Social Science Foundations Study
Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Social Science Foundations introduces students to the key concepts, methods, and debates within the social sciences, including disciplines such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, political science, and economics. Through an interdisciplinary lens, the course explores how societies are organized, how individuals and groups interact, and how cultural, political, and economic forces shape human behavior and social institutions. Students will develop critical thinking skills, learn how to analyze social phenomena, and gain an understanding of the role of empirical research and theoretical frameworks in explaining and addressing contemporary social issues.
Recommended Textbook
You May Ask Yourself An Introduction to Thinking Like a Sociologist Core 4th Edition by Dalton Conley
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Chapter 1: The Sociological Imagination: An Introduction
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Q1) In the discipline of history,focusing on historical figures such as Adolf Hitler is known as:
A) "great man" theories.
B) people's histories.
C) historiography.
D) historical materialism.
Answer: A
Q2) The Philip Morris Company changed its name to Altria in an attempt to start a new: A) line of cigarettes.
B) defense against lawsuits.
C) social identity.
D) multinational company.
Answer: C
Q3) Who was the author of the first methods book in the discipline of sociology?
A) Émile Durkheim
B) Harriet Martineau
C) Jane Addams
D) Max Weber
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Methods
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Q1) Although qualitative studies are rich in detail and offer an in-depth look at a particular population and/or phenomenon,due to their limited scope they sometimes suffer from low:
A) validity.
B) generalizability.
C) representativeness.
D) reliability.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is more difficult to do in social science research?
A) say that two things change at the same time
B) establish that something is the cause of something else
C) argue that two things are related
D) propose a relationship between two variables
Answer: B
Q3) The subset of a population from which a researcher collects data is known as a: A) census.
B) selection bias.
C) sample.
D) survey.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Culture and Media
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Q1) Part of what we learn in elementary school is to obey authority,follow the rules,and learn the importance of being on time.Because these values are important to the functioning of the capitalist system,Gramsci would call this:
A) hegemony.
B) discrimination.
C) the American way.
D) dominance.
Answer: A
Q2) Legitimate advertisers tend to view culture jamming as:
A) a boost to sales of their products.
B) negative.
C) another way to increase competition.
D) a way to bring attention to the positive aspects of their products.
Answer: B
Q3) The first interracial kiss in a film took place in:
A) 1890.
B) 1920.
C) 1945.
D) 1967.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Socialization and the Construction of Reality
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Q1) According to dramaturgical theory,the primary goal of every social interaction is to: A) be front (and center) stage.
B) make a good impression.
C) assume the correct role.
D) conform to the script.
Q2) Mead would probably argue that if your four-year-old daughter picks her nose and keeps pulling up her dress while you are out at a fancy restaurant,it is because she:
A) has not internalized the generalized other.
B) has good manners.
C) has not developed an I.
D) has developed a sense of the other.
Q3) Which theorist argued that other people essentially provide us with a social mirror and that our interpretations of this mirror affect how we see ourselves?
A) Erving Goffman
B) Émile Durkheim
C) George Herbert Mead
D) Charles Horton Cooley
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Chapter 5: Groups and Networks
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Q1) What appears to be the main reason for the success of Amish businesses when compared to other U.S.businesses?
A) The Amish live by prioritizing the community and its social capital rather than rugged individualism.
B) The Amish value rugged individualism over the community and its social capital.
C) The Amish hire outsourced labor from Mexico.
D) The Amish reject all use of modern technology.
Q2) The most important difference between primary and secondary groups has to do with:
A) size, because it is impossible to have intimacy in secondary groups.
B) the kinds of relationships that exist within them.
C) whether the people in the group trust each other.
D) the level of competition for scarce resources within the group.
Q3) Cooley distinguished between two types of groups he called:
A) triads and dyads.
B) small and large groups.
C) primary and secondary groups.
D) parties and wild bashes.
Q4) What is isomorphism? Give one example.
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Chapter 6: Social Control and Deviance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sexual orientation was grounds for excluding immigrants from the United States until: A) 1890.
B) 1940.
C) 1960.
D) 1990.
Q2) Which of the following is a major difference between the symbolic interactionist (SI)and functionalist perspectives on deviance?
A) SI sees deviance as negative, and functionalism sees it as positive.
B) SI takes a micro or close-up look at individuals to explain deviance, and functionalism looks at macro-level social systems to explain it.
C) SI accepts that there is deviance in society, while functionalism argues that society functions without deviance.
D) SI argues that deviance plays an important symbolic role in society that helps reinforce cohesion, while functionalism argues that deviance threatens social cohesion.
Q3) Explain the basic argument of deterrence theory and distinguish between specific and general deterrence.
