Human Development
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Human Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that individuals experience throughout the lifespan, from conception to old age. The course examines major theories of development, influential factors such as culture, family, and environment, and considers important milestones and transitions at each stage of life. Students will analyze how genetic and environmental factors interact to shape development, review research methodologies used in the study of human growth, and discuss implications for education, health, and social policy.
Recommended Textbook
Transformations Women Gender and Psychology 2nd Edition by Mary Crawford
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14 Chapters
909 Verified Questions
909 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Paving the Way
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69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) One example of androcentrism would be
A)women being studied more than men.
B)generalizing findings about men being to all people.
C)findings about gender being seen as more important than findings about either sex separately.
D)white people being studied more than people of color.
Answer: B
Q2) Conservatism bases its belief of traditional roles for women on A)biology.
B)social context.
C)religion.
D)a and c
Answer: D
Q3) Values of the dominant group in society are reflected in psychological research.These values
A)are harmful to the research.
B)should be identified.
C)should be examined to clarify biases present in the research process.
D)All the above are correct.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Gender, Status, and Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the implications for women living in a patriarchal society.
Answer: Living in a patriarchal society can have numerous implications for women. In such a society, men hold the majority of power and decision-making authority, which can result in women facing systemic discrimination and oppression. This can manifest in various ways, including limited access to education and employment opportunities, restricted reproductive rights, and a lack of representation in political and leadership roles.
Additionally, women in patriarchal societies often face gender-based violence, including domestic abuse and sexual harassment, with little recourse for justice or support. The societal expectations and norms placed on women in patriarchal societies can also lead to restrictive gender roles and stereotypes, limiting their freedom and autonomy.
Overall, the implications for women living in a patriarchal society are far-reaching and can have significant negative impacts on their well-being, opportunities, and overall quality of life. Efforts to challenge and dismantle patriarchal systems are crucial in order to create a more equitable and just society for all genders.
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Chapter 3: Images of Women
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62 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Important features of stereotype threat include:
A)Stereotypes influence one's behavior only if one believes in the stereotype.
B)Stereotype threat effects members of any group about which there are positive or negative stereotypes.
C)Stereotype threat most effects individuals who care about their performance in the threatened domain.
D)All the above are correct.
Answer: C
Q2) When a woman is reduced to her body and sexualized,she is being A)sexually objectified.
B)embodied.
C)gender marked.
D)scripted.
Answer: A
Q3) When stereotypes are activated by our culture,less prejudiced people
A)stop and think about the stereotypes.
B)replace stereotypes with more accurate information.
C)make conscious choices not to stereotype.
D)All the above are correct.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: The Meanings of Difference
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56 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) It has been stated that women are better at decoding emotions than men are.What does it mean to say this is not merely a sex difference?
Q2) In general,the cognitive abilities of males and females can be described as A)similar.
B)very similar in a few areas,but quite dissimilar in others.
C)very dissimilar in most areas.
D)dissimilar.
Q3) Stereotype threat in terms of math performance means A)women stereotype their own math abilities.
B)fear of confirming the stereotype women are bad at math may negatively impact women's math performance.
C)boys and men stereotype girls' and women more than girls and women do.
D)None of the above is correct.
Q4) Describe the cycle that occurs when boys and girls define gender in relation to their primary caregivers,usually women.
Q5) What approaches have feminist researchers suggested as alternatives to documenting gender-related differences?
Q6) Explain why women's "emotionality" is rooted in a sociocultural context.
Q7) What are display rules? Provide examples in your discussion.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Sex, Gender, and Bodies
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Sample Questions
Q1) If there is a genetic component to sexual orientation, A)there is no single gene determining sexual orientation.
B)we will probably find that there is a single gene on the X chromosome.
C)we will probably find that there is a single gene on the Y chromosome.
D)we should see close to a 100% match in sexual orientation between identical twins.
Q2) The testes typically produce ____________,which shape infants' bodies into a form typical of males.
