about intended outcomes. d. bit-by-bit additions to the public social infrastructure produce important questions about social policy.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 220 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.bit-by-bit additions to the public social infrastructure produce important questions about social policy.

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1.0.12. Rationalists assert that a. individuals represent a "power structure" control social policy to maintain a status quo that advantages them, excluding marginal groups. b. social policy in a mixed democratic polity is the result of trade-offs among different groups, all having an equal opportunity to participate. c. bit-by-bit additions to the public social infrastructure produce important questions about social policy. d. "best practice" evaluations determine to what extent policy changes bring about intended outcomes.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 220 Topic: Analysis Answer : d."best practice" evaluations determine to what extent policy changes bring about intended outcomes.

1.0.13. The conflict perspective relies on the premise that a. all groups compete for resources. b. social policy in a mixed democratic polity is the result of trade-offs among different groups, all having an equal opportunity to participate. c. bit-by-bit additions to the public social infrastructure produce important questions about social policy. d. the continued recertification and funding by public decision makers is a sign of an effective and successful program.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 220 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.all groups compete for resources.

1.0.14. Which of the following social philosphers' ideologies is best typified by this statement: "Bureaucracy is a necessary evil for work to be done?" a. Plato b. Karl Marx c. Alvin Toffler d. Max Weber Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 220-221 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.Max Weber 1.0.15. Which of the following is NOT a central aspect regarding government decision making? a. b. c. d.

the degree of change in policy represented by a decision the rationality of the decision how the upper and middle class populations benefit the extent to which the disadvantaged benefit

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 221 Topic: Conceptual Answer : c.how the upper and middle class populations benefit

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1.0.16. Which of the following regarding bureaucratic rationality is NOT a true statement? a. Civil servants are not able to deploy programs in an equitable and nonpartisan manner. b. It is central to governmental policy and hence to the maintenance of the welfare state. c. Civil servants can objectively define social problems. d. It takes its authority from power vested in the state.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 221 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.Civil servants are not able to deploy programs in an equitable and nonpartisan manner.

1.0.17. The 1996 welfare reform legislation a. exempted 20 percent of AFDC/TANF caseloads from time limits. b. set up special fund accounts for people 65 years and older, similar to Social Security. c. required recipients to work at least 35 hours per week. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 222 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.exempted 20 percent of AFDC/TANF caseloads from time limits.

1.0.18. Placement of individuals in their social stratification class is usually made on the basis of a. income. b. education. c. occupational status. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 222 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.all of the above.

1.0.19. Which of the following is the most accurate representation of the number of staff members who serve congressional members? a. 24,000 b. 5,000 c. 12,000 d. none of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 225 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.24,000 1.0.20. At the federal level, the primary committee dealing with social welfare is the a. Senate Finance Committee. b. House Ways and Means Committee. c. House Appropriations Committee. d. all of the above.

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Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 225-226 Topic: Synthesis Answer : d.all of the above.

True/False Questions 2.0.1. As in the upper levels of the judiciary, members in municipal courts also hold their posts for life. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 217 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.2. The process of creating legislation is a difficult one and usually ends unsuccessfully. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 217 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.3. Working class and underclass citizens have little representation in the formulation stage of the legislative process. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 222-224 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.4. In the federal government, all proposals related to taxation must originate in the U.S. Senate. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 218 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.5. The liberal evolutionary perspective emphasizes the differences between organized groups that compete for social resources, and social policy and resultant programs are the products of intense rivalry among various classes and groups. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 220 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false

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2.0.6. Most social policy changes consist of relatively minor technical adjustments in program administration and budgeting. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 221 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.7. Market rationality refers to the ordering of social affairs by governmental agencies. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 221 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.8. Only about 10 percent of Americans get their health and welfare needs met through employerprovided benefits. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 221 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.9. The 1996 welfare reform legislation ended the 60-year entitlement to income for poor families on the basis of evaluations of state welfare demonstrations allegedly showing that states could provide public assistance better if the federal government were not involved. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 222 Topic: Conceptual Answer : a.true 2.0.10. In today's society, policy formulation begins with the legislative phase. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 223-224 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false

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Essay Questions 3.0.1. Discuss how an idea becomes legislation. In your opinion what is the most important phase of the process?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 217-240 Topic: Applied Answer : The answer to the first question essentially "sums up" the entire chapter. Ensure that students have a firm grasp on and are able to articulate the fact that the process is long and arduous and often unsuccessful. Answers to the second question will vary.

3.0.2. Select one social philosopher identified in the chapter and discuss his or her ideology regarding the policy process and the existence of power.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 219-222 Topic: Conceptual Answer : From Plato to Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, and Weber, to name a few, students will have a variety of answers. For reference, see pages 219-222.

3.0.3. Identify and discuss the five schools of thought regarding social organization and policy.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 220 Topic: Factual Answer : Students should identify elitist, pluralist, incrementalist, rationalist, and social activist as the five schools of thought. For elaboration on what each tenets assert, see page 220.

3.0.4. List and give a brief description of the liberal and conservative orientations regarding the nature of social policy.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 220 Topic: Factual Answer : Students should discuss "liberal" and "conservative" as obvious answers. See page 220 for further explanation.

3.0.5. Discuss the two social planning methods with regard to their ability to anticipate future problems and deal with current problems.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 221 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Technomethodological planning emphasizes databases and sophisticated social research methods. These methods work best with programs that can be quantified and routinized.

Sociopolitical planning approaches are more interactive, involving groups that are likely to be affected by a program.

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3.0.6. Discuss the four stages of the policy process.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 222-235 Topic: Applied Answer : Students should expound on the following stages: formulation, legislation, implementation, and evaluation.

3.0.7. Explain why poor and minority populations currently are not well represented by PACs and lobbyists.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 218 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students will have a variety of opinions on this matter, but their answers should include the fact that these groups do not have the financial support necessary to retain lobbyists, relying primarily on volunteers.

3.0.8. When a policy is enacted, does this ensure implementation? Why or why not?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 230-231 Topic: Applied Answer : No. Ensure that students discuss continuing barriers to policy implementation, including the failure to provide for adequate authority, personnel, or funding to accomplish a policy's stated purpose.

3.0.9. What federal agencies exist primarily to evaluate programs? Describe how these entities operate.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 231-232 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students should list the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), and the Congressional Research Service (CRS). Their operation is discussed on pages 231-232.

3.0.10. In program evaluation, it is important that researchers maintain and proceed with as little bias as possible. Based on the text, what are some problems with that statement?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 231 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The text addresses the fact that researchers often hire evaluators who are former government officials, capitalizing on their connections to secure lucrative research contracts.

3.0.11. Why is the measure of unemployment often viewed as inaccurate?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 232 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Answers will vary, but students should include the fact that underemployed and discouraged workers as well as part-time workers are not included in the cited statistics, making the numbers much lower than they really are.

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3.0.12. Discuss the role of social workers in social reform movements during and since the Progressive era.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 235-237 Topic: Applied Answer : An in-depth discuss of social reform during the Progressive era is found on pages 235236. In a reversal of that era, since the sixties and early seventies, social work has less influence in the shaping and administering of social policy.

3.0.13. Discuss two of the attributes labeled "the nature of U.S. culture" in the text that make formulating social welfare policy a "complicated and arduous task."

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 236-237 Topic: Applied Answer : Students should be able to expound upon two of the following: competing interests of a pluralistic society, multiple systems of government that make social policy at the same time, public and private bureaucracies that serve large numbers of consumers, and economic and technological developments that lead to specialization.

3.0.14. Discuss what the authors mean when they write "Who controls the means of analysis?" regarding social welfare policy.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 237 Topic: Conceptual Answer : If social workers are to shape social policy as effectively as they did in the past, they must learn to control the means of analysis. This means conducting research on social problems, surveying public opinion, analyzing existing social policy, and winning elected office.

3.0.15. Discuss the role of advocacy organizations and policy institutes in shaping public policy. Name three of these entities mentioned in the text.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 237-238 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students' selection of entities will vary, but each plays an important role in shaping social policy as it advocates, debates, and raises money for important causes such as children's welfare, budget priorities, and gender equity.

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Chapter Nine: Tax Policy and Income Distribution Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. An example of a targeted tax expenditure is a. refundable tax credits. b. direct social services. c. in-kind benefits. d. works programs.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 245 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.refundable tax credits.

1.0.2. What piece of legislation effectively created what we now know as the "welfare state"? a. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act b. Equal Pay Act of 1963 c. Social Security Act of 1935 d. Fair Employment Practices Committee of 1935 Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 245 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.Social Security Act of 1935 1.0.3. An example of corporate welfare is a. a drillling ban for ExxonMobil. b. increased taxes for farmers. c. tax benefits for the auto industry. d. none of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 245 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.tax benefits for the auto industry.

1.0.4. The cap on Social Security payroll taxes means that a. b. c. d.

your benefits can never be increased. individuals are not taxed beyond a certain income in a given calendar year. under age 65, you cannot collect Social Security. payroll taxes will never increase for everyone.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 246 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.individuals are not taxed beyond a certain income in a given calendar year.

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1.0.5. The term negative liberty refers to a. the ability of citizens to act in their own interests. b. the development of social programs run by the state. c. recent Supreme Court decisions taking away the rights of welfare recipients. d. the reduction in federal income taxes to benefit the rich.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 256 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.the ability of citizens to act in their own interests.

1.0.6. Large federal deficits a. generally increase the opportunity for new social programs. b. generally decrease the availability of monies for new social programs. c. have no effect on programs for the poor. d. increase the tax base, providing new monies for programs.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 248 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.generally decrease the availability of monies for new social programs.

1.0.7. The EITC is supported by conservatives because a. it forces people off welfare. b. the grant to states never increases. c. to receive the benefit, you must work. d. it takes the place of the progressive income tax.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 249 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.to receive the benefit, you must work.

1.0.8. To what does "showdown at Gucci gulch" refer? a. President Reagan's legislative assistants b. the professionals populating the lobbying firms on Washington's K Street c. Hillary Clinton in the early debates of universal health care coverage d. lobbyists in support of Bush's PRWORA Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 246 Topic: Comprehension Answer : b.the professionals populating the lobbying firms on Washington's K Street 1.0.9. What constitutional amendment initiated the federal income tax? a. 19th b. 12th c. 14th d. 16th Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 246 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.16th

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1.0.10. The federal income tax is a. b. c. d.

progressive. regressive. inconsequential. retroactive.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 246 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.progressive.

1.0.11. The EITC is a. available to all taxpayers. b. an educational credit available to students. c. a refundable tax credit. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 246 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.a refundable tax credit.

1.0.12. A progressive income tax a. increasingly has bipartisan support. b. taxes the wealthy at a higher rate. c. allows the wealthy to have higher deductions. d. is being phased out as a result of the Bush Administration's 2004 tax plan.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 246 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.taxes the wealthy at a higher rate.

1.0.13. The social security income tax is a. progressive. b. regressive. c. inconsequential. d. responsible for funding social welfare programs such as TANF and CHIP. Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 246 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.regressive.

1.0.14. What is the primary element of federal tax policy? a. income tax b. Social Security c. EITC d. all of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 246 Topic: Comprehension Answer : d.all of the above .

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1.0.15. In 2007, the fourth income quintile paid only ________ percent of the individual income tax revenue in the United States in comparison to the top quintile's ________ percent. a. 5; 85 b. 17; 73 c. 20; 80 d. Due to the Bush Administration's 2004 tax cuts, the top and fourth quintiles paid the same amount, which was increasingly lower than in the Clinton terms.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 247 Topic: Comprehension Answer : b.17; 73 1.0.16. In 2007, the highest income quintile claimed over ________ percent of income in the United States. a. 60 b. 74 c. 44 d. 34 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 246 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.60 1.0.17. In 2007, the lowest income quintile paid less than 5 percent of the nation's tax revenue in what category? a. Payroll Tax b. Individual Income Tax c. Estate Tax d. all of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 247 Topic: Comprehension Answer : d.all of the above 1.0.18. In what year did the generation known as the baby boomers begin collecting Social Security benefits? a. 1994 b. 2000 c. 2008 d. 2006 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 248 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.2008

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1.0.19. What is the estimated number of poor Americans (in millions) if no safety net programs were available for the elderly, children under 18, and persons in unmarried households? a. 60 b. 20 c. 74 d. 100 Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 254 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.20 1.0.20. What type of safety net program removes the greatest number of Americans from poverty? a. in-kind benefits b. means-tested cash c. social insurance d. works programs Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 254 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.social insurance True/False Questions 2.0.1. Tax policy is of inconsequential interest to advocates of social justice. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 245 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.2. The Bush presidency showed a marked change in tax policy, increasing economic inequality. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 250 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.3. Moxt taxpayers now pay more in income tax than they do for Social Security withholding. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 246 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false

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2.0.4. Economic policy has little influence on social programming. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 245 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.5. By 1983, the annual deficit was about 6 percent of gross national product. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 247 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.6. As a primary response to the national debt, legislators in the early 1990s capped spending on international priorities. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 247 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.7. The Clinton social investment plan was projected to produce a budget surplus of $25 million over 10 years. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 248 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.8. Republican control of Congress in 2000 put tax policy as one of its primary concerns. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 248 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true

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2.0.9. The Social Security program is not capable of sustaining the baby boomers throughout their lifetime. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 248 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.10. The largest tax credits available for low-income taxpayers in 2003 would give a worker with two children a refund of about $4,200. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 246 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true Essay Questions 3.0.1. "Tax, tax; spend, spend; elect, elect!" What is meant by that statement by Harry Hopkins?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 245 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students' answers should include the fact that this methodology was espoused by liberals to provide social services to all citizens. The wealthy were taxed at higher rates, revenues were diverted to social programs, and beneficiaries of social programs showed their appreciation by voting Democratic.

