Thinking Sociologically Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Thinking Sociologically provides students with the foundational tools to analyze the social world through a sociological lens. The course introduces key concepts, theories, and methods that sociologists use to understand patterns of social behavior, institutions, and structures. Students will critically examine how personal experiences are shaped by broader social forces such as class, race, gender, and culture. Through exploring topics like socialization, inequality, and the impact of globalization, this course encourages students to question taken-for-granted assumptions and to develop a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between individual lives and society.
Recommended Textbook
You May Ask Yourself An Introduction to Thinking Like a Sociologist Core 4th Edition by Dalton Conley
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Chapter 1: The Sociological Imagination: An Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the three historical epistemological stages of human society did Comte explain was highlighted by Enlightenment thinking such as Rousseau's,Mill's,and Hobbes's beliefs in biological causes for human behavior?
A) the theological stage
B) the metaphysical stage
C) the scientific stage
D) the postscientific stage
Answer: B
Q2) In sociology's "cousin," psychology,the focus is on the individual.In sociology,the focus is above and beyond the individual,on group-level dynamics and social structures.This is known as:
A) intra-individual.
B) interindividual.
C) supra-individual.
D) superindividual.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) If Sandra wants to generalize the findings of her study to another (possibly larger)population,it is important that the people in her study be:
A) randomly selected from the population she wants to generalize to.
B) varied in their characteristics so that there will be no problems.
C) aware of her intentions, so the study will be valid and reliable.
D) representative of the group(s) she wants to generalize to.
Answer: D
Q2) Jill wants to know more about how democratic a society is.When she begins her study,she defines the level of democracy as the number of people who are able to participate in popular elections.With this definition,Jill has ____________ the variable "level of democracy":
A) constructed
B) hypothesized
C) causally connected
D) operationalized
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: Culture and Media
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Sample Questions
Q1) The word culture derives from the Latin word colere,which means:
A) a cult.
B) an ideology.
C) to cultivate.
D) a plan of action.
Answer: C
Q2) If you are a member of a subculture,like the goth subculture,you can be sure that the meaning of certain words and the behavior of the members:
A) can be different within the group.
B) will remain consistent across the group.
C) will differ greatly from the dominant culture.
D) will remain consistent for several years and then change across the groups.
Answer: A
Q3) According to Herbert Gans,what determines the content of news stories?
A) journalistic standards, including "the facts, just the facts"
B) market forces and what the public wants to see
C) powerful corporate boards
D) the time and space constraints inherent in various media
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Socialization and the Construction of Reality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Concepts such as I,me,and generalized other are part of which theorist's work?
A) George Herbert Mead
B) Charles Horton Cooley
C) Erving Goffman
D) Sigmund Freud
Q2) Venus Williams is one of the top women's tennis players in the world.This status overrides all of her other statuses and is known as her:
A) ascribed status.
B) achieved status.
C) status set.
D) master status.
Q3) Most people occupy many statuses at a particular point in time (e.g.,student,son or daughter,employee,citizen).This list of statuses is known as the:
A) ascribed status.
B) achieved status.
C) status set.
D) master status.
Q4) Explain the main concepts of Merton's role theory and provide an example of each.
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6
Chapter 5: Groups and Networks
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Sample Questions
Q1) When your lecture class in which only the professor was speaking breaks off into ten small groups of five students,it has switched from being ____________ to being
A) a dyad; a triad
B) formal; informal
C) a group; a network
D) unifocal; multifocal
Q2) A classroom would not typically fall under Simmel's classification of a small group because:
A) there is no face-to-face interaction.
B) it is not unifocal in perspective.
C) there are formal arrangements or roles.
D) the relationships are equal.
Q3) Cooley distinguished between two types of groups he called:
A) triads and dyads.
B) small and large groups.
C) primary and secondary groups.
D) parties and wild bashes.
Q4) What is isomorphism? Give one example.
Q5) Summarize Simmel's work on dyads and triads.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Social Control and Deviance
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person who desires a big mansion and the perfect "American Dream" lifestyle,but sells illegal drugs to achieve this,is known by Merton as a(n):
A) ritualist.
B) conformist.
C) rebel.
D) innovator.
Q2) Briefly discuss the effect of the mass incarceration that has resulted from the War on Drugs.
Q3) Explain Merton's strain theory of deviance and list each adaptation to anomie.Refer to "means" and "goals."
Q4) An elementary school isn't a total institution because:
A) students leave every afternoon and adopt different roles at that time.