A)estrogens
B)androgens
C)gonads
D)Y chromosomes
Q3) The development of sexual and reproductive anatomy is complete at
A)2 to 4 weeks.
B)6 to 8 weeks.
C)9 to 10 weeks.
D)12 to 14 weeks.
Q4) What do studies of individuals with the congenital adrenal hyperplasia tell us about whether sexual identity is learned or innate? Cite at least one piece of evidence to support your answer.
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Chapter 6: Gendered Identities: Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) In interactions with peers,boys,in comparison to girls,have been found to
A)attempt to influence boys but not girls.
B)use physical dominance more than verbal persuasion.
C)readily accept suggestions from boy but not girl play partners.
D)use verbal aggression against boys and girls equally,to get their way.
Q2) study,children imitated aggressive behavior most
A)when the adult model was rewarded.
B)when the adult model was punished.
C)when no specific consequences followed.
D)None of the above is correct.
Q3) What problems are associated with our society's absence of information and conspiracy of silence concerning menstruation?
Q4) Hostile acts attempting to damage another person's relationships or social standing are called
A)hostile aggression.
B)scapegoat aggression.
C)segregational aggression.
D)relational aggression.
Q5) Describe the ways children themselves maintain boundaries and uphold segregation between the sexes.
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Chapter 7: Sex, Love, and Romance
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72 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Removal of part or the clitoris is called
A)clitoridectomy.
B)excision.
C)infibulation.
D)intubation.
Q2) How is sex education affected and limited by the traditional stereotypes and stigmatisms against female sexuality? If you were to develop a sex education program for women,what would you include and why?
Q3) Sexually transmitted diseases like chlamydia,gonorrhea,herpes,genital warts,and HIV/AIDS are transmitted by ___________ contact.
A)genital
B)anal
C)oral
D)All the above are correct.
Q4) The heroines of most romance novels
A)are cautious about becoming too emotionally involved with the heroes
B)are overwhelmed by attraction to the heroes,but try to fight it
C)plot and plan to attract the heroes.
D)a and c
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Chapter 8: Commitments: Women and Close Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Women seem to adjust better to divorce than men because
A)they tend to receive custody of the children.
B)women focus on building and maintaining networks of supportive friends and family.
C)they typically receive spousal support.
D)they only have to do housework for themselves again.
Q2) What social and economic factors account for the current trend of marrying later in the U.S.and Western Europe?
Q3) The marriage gradient implies a 30-year-old male lawyer is most likely to marry
A)another 30-year-old lawyer.
B)a 23-year-old teacher.
C)a woman at least as high as himself on the wage gradient.
D)He is equally likely to marry any of the above.
Q4) Social Exchange theory explains greater male power in marriage in terms of A)traditional beliefs and social norms.
B)bringing in greater outside resources results in greater influence.
C)the exchange of financial security for affection and caring.
D)None of the above is correct.
Q5) What does social exchange theory predict about equality in marriage? What are some problems with this theory?
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Chapter 9: Mothering
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Sample Questions
Q1) What myths are included in the "Motherhood Mystique?"
Q2) Which of the following is one of the "myths of the motherhood mystique?"?
A)Motherhood is only fulfilling for women who thought they could not have children.
B)Women are instinctively good at caregiving and should be responsible for children.
C)Women can lead happy lives even if they are not mothers.
D)Motherhood is best combined with other roles.
Q3) Problems with giving birth while lying on one's back include
A)increased pressure on the spine and slows labor.
B)working against gravity,making birth more difficult for the woman.
C)increased risk of vaginal tearing.
D)All the above are correct.
Q4) Households headed by women are
A)much more likely to be poor.
B)decreasing in number in the U.S.
C)recognized as important family units by our society.
D)phenomena of the inner city only.
Q5) What are the pros and cons of using anesthetics during labor?
Q6) What are a few of the commonalities of all mothers?
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Chapter 10: Work and Achievement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research shows,regardless of whether individuals succeed or fail,men are assumed to be _______________ and women are assumed to be ______________.