3.0.2. Discuss the three tax policies central to U.S. social policy.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 246 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students should expound on the following three tax policies: the federal income tax, the Social Security withholding tax, and the earned income tax credit.

3.0.3. Describe Arthur Laffer's "optimal economic policy."

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 247 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Laffer subscribed to the belief that minimal taxation would keep capital formation and expansion from being halted. This was a very "Reaganomics" ideology.

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3.0.4. Does tax policy currently benefit special interest groups? Why or why not?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 248-249 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Special interest groups, namely corporations, are often able to "bend" the tax code to their benefit, including diverting funds and avoiding heavy taxation with charitable donations.

Student answers will vary, but it is essential that they display knowledge of the fact that the powerful and wealthy benefit often under current U.S. tax code.

3.0.5. How does tax law affect the revenues of nonprofit organizations?

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 9.3-5 Page-Reference: 249 Topic: Applied Answer : Tax law allows taxpayers to deduct charitable contributions from taxable income.

Lower tax rates give taxpayers more discretionary income that could, in theory, be given to nonprofits.

3.0.6. What factors account for the low tax rate in the United States compared to other OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) nations?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 250-252 Topic: Applied Answer : An in-depth discussion of these variables can be found on pages 250-252.

3.0.7. Why are state income taxes important?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 252 Topic: Conceptual Answer : States hold major responsiblity for social welfare programs such as mental health, child welfare, and corrections. State tax policy also can establish an income floor for taxation or exempt low-income families from tax liability altogether.

3.0.8. According to the text, what makes the "biggest dent in poverty"?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 252 Topic: Factual Answer : The text purports, and many experts agree, that social insurance (i.e., compulsory contributions to Social Security and Medicare) has the biggest impact on reducing poverty for the elderly.

3.0.9. Discuss the benefits of the EDIC? Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 257-258 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Discussion can include the fact that the program encourages work, is easy to administer, and offers upward mobility to the poor. .

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3.0.10. Discuss at least three tax credits available to the poor. How do these affect direct income transfers?

Difficulty: 0 Page-Reference: 253 Topic: Factual Answer : The list of tax credits includes the EITC, child care, welfare-to-work, elder care, disabled care, and adoption expenses. As the number of tax credits has increased, tax credits have emerged as a contender to replace, at least partially, direct income transfers to aid the poor.

3.0.11. Discuss at least three policy issues raised by the replacement of welfare transfers with tax credits.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 254 Topic: Applied Answer : See page 254 for a complete listing and discussion of these issues.

3.0.12. In Guns, Germs, and Steel, Jared Diamond states: "These noble and selfish functions are inextricably linked, although some governments emphasize much more of one function than of the other. The difference between a kleptocrat and a wise statesman, between a robber baron and a public benefactor is merely one of degree: a matter of just how large a percentage of the the tribute extracted from producers is retained by the elite, and how much the commoners like the public uses to which the redistributed tribute is put." Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Why? Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 255 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students' opinions will vary. Students should exemplify a sound understanding of what this quotation means--that all societies try to balance the provision of essential services with measures aimed at thwarting the "kleptocrat inclinations" of those in power.

3.0.13. How does classic liberalism critique government taxation? Do you agree or disagree with this theory? Why? Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 256 Topic: Applied Answer : Students' answers as to whether they agree or disagree will vary, but they should show an understanding of the fact that classic liberalism emphasizes the freedom of individuals to act in their own best interests.

3.0.14. Is poverty "genetic"? Using ideology presented in Chapter 9 as well as your own opinions, formulate an answer.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 245-258 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Answers will vary, but students should discuss the fact that poverty is, oftentimes, cyclical.

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3.0.15. Who are "starving-the-beasters"?

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 246 Topic: Conceptual Answer : These are policymakers who believe that budget deficits will lead to spending cuts that will eventually reduce the government's role.

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Chapter Ten: Social Insurance Programs Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. OASDI programs cost $________ in 2007; public assistance programs cost $________. a. 978 million; 1 billion b. 250 billion; 906 billion c. 581 billion; 126 billion d. 125 billion; 25 billion Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 262 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.581 billion; 126 billion 1.0.2. Social Security and Medicare payroll taxes taken out of a worker's paycheck equals a. 15.3 percent. b. 12.4 percent. c. 6.2 percent. d. 7.65 percent.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 265 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.7.65 percent.

1.0.3. The problem with Social Security is that a. the federal government borrows from the Social Security trust fund. b. not enough workers are paying into the system. c. too many workers are retiring. d. all of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 273 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.all of the above 1.0.4. Medicare is funded by a. the Social Security trust fund. b. general tax dollars only. c. the Medicare trust fund only. d. the Medicare trust fund and general tax revenues.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 264 Topic: Comprehension Answer : c.the Medicare trust fund only.

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1.0.5. The Pension Protection Act of 2006 a. allowed workers to retire earlier than they normally would. b. was a boost to the Social Security trust fund. c. made it easier for businesses to fund their own pension plans. d. made it more difficult for businesses to fund defined benefit plans.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 275-276 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.made it more difficult for businesses to fund defined benefit plans.

1.0.6. Social Security a. has a worker's percentage of tax paid increase with income earned. b. is the largest tax paid by low-income workers. c. is not a regressive tax. d. has workers continue to pay into the system regardless of income earned.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 274 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.is the largest tax paid by low-income workers.

1.0.7. The federal government spent _____ percent of GDP on non-means-tested programs in 2001. a. 25 b. 16 c. 2 d. 8 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 263 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.8 1.0.8. In 2001, Social Security accounted for what percent of the GDP? a. less than 5 percent b. over 30 percent c. 25 percent d. 14 percent Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 263 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.less than 5 percent 1.0.9. The average monthly OASDI benefit in 2007 was a. $598. b. $962. c. $798. d. $1,408.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 262-263 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.$962.

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1.0.10. In 2001, social insurance programs accounted for ________ percent of the total federal budget. a. 6 b. 22 c. 11 d. 35 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 262 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.35 1.0.11. The poverty rate for the elderly if Social Security was not available would be a. 52 percent. b. 10 percent. c. 30 percent. d. 25 percent.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 265 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.52 percent.

1.0.12. In what year did the U.S. government begin its Federal Employees Retirement program? a. 1961 b. 1935 c. 1920 d. 1915 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 263 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.1920 1.0.13. In 2001, unemployment compensation accounted for what percent of the GDP? a. 20 b. 14 c. 5 d. 0.3 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 263 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.0.3 1.0.14. The 1935 Social Security Act assisted all EXCEPT which of the following populations? a. disabled adults b. dependent children c. the blind d. the elderly Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 263 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.disabled adults

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1.0.15. In what year was Medicare incorporated into law? a. 1965 b. 1935 c. 1929 d. 1949 Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 263-264 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.1965 1.0.16. By 1996, what percent of U.S. households depended on a monthly Social Security check? a. 5 b. 25 c. 35 d. 10 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 264 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.25 1.0.17. In 2007, the Social Security trust funds earned $________ in interest. a. 110 billion b. 100 million c. 13 billion d. 72 million Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 265 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.110 billion 1.0.18. Part-time workers are ________ percent less likely than full-time workers to collect unemployment insurance. a. 76 b. 59 c. 42 d. 88 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 267 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.59 1.0.19. The poverty rate among the elderly is currently a. 40 percent. b. 10 percent. c. 22 percent. d. 32 percent.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 270 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.10 percent. .

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1.0.20. Social Security benefits will begin to exceed tax collections in a. 2015. b. 2007. c. 2009. d. 2050.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 272 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.2015.

True/False Questions 2.0.1. Social insurance is financed through payroll or other taxes. a. true b. false Difficulty: 0 Page-Reference: 262 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.2. The major goal of social insurance is to help maintain income by replacing a portion of lost earnings. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 262 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.3. Social Security has taken on some of the characteristics of an income redistribution or public assistance program. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 262 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.4. Like Social Security, public assistance programs are subject to means tests. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 262 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false

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2.0.5. Most social insurance programs tend to be stigmatized as much as social welfare policies. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 262 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.6. The first old-age insurance program was introduced in Germany in 1889. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 263 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.7. Supplemental Security Income (SSI), like Social Security, is a "pay-as-you-go" program. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 264 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.8. Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) covers approximately 9 out of 10 workers. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 265 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.9. In spite of Social Security, the poverty rate for the elderly has increased. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 270 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.10. The current guidelines of the unemployment insurance (UI) program require employers and employees to contribute to a trust fund, activated only when an employee loses his or her job. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 266 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false

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Essay Questions 3.0.1. For what does the current Social Security Act provide?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 263 Topic: Factual Answer : As amended, the Social Security Act provides for OASDI; UI programs under joint federal and state partnership; federal assistance to aged, blind, and disabled persons; TANF; Medicare; and Medicaid.

3.0.2. Discuss the trust funds into which Social Security and Medicare are divided. Include the names and mechanisms of governance.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 264-265 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The funds and governance are discussed in detail on pages 264-265 of the chapter.

3.0.3. Give at least two reasons that Social Security is considered a "stellar example of a program that has worked."

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 265 Topic: Applied Answer : In 2006, Social Security served more than 54 million people and paid out about $585 billion in benefits, it provided at least half of the income for 65 percent of the aged population, 84 percent of women were fully insured, and women accounted for 56 percent of adult Social Security beneficiaries.

3.0.4. What do political conservatives dislike about Social Security?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 266 Topic: Conceptual Answer : They dislike the fact that it socializes a portion of the national income.

3.0.5. Describe how the unemployment benefits system operates. Who is eligible, and how long are they eligible?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 266-268 Topic: Factual Answer : In depth descriptions of UI benefits and eligibility requirements are described on pages 266-268 of the chapter.

3.0.6. Discuss five problems associated with unemployment insurance.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 267-268 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Nine problems are addressed with regard to the UI program. An in-depth discussion can be found on pages 267-268 of the chapter.

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3.0.7. What is one suggested reform for UI? Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 268 Topic: Applied Answer : An individual unemployment account is one option. It transfers the primary responsibility for UI from the employer to the employee. A worker would be allowed to set aside a portion of his or her earnings, and those funds would be available to the worker any time he or she was out of a job.

3.0.8. Is workers' compensation considered problematic in any way? Support and defend your answer.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 269 Topic: Applied Answer : Yes. (1) Benefit levels are established on the basis of state formulas and are usually calculated at a percentage of weekly earnings; as a result, these levels vary greatly from state to state. (2) The cost to employers for providing WC is rising rapidly. (3) There is great variablity in the way that state's handle and process claims. (4) There are often long delays between when an injury occurs and when benefits begin. (5) WC may not provide adequate coverage for the disabled.

3.0.9. What are the three major social insurance programs in the United States?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 269 Topic: Factual Answer : The programs are OASDI (Social Security), Unemployment Insurance, and Workers' Compensation.

3.0.10. How is Social Security exacerbating intergenerational tensions?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 270 Topic: Applied Answer : Many younger workers believe they are paying into a system that will not be able to support them when they retire, causing feelings of animosity toward those who are utilizing the system now. As poignantly stated by Ted Dimig in the Houston Chronicle, It "leaves us with a huge resentment over the idea that our elders might saddle us with the debt for their retirement . . . while shortchanging us on our own retirement."

3.0.11. What are the long-term prospects for Social Security?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 269-276 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Answers will vary, including that Social Security is projected to sustain itself and that the retirement period of baby boomers will exhaust an already overburdened system. However, students should include some of the prospects discussed in detail on pages 269-276.

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3.0.12. Give a basic overview of Bush's plan to remedy the Social Security problem.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 275 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The Bush plan would have restructured Social Security to allow workers under 55 to divert a portion of their Social Security payroll taxes into private investment accounts in exchange for lower guaranteed future benefits. Workers would invest this money in stocks and bonds, hoping to earn higher returns. The Bush plan operated under the assumption that because Social Security taxes belong to the worker, the worker should be able to do with them as he or she chooses.

3.0.13. What were the mechanics of the plan to partially privatize Social Security? What options were included in the plan?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 275 Topic: Applied Answer : Accounts would be modeled on the Thrift Savings Plan and allow employees to choose from five mutual funds. Funds could not be withdrawn prior to retirement. Cost considerations for this plan were estimated to be as high as $2 trillion over 10 years.

3.0.14. What were the perceived risks to Bush's plan?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 275 Topic: Conceptual Answer : As with any investment venture, there is a chance that investments will "go south" and the worker or investor will be left with nothing. Critics contend that limited privatization could lead to full privatization, eventually creating a purely voluntary system that would destroy Social Security.

3.0.15. What special problems do women face with unemployment?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 268 Topic: Applied Answer : Sixty-seven percent of part-time workers are women, and one-third of women work part time. Compared to men, women are more likely to be employed by temporary agencies, and those lower wages mean that women are less likely to meet minimum UI earnings requirements. Many women leave their jobs for voluntary reasons that are not considered "good cause" in many states. In other states, women are ineligible for UI benefits when, for example, she quits to escape a violent partner or to take care of a sick child. For those reasons, only 33 percent of unemployed women receive UI benefits compared to 37 percent of men.

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Chapter Eleven: Public Assistance Programs Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. A majority of federal dollars are spent on a. income security programs. b. debt interest. c. military defense. d. health care.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 292 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.military defense.

1.0.2. What do we mean when we say that TANF is now a disentitlement? a. The grants to states do not automatically go up each year. b. There is a time limit to receiving benefits. c. For most states, the amount of the block grant is frozen, except for certain adjustments. d. All of the above are true.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 286 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.All of the above are true.