B) children cannot be subjected to total institutions.
C) there are bureaucratic rules that govern schools.
D) too many children attend elementary school to make it possible.
Q5) Summarize one of the labeling theories of deviance,and use it to explain how deviant behavior occurs.How can this theory help us understand variations in the crime rate across time and across different social groups?
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Chapter 7: Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although Indian castes historically have been ____________,increasing rates of ____________ have made classifying children more difficult.
A) endogamous; exogamy
B) rigid; movement
C) fluid; rigidity
D) exogamous; endogamy
Q2) What term refers to a two-directional relationship,one that goes both ways like a conversation between two people (such as master-slave)?
A) dialectic
B) conversing
C) stimulation
D) cognition
Q3) The prestige of a person's first job out of school factors into his or her position on the ____________ model.
A) status-attainment
B) structural
C) vertical
D) horizontal
Q4) How does the status-attainment model help us understand social mobility?
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Chapter 8: Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following situations provides an example of how the social categories of gender influence the biology of sex?
A) parents who refuse to let their three-year-old son paint his fingernails
B) how people react differently to two women who hold hands in public versus two men who hold hands in public
C) the decision to raise a male infant born with a small penis (e.g., a phallus measuring less than 2 centimeters in length) as a female
D) how a one-sex model of human bodies dominated thinking among ancient Greeks, but a two-sex model dominates current Western biological thought
Q2) All of the following terms characterize essentialist thinking EXCEPT:
A) biologically determined.
B) natural or innate.
C) fixed and absolute.
D) fluid and ambiguous.
Q3) When sexuality is treated as a social construction,why would sociologists argue against the notion of normal?
Q4) Explain essentialism and biological determinism and the binary model in relation to sex and gender.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Race
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Sample Questions
Q1) The 1896 Supreme Court decision Plessy v.Ferguson upheld: A) equality.
B) ethnic cleansing.
C) integration.
D) segregation.
Q2) Social Darwinism was the evolutionary notion of:
A) race.
B) survival of the fittest.
C) domination.
D) genetics.
Q3) Comte de Buffon's classification schemes assumed that anyone who differed from the following group was abnormal:
A) American
B) African
C) European
D) British
Q4) Your text mentions forms that minority-majority group relations can take: assimilation,pluralism,segregation,and conflict.Discuss each form and give examples.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Poverty
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Sample Questions
Q1) What term do economists use to describe the relative value of present consumption versus future savings?
A) future wage incentive
B) discount rate
C) long-term matches
D) future interest yields
Q2) What does Susan Mayer argue are the effects of income on poor children? How could her research affect the programs (current and future)designed to help poor children?
Q3) Why is it difficult for almost half of Americans to save for retirement?
A) They are living beyond their means.
B) Financial pressures are too high.
C) They don't have pension or retirement savings plans.
D) They have unlimited needs and wants.
Q4) What was the problem with the Gautreaux Assisted Housing Program?
A) There weren't enough houses for all the families.
B) It produced no improvement or changes.
C) Families brought destructive behaviors from the ghetto to the new neighborhood.
D) Participants were self-selected.
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Chapter 11: Health and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Susie takes up smoking,the cost of her insurance coverage goes up.This is a result of:
A) risk insurance.
B) risk adjustment.
C) a clerical error.
D) risk adversity.
Q2) Hypertension is directly related to stress,which can be attributed to being poor.However,poor African Americans in the United States have rates of hypertension that are similar to middle- and upper-class African Americans.How would the "tokenism theory" explain this?
A) African Americans make bad lifestyle choices, regardless of their socioeconomic status.
B) All African Americans lack adequate health care when they are young.
C) African Americans have a genetic predisposition for hypertension.
D) All African Americans may still experience discrimination.
Q3) Physicians in ancient Rome tended to have lower prestige.This was because:
A) only lower-status people got ill.
B) most were men.
C) the surgeons evolved from barbers.
D) they were seen as evildoers by the nobility.
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Chapter 12: Family (in Core edition)
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963)?
A) Conley
B) Friedan
C) Aries
D) Coontz
Q2) About how long do the majority of single mothers stay on the welfare rolls in the United States?
A) 2 years
B) 5 years
C) 10 years
D) more than 15 years
Q3) When compared to the 1990s,views regarding gay and lesbian marriage are becoming increasingly
A) positive.
B) negative.
C) divided between positive and negative.
D) indifferent.
