Statistics for Behavioral Sciences
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Statistics for Behavioral Sciences introduces students to the fundamental principles of statistical analysis as applied to the study of human behavior. The course covers descriptive and inferential statistics, including measures of central tendency, variability, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlation and regression techniques. Emphasis is placed on understanding statistical concepts, analyzing data, and interpreting results in the context of psychological and behavioral research. Through practical exercises and real-world examples, students develop the skills necessary to critically assess research findings and apply statistical reasoning to issues in the behavioral sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics Excel 2010 Edition 3rd Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the steps in creating a function that would add the data in a range of cells?
Answer: Enter the function in the cell where you want the results to appear, enter the range of cells on which you want the function to operate, and press the Enter key.
Q2) When might a person use inferential statistics?
Answer: Inferential statistics are used when you want to make an inference about the population based on a sample.
Q3) An argument in mathematical terms is which of the following?
A) a disagreement
B) a set of premises
C) an operator
D) an average
Answer: B
Q4) What is a function?
Answer: A function is a predefined formula.
Q5) What is a formula?
Answer: A formula is a set of mathematical operators that performs a specific mathematical task.
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Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the mean of the following set of scores? 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12
Answer: The mean is 14.57
Q2) What are the measures of central tendency discussed in the textbook?
Answer: Mean, median, mode
Q3) What is the term for a distribution that is significantly distorted?
A) variability
B) outliers
C) skew
D) percentile
Answer: C
Q4) Which of the following requires you to multiply a set of scores by the frequency of their occurrence, add the total of these products, and divide by the total number of scores?
A) arithmetic mean
B) harmonic mean
C) geometric mean
D) weighted mean
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) When subtracting the largest number in a distribution from the smallest, what type of variability is being calculated?
A) outliers
B) standard deviation
C) variance
D) range
Answer: D
Q2) If a distribution is "significantly distorted" what is this called?
A) variability
B) outliers
C) skew
D) percentile
Answer: C
Q3) What is the s² of the following set of scores? 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12
Answer: The variance is 11.29
Q4) What is the formula for computing both the exclusive and inclusive ranges?
Answer: Exclusive range: r = h - l; Inclusive range: r = h - l + 1
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the term associated with how flat or peaked a distribution appears?
A) Ogive
B) Skewness
C) Kurtosis
D) Variability
Q2) Which of the following refers to a distribution's curve that is relatively peaked in comparison to a normal curve?
A) Platykurtic
B) Leptokurtic
C) Positive skew
D) Negative skew
Q3) When the right tail of a distribution's curve is longer than the left, what is this called?
A) Platykurtic
B) Leptokurtic
C) Positive skew
D) Negative skew
Q4) If you have a distribution of 100 scores and you want 20 intervals, what should be the size of your class interval?
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Sample Questions
Q1) The correlation between variable X and variable Y is represented by which of the following?
A) R(xy)²
B) r??
C) r????
D) R?/?
Q2) If the correlation between variables is .70, what percent of the variance is not shared variance?
Q3) If variables change in the same direction, what type of correlation is this called?
A) Positive correlation
B) Negative correlation
C) Positive causation
D) Negative causation
Q4) List the steps in computing the Pearson product-moment correlation as outlined in the text.
Q5) If the correlation between variables is .60, what is the coefficient of alienation?
Q6) What does a correlation coefficient represent?
Q7) Write the formula for the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of validity is concerned with the adequate representation of test items?
A) Content validity
B) Predictive validity
C) Concurrent validity
D) Construct validity
Q2) Test-retest reliability is an example of which of the following?
A) Measure of consistency
B) Measure of stability
C) Measure of agreement
D) Measure of equivalence
Q3) Two trained professionals observe the behavior of children in a classroom. They each rate observed behaviors using the same form, and the number of items that were rated the same is calculated. This is an example of which type of reliability?
A) Parallel reliability
B) Test-retest reliability
C) Interrater reliability
D) Internal consistency
Q4) What are the traditional types of validity evidence?
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the different types of research hypotheses? What are they testing?