1.0.3. The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 a. made it easier for states to comply with welfare reform. b. made it more difficult for states to comply with updated work requirements. c. reduced the penalities to states for noncompliance. d. made it more difficult for states to pay for Medicaid funding.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 289 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.made it more difficult for states to comply with updated work requirements.

1.0.4. A possible "moral hazard" of the welfare system is a. the idea that if you are poor, you deserve to be poor. b. the belief that the benefits available to recipients are not available to the working poor. c. that it is creating larger and larger deficits. d. none of the above.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 298-299 Topic: Answer : b.the belief that the benefits available to recipients are not available to the working poor.

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1.0.5. President Clinton stated he would "end welfare as we know it." This means that a. Medicaid is no longer an entitlement. b. welfare is still an entitlement program under certain conditions. c. welfare is no longer an entitlement program. d. the TANF program no longer exists.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 288 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.welfare is no longer an entitlement program.

1.0.6. Learnfare is an example of a. social engineering. b. an attempt to keep children of welfare recipients in school. c. a program that did not succeed. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 297 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.all of the above.

1.0.7. What was the average size of TANF families in 2005 (parent and children)? a. 2.2 b. 7.0 c. 5.1 d. 4.5 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 282 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.2.2 1.0.8. The TANF rolls are ________ of the number of families living below the poverty line. a. three-quarters b. one-quarter c. one-half d. three-quarters Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 281 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.one-quarter 1.0.9. The percent of TANF applicant families who eventually receive it is now a. 75 percent. b. 25 percent. c. 15 percent. d. 10 percent.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 283 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.25 percent.

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1.0.10. The percent of TANF children who live with their father only is a. 10 percent. b. 1 percent. c. 20 percent. d. 35 percent.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 281 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.10 percent.

1.0.11. In 2006, the average TANF family received a monthly benefit of a. $650. b. $700 c. between $300 and $500. d. about $200.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 283 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.between $300 and $500.

1.0.12. In 2006, the average monthly SSI benefit was a. $770. b. $989. c. $227. d. $423.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 290 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.$423.

1.0.13. The number of SSI recipients who are disabled is about a. 1.2 million. b. 790,000. c. 6 million. d. 500,000.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 290 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.6 million.

1.0.14. What amount of resources will disqualify a person from receiving SSI benefits? a. more than $5,000 b. more than $4,000 c. more than $3,000 d. more than $2,000 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 290 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.more than $2,000

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1.0.15. In 2007, what was the approximate number of SSI recipients in millions? a. 16.5 b. 4.1 c. 11.9 d. 7.4 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 290 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.7.4 1.0.16. Most states set resource limits for general assistance programs to a. about $3,000. b. about $500. c. between $1,000 and $2,000. d. under $100.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 291 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.between $1,000 and $2,000.

1.0.17. The percent of teenage birthrates a. is data that is no longer collected. b. has stayed relatively consistent. c. fell by one-third between 1991 and 2004. d. increased dramatically over the last 10 years.

Difficulty: 0 Page-Reference: 294 Topic: Comprehension Answer : c.fell by one-third between 1991 and 2004.

1.0.18. What percent of recipients who leave welfare return at some point? a. 25 percent b. 75 percent c. 50 percent d. none of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 282 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.75 percent 1.0.19. What is thought to be the best predictor of welfare dependency? a. age at entry to welfare b. previous work experience c. number of children d. all of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 282 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.all of the above

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1.0.20. The percent of TANF recipients employed in 2005 was a. 15 percent. b. 25 percent. c. 30 percent. d. 100 percent.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 283 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.25 percent.

True/False Questions 2.0.1. Teenage birth rates have declined steadily since 1991. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 294 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.2. Teenage birth rates in the United States are higher than in most developed countries. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 294 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.3. Teens who give birth are more likely to come from poor families. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 296 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.4. African Americans have the highest number of families on TANF. a. b.

true false

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 283 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true

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2.0.5. Public assistance in the United States is a relatively coordinated system. a. b.

true false

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 280 Topic: Applied Answer : b.false 2.0.6. States have little freedom to fashion their own safety nets for poverty. Many of the requirements are mandated by federal regulation. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 280-281 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.7. Overall, the percentage of the poor receiving welfare has declined since the mid-1970s. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 284 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.8. Statistics show that less than 30 percent of women (either African American or white) from heavily dependent welfare homes were heavily dependent on welfare themselves. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 282 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.9. Most welfare recipients are African American and Hispanic American. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 283 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false

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2.0.10. The single largest predictor of beginning welfare is divorce or separation. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 283 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true Essay Questions 3.0.1. Name and describe the major public assistance programs in U.S. social welfare policy.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 280 Topic: Applied Answer : TANF, SSI, and general assistance are the three major public assistance programs in the United States. Students should show a firm understanding of the roles and requirements of each.

3.0.2. Discuss two of the myths that underlie the discussion surrounding public assistance.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 281-284 Topic: Applied Answer : The text identifies 13 myths that underlie public assistance, including the following: Many able-bodied fathers refuse to work; most poor people are on public assistance, and the number is growing; and recipient mothers have more children so they can collect greater benefits.

All of the myths are discusssed on pages 281-284.

3.0.3. Using information from class and the text, dispel the following myth regarding public assistance: "It is easy to get on public assistance and too many undeserving people are receiving benefits."

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 283 Topic: Applied Answer : Answers will vary; however, in general, students should address the fact that the process of applying for and receiving welfare is arduous and difficult. In addition, only about 25 percent of those who apply for welfare receive benefits and families are often dropped at the first sign of non-compliance.

3.0.4. Do TANF benefits influence decisions relating to family composition by encouraging women to head their own households? Why or why not?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 284 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Under TANF guidelines, women under 18 are not eligible for benefits unless they are living at home or in a supervised facility. There is conflicting evidence regarding whether generous benefits are responsible for an increase in single-female-headed households. See page 284 for further information.

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3.0.5. Discuss the evolution of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, mentioning key dates in its development.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 284-289 Topic: Factual Answer : AFDC was first initiated in the Social Security Act of 1935. SInce then, it has developed into TANF. More information about the program is found on pages 284-289.

3.0.6. Discuss the major components of the Family Support Act. Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 285 Topic: Applied Answer : The FSA attempted to change AFDC from an income support to a mandatory work and training program. The FSA established the JOBS program, requiring recipient women with children under the age of three to participate in a work or training program. Support and thus efficacy of the FSA soon faded. Instead of caseloads declining, they actually increased from 1990 to 1992.

3.0.7. What was the major distinction between AFDC and TANF as mandated by the PRWORA? What were the implications?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 286-287 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The major distinction was the issue of entitlement. Under AFDC, states had to provide assistance to anyone eligible under the law. Under TANF, no family or child is entitled to aid. A discussion of how TANF operates is found on pages 286-287 of the text.

3.0.8. What are the four specific work requirements as delineated in the TANF block grant.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 286 Topic: Factual Answer : The work requirements are as follows: (1) A state must require nonexempt unemployed parents or caregivers to participate in community service after receiving assistance for two months. (2) States must outline how they will require a parent or caregiver receiving benefits to engage in work not later than 24 months after they receive assistance. (3) A state must meet a work participation rate for all families of 50 percent. (4) States must meet a 90 percent work participation rate for two-parent families.

3.0.9. Discuss the merits of the conservative push toward labor policy.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 293-294 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Removing the federal responsibility for providing long-term cash assistance to the poor shifted the problem of poor support away from social welfare and into labor policy. This push has merit, including the fact that U.S. public assistance policy has been reduced to a short-term, transitional step in the march toward full labor market participation of the poor. Reasons for this push are discussed on pages 293-294.

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3.0.10. To what group of people does the term hard to employ refer?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 294 Topic: Conceptual Answer : This group of people has significant barriers to employment and difficulty in finding and sustaining work. Some of the barriers include substance abuse, physical and learning disabilities, domestic violence, and mental health issues.

3.0.11. Name two economic consequences for women choosing to have children out of wedlock.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 295 Topic: Factual Answer : The two economic consequences are as follows: (1) Teenage mothers are twice as likely to be poor when compared to nonteen mothers, and teenage mothers earn only half the lifetime wage of women who wait until they are 20 to have their first child. (2) A majority of unmarried teens end up on welfare.

3.0.12. What are the arguments on both sides of the antiteen pregnancy movement?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 295-296 Topic: Conceptual Answer : One side argues for comprehensive sex education, promoting abstinence but including information about contraception. Other programs promote abstinence until marriage. These two sides argue over which programs are more effective in decreasing teenage pregnancy.

3.0.13. The U.S. welfare system has been transformed in three ways over the last 20 years. Describe the transformations.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 301 Topic: Factual Answer : The transformations are as follows: (1) the conversion of public assistance policy into labor policy, (2) the conversion of public assistance policy into tax policy, and (3) the increased privatization of social welfare agencies.

3.0.14. How is TANF considered a form of welfare behaviorism?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 296-297 Topic: Conceptual Answer : It is an attempt to reprogram the behaviors of the poor. An in-depth discussion is found on pages 296-297.

3.0.15. How does PRWORA reflect an attitude of personal and parental responsibility?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 296-297 Topic: Conceptual Answer : See the many reasons listed on pages 296-297 of the text.

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Chapter 12: The American Health Care System Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. Approximately how many million Americans lack health insurance coverage? a. 60 b. 10 c. 22 d. 47 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 307 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.47 1.0.2. An ideological issue regarding health care is a. whether it should be attached to public assistance. b. its relationship to the right to die movement. c. whether access should be a right or a privilege. d. the increase in infant mortality in the United States.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 328 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.whether access should be a right or a privilege.

1.0.3. Health savings accounts are a. an alternative to Medicare. b. a tax-free shelter for people with high-deductible health insurance. c. an opportunity for the poor to access further health coverage. d. not tax-sheltered accounts.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 311 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.a tax-free shelter for people with high-deductible health insurance.

1.0.4. An individual medical savings account is a. an idea pushed by liberals. b. a program that largely benefits the poor. c. an idea supported by conservatives. d. freely accessible to all.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 330 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.an idea supported by conservatives.

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1.0.5. A single-payer system would have a. the states be responsible for providing health services. b. the government discontinue private health insurance. c. the program follow federal guidelines. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 329 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.all of the above.

1.0.6. The Medicare payroll tax is currently a. 12.2 percent of earnings. b. 7.65 percent of earnings. c. 6.2 percent of earnings. d. 1.45 percent of earnings.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 312 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.1.45 percent of earnings.

1.0.7. Approximately how many million Americans have health insurance coverage? a. 500 b. 250 c. 135 d. 47 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 307 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.250 1.0.8. Most health care costs in the United States are paid a. by private insurers. b. by government supplements. c. by public insurers. d. out-of-pocket.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 308 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.by private insurers.

1.0.9. The annual cost of family health insurance premiums in 2004 was approximately a. $2,400. b. $4,800. c. $9,300. d. $6,300.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 308 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.$9,300.

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1.0.10. Medicaid was enacted in a. 1965. b. 1980. c. 1976. d. 1935.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 309, 316 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.1965.

1.0.11. Among social insurance programs, Medicare is the a. third largest. b. largest. c. smallest. d. second largest.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 309 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.second largest.

1.0.12. Medicare served approximately how many million people in 2007? a. 61 b. 44 c. 25 d. 100 Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 309 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.44 1.0.13. Medicare expenditures in 2006 were about a. $101 billion. b. $500 billion. c. $400 billion. d. $150 billion.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 309 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.$400 billion.

1.0.14. Medicare is funded primarily by a. the individual states. b. the federal government. c. both state and federal governments. d. employees and employers only.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 309 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.the federal government.

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1.0.15. In 2007, the S-CHIP program covered 4.4 million children; expenditures for this program were approximately ________. a. $100 billion b. $100 million c. $82 billion d. $6 billion Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 316 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.$6 billion 1.0.16. In 2007, national health care expenditures in the United States were approximately a. $1.2 trillion. b. $100 billion. c. $500 billion. d. $2.3 trillion.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 318 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.$2.3 trillion.

1.0.17. The major source of revenue for U.S. health costs is a. Medicare. b. private insurance. c. out-of-pocket payments. d. Medicaid.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 319 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.private insurance.

1.0.18. Approximate median per capita health expenditures (2007) by OECD countries was a. $4,000. b. $3,750. c. $10,000. d. $1,000.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 319 Topic: Synthesis Answer : b.$3,750.

1.0.19. Approximate median per capita health expenditures (2007) by the United States were a. $7,500. b. $2,000. c. $1,000. d. $1,700.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 319 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.$7,500. .

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1.0.20. Of the total cost spent on health in 2006, the percent coming from out-of-pocket expenses was a. 12 percent. b. 25 percent. c. 50 percent d. 5 percent.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 319 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.12 percent.

True/False Questions 2.0.1. The population group least likely to have health insurance are those aged 18-24. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 307 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.2. In 2004, the cost of medical care for the uninsured totaled about $125 billion. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 308 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.3. The dominant form of health care coverage in the United States is private insurance. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 308 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.4. Medicare is part of the Social Security Act program. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 309 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true

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2.0.5. Medicare is a public assistance program. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 309 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.6. Medicaid is a social insurance program. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 313-314 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.7. Under the Medicare legislation, drugs can only be reimported from Mexico. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 310 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.8. Two-thirds of doctor visits in the United States result in a drug being prescribed. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 322 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.9. Canada's prospective global budgeting system for hospitals is said to have caused health care rationing. a. true b. false Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 332 Topic: Conceptual Answer : a.true 2.0.10. The National Health Service is the most enduring aspect of Britain's post-war welfare state, established in 1944. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 333 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true .