Q4) Summarize the main points of Dalton Conley's 2004 book,The Pecking Order,about the presence of status hierarchies among U.S.siblings.
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Chapter 13: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of Project STAR?
A) It was a longitudinal study that spanned four years.
B) Teachers and students were randomly assigned to small- or regular-sized classes with or without a teacher's aide.
C) The students were in middle school.
D) The study was conducted by the Tennessee State Department of Education.
Q2) If affirmative action programs were eliminated,which group would most likely see an increase in chances of admission to elite colleges and universities?
A) black students
B) female students
C) Hispanic students
D) Asian students
Q3) Contrary to popular belief:
A) girls and boys score about the same in national math tests.
B) boys are stronger readers than girls.
C) boys attend college in greater numbers than girls.
D) women and men with equal educational levels earn the same amount of money.
Q4) Explain how race and social class intersect to affect education outcomes.
Q5) What factors inside classrooms can affect students' learning experiences?
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Chapter 14: Capitalism and the Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jenny lives in a society in which there is a strong norm against mixing business with pleasure.Work and leisure activities are physically separate,occurring at different times,on different days,at different places,and often with different people.Jenny lives in a ____________ society.
A) feudal
B) modern capitalist
C) premodern agricultural
D) communal
Q2) Offshoring occurs when firms:
A) contract some of their work out to independent foreign companies.
B) move all or part of their operations abroad to developing nations.
C) actively scan foreign markets for new places to sell goods and services.
D) transfer high-level executives abroad to be closer to production.
Q3) Adam Smith argues that money is inherently social because:
A) it requires an employment relationship between an employer and employee.
B) it requires complex social and governmental institutions to ensure that markets work properly.
C) any and all economic exchange requires two partners.
D) economic activity involves cooperation and even collusion among many participants.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Authority and the State
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe Max Weber's three accounts of a ruler's "superiority and fitness to rule." Give examples of each.
Q2) Most modern societies would be classified as having which type of authority?
A) rational
B) legal-rational
C) authoritative
D) a supreme ruler
Q3) Most people living within a state have certain rights as citizens of that nation,called ____________ rights.
A) public
B) private
C) citizenship
D) social
Q4) ____________ is defined by Weber as the probability that a command with a given specific content will be obeyed by a particular group of people.
A) Domination
B) Power
C) Authority
D) Control
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Chapter 16: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) With regard to people changing their religious affiliations,which of the following is true?
A) Nearly all Americans change their religious affiliations more than once during adulthood.
B) There is more growth among conservative Protestant denominations; moderate and liberal denominations have lost members.
C) Teenagers tend to feel less connected to religion once they have "shopped around" for a denomination.
D) Religion shopping is less common among young adults than it is among middle-aged adults.
Q2) What is pluralism?
A) the presence and coexistence of many different groups within one society
B) tolerance for other beliefs and making sense of the world, but recognizing that there is only one right way to live
C) the reduction of all social processes and structures to a single theoretical explanation
D) the tensions that arise when there are multiple religious groups within an increasingly secular society
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18
Chapter 17: Science, the Environment, and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the major reasons farmers genetically modify their produce is so they:
A) produce higher yields.
B) don't have to get up as early in the morning to plant.
C) don't have to handpick their crops.
D) can increase the price they charge for their crops.
Q2) If a sociologist is trying to determine why poverty rates are higher in the inner city,he or she might look at the lack of jobs in the area.If a psychologist is looking at the same thing,he or she may look more at levels of depression in the residents of an inner city.This difference is often called:
A) a scientific revolution.
B) the green revolution.
C) a paradigm shift.
D) boundary work.
Q3) Researchers in different fields may study the same issue but have different answers because:
A) they are in opposition to each other.
B) some are not working in legitimate scientific disciplines.
C) boundary work limits their research.
D) they are working through different frameworks.
Q4) Discuss the effects of global warming from a sociological perspective.
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Collective Action, Social Movements, and Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which stage of a social movement is the period when a few people try to draw attention to a particular social issue that is not in the public consciousness?
A) emergence
B) resolution
C) coalescence
D) routinization
Q2) During the modern period,science competed with ____________ as the primary source for knowledge.
A) religion
B) theory
C) capitalism
D) philosophy
Q3) The difference between collective action and deviance is:
A) the number of people acting.
B) the type of people involved.
C) whether you are acting alone or as part of a group.
D) the reaction of others to your actions.
Q4) What is the difference between a social movement and a ritual? Give examples of each.
Page 20
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