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Chapter 7: Stratification
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Q1) A system in which advancement is based on individual achievement or ability is referred to as:
A) meritocratic.
B) opportunistic.
C) individualistic.
D) entrepreneurial.
Q2) The United States is stratified into levels describing individuals' socioeconomic status: upper class,middle class,working class,and poor.Describe each level.Why is the middle class so difficult to define?
Q3) Which standard of equality is most concerned with the distribution of resources?
A) equality of opportunity
B) ontological equality
C) equality of outcome
D) equality of condition
Q4) Compare and contrast the terms income and wealth.Use examples in your answer.How does wealth help in giving individuals an unfair advantage?
Q5) Explain the estate,caste,class,and status hierarchy systems,using examples.
Q6) Compare and contrast Rousseau's perspective of social inequality with that of Malthus,Millar,and Ferguson.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Gender
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Q1) Although a binary sex system imposes order in the world and helps us make sense of a complicated mass of populations,it also:
A) helps us understand reproduction.
B) limits our ability to accept difference.
C) helps us understand hormonal birth defects.
D) explains social implications.
Q2) Which theoretical perspective assumed that every society had certain structures that existed to fulfill some set of necessary functions?
A) structural functionalism
B) social conflict
C) symbolic interaction
D) functional hierarchy
Q3) Race,birth order,generational cohort,sex,and parental wealth are key sociological variables that are said to resist fixed effects because they:
A) can't be changed.
B) are relatively stable characteristics of an individual.
C) are constantly changing.
D) are impervious to inspection.
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Chapter 9: Race
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Q1) Ontological equality is the notion that:
A) God made people with different innate skills and capabilities.
B) physical characteristics are markers of the soul.
C) social and biological traits can be traced through our lineage.
D) everyone is created equal by divine design.
Q2) Which term refers to the more overt form of resistance through a movement such as revolution or genocide or through nonviolent protest?
A) collective resistance
B) group acquiescence
C) individual alliance
D) mutual resistance
Q3) Swiss theologian Johann Caspar Lavater suggested that outside appearances were connected to inner virtues.According to him,which of the following features signified higher intellect and more worthy character?
A) dark skin and large eyes
B) light skin and small features
C) dark skin and flat noses
D) light skin and large features
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Chapter 10: Poverty
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Q1) One of the richest men in America,Tom Monaghan,thought being poor was "one of the most exciting things in the world" because:
A) it is possible to get by on very little if you live very frugally.
B) it provides great motivation to work hard and get rich.
C) poor people are more willing to work at his company.
D) he believes in Social Darwinism.
Q2) Which U.S.president was responsible for the War on Poverty and programs like Head Start and Job Corps?
A) Woodrow Wilson
B) Lyndon Johnson
C) John F. Kennedy
D) George W. Bush
Q3) Some policy experts believe that welfare creates more problems than it solves because it discourages people from finding work.This is also known as:
A) a social disease.
B) a perverse incentive.
C) the cycle of poverty.
D) an intended consequence.
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12
Chapter 11: Health and Society
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Q1) Physician prestige has been on the decline since the 1980s.Which of the following might be a reason?
A) More people in the medical community are being allowed to prescribe.
B) More Asians are being allowed in medical schools.
C) Requirements for medical schools are being lowered due to affirmative action.
D) More physicians are becoming surgeons.
Q2) A person's health varies depending on the social and ethnic groups to which he or she belongs.If you are a racial minority or are of lower social status,how does this influence health and longevity? How do we explain this association? How do socioeconomic status and race interact with each other? If one is of upper status,can it be assumed that this person will live longer,regardless of his or her race?
Q3) The explanation for the relationship between socioeconomic status and health that focuses on an individual's social class,and the relative stressors inherent in a lower-class lifestyle,is called:
A) chance.
B) materialism.
C) psychosocial.
D) fundamental causes.
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Chapter 12: Family (in Core edition)
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Q1) Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families. What was one of the primary mechanisms that explains these consequences?
A) It forced families to tighten their budgets.
B) It created new wealth and a variety of new consumer products.
C) It separated work and home and created new roles for men and women.
D) Women and children were expected to make and use their own food, clothes, and goods.
Q2) In terms of cross-cultural family forms,which of the following statements is true?
A) The traditional family is only dominant in the United States.
B) The traditional family is universal cross-culturally.
C) The traditional family is not the dominant form anywhere.
D) The traditional family has never existed anywhere.
Q3) The Ozzie and Harriet Nelson type of family was in its prime during which time period?