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Essay Questions 3.0.1. What are the major components of medical services in the United States?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 308-309 Topic: Applied Answer : The major components include physicians in solo practice; group outpatient settings, including groups of physicians sharing facilities; physicians employed in corporate-owned for-profit clinics or in nonprofit clinics; hospitals; public health services; and sundry and corollary health services.

3.0.2. List the four parts of the modern Medicare system.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 309 Topic: Factual Answer : The four parts include compulsory Hospital insurance (Part A); Supplemental Medical Insurance (Part B); the Medicare Advantage program (Part C); and the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA or Part D).

3.0.3. Under Medicare Part D, or MMA, to what does the "doughnut hole" refer?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 310 Topic: Applied Answer : This term refers to the fact that beneficiaries pay only 25 percent of total drug costs up to $2,400. After reaching that $2,400, the coverage ends and the beneficiary must pay the next $3,850 out-of-pocket.

3.0.4. What do critics of Medicare Part D, or MMA, say in regard to its effectiveness?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 310 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The primary argument against the MMA is that it does nothing to curb skyrocketing drug costs. In fact, the MMA prohibits Medicare from negotiating lower drug prices.

3.0.5. What are HSAs? What are they designed to accomplish?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 311 Topic: Conceptual Answer : HSAs are health savings accounts, which are designed to offer a tax shelter to those with high-deductible insurance. These accounts allow participants to put in money and withdraw it to pay for medical costs without being taxed. These accounts are very controversial among conservatives and liberals because of cost and the population the HSAs are most likely to serve, the rich and healthy.

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3.0.6. To what does "Medigap" insurance refer? Why might it be necessary?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 312 Topic: Applied Answer : "Medigap" insurance refers to private insurance plans that pay most of the charges not covered by Medicare.

3.0.7. What are the main differences between Medicare and Medicaid?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 309-316 Topic: Applied Answer : Pages 309-316 discuss the basic differences between these two programs.

Students should identify what population is served by each program and how the programs are financed.

3.0.8. What three options does the S-CHIP program give to states in regard to covering uninsured children?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 316 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The options are the ability to design a new children's health insurance program, to expand current Medicaid programs, or to utilize a combination of both.

3.0.9. Discuss at least two tenets of the 1998 tobacco settlement.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 317 Topic: Factual Answer : Following are highlights of the 1998 tobacco settlement: Tobacco companies must not target youth in advertising and promotion and must follow other limits with regard to advertising; the companies must develop corporate principles such as reducing youth smoking and appointing an executive to identify ways to reduce youth access; tobacco trade organizations must disband; industry lobbying is limited; and a $1.45 billion public education program was created.

3.0.10. Does the U.S. health care system perform as well as that of other industrialized countries?

Why or why not?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 319-320 Topic: Applied Answer : Much information points to the fact that the United States health care system does NOT perform as well as that of other industrialized countries. Information supporting this fact is included on pages 319-320.

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3.0.11. What are three reasons that health care costs are so high in the United States?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 320-321 Topic: Applied Answer : The reasons mentioned in the text are the high costs of medical malpractice suits, the cost of developing and using innovative medical technology, and the cost to process millions of insurance claims.

3.0.12. Discuss the role of the pharmaceutical industry in the rising cost of health care.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 322 Topic: Conceptual Answer : An extensive discussion of the industry's role in rising health care costs is included on page 322.

3.0.13. What are the two aspects to cutting health care costs?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 322-325 Topic: Applied Answer : The first aspect to cutting health care costs is to cut the cost of governmental health care programs; the second involves lowering overall medical costs. Students should expound on the impact of this two-part cost-cutting ideology.

3.0.14. Define managed care and discuss its various components. Evaluate the way in which managed care is shaping U.S. medicine.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 323 Topic: Applied Answer : Managed care is "an umbrella for health care insurance systems that contract with a network of hospitals, clinics, and doctors who agree to accept fees for each service or flat payments per patient. The advantage to providers is that they are given a ready source of referrals. Managed care inevitably shapes U.S. medicine because of the fact that 92 percent of providers (doctors) are involved with a managed-care plan.

3.0.15. Discuss two criticisms of managed care, particularly HMOs. Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 323-324 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Three criticisms of managed care, particularly HMOs, are that quality of care is not efficient or good, access to specialists is difficult for consumers, and there is greater bureaucratization and impersonality.

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Chapter Thirteen: Mental Health and Substance Abuse Policy Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. To which of the following does "moral treatment" refer? a. offering good air, clean water, nutritious food, and healthful activities to residents of state mental hospitals b. treatment of patients according to the Bible and Judeo-Christian principles c. offering educational opportunities affiliated with local religious organizations to encourage patients to adopt a certain faith base d. none of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 343 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.offering good air, clean water, nutritious food, and healthful activities to residents of state mental hospitals 1.0.2. In which of the following states did a majority of involuntary sterilizations occur between 1930 and 1935? Approximately how many sterilizations were performed by the states during that span of time? a. Michigan; 10,000 b. New York; 25,000 c. California; 20,000 d. Involuntary sterilizations were never legal. Any instances of this were considered "back alley" procedures.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 343 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.California; 20,000 1.0.3. A problem with preventive commitment is that a. it is against the law. b. it can be problematic when adequate resources are not available. c. was popular in the 1960s, before the deinstitutionalization movement. d. it goes against the civil rights of all citizens.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 351 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.it can be problematic when adequate resources are not available.

1.0.4. In the 1980s, public intolerance of drug abuse increased due to a. a number of drug-related deaths by famous entertainers. b. an increase in the incidence of AIDS. c. an increase in drinking and driving deaths. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 356 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.all of the above.

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1.0.5. Mental health parity refers to a. an old law dictating service delivery to the mentally ill in state hospitals. b. making certain that all clients with mental illness are treated fairly. c. the law that funding for mental health and substance abuse categories must be equal. d. a law equalizing insurance coverage for physical and some mental illnesses.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 353 Topic: Comprehension Answer : d.a law equalizing insurance coverage for physical and some mental illnesses.

1.0.6. Mental health parity is problematic because it a. does not cover clients who are not employed. b. has been found to be very costly. c. reduces the need for individualized treatment plans. d. emphasizes prevention over treatment.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 353 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.does not cover clients who are not employed.

1.0.7. Since the 1980s, there has been a. a reduction in the need for mental health services. b. an increase in state spending for the mentally ill. c. a new emphasis on the federal government's part to assist the mentally ill. d. a decrease in both federal and state funding for mental health services.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 360 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.a decrease in both federal and state funding for mental health services.

1.0.8. How many draftees were rejected for military service during World War II because of perceived mental illness? a. 50 percent b. none c. 10 percent d. 25 percent Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 344 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.25 percent

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1.0.9. What law enabled NIMH to reform mental health care provision? a. b. c. d.

Mental Health Act of 1946 Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 Buck v. Bell Community Health Care Act of 1985

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 345 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 1.0.10. What does secondary prevention seek to do? a. limit the disability associated with mental illness b. detect mental illness early and intervene to prevent problems from worsening c. eliminate the cause of mental illness d. none of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 345 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.detect mental illness early and intervene to prevent problems from worsening 1.0.11. What does primary prevention seek to do? a. limit the disability associated with mental illness b. detect mental illness early and intervene to prevent problems from worsening c. eliminate the cause of mental illness d. provide mental health services through primary care physicians Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 345 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.eliminate the cause of mental illness 1.0.12. What does tertiary prevention seek to do? a. b. c. d.

limit the disability associated with mental illness detect mental illness early and intervene to prevent problems from worsening eliminate the cause of mental illness provide services to minority populations

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 345 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.limit the disability associated with mental illness

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1.0.13. In Chapter 13, the authors refer to a "catchment area." What does this term conceptualize? a. b. c. d.

a geographic definition of where CMHCs are to be located a political definition of where CMHCs are to be located a demographic definition of where CMHCs are to be located political sides regarding substance abuse policy

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 345-346 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.a demographic definition of where CMHCs are to be located 1.0.14. Which presidential administration initially impounded funds appropriated for mental health programs, specifically CMHCs? a. Kennedy b. Johnson c. Nixon d. Reagan Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 346 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.Nixon 1.0.15. What court decision contended that patients deserve treatment in the "least restrictive alternative"? a. Wyatt v. Stickney b. Donaldson v. O'Connor c. Halderman v. Pennhurst d. Buck v. Bell Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 346 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.Halderman v. Pennhurst 1.0.16. The most widely abused drug in the United States excluding tobacco is a. marijuana. b. heroin. c. alcohol. d. cocaine.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 355 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.alcohol.

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1.0.17. In what U.S. age population category has drug abuse remained static every year since 2002? a. 12-17 b. 18-25 c. 26-35 d. 55+ Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 358 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.18-25 1.0.18. About what percent of criminals used alcohol just before committing a crime? a. 15 b. 25 c. 50 d. 75 Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 357 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.50 1.0.19. The illegal drug used most often is a. marijuana. b. heroin. c. alcohol. d. cocaine.

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 358 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.marijuana.

1.0.20. Capitation refers to a. limiting the amount of the deficit in the federal budget. b. limiting reimbursement for private practioners under Medicare. c. giving an agency a predetermined amount of money for integrated services. d. limiting the funding for mental health services under Social Security.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 351 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.giving an agency a predetermined amount of money for integrated services.

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True/False Questions 2.0.1. Before the rise of the community mental health movement, the federal government was solely responsible for the care of the mentaly ill. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 343 Topic: Applied Answer : b.false 2.0.2. Institutional care for the chronically mentally ill has been proven as the superior method of treatment since the early 1960s. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 345 Topic: Applied Answer : b.false 2.0.3. The Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 provided funds for service delivery and construction of new mental health care facilities. a. true b. false Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 345 Topic: Applied Answer : b.false 2.0.4. State hospitals of the early 1960s primarily addressed primary prevention. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 345 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.5. Community mental health focuses on combining primary and secondary intervention. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 345 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true

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2.0.6. Deinstitutionalization proved to be successful when first instituted. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 346-347 Topic: Applied Answer : b.false 2.0.7. As a result of deinstitutionalization and CMHCs, the recidivism rate for hospitalized mentally ill patients has dramatically increased. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 347-348 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.8. A majority of institutionalized mentally ill patients die as a result of suicide. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 347 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.9. The Reagan administration's drug policy emphasized treatment and public education. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 359 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.10. NAMI is an organization advocating for recovering substance abusers. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 349 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false

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Essay Questions 3.0.1. What did passage of the Mental Health Parity Act establish for the mentally ill?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 343 Topic: Conceptual Answer : This act mandated that employers offer employees mental health benefits that were comparable to physical health care benefits.

3.0.2. Who was Dorothea Dix? For what is she known?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 343 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Dorothea Dix was a social worker best known for her activity in the 1840s who convinced many states to construct special institutions to provide asylum to the emotionally deranged. Congress heard Ms. Dix's message and passed legislation authorizing federal aid to the states for mental institutions.

3.0.3. What did the 1927 Supreme Court decision in Buck v. Bell establish? How was this decision important to the cause of protecting the nation's mentally ill?

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 13.3-3 Page-Reference: 343-344 Topic: Conceptual Answer : This court case validated the practice of involuntary sterilization. Student answers will vary but should include comment regarding the fact that this court decision was a setback in protecting the mentally ill.

3.0.4. What was the eugenics movement?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 343 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The eugenics movement provided a straightforward and precise solution to the problem of overcrowding of state institutions--sterilizing those who were mentally ill.

3.0.5. Discuss the four reasons why the NIMH's Action for Mental Health was considered idealistic.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 344-345 Topic: Conceptual Answer : It was considered idealistic for the following reasons: (1) The postwar economy was booming, and cutbacks in military spending resulted in a surplus that could be used for domestic programs. (2) Psychotropic medications were beginning to emerge as an effective treatment for severely psychotic patients. 3) Literature criticized institutionalization and lauded the benefits of community care. (4) President John F. Kennedy, because of personal family experience with mental retardation, was supportive of programs designed to improve mental health care.

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3.0.6. Programmatically, what were community mental health centers designed to provide?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 346 Topic: Conceptual Answer : CMHCs were to provide all essential psychiatric services, including inpatient hospitalization, partial hospitalization, outpatient services, 24-hour emergency services, and consultation and education for other service providers in the community. Soon after the CMHC Act was passed, CHCs also included child mental health as well as drug abuse and alcoholism services.

3.0.7. What does taking a "case management" approach to mental health care mean?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 346 Topic: Conceptual Answer : With this approach, each case is assigned to one professional who monitors the patient's progress throughout treatment.

3.0.8. What did the Omnibus Budget and Reconciliation Act of 1981 do to mental health funding?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 346 Topic: Conceptual Answer : This act, pushed through during the Reagan administration, collapsed all mental health funding into a block grant available to states for any mental health services they deemed fundable. As a result, the designation of CMHCs for direct receipt of federal funds ended in 1981.

3.0.9. How has deinstitutionalization marginalized the mentally ill?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 346-349 Topic: Conceptual Answer : This question is very broad. While answers will vary and include different opinions regarding the plight of the mentally ill, students should answer in line with the information found on pages 346-349.

3.0.10. How has the evolution of psychotropic medications affected the plight of the mentally ill?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 349 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Psychotropic medications are a "mixed bag." On one hand, they stabilize psychotic patients until interpersonal treatment can be employed and are clinically indicated in the controlled environment of a hospital. On the other hand, they create unwanted side effects and patients may stop taking them.

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3.0.11. Discuss the incidence of mental illness in the correctional system.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 349 Topic: Applied Answer : Answers will vary but should address the fact that the correctional system is often used as a place to "house" psychiatric patients. One organization reports that there are three times as many psychiatric patients in prisons as there are in mental hospitals.