Q2) The group from which you actually collect data for your study is known as the
A) sample
B) population
C) sampling error
D) general group
Q3) Which of the following provides a measure of how well your sample approximates the population?
A) Generalizability
B) Population
C) Sampling error
D) Hypothesis
Q4) What does the null hypothesis always refer to? What does the research hypothesis always refer to?
Q5) Which of the following symbols would be used in a nondirectional hypothesis?
A) \(<\)
B) \(=\)
C) \(>\)
D) \(\neq\)
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal? Probability and Why It
Counts
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Sample Questions
Q1) The study of probability is the basis for the normal curve and the foundation for what type of statistics?
Q2) What percent of all scores fall below a z score of +1?
A) 16%
B) 34%
C) 50%
D) 84%
Q3) What do standard scores allow researchers to do that raw scores cannot?
Q4) If the null hypothesis claims that there is no difference between groups, what is the likelihood of no difference occurring assumed to be?
Q5) If you know the z score, standard deviation, and mean, what formula would you use to compute the raw score?
A) \(X = ( \ { z } + s ) / \bar { X }\)
B) \(\bar { X } = z ( s ) + X\)
C) \(X = z ( s ) + \bar { X }\)
D) \(z = \bar { X } - X / s\)
Q6) Write the formula for calculating a z score.
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Q7) If the z score is -.5 in a distribution with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5, what is the raw score?
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) The level of chance you are willing to take is called the?
A) Beta level
B) Power level
C) Significance level
D) Chance level
Q2) Under the normal curve, if the obtained value falls to the right of the critical value, under what percent of the normal curve did it fall?
Q3) What Greek letter is associated with Type I error?
A) \(\alpha\)
B) \(\beta\)
C) \(\Sigma\)
D) \(\eta\)
Q4) List the steps to take when applying a statistical test to the null hypothesis.
Q5) Which of the following is the term associated with identifying differences between groups that are not due to chance?
A) Probability
B) Meaningfulness
C) Significance
D) Statistics
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely
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Q1) The primary purpose of a Z TEST is?
A) To provide sample values
B) To return the one-tailed probability value
C) To return a significance level
D) To return a chance level
Q2) A good reason to use a one sample Z-test is to know if the sample values are different from a given?
A) sample
B) value
C) collection
D) population
Q3) A Z Test is preferred when the population (n) is?
A) >30
B) <30
C) =30
D) 30
Q4) What can be said about data points and Z Tests?
Q5) You have a sample of 45 male teens ages 15-19 have with a mean height of 70.8 inches and assume you have a ? = 1.5 inches. What is the equation that will determine the standard error of the mean?
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Chapter 11: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) When comparing two groups the term independent explains that:
A) One group is compared to other similar groups
B) One group is compared to dissimilar groups
C) Two groups are related
D) Two groups are not related in any way
Q2) In order to compute the test statistic or t value, you must first approximate the sample size through calculating which of the following?
A) Pooled variance
B) Standard deviation
C) Degrees of freedom
D) Mean score
Q3) Which of the following relates to the difference you expect?
A) Hypothesized mean difference
B) Pearson correlation
C) Observations
D) Variance
Q4) What does the t test for dependent samples allow you to examine?
Q5) What is another term that statisticians use when talking of dependent tests? Explain.
Q6) What does P(T<=t) two-tail represent?
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the obtained value is less than the critical value, what should you do?
A) Reject the null hypothesis
B) Accept the null hypothesis
C) Reduce the p value
D) Decrease your sample
Q2) To compute the test statistic or t value you must first approximate the sample size through calculating the?
A) Pooled variance
B) Standard deviation
C) Degrees of freedom
D) Mean score
Q3) Given the following, what should you conclude? t???? = 2.001 and tc??t?c?l = 1.94
Q4) Which of the following represents degrees of freedom?
A) fd
B) df
C) d
D) f
Q5) What is another term that statisticians use when talking of dependent tests? Explain.
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many? Try Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the F value?
Q2) When interpreting F??, ??? = 8.80, p < .05, how many groups were examined?