A) the pre-Depression era
B) World War I
C) World War II
D) the post-World War II economic boom
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Education
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Q1) Rosenthal and Jacobson's 1968 study of the Pygmalion effect provided strong evidence that teacher expectations matter.Which of the following actions by a teacher would NOT promote student achievement?
A) offering "special" learners detailed and personalized feedback on their performance-not just a generic "good job"
B) giving "especially promising" learners more opportunities to contribute, including additional time to respond to questions
C) giving less-difficult material to learners they see as "especially promising"
D) conveying warmth through the use of nonverbal signals: a nod, an encouraging smile, a touch on the shoulder
Q2) Contrary to popular belief:
A) girls and boys score about the same in national math tests.
B) boys are stronger readers than girls.
C) boys attend college in greater numbers than girls.
D) women and men with equal educational levels earn the same amount of money.
Q3) The Coleman Report (1966)was twelve years after Brown v.Board of Education.Did the study uphold the idea that schools were "separate but unequal"? Explain.
Q4) What factors inside classrooms can affect students' learning experiences?
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Capitalism and the Economy
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Q1) Which term refers to the end result of negotiations among multiple players,enforcing rights,imposing sanctions,or encouraging business at a regional or worldwide level?
A) new means of exchange
B) new players
C) new rules
D) new markets
Q2) Attitudes about gender and work became self-confirming myths and enforced women's dependence.The unfair family wage pushed an incentive on women to:
A) rebel against men.
B) marry and stay married.
C) have many children.
D) become witches.
Q3) Describe the evolution to capitalism starting with feudalism through the Industrial Revolution.Which changes in social and economic arrangements (i.e.,the enclosure movement,monetization,and development of the corporation)were important,and why did they matter?
Q4) The personal bankruptcy rate in America is higher than it has ever been.Why? Do any theories or theorists help explain this trend?
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Authority and the State
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Q1) When Europeans came to North America,they were confronted by Native Americans.Because they wanted control and power over this population,Europeans told the Native Americans that they would take care of them by placing them in reservations in return for their land.What type of theory explains this type of welfare state?
Q2) Compare and contrast hard power and soft power,using examples.
Q3) Although the state's authority derives from the implicit threat of physical force,when the state resorts to physical coercion to enforce its will,all legitimate authority,or authority that does not use force to secure compliance,is lost.This would be an example of:
A) legal coercion.
B) the paradox of authority.
C) government coercion.
D) domination.
Q4) Which term refers to a legal-rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to rules?
A) meritocracy
B) bureaucracy
C) routinization
D) rationalization
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Chapter 16: Religion
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Q1) Theism is the ____________; examples of it include ____________.
A) belief in a difference between the sacred and the profane; holy books and holy water
B) belief that spirits are present in the natural world; totemism and shamanism
C) adherence to ethical principles; Taoism and Buddhism
D) worship of a god or gods; Hinduism and Islam
Q2) When asked if they attend church services at least once a month,about 60 percent of Americans say they do.But when daily diaries of people's activities are examined,rates of church attendance are much lower.This problem of self-reporting of positive behaviors is known within sociology as:
A) guilt avoidance.
B) social desirability bias.
C) embarrassment avoidance.
D) normative adherence.
Q3) In which two early social movements were religious groups involved?
A) voting rights and civil rights
B) abolition and temperance
C) abortion and abolition
D) women's rights and the right to life
Q4) Religion in the United States has been found to be more broad than deep.Explain.
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Chapter 17: Science, the Environment, and Society
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Q1) The green revolution,by increasing new technologies requiring more skills,has resulted in:
A) potentially toxic fertilizers being used incorrectly.
B) increasing the value of formal schooling for women in rural areas.
C) more competition between nations for skilled laborers.
D) increasing population growth in these areas.
Q2) Sociologists of science are interested in the ____________ of scientific discoveries.
A) gender relationships
B) environmental effects
C) social consequences
D) biological background
Q3) Farmers who are thinking about future generations have committed to several issues.Which of the following is NOT one of the issues mentioned in your text?
A) renewable resources
B) using environmentally friendly tractors
C) conservation of soil
D) saving energy
Q4) Discuss the effects of global warming from a sociological perspective.
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Chapter 18: Collective Action, Social Movements, and Social Change
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Q1) A society that relies purely on tradition to choose its leaders would be classified as:
A) postmodern
B) premodern
C) early modern
D) modern
Q2) By the ____________ stage,a social movement has become effective in some sense and its membership base has expanded.
A) coalescence
B) resolution
C) routinization
D) emergence
Q3) An example of a(n)____________ social movement occurred during the civil rights movement,when African Americans boycotted buses.
A) redemptive
B) revolutionary
C) reformative
D) alterative
Q4) What are the two types of collective action? Give examples of membership.
Page 20
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