3.0.12. Discuss the pros and cons of a focus on preventive commitments for society's mentally ill.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 350-351 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Answers will vary, but students should show a grasp of the fact that this is a widely debated topic and one that appears to be increasing in popularity with mental health care providers.

3.0.13. What is capitation? How does it affect service delivery for mental health services?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 351-353 Topic: Conceptual Answer : With capitation, a set amount of money per patient is used to provide a wide array of physical and mental health services. While this method often produces a cost savings, it can also affect the quality of care that patients receive.

3.0.14. What has the federal government's twofold response been to illicit drug use?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 359 Topic: Factual Answer : The responses have been to interdict the supply of illegal substances and to reduce the demand through treatment and public education.

3.0.15. What is the Drug Free Schools Act? Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 359 Topic: Conceptual Answer : In the early nineties, this act gave $500 million to public schools to help prevent drug abuse.

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Chapter Fourteen: Criminal Justice Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. Modern criminology dates from the a. Enlightenment. b. Renaissance. c. Progressive era of social work. d. American Colonial period.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 366 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.Enlightenment.

1.0.2. In the early to mid-1800s, which of the following did NOT contribute to the lack of support for humane institutions? a. Dorothea Dix and her reform movement b. the American ethos of rugged individualism c. an influx of immigrants, many of whom became institutionalized d. the Pierce veto in 1854 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 366 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.Dorothea Dix and her reform movement 1.0.3. Sex offender registration a. has been the law since the mid 1990s. b. has placed restrictions on offenders' residency. c. has raised constitutional issues regarding civil liberties. d. involves all of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 381 Topic: Comprehension Answer : d.involves all of the above.

1.0.4. The Supreme Court has declared that a. it is illegal to execute the mentally retarded. b. the mentally retarded can be executed for the most serious crimes. c. only mentally retarded juveniles cannot be executed. d. juveniles who commit murder can be put to death.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 381-382 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.it is illegal to execute the mentally retarded.

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1.0.5. The term charitable choice relates to a. dissemination of the welfare grant. b. the tax deduction for giving to charity. c. the contracting out of social services through community-based religious organizations. d. the attempt to get welfare recipients to marry.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 377 Topic: Comprehension Answer : c.the contracting out of social services through community-based religious organizations.

1.0.6. The "new penology" refers to a. the tearing down of old prisons. b. the efficient management of high-risk offenders. c. modern prison techniques of rehabilitation. d. contracting with state governments to build new prisons.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 380 Topic: Comprehension Answer : b.the efficient management of high-risk offenders.

1.0.7. The problem with sentencing for cocaine vs. crack possession was that a. sentencing guidelines were very similar for both crimes. b. sentences for crack possession were too short. c. only white people were allowed to plead guilty to cocaine possession. d. a majority of crack offenders were African American.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 375 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.a majority of crack offenders were African American.

1.0.8. Cesare Beccaria applied all of the following philosophies to corrections in the early history of the United States, EXCEPT a. rehabilitation of criminals is key to preventing recidivism. b. crime can be measured by its severity. c. incarceration should segregate prisoners. d. the purpose of punishment is deterrence.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 366 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.rehabilitation of criminals is key to preventing recidivism.

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1.0.9. On average, how much does imprisonment cost per inmate every year? a. $53,000 b. $15,000 c. $7,500 d. $22,000 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 367 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.$22,000 1.0.10. Which of the following categories steadily increased in number between 1980 and 2000? a. number of adults on probation b. number of adults on parole c. number of adults in jail d. all of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 369 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.all of the above 1.0.11. Which of the following is a characteristic of the criminal justice system in the United States? a. Despite privatization, the federal government maintains a majority of prisons in the United States. b. The incarceration rate of the United States is second only to that of Russia. c. The federal government outspends the states in costs relating to incarceration. d. Experts agree as to why crime increases/decreases.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 369 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.The incarceration rate of the United States is second only to that of Russia.

1.0.12. Which of the following statements reflect the criminal justice system's development of programs for juveniles? a. The majority of adult offenders were also known to the juvenile justice system. b. Young deviants are good candidates for becoming adult deviants. c. From a prevention standpoint, reaching youngsters early is important. d. All of the above are true.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 370 Topic: Comprehension Answer : d.All of the above are true.

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1.0.13. Which statement does NOT accurately describe boot camps for juveniles? a. At boot camps, inmates would receive physical training and military discipline. b. By 1993, boot camps had been established in 25 states. c. A boot camp in Connecticut experienced gang activity, sexual activity, and gambling. d. An analysis of boot camps concluded that alumni were less likely to commit future offenses.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 371 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.An analysis of boot camps concluded that alumni were less likely to commit future offenses.

1.0.14. The late 1990s showed an increase in juveniles being arrested for a. robbery. b. drug sales. c. assault. d. drug possession.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 371 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.drug possession.

1.0.15. Which statement does NOT accurately reflect the War on Drugs? a. Interdiction efforts have proven to be successful. b. In the 1980s, funding for prevention and treatment lagged far behind allocations for law enforcement. c. In 2000, drug abuse violations accounted for one of eight arrests, more than any other offense. d. All of the above accurately reflect the War on Drugs.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 372-373 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.Interdiction efforts have proven to be successful.

1.0.16. In 2002, what percent of African Americans between the ages of 20 and 34 were incarcerated? a. 12 percent b. 25 percent c. 42 percent d. 5 percent Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 369 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.12 percent

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1.0.17. Authors William Bennett and John DiIulio cited the behavior of parolees committing crimes as an example of a. the need for more community-based programs. b. successful drug interdiction making illegal substances more scarce. c. moral poverty. d. casework being ineffective.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 376 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.moral poverty.

1.0.18. Which statement is NOT related to the concept of "social embeddedness"? a. The presence of an adult offender in a family does not increase the likelihood of children in that family entering the juvenile justice system. b. There are environmental influences in criminal conduct. c. Criminal arrests label youngsters and disrupt education and employment. d. Contacts with criminal friends are more likely to integrate youths into the criminal underworld.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 377 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.The presence of an adult offender in a family does not increase the likelihood of children in that family entering the juvenile justice system.

1.0.19. Which of the following statements are used to support the argument for the legalization of drugs? a. Destigmatization of drug abuse could mean that more drug abusers enter treatment. b. By legalizing drugs, substantial sums of money would be freed from law enforcement and could be channeled to prevention and treatment programs. c. Prison populations would be cut significantly. d. All of the above are true.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 378 Topic: Synthesis Answer : d.All of the above are true.

1.0.20. Which of the following statements is NOT associated with the concept of "new penology"? a. The U.S. Sentencing Commission established the same prison sentence for the use of crack and for the use of cocaine. b. The mission of criminal justice became "rabble management." c. In 1994, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act introduced the "three strikes" penalties for repeat offenders. d. Between 1980 and 2000, the number of prisoners under the death sentence had increased fivefold.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 379-381 Topic: Synthesis Answer : a.The U.S. Sentencing Commission established the same prison sentence for the use of crack and for the use of cocaine.

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True/False Questions 2.0.1. John Augustus is known as the initiator of what is now our contemporary form of probation. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 366 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.2. The federal government provides a significantly larger portion of criminal justice services than state and local governments. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 367 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.3. During the 1990s, all categories of crime increased slightly. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 367-368 Topic: Applied Answer : b.false 2.0.4. In 2000, almost 2 million adults were in jail or prison in the United States. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 369 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.5. The first institution for juvenile delinquency was Charles Loring Brace's New York Children's Aid Society, established in 1853. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 370 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false

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2.0.6. Boot camps have been empirically proven to provide successful treatment and intervention for juvenile offenders. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 371 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.7. Incarceration is still seen as the "intervention of choice" for youth offenders by a majority of policymakers. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 371 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.8. Because of the War on Drugs in the 1980s, funds for law enforcement decreased, while funds for prevention, education, and treatment increased. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 372-373 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.9. Despite unrelenting efforts to contain drug abuse and keep individuals from using drugs, there was an increased number of drug seizures, growing fourfold between 1990 and 2000. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 372 Topic: Applied Answer : a.true 2.0.10. Should the War on Drugs continue as it is now, cost savings could be near $100 billion over the next 20 years. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 375 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false

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Essay Questions 3.0.1. What reasoning was given for the drop in crime in the 1990s?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 367-368 Topic: Applied Answer : The reasons, however unclear, were that younger, more crime-prone people were aging and less likely to be violent. The Clinton administration attributed the reduction to its crime policies, and conservatives claimed that higher rates of incarceration removed criminals from the streets. However, the actual crime figures may be flawed depending on whether you are looking at the FBI's or the National Crime Survey's results.

3.0.2. Discuss the gender and racial trends for incarcerated people.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 369 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Approximately 90 percent of inmates are men; two-thirds are minorities of color. Half are African American. In 2002, about 12 percent of black men between the ages of 20 and 34 were behind bars. Two-thirds of inmates return to prison within a few years of release, making recidivism an enormous burden on the African American community.

3.0.3. Did Jerome Miller believe that the 1972 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act was successful? Why or why not?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 370 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Miller, who served as director at the Massachusetts Department of Youth Services, believed that the act failed. He was so discouraged by the act's lack of effectiveness that he discharged many of the youth in his care and closed down operations.

3.0.4. Discuss the two strategies that dominated the "War on Drugs."

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 372-376 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The War on Drugs focused on government interdiction to eliminate the substance and treatment programs to diminish the demand for illegal drugs. Students should expound on these two topics.

3.0.5. What are the goals of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 373 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The ONDCP sets policies, priorities, and objectives for the nation's drug control program. The goals of the program are to reduce illicit drug use, manufacturing, trafficking, drug-related crime and violence, and drug-related health consequences.

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3.0.6. Jerome Miller asserted that prisons are something of a "simple internment camp" for minority youth. What are the assumptions behind this claim? Do you agree or disagree? Why? Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 375 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students' answers will vary but should include the fact that prisons hold a large number of minority populations. Drug arrests for black youths more than doubled between 1985 and 2000. There is a huge disparity in juvenile drugs arrests of blacks vs. other races.

3.0.7. What is "moral poverty"?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 376 Topic: Conceptual Answer : "Moral poverty" is a term coined by William Bennett, John DiIulio, Jr., and John Walters in their book Body Count, which stated that moral poverty was the poverty of being without loving adults, parents, and role models and growing up severely abused and neglected at the hands of deviant adults.

3.0.8. Do you believe, as does William Julius Wilson, that "lawlessness declines as rates of employment and marriage rise?" Why or why not?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 377-378 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students' answers will vary.

3.0.9. What reasons do proponents of drug legalization give for the policy's implementation?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 378 Topic: Conceptual Answer : (1) Individuals should be free to engage in any activity as long as it does not harm others. (2) The current policy on substance abuse is similar to Prohibition's futile effort to ban alcohol. (3) It would be easier to regulate the use of drugs, as is done with alcohol and tobacco.

(4) Legalizing drugs would free up large sums of money from law enforcement that could be put toward abuse prevention and treatment programs. (5) Legalization would decriminalize drug use, cutting the prison population significantly and making it more likely that users would enter treatment. (6) The government could raise additional revenues through taxation of the legalized substances.

3.0.10. What questions have been raised about the legalization of illicit drugs?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 378-379 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Some questions raised about the legalization of illicit drugs are as follows: (1) whether all drugs should be legalized or only certain ones; (2) whether availability should be unlimited or age restrictions should apply; (3) whether with taxation, the government would still have to fund law enforcement, regulate product safety, and maintain a taxing authority; and (4) whether the government, in an attempt to counter a black market by supplying drugs direclty, would be in a contradictory position of supplying drugs while at the same time offering treatment for users of those drugs. .

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3.0.11. What did 1994's Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act do?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 379 Topic: Conceptual Answer : It introduced the "three strikes" penalties for repeat offenders and increased the number of federal crimes to which the death penalty applies.

3.0.12. To what does the term "new penology" refer? How is it different from the "old penology"?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 380 Topic: Conceptual Answer : "New penology" was the rapid expansion in correctional facilities, which resulted in the efficient management of large populations of high-risk offenders. The mission became "managerial, not transformative." Old penology focused on individual rehabilitation (via probation or parole) or deterrence (via incarceration).

3.0.13. What makes up the "iron triangle" of the "prison-industrial complex"?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 380 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The "iron triangle" consists of "government bureaucrats, private industry leaders, and politicians who work together to expand the criminal justice system."

3.0.14. What is "community policing"? Why is it effective?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 381 Topic: Applied Answer : This program, conceived in Houston, reassigns law enforcement officers from patrol cars and specialty units to beats on the streets of high-crime areas. Officers are no longer isolated from the public.

3.0.15. Discuss issues surrounding death sentence review for the mentally retarded.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 381-382 Topic: Conceptual Answer : It has been estimated that 10 percent of the inmates on death row are mentally retarded, although this status is recognized by only 13 of the 38 states that allow capital punishment. Momentum grew to restrain capital punishment of the mentally retarded. In 2002, the Supreme Court ruled that executing retarded inmates was unconstitutional.

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Chapter Fifteen: Child Welfare Policy Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. In 2002, approximately how many children were living in poverty in the United States? a. 10 million b. 12 million c. 75 million d. 35 million Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 388 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.12 million 1.0.2. In 2004, the highest infant mortality rate in the developed world was in a. Japan. b. Germany. c. the United States. d. the United Kingdom.

Difficulty: 0 Page-Reference: 389 Topic: Comprehension Answer : c.the United States.

1.0.3. Compared to funding for elder services, what is funding for child welfare services expected to do in the future? a. It is expected to stay the same. b. It is expected to increase. c. It is expected to decrease. d. No estimates for future funding are available.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 392 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.It is expected to decrease.