A)basically competent;basically incompetent
B)hard workers;lucky
C)hard workers;indolent workers
D)in control;out of control
Q2) A national study of over 3,000 women found that harassment can result in
A)conversion disorders.
B)psychotic disorders.
C)posttraumatic stress disorder.
D)bipolar disorder.
Q3) Ashley is a token woman in her law firm.Her performance has been more impressive than many of her coworkers' performances.It is likely
A)her token status will diminish as her coworkers recognize her competence.
B)she will be perceived as "a workaholic" or "too aggressive."
C)she will be perceived as too demure.
D)she will be honored and celebrated.
Q4) Discuss some of the ways that sexism affects women's job satisfaction and achievement.
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Chapter 11: The Second Half: Midlife and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) Modern researchers believe hot flashes are caused by a(n)
A)increase in estrogen and a decrease in progesterone.
B)reduction in progesterone.
C)increase in progesterone and a decrease in estrogen.
D)decline in estrogen production.
Q2) What does the statement "like gender,age is a system of social classification" mean?
Q3) Older adults are rarely included in research on A)heart disease.
B)gender norms.
C)sex.
D)remarriage.
Q4) What evidence is there that aging is regarded more negatively by society for women than for men?
Q5) Research suggests ___________ greatly improve/s older people's health and feelings of well-being as they age.
A)exercise
B)support groups
C)plastic surgery
D)b and c
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Chapter 12: Violence Against Women
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Sample Questions
Q1) Partnership violence is about
A)jealousy and envy.
B)passion and pain.
C)power and control.
D)the conflict between traditional and nontraditional values.
Q2) The effects of violent and nonviolent pornography __________ in __________ helps create a climate in which sexual aggression against women is normalized
A)are equivalent;either one
B)differ;nonviolent pornography
C)differ;violent pornography
D)are similar;neither one
Q3) What's wrong with pornography? Define the word and explain how it is related to violence against women.
Q4) Though people often ask why a battered woman doesn't just leave,research shows that a woman is more likely
A)to leave when she is afraid of her partner.
B)to be injured or killed after she leaves her partner.
C)to leave when her partner's abuse is cyclical.
D)All the above are correct.
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Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders, Therapy, and Womens
Well-Being
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68 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why are women diagnosed more often than men with depression? Include in your discussion the importance of biological,social,and cultural contributors.
Q2) Discuss the ways in which psychology has blamed for distress and disorders over the last 200 years.
Q3) Samples employed in research studies on disorders are usually nonrandom and nonrepresentative.In some cases,this means
A)a connection between gender stereotypes and psychological diagnoses.
B)research is being done on samples not including the problem in question.
C)biology is typically strongly related to gender-typed disorders.
D)a and b
Q4) Describe factors that can make it difficult for women of color to seek therapy.
Q5) Blaming subordinate people in society for their own problems
A)provides them with appropriate responsibility.
B)is unusual in industrialized nations.
C)provides a rationalization or justification for their oppression.
D)a and b
Q6) What is hysteria? Why is hysteria a biased diagnosis?
Q7) How have tranquilizers and sedatives been targeted at women?
Q8) Why is psychological diagnosis so much more problematic than physical diagnosis? Page 15
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Chapter 14: Making a Difference: Toward
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Sample Questions
Q1) Today,women earn ______________ of higher degrees in psychology.
A)about half
B)the majority
C)very few
D)almost none
Q2) All feminists recognize
A)women are the same the world over.
B)social change is unnecessary.
C)collective action is necessary.
D)All the above are correct.
Q3) Ways to make a difference as a student include
A)writing papers on women or gender.
B)doing independent studies on women or gender.
C)asking questions when women are excluded or trivialized in readings or lectures.
D)All the above are correct.
Q4) Describe the evidence that suggests that feminism still has work to do to be fully integrated into psychology.
Q5) What values do feminists around the world have in common? In what areas may they differ?
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