A) 30
B) 27
C) 3
D) 2
Q3) Which of the following would be an example of a design that examines the effects of gender and socioeconomic status (i.e., high, medium, and low) on a test of student achievement?
A) Simple ANOVA
B) One-way ANOVA
C) 2 × 3 ANOVA
D) 3 × 3 ANOVA
Q4) What is the first step in the computation of the F statistic?
A) Setting the level of risk
B) Selection of the appropriate test
C) Computing the obtained value
D) Stating the null and research hypotheses
Q5) How are the F statistic and t statistic related?
Q6) What is the sum of squares total?
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of Variance
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Q1) When you are interested in finding out if students' achievement level changes over time as a result of a reading intervention, what type of ANOVA would you use?
A) Repeated measures
B) Between-group design
C) Mixed design
D) One-way ANOVA
Q2) Describe what is meant by a mixed ANOVA design?
Q3) If you wanted to examine whether the attitude toward learning differs based on students' grade in school (i.e., 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) and level of parent involvement, what is the dependent variable of interest?
A) Grade level
B) Students' attitudes
C) Parents' attitudes
D) Level of parent involvement
Q4) What is an analysis that examines one dependent variable or outcome known as?
A) Multivariate ANOVA
B) Simple ANOVA
C) One-way ANOVA
D) Univariate ANOVA
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Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends? Testing
Relationships
Using
the Correlation Coefficient
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the null and research hypotheses for testing a correlation coefficient?
Q2) If the correlation between two variables is .496, what is the coefficient of determination?
A) 246
B)496
C) 504
D) 754
Q3) If the correlation between two variables is .496, how much of the variance has not been accounted for?
Q4) Measures that occur over a period of time are known as?
A) Predictive measures
B) Longitudinal measures
C) Concurrent measures
D) Consecutive measures
Q5) If you are examining the relationship between variables (not the difference between groups) and only two variables are being used, what is the appropriate test statistic?
Q6) If the correlation between two variables is .496, what is the coefficient of determination?
Q7) What does a correlation coefficient represent?
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using
Linear Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is another name for a regression line?
A) Line of best fit
B) Scatterplot line
C) Line graph
D) Line of the estimate
Q2) Write the equation for linear regression. What do the symbols represent?
Q3) Which of the following symbols is associated with the slope in the regression equation?
A) X
B) Y
C) a
D) b
Q4) Which of the following symbols is associated with the independent variable in the regression equation?
A) X
B) Y
C) a
D) b
Page 18
Q5) What does X? represent in the multiple regression formula?
Q6) What is the standard error of estimate? What does it allow us to examine?
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Chapter 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal:
Chi-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Q1) Why is "goodness of fit" a commonly used name for the one-sample chi-square test?
Q2) What is the level of risk associated with the null hypothesis called?
A) Type II error
B) Type III error
C) Power
D) Type I error
Q3) What does the CHIDIST function in Excel compute?
Q4) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to determine if the number of occurrences across categories is random?
A) McNemar
B) Fisher's exact
C) Chi-square
D) Spearman rank
Q5) Which of the following is the correct formula for the one-sample chi-square?
A) \(Y = \Sigma ( E + O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
B) \(\chi ^ { 2 } = \Sigma ( E - O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
C) \(\chi ^ { 2 } = \Sigma ( E + O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
D) \(Y ^ { 2 } = \Sigma ( E - O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
Q6) What is a parametric test?
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Chapter 18: Some Other (Important) Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of analysis examines the direction of relationships through the postulation of some theoretical relationship between variables and then uses a test to see if the direction of these relationships is substantiated by the data?
A) data mining
B) repeated measures
C) path analysis
D) factor analysis
Q2) If a researcher wants to examine the direction of a relationship between two variables such that he or she posits that one variable causes the other, what type of statistical procedure would be used?
A) Correlation
B) ANOVA
C) Repeated measures
D) Path analysis
Q3) Of the following, which analysis can test relationships over time?
A) repeated measures
B) covariance
C) path analysis
D) ANOVA
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