1.0.4. During the last decades of the twentieth century, the number of teen pregnancies a. b. c. d.

stayed about the same. decreased. increased. increased only for African American teens.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 408 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.increased.

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1.0.5. The Currier court decision in 2001 a. protected child care workers from excessive caseloads. b. eliminated any immunity social workers could have if their actions created dangers to children. c. increased the protection of child welfare workers from liability suits. d. mandated increased funding for child welfare services.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 411 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.eliminated any immunity social workers could have if their actions created dangers to children.

1.0.6. Which of the following is NOT one of the major components of child welfare programs? a. kindergarten b. adoption c. foster care d. child protective services Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 388 Topic: Synthesis Answer : a.kindergarten 1.0.7. Graduates of foster care often have a. depressive episodes. b. alcohol and substance abuse issues. c. posttraumatic stress disorder. d. all of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 403 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.all of the above 1.0.8. In relation to same-sex couple adoption, the U.S. Supreme Court has a. stated that prohibiting adoption by same-sex partners is illegal. b. stated it depends on whether the couple is married. c. stated that prohibiting same-sex adoption is legal. d. not yet decided on the issue.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 403 Topic: Comprehension Answer : c.stated that prohibiting same-sex adoption is legal.

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1.0.9. Who founded New York's Children's Aid Society? a. James West b. Etta Wheeler c. Dorothea Dix d. Charles Loring Brace Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 390 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.Charles Loring Brace 1.0.10. Which of the following acts established programs decreasing the nation's infant mortality rate? a. the Healthy Mothers Happy Babies Act of 1935 b. the Child Labor Act of 1916 c. the Maternity and Infancy Act of 1921 d. the Children's Bureau Act of 1912 Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 391 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.the Maternity and Infancy Act of 1921 1.0.11. Which of the following served as a precursor to Aid to Dependent Children in 1935? a. b. c. d.

Aid to Families with Dependent Children Aid to Destitute Families Funds for Parents Act Temporary Assistance to Needy Families

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 391 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.Funds for Parents Act 1.0.12. Douglas Besharov contends that 1,000 children die under circumstances suggestive of parental maltreatment each year. What percentage of these cases were previously reported? a. 30-50 percent b. 75 percent c. 20 percent d. none of the above Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 392 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.30-50 percent

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1.0.13. The CAPTA legislation was enacted about how many years after the founding of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children? a. 50 b. 100 c. that same year d. 75 Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 399 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.100 1.0.14. Between 1993 and 2001, how many children died in the District of Columbia as a result of maltreatment? a. 229 b. 51 c. 72 d. 396 Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 394 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.229 1.0.15. According to the U.S. Advisory Commission on Child Abuse and Neglect, how many children die of abuse and neglect annually? a. 2,000 b. 800 c. 5,000 d. 10,000 Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 395 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.2,000 1.0.16. The Child Welfare League of America suggests that caseloads for workers not exceed a. 100. b. 25. c. 17. d. 55.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 395 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.17.

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1.0.17. From 1976 to 1996, the number of maltreated children a. dropped significantly. b. more than tripled. c. more than quadrupled. d. doubled.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 396 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.more than quadrupled.

1.0.18. The largest part of federal funding for child welfare services is spent on a. adoption. b. foster care. c. independent living. d. child protective services.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 401 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.foster care.

1.0.19. Approximately what percent of children were reunited with their families after being in foster care? a. 50 b. 75 c. 10 d. 25 Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 402 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.50 1.0.20. Which is the largest source of federal financial support for child care? a. child care tax credit b. Child Care and Development Block Grant c. Title XX d. Earned Income Tax Credit Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 406-407 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.child care tax credit

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True/False Questions 2.0.1. According to the Luxembourg Study, which rated the number of children in poverty, the United States ranked highest. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 388 Topic: Conceptual Answer : a.true 2.0.2. In two out of five child abuse cases, workers ignored previous reports of child abuse to those victims. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 393 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.3. High turnover among staff in public child protective agencies has continued to be a problem. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 394, 399 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.4. The New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals existed before the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 390 Topic: Applied Answer : a.true 2.0.5. The Social Security Act of 1935 created major new programs to provide child welfare services. a. true b. false Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 391 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false

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2.0.6. The number of child maltreatment cases is greater among girls than boys. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 396 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.7. The majority of maltreatment cases involve African American children. a. true b. false Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 396 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.8. African American children are disproportionately represented in child maltreatment cases. a. b.

true false

Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 396 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.9. Head Start funding has grown substantially since 1980. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 405 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.10. Today well over half of eligible children take part in Head Start. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 405 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false

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Essay Questions 3.0.1. Why are child welfare services often controversial?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 390 Topic: Conceptual Answer : They are controversial because they sanction the intervention of human service professionals in family affairs that are ordinarily assumed to be private matters and the prerogative of parents.

3.0.2. What incident sparked the genesis of protective services for children in the United States?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 390 Topic: Conceptual Answer : In 1874, Etta Wheeler discovered that a nine-year-old child, Mary Ellen, was being tied to a bed, whipped, and stabbed with scissors. Ms. Wheeler spoke with the director of the New York SPCA and had Mary Ellen removed from her home based on laws in place at the time for handling cases of abused children.

3.0.3. What was the dual strategy of the National Consumer League regarding advocacy for women and children?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 391 Topic: Applied Answer : First, the league lobbied for reform in the working conditions of women through regulation of sweatshops and factories and for ending the exploitation of children by prohibiting child labor. Second, it advocated ameliorating the poverty of many families through a family subsidy that would make such deplorable work less necessary.

3.0.4. How did the Social Security Act of 1935 address child welfare?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 391 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The act addressed child welfare in two of its provisions. Title IV introduced the Aid to Dependent Children, which provided public relief to needy children through cash grants to their families. Title V reestablished Maternal and Child Welfare Services, which had expired in 1929, and expanded the mandate of the Children's Bureau, whose goal was to oversee a new set of child welfare services "for the protection and care of homeless, dependent, and neglected children, and children in danger of becoming delinquent."

3.0.5. What were the four major specifications of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 392 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The act specified the following: (1) a standard definition of child abuse and neglect, (2) methods for reporting and investigating abuse and neglect, (3) immunity for those reporting suspected injuries inflicted on children, and (4) prevention and public education efforts to reduce the incidents of abuse and neglect. .

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3.0.6. To what does the term family preservation refer?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 395-396 Topic: Applied Answer : This ideology called for the provision of intensive services for a brief period, usually six weeks. Its intent was to stabilize the family and prevent out-of-home placement of a child.

3.0.7. Discuss the findings of the 2005 Administration on Children and Families in regard to states' outcomes. Overall, was this report promising or discouraging regarding child welfare?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 396 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The report was discouraging. It documented that no states could assure that maltreated children had a permanent and stable living arrangement and no states were in compliance with regard to families having improved their ability to care for their children. In addition, only one state showed that it adequately met a child's physical and mental health needs.

3.0.8. What did the Annie E. Casey Foundation identify as a significant impediment to progress with regard to child welfare?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 398-399 Topic: Applied Answer : The Foundation identified the human services workforce as "reaching a state of crisis."

Excerpts from this report are on pages 398-399.

3.0.9. What was a central feature of the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980? What does this concept entail?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 400 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Permanency planning became a central feature of the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act. This feature is defined as "the systematic process of carrying out, within a brief time-limited period, a set of goal-directed activities designed to help children live in families that offer continuity of relationships with nurturing parents or caretakers and the opportunity to establish lifetime relationships."

3.0.10. Should agencies give consideration to maintaining the cultural identity of children placed for adoption by finding them homes in their birth culture? Explain.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 403-404 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Answers to this question will vary. The topic is discussed on pages 403-404.

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3.0.11. What did the Indian Child Welfare Act do?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 403-404 Topic: Conceptual Answer : This act provided for minimal federal standards for removing Indian children from their families and for placing the children in homes that reflected the values of Indian culture.

The act provided assistance to Indian tribes for the operation of child/family service programs.

It also established tribes, rather than state courts, as the governing bodies responsible for Indian foster children.

3.0.12. What are the primary programs that assist parents with child care expenses?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 406-407 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The primary programs are the federal dependent care tax credit, the child care tax credit, the Child Care and Development Block Grant, and Title XX. 3.0.13. What is the primary federal program established for provision to low-income pregnant women?

What does it provide?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 407 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The program is WIC, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. Low-income pregnant women and nursing women receive food coupons.

3.0.14. Why does childbearing among very young unmarried women pose a serious problem for public policy?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 409 Topic: Conceptual Answer : First, teenage mothers are more likely to drop out of school; thus, they fail to gain skills that would make them self-sufficient. Second, teenage mothers are more likely to have to depend on welfare, whose benefits are at levels lower than the actual cost of raising children.

3.0.15. What do the authors conclude about the future of child welfare?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 409-411 Topic: Conceptual Answer : A detailed answer to this question is found on pages 409-411. Students should show an understanding of the basic conclusions about child welfare.

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Chapter Sixteen: Housing Policies Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. Which of the following statements is NOT accurate about the HOME program? a. The program can be used to assist in making down payment loans. b. The purpose of the program is to increase home ownership. c. Matching funds cannot be used for new construction. d. HOME allows cities and towns some flexibility in addressing their housing needs.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 420 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.Matching funds cannot be used for new construction.

1.0.2. The Road Home Program was created to a. increase affordable housing across the United States. b. compensate homeowners after Hurricane Katrina. c. motivate landlords to rent to low-income families. d. do none of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 418 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.compensate homeowners after Hurricane Katrina.

1.0.3. The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act created all of the following programs EXCEPT a. providing transitional and permanent housing to families. b. increasing SRO housing. c. eliminating TANF to some homeless. d. providing block grants to the states for emergency shelters.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 440-441 Topic: Comprehension Answer : c.eliminating TANF to some homeless.

1.0.4. How is domestic violence linked to homelessness? a. It is a myth that the two are related. b. The abuser in domestic violence situations is often homeless. c. Homelessness increases the threat of domestic violence. d. Fifty percent of homeless women and children were fleeing abuse.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 440 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.Fifty percent of homeless women and children were fleeing abuse.

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1.0.5. Which of the below is NOT a goal of the Cranston-Gonzales National Affordable Housing Act? a. link housing assistance with social services b. centralize housing policy c. facilitate home ownership d. preserve existing federally subsidized housing units Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 419-420 Topic: Comprehension Answer : b.centralize housing policy 1.0.6. Marketplace laws should not apply to housing because a. state government does not have the ability to control the marketplace. b. demand is relatively inelastic. c. landlords typically make huge profits on their investments. d. supply does not vary with economic cycles.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 442 Topic: Comprehension Answer : b.demand is relatively inelastic.

1.0.7. The not-for-profit sector has begun to build housing units through a. state laws mandating the building. b. profits siphoned from the private sector. c. monies from foundations and government subsidies. d. none of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 442 Topic: Comprehension Answer : c.monies from foundations and government subsidies.

1.0.8. Affordable rents are related to the relationship of fair market rents to a. the monthly minimum wage. b. public assistance benefits. c. the monthly minimum wage and public assistance benefits. d. cost-of-living increases.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 433 Topic: Synthesis Answer : c.the monthly minimum wage and public assistance benefits.

1.0.9. Which was NOT a policy of the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act (QHWRA)? a. Employment history can be considered for eligibility. b. A work requirement is attached to Section 8 housing. c. PHAs are encourage to recruit "good" working class families. d. People receiving Social Security cannot apply.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 421 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.People receiving Social Security cannot apply.

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1.0.10. The Low Income Housing Tax Credit a. encouraged landlords to rent to low-income households. b. was a tax credit given to low-income tenents. c. is accessible only to the working poor. d. was found to be unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 421 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.encouraged landlords to rent to low-income households.

1.0.11. Which of the following statements is NOT accurate regarding public housing programs? a. Housing programs are not automatically provided to everyone who qualifies. b. Funding is low. c. Waiting lists for housing can be as long as two or more years. d. One-half of poor renter households receive government subsidies.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 421-424 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.One-half of poor renter households receive government subsidies.

1.0.12. The following are types of mortgages especially attractive to low-income workers EXCEPT a. ARMs. b. 30-year mortgages. c. interest-only repayment schedules. d. reduced minimum payment options.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 429-431 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.30-year mortgages.

1.0.13. Most homeless clients have the following characteristics EXCEPT that a. most are white. b. the majority completed a high school education. c. most homeless clients are single. d. a majority of homeless women had children under the age of 17.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 438 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.the majority completed a high school education.

1.0.14. By the early 2000s, the national home ownership rate was a. 35 percent. b. 68 percent. c. 15 percent. d. 5 percent.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 427 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.68 percent.

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1.0.15. The standard benchmark for "affordability" is that households should pay no more than what percent of their income for housing? a. 30 percent b. 40 percent c. 20 percent d. 50 percent Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 433 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.30 percent 1.0.16. As a result of urban renewal projects, which of the following statements is NOT accurate? a. "Gentrified" neighborhoods sprung up with affordable housing for low-income families. b. Many cheap single-room occupancy (SRO) hotels were razed, leading to more homeless. c. Gentrification has had a big impact on more and more central-city neighborhoods. d. Localities tried to attract upper-income families to revitalized inner cities, often at the expense of poor families.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 419, 434-435 Topic: Analysis Answer : a."Gentrified" neighborhoods sprung up with affordable housing for low-income families.

1.0.17. Which of the following statements does NOT accurately reflect the condition of the homeless in the United States? a. For some, homelessness is a lifestyle choice. b. Homelessness and poverty are not linked. c. Many in the homeless population suffer from a diagnosable mental illness or have substance abuse-related issues. d. The homeless population is often undercounted in federal surveys for political purposes.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 436-437 Topic: Synthesis Answer : b.Homelessness and poverty are not linked.

1.0.18. What percent of the homeless are children ages 9 to 17? a. 33 percent b. 45 percent c. 27 percent d. 10 percent Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 438 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.33 percent

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1.0.19. What percent of the homeless population is between the ages of 17 and 24? a. b. c. d.

35 percent 5 percent 58 percent 13 percent

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 438 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.13 percent 1.0.20. Which of the following points are part of Chester Hartman's solution to end homelessness? a. Preserve the single-room occupancy hotels. b. Provide suitable residential alternatives for people with mental illness. c. Establish a national "right to shelter." d. All of the above are part of his solution.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 441 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.All of the above are part of his solution.

True/False Questions 2.0.1. The Cranston-Gonzales National Affordable Housing Act authorized housing-related block grants to state and local governments. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 419 Topic: Applied Answer : a.true 2.0.2. Ninety percent of HOME-assisted units in jurisdiction must be affordable for families with incomes below 60 percent of the area median, with the remaining units being affordable for families with incomes up to 80 percent of the median. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 420 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.3. The Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998 was the housing equivalent of the 1996 PRWORA. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 421 Topic: Conceptual Answer : a.true .

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2.0.4. For many families, the cost of housing represents the single largest expenditure in the household budget. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 423 Topic: Conceptual Answer : a.true 2.0.5. Public Housing was first established as a response to World War I.. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 422 Topic: Factual Answer : a.false 2.0.6. Government effort to increase housing supply includes both demand-side and supply-side iniatives. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 428 Topic: Applied Answer : a.true 2.0.7. The Emergency Shelter Grants Program provides dierct funding to homeless families. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 440 Topic: Conceptual Answer : a.false 2.0.8. According to the Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, only 10% of Americans list their home as their single biggest asset. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 425 Topic: Factual Answer : a.false

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2.0.9. In 2007, the average cost of a new single family home in the U.S. was $299,700. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 426 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.10. Approximately forty percent of the homeless population reports having gone without food for a day or longer within the last 30 days. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 37 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true Essay Questions 3.0.1. What were the goals of the Cranston-Gonzales National Affordable Housing Act? Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 419 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The goals included: 1) decentralizing housing policy by allowing states to design and administer their own housing programs; 2) using nonprofit sponsors to help develop and implement housing services; 3) linking housing assistance more closely with social services; 4) facilitating home ownership for low and moderate income people; 5) preserving existing federally subsidized housing units; and 6)initiating cost sharing among federal, state and local governments and nonprofit organizations.

3.0.2. How does the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998 tie workforce participation into housing benefits?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 421 Topic: Conceptual Answer : A detailed discussion of the links between the QHWRA and workforce participation are found on page 5.

3.0.3. What are the four components of the Homeownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere program?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 420 Topic: Conceptual Answer : HOPE has four components, as it: 1) finances the sale of public housing apartments to residents; 2) finances the sales to low-income persons of other apartment buildings held by the federal government; 3) finances the sale of single-family homes owned by the federal, state of local governments; and 4) represents an effort to combine social services with housing assistance for elderly and disabled households that would otherwise be unable to live independently.

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3.0.4. Discuss at least 3 of the historical highlights of housing legislation.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 419-420 Topic: Applied Answer : Figure 16.1 on pages 419-420 addresses many acts of legislation that significantly impacted housing in the U.S. 3.0.5. What is the Low Income Housing Tax Credit and what does it seek to do?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 421 Topic: Applied Answer : The LIHTC was a way for the federal government to encourage the development of affordable housing without having to allocate direct federal expenditures.

3.0.6. Name and discusss three problems of the homeless.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 436-442 Topic: Applied Answer : These include substance abuse, physical and mental health issues. Added to these concerns are poor education, hunger and a prior history of homelessness.

3.0.7. What factors affect housing affordability for low-income home owners?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 427-429 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Many factors affecting housing affordability are discussed in detail on pages 25-29.

Students should be able to demonstrate understanding of the issues facing low-income homeowners and inevitably, the rising cost of homes, coupled with excruciatingly high mortgage rates in the fringe economy are "bare bones" requirements for this question's answer.

3.0.8. Is there evidence that a crisis in affordable rental housing exists? Cite examples in support of your answer.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 433-435 Topic: Applied Answer : A detailed discussion of findings in this area can be found on page 25. Please review these specifics before determining what quality of answer you will require from your students.

3.0.9. What is a circuit breaker program?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 435-436 Topic: Applied Answer : A CBP is the most common form of property tax relief. A typical program is activated when taxes exceed a specified proportion of a homeowner's income, and in some states, low income households are sent a yearly benefit check that covers all or part of the property taxes they paid.

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3.0.10. Why is the actual number of homeless people in the United States difficult to ascertain?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 436 Topic: Applied Answer : First, definitions of homelessness vary from study to study, and different methods for counting homeless yield different results. Second, many of the homeless are "hidden" in that they live in campgrounds, automobiles, boxcars, caves, tents, etc. Or, they may live temporarily with family members or friends.

3.0.11. What seems to indicate greater chronicity and length of homelessness?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 436-442 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The answer to this question can be found, discussed in great detail on pages 436-442.

3.0.12. Have there been attempts to address homelessness? Have these attempts been successful? Name and discuss at least two provisions by the federal government.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 440-442 Topic: Applied Answer : Pages 440-442 contain a bevy of information addressing the government's attempts to address homelessness, including grants, programs, and shelter accommodations.

3.0.13. What is Chester Hartman's nine-point proposal for putting an end to homelessness?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 441 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Mr. Hartman suggests the following nine tenets: 1) increase the number of new and rehabilitated units offered to lower-income households; 2) lower the required rent/income ratio in government housing from 30-25 percent; 3) arrest the depletion of low-income housing through neglect, abandonment, conversion, and sale; 4) preserve the SRO hotels; 5) establish a national "right to shelter"; 6) require local governments to make available properties that can used as shelters and second stage housing; 7) create legislation that gives tenants reasonable protection from eviction; 8) provide governmental assistance to homeowners facing foreclosure; 9) provide suitable residential alternatives for mentally ill persons.

3.0.14. What are two recommendations given for housing reform that you perceive as viable solutions?

Why? Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 442-443 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students may choose from numerous recommendations made by the authors on pages 442-443.

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3.0.15. Discuss the housing crisis in terms of availability and affordability.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 433-441 Topic: Applied Answer : Answers will vary, but students should demonstrate a grasp of the enormity of the situation in this country, as discussedin pages 25-33.

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Chapter Seventeen: The Policies of Food Policy and Rural Life Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe conditions in the United States? a. Undernourished children are at high-risk for being poor performers in school. b. Americans spend a smaller percentage of their income on food than any other nation. c. One-quarter of U.S. food stock is thrown away each year. d. Three percent of American households either suffer from hunger or worry about going hungry.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 450 Topic: Synthesis Answer : d.Three percent of American households either suffer from hunger or worry about going hungry.

1.0.2. "Red tape" around food stamp applications includes all of the following EXCEPT a. They are difficult to read and complete. b. The forms are excessively long. c. They insist that an applicant give up work to acquire food stamps d. They are often written at a reading level that is too high for applicants.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 460 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.They insist that an applicant give up work to acquire food stamps 1.0.3. Typical farmworkers a. have had six years of education. b. earn less than $10,000 annually. c. use few social services. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 464 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.all of the above.

1.0.4. The Kyoto Protocol attempted to a. limit untaxed food products entering the United States. b. reduce the damages that NAFTA caused. c. limit greenhouse gas emissions. d. give a scientific reason for global warming.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 471 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.limit greenhouse gas emissions.

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1.0.5. Farming corporatization leads to a. closed markets where prices are fixed by negotiated contracts. b. increased markets for farm products produced by local farmers. c. reduced enviornmental risks. d. more consolidation among decision makers.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 467 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.closed markets where prices are fixed by negotiated contracts.

1.0.6. In 2007, approximately how many million people participated in the Food Stamp program? a. 10 b. 15 c. 26 d. 5 Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 453 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.26 1.0.7. NAFTA has a. been a good program for family farmers. b. lowered farm prices and interrupted local markets. c. not increased rural poverty in Mexico. d. been declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 468 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.lowered farm prices and interrupted local markets.

1.0.8. U.S. food policy a. is almost completely subsidized. b. is based on the belief that the government has an obligation to meet the food needs of American citizens. c. is based on a free-market economy. d. uses only entitlement programs to distribute food.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 461 Topic: Analysis Answer : c.is based on a free-market economy.

1.0.9. In 2006, the average monthly food stamp benefit for a household was a. $393. b. $763. c. $208. d. $599.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 453 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.$208. .

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1.0.10. The first "food stamp" program was established by Congress in a. 1950. b. 1933. c. 1976. d. none of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 451 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.1933.

1.0.11. The current Food Stamp Act a. does not allow noncitizens to be eligible. b. is administered by the Department of Health and Human Services. c. does not count personal effects and household goods up to $2,000 for eligibility purposes. d. was passed during the presidency of John F. Kennedy.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 451-452 Topic: Comprehension Answer : c.does not count personal effects and household goods up to $2,000 for eligibility purposes.

1.0.12. Which of the following groups of illegal immigrants are NOT eligible for food stamps? a. persons granted conditional entry to the United States prior to April 1, 1980. b. persons lawfully admitted for permanent residence with 40 qualifying quarters c. refugees admitted under Section 207 d. none of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 453-454 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.persons granted conditional entry to the United States prior to April 1, 1980.

1.0.13. What percent of food-insecure households obtained assistance from a food pantry at some time during 2006? a. 36 percent b. 21 percent c. 35 percent d. none of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 451 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.21 percent

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1.0.14. The WIC program a. provides only foodstuffs to those who are eligible. b. is an entitlement program. c. is available only to single-parent households. d. must rely on Congress to reauthorize funding for its programs.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 455 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.must rely on Congress to reauthorize funding for its programs.

1.0.15. In 1985, approximately what percent of U.S. farmers filed for bankruptcy? a. 1 percent b. 4 percent c. 10 percent d. 6 percent Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 460 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.4 percent 1.0.16. The Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Act a. received partisan support in Congress. b. replaced traditional subsidies with fixed annual payments. c. was a boon to family farms. d. saved U.S. taxpayers money.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 462 Topic: Comprehension Answer : b.replaced traditional subsidies with fixed annual payments.

1.0.17. Which of the following statements about seasonal agricultural laborers is accurate? a. Median income for men and women is about the same. b. The use of local social services by laborer families is typically high. c. Twenty-five percent of laborers were U.S. born. d. One-third of all agricultural laborers owned or were buying a house.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 464-465 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.One-third of all agricultural laborers owned or were buying a house.

1.0.18. Which statement is NOT accurate about independent labor contractors in the farm industry? a. Contracting grew in reaction to the "Freedom to Farm" program. b. Contractors shield large growers from legal claims. c. Contractors offer few benefits. d. Contractors have a history of mistreating laborers.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 466 Topic: Knowledge Answer : a.Contracting grew in reaction to the "Freedom to Farm" program. .

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1.0.19. Which of the following statements is NOT accurate about corporate farming? a. It emphasizes uniformity over quality. b. Typically, these farms own all aspects of production. c. These farms are highly specialized operations. d. It is consistent with the principle of maintaining open, competitive markets.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 466-467 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.It is consistent with the principle of maintaining open, competitive markets.

1.0.20. The term sustainable development refers to a. meeting the environmental needs of future generations. b. thinking globally about resource issues. c. finding a balance between development and open space. d. all of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 470 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.meeting the environmental needs of future generations.

True/False Questions 2.0.1. Farm workers use a large number of social services. a. b.

true false

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 464 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.2. Expenditures for the U.S. Department of Agriculture food assistance programs totaled about $60 billion in 2008. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 449 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.3. Women and children made up 28 percent of the food-insecure population. a. true b. false Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 450 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false

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2.0.4. In 2006, over 12 million households were food insecure. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 450 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.5. The single common factor connecting diverse groups of individuals to the problem of hunger is poverty. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 450 Topic: Conceptual Answer : a.true 2.0.6. In 2006, low-income households with children were more likely to be food insecure than lowincome households without children. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 451 Topic: Conceptual Answer : a.true 2.0.7. Eighty-four percent of food stamp households had a child under 18, a person aged 60 and over, or a disabled nonelderly person. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 453 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.8. Receiving food stamps increases the nutritional value of a low-income household's home food supplies by 20 to 40 percent. a. true b. false Difficulty: 1 Page-Reference: 451 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true

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2.0.9. About half of all eligible people do not receive food stamps. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 453 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.10. A family of any size can qualify for WIC even if their income is over federal guidelines. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 455 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false Essay Questions 3.0.1. What are some of the problems associated with undernourished children? Are there economic impacts? If so, explain.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 450-451 Topic: Conceptual Answer : A detailed discussion of the ramifications of undernourished children in the Unites States is found on pages 450-451.

3.0.2. What can cause food insecurity?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 451 Topic: Applied Answer : Losing a job, gaining a household member, or losing food stamps places stress on a household budget. Many households must choose between providing for their food needs and paying rent, bills, etc.

3.0.3. What percent of eligible people receive food stamps? Why do you think this number is so low?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 453 Topic: Conceptual Answer : It is estimated that only 50 percent of those who are eligible actually receive food stamps. Students' answers as to why this number is so low will vary.

3.0.4. What are the work requirements for food stamp eligibility?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 453 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Able-bodied adults between 16 and 60 must register for work, accept suitable employment, and take part in an employment and training program to which they are referred by the food stamp office. .

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3.0.5. What are the twin goals of WIC? Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 455 Topic: Applied Answer : The twin goals are (1) to enrich the food intake of participants by providing them with food or with coupons or food cards to use in purchasing food and (2) to educate mothers, individually and in groups, regarding how to prevent nutritional difficulties.

3.0.6. What are the six categories of participants in the WIC program?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 455-456 Topic: Conceptual Answer : The categories include infants from birth to 3 months, infants from 4 to 12 months, women and children with special dietary needs, children from 1 to 5 years, pregnant and nursing mothers, and postpartum nursing mothers.

3.0.7. How and with what has the federal government responded to the issue of hunger in the United States?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 456 Topic: Applied Answer : The federal government has many programs designed to combat hunger: food stamps; the commodity distribution program; the nation school lunch and breakfast programs; the Special Milk Program; the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); the Child and Adult Care Food Program; the Summer Food Service Program; Meals on Wheels; and the Congregate Dining Program.

3.0.8. In your opinion, have the food programs worked? Why or why not?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 457-460 Topic: Applied Answer : Students' answers will vary. The topic of food programs is discussed on pages 457-460.

3.0.9. What is the Meals on Wheels program?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 457 Topic: Conceptual Answer : This program delivers meals to adults over 60 who are unable to take care of their own nutritional needs.

3.0.10. Cite three examples of food stamp bureaucracy.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 460 Topic: Conceptual Answer : More than half of the states and the District of Columbia have food stamp applications that are 10-36 pages long. The applications are often difficult to read and complete. They include excessive and invasive questions, often with little or no legal connection to the food stamp program.

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3.0.11. What are the pros and cons of government subsidies to farmers?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 461-462 Topic: Applied Answer : Answers to this question will vary based on students' opinions. The topic of farm subsidies is discussed on pages 461-462.

3.0.12. What were the three distinctions of the Food Security Act of 1985?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 461 Topic: Conceptual Answer : It was the most complicated farm bill ever passed; it cost the federal government more than previous farm bills had (about $80 billion from 1986-1990); and the price supports, in terms of parity, were lower than they had been in previous legislation.

3.0.13. Why is the profession of farming declining?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 463-464 Topic: Conceptual Answer : According to the authors, several factors influence the decline in U.S. farming practice: dwindling farms; lower farm incomes; the aging farmer population; consolidation of land and control; a drop in crop prices; and lack of efficiency in large, industrialized food producers.

3.0.14. Give a brief overview of the demographics of U.S. farmworkers.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 464-466 Topic: Applied Answer : The information on pages 464-466 discusses in great detail the demographic makeup and other characteristics of U.S. farmworkers.

3.0.15. Discuss three current issues facing farmers and the profession of farming.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 466-471 Topic: Applied Answer : Corporatization of agriculture, genetic engineering, global trade, mad cow disease, local selling, organic farming, sustainable agriculture, and global warming are important issues that farmers in the United States face today.

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Chapter Eighteen: The American Welfare State in International Perspective Multiple Choice Questions 1.0.1. What incident caused the Three World formulation to lose utility? a. the formation of OPEC b. the introduction of capitalism to China, North Korea, and Cuba c. the fall of the Berlin Wall d. the Cold War Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 477 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.the fall of the Berlin Wall 1.0.2. Institutional welfare refers to the provision of services a. in institutions. b. in an inpatient psychiatric center. c. in a bureaucratic style. d. to the population as a whole.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 477 Topic: Comprehension Answer : d.to the population as a whole.

1.0.3. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) a. are slower than governments in responding to change. b. assist in strengthening fragile democracies. c. have often been found to be corrupt. d. have been outlawed in other democracies.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 493 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.assist in strengthening fragile democracies.

1.0.4. Sub-Saharan African nations a. have incurred large debts to the IMF. b. are seeing an epidemic of HIV infections in adults. c. are falling behind in the digital age. d. have experienced or are experiencing all of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 495 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.have experienced or are experiencing all of the above.

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1.0.5. The three-part classification of nations is based on a. b. c. d.

type of social welfare system. type of government. age of government. none of the above.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 477 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.type of government.

1.0.6. Amartya Sen spoke of a. democracy being a by-product of industrialization. b. democracy being a precondition for development. c. the possibility of benign dictatorships promoting development. d. the need to send aid to developing countries regardless of cost.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 489 Topic: Analysis Answer : b.democracy being a precondition for development.

1.0.7. The International Monetary Fund a. assists in creating infrastructure projects in developing countries. b. was eliminated in the 1970s due to rich countries not contributing. c. sends loans to poor countries to assist in balancing their budgets. d. enables poor countries to lend monies to other poor countries.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 491-492 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.sends loans to poor countries to assist in balancing their budgets.

1.0.8. Residual welfare refers to a. serving the poorest of the poor. b. serving the whole population. c. utilizing budget surplus to provide social services. d. serving residual citizens.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 477 Topic: Comprehension Answer : a.serving the poorest of the poor.

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1.0.9. Paul Collier (2007) discussed reasons that aid should be sent to the poorest countries. These reasons included a. doing away with corrupt governments and civil unrest. b. the moral and ethical reasons for distributing aid. c. creating institutions that will develop civic decison making. d. helping with local infrastructure projects.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 488 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.doing away with corrupt governments and civil unrest.

1.0.10. The Four Tigers are a. the four most heavily populated nations in the world. b. Asian nations with a well-developed military. c. Asian nations with aggressive governments. d. Asian nations with high levels of growth.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 477 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.Asian nations with high levels of growth.

1.0.11. What percent of GDP does the United States expend on public benefits? a. 37.6 percent b. 24.4 percent c. 17.1 percent d. 49.8 percent Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 479 Topic: Comprehension Answer : c.17.1 percent 1.0.12. What is pointed to as being the primary incident that created the "underclass"? a. World War I b. the fall of communism c. reductions in welfare benefits d. all of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 481 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.reductions in welfare benefits

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1.0.13. The Gini coeffecient is used to gauge national development in what area? a. environmental quality b. educational level c. income equality d. all of the above Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 481 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.income equality 1.0.14. A problem when comparing American and European welfare states is that a. the comparison does not take into account the role of voluntary organizations. b. our country's private social welfare programs often are not taken into account. c. there often is a strong bias toward the benefits of the institutional welfare model. d. all of the above are true.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 478 Topic: Analysis Answer : d.all of the above are true.

1.0.15. Compared to Denmark, when both public and private social welfare expenditures are taken into account, a. the United States spends less than Denmark. b. the United States spends about the same as Denmark. c. the United States spends more than Denmark. d. the comparisons cannot be made.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 479 Topic: Knowledge Answer : b.the United States spends about the same as Denmark.

1.0.16. The Human Development Index considers which of the following variables when determining the rank of the development of nations? a. life expectancy b. income c. educational attainment d. all of the above Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 481 Topic: Knowledge Answer : d.all of the above

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1.0.17. The conservative welfare movement in the United States in the 1980s promoted a. privatizing the Social Security system. b. doing away with the TANF program. c. transforming entitlement programs to discretionary ones. d. developing the Medicare prescription drug plan.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 481 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.transforming entitlement programs to discretionary ones.

1.0.18. Which of the following countries is consistently ranked in the top five or six nations, regardless of the measurement used? a. Sweden b. Russia c. Singapore d. Brazil Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 482, 491, 492 Topic: Analysis Answer : a.Sweden 1.0.19. Who developed the philosophical rationale for capability poverty? a. Martha Nussbaum b. Emily Maxwell c. Amartya Sen d. Richard Estes Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 489 Topic: Knowledge Answer : c.Amartya Sen 1.0.20. The Human Poverty Index can be used for a. determining poverty trends in the United States today. b. ascertaining which countries are poverty stricken. c. exploring government data on social welfare spending. d. summarizing the change in minimum wage scales for workers over the years.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 487 Topic: Comprehension Answer : b.ascertaining which countries are poverty stricken.

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True/False Questions 2.0.1. Harold Wilensky and Charles Lebeaux assert that social policy in the United States is essentially residualist in nature. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 477 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.2. Social welfare policy in many European nations is residualist in nature. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 477 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.3. The approach to welfare status involving efforts of some countries to forge strong alliances among government, labor, and business in order to reach a consensus on social welfare issues is known as corporatism. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 478 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.4. Since the early 1970s, most Western governments have increased spending or promoted the growth of welfare programs. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 480 Topic: Factual Answer : b.false 2.0.5. Western industrialized nations pursued liberal social policies after World War II. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 480 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true

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2.0.6. The United States has been a leader in distributing foreign aid to other countries. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 490 Topic: Conceptual Answer : b.false 2.0.7. Martha Nussbaum asserts that the most chronically oppressed among the world's poor are women. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 490 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.8. The traditional means of dispersing international aid has been through intergovernmental transfers of money. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 490 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true 2.0.9. The United States has consistently been ranked among the top three nations in providing international aid in relation to its GDP. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 490 Topic: Applied Answer : b.false 2.0.10. The Bretton Woods agreement established the International Monetary Fund. a. true b. false Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 491 Topic: Factual Answer : a.true

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Essay Questions 3.0.1. How does the United States compare with other nations in regard to its welfare state? Explain your answer using examples from class and the text.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 477-480 Topic: Applied Answer : Students should display their grasp of the chapter material. Answers will vary. See pages 477-480.

3.0.2. Explain the three-part classification employed to depict the comparative levels of development of nations.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 477 Topic: Factual Answer : The three-part classification includes a First World (Western industrialized nations), a Second World (communist nations that constructed political economies as an alternative to the market-dominated First World), and a Third World (former colonies of the First World that often achieved liberation through revolution).

3.0.3. To what does the term Fourth World refer?

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 477 Topic: Conceptual Answer : This term depicts an emerging status of nations that have, over the years, become less developed than they were after having received independence from a First World nation. These countries have poor infrastructures and unstable political regimes.

3.0.4. Discuss the different typologies used to describe the welfare state.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 477-478 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students should point out the various typologies used to describe the welfare state.

Different explanations exist, but students should recognize the differences between residual and institutional welfare; corporatist and noncorporatist; liberal welfare state and social democratic welfare state; and democratic welfare state, social market welfare state, corporate market welfare state, and liberal collectivist welfare state. Although these typologies differ, they use similar criteria when classifying countries, primarily including whether government social programs exist. See pages 277-278.

3.0.5. Contrast the ideology behind residual and institutional welfare.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 477 Topic: Applied Answer : Residual welfare refers to providing a minimal safety net for the poorest sections of the population rather than catering for the population as a whole. The institutional approach seeks to provide a variety of social programs for the whole population and to combine economic and social objectives in an effort to enhance the well-being of all.

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3.0.6. Discuss two theories behind U.S. "welfare exceptionalism."

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 478-480 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Theories behind why the United States is unwilling to emphasize government social welfare programs is found on pages 478-480.

3.0.7. Some contend that the notion of American welfare state exceptionalism is an unfair criticism.

What reasons are given?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 479-480 Topic: Applied Answer : Students should list reasons why the welfare state in America is often unfairly criticized. The most profound argument is the "apples and oranges" argument, meaning that it is impossible to compare the United States to smaller, economically different countries that offer more federally subsidized social welfare programs as compared to many nongovernment programs in the United States. See pages 479-480.

3.0.8. With regard to social welfare, what are some common responses to unfavorable comparisons between the United States and other countries?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 477-478 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Unfavorable comparisons between the United States and other countries are based on the idea that state involvement in social welfare is a good thing. Instead of relying only on the states for social welfare, many argue that people can enhance their well-being through their own efforts. Gaps in the U.S. public welfare system are filled by the private sector.

3.0.9. Discuss two of the five tenets called for by conservatives in the 1980s regarding welfare reform.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 481 Topic: Conceptual Answer : They called for making welfare benefits contingent on employment, transforming openended entitlements to discretionary programs, containing the growth of the governmental sector while retaining programs that affect the elderly and working poor, replacing government with other institutions, and contracting services and benefits to the private sector.

3.0.10. Do you gree or disagree with the following statement? Why? "Solidarity, social citizenship, the gift relationship, and the difference principle--as all of them representing formulations of the idea that who live in a society are obligated to insure the welfare of everyone else--are terms bandied about in academic circles, but they no longer make much of an appearance in real politics."

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 481 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Students' answers to this conceptual question will vary.

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3.0.11. Discuss the plusses and minuses of the Gini coefficient.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 481 Topic: Conceptual Answer : Because the Gini coeffecient measures only income, many social scientist believe that other weighted indexes are more valid and should be included: longevity, education, opportunity, and environment.

3.0.12. Explain the concept of capability poverty.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 489 Topic: Applied Answer : This concept essentially states that freedom was a precondition of development, not a by-product to be enjoyed. Countries with dictators, lack of freedom, etc., are more likely to be capable of poverty.

3.0.13. Explain the two entities that have facilitated growth in trade in the Third World since the 1960s.

Difficulty: 2 Page-Reference: 492-493 Topic: Factual Answer : These two organizations, which students should describe, include the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).

3.0.14. Name the three nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that have become well established or show promise of breaking ground in development circles.

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 493-494 Topic: Factual Answer : The three NGOs are Habitat for Humanity, Grameen Development Bank, and First Nations Development Institute.

3.0.15. Explain how the First Nations Development Institute regards welfare and poverty. Why was it started?

Difficulty: 3 Page-Reference: 494 Topic: Applied Answer : Although the First Nations Development Institute was first started to end the dependence of Native Americans on the federal government, it now exists to serve all indigenous peoples. The entity's approach includes a look at community, nature, subsistence, and culture as being antithetical to to the model of the industrial West.

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