Contemporary Social Issues
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores a wide range of pressing social issues facing contemporary societies, such as inequality, discrimination, globalization, environmental challenges, and the impact of technology on social dynamics. Students will critically analyze the root causes and consequences of these issues using sociological theories and perspectives. Through case studies, discussions, and research, the course encourages learners to evaluate potential solutions, develop informed opinions, and understand the role of individuals and institutions in addressing modern social challenges.
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Marriages Families and Relationships Making Choices in a Diverse Society 11th Edition by Mary Ann
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Marriage, Relationships, and Family
Commitments: Making Choices in a Changing Society
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Q1) In 1950s, the nonmarital pregnancy rate was __________ in comparison with today.
A) higher
B) slightly lower
C) much lower
D) the same
Answer: C
Q2) In 1957, the total fertility rate was about 3.6 children per woman. For the last decade and a half, it has been __________ child/children per woman.
A) less than one
B) one
C) around two
D) about three
Answer: C
Q3) The concept of "household" is broader than that of "family" as it includes A) pets.
B) material possessions.
C) any person residing in the home.
D) relatives who live far away.
Answer: C
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Exploring Relationships and Families
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Q1) Of the nine theoretical perspectives covered in this chapter, list any five and for each of the five give a one-sentence summary of how the theory views families. (p. 29-41)
Answer: 1. Structural Functionalism: This theory views families as a social institution that serves specific functions for society, such as socializing children and providing emotional support for its members.
2. Conflict Theory: Conflict theory sees families as a site of power struggles and inequality, with different family members vying for resources and control.
3. Symbolic Interactionism: This perspective sees families as a place where individuals create and negotiate meanings through their interactions, shaping their identities and roles within the family.
4. Feminist Theory: Feminist theory views families as a site of gender inequality and oppression, with women often bearing the brunt of domestic labor and caregiving responsibilities.
5. Family Systems Theory: This theory sees families as interconnected and interdependent systems, where the behavior of one member can impact the entire family unit.
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4
Chapter 3: American Families in Social Context
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Sample Questions
Q1) Binational families are those in which
A) family members reflect a single nationality.
B) some family members are legal residents, while others are not legally in the United States.
C) some family members are ethnic.
D) all family members are multicultural.
Answer: B
Q2) The generation called ___________ (born 1946-1964) has had a powerful impact on American society, giving us the cultural and sexual revolutions of "the sixties" as they moved from adolescence to young adulthood in the Vietnam War era.
A) revolutionaries
B) fifties babies
C) baby boomers
D) culture shifters
Answer: C
Q3) The present historical moment is one of adaptation to profound cultural changes, to wartime, and to economic ups and downs much affected by __________ of the economy.
Answer: (globalization)
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Our Gendered Identities
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Q1) __________ describes societal attitudes and behaviors expected of and associated with the two sexes.
Q2) Consider the statement: "It is ridiculous for a woman to run a locomotive and for a man to darn socks." This illustrates __________ sexism.
A) modern
B) neo-
C) traditional
D) androgynous
Q3) Black men and women generally reject egalitarian relationships.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Somewhere between 1 percent and 4 percent of live births are intersexual.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Women now surpass men in the proportion of the total population that are college graduates.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Genetic heritage is expressed through __________ processes.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Our Sexual Selves
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Q1) __________ involves viewing homosexuality with fear, dread, aversion, or hatred.
Q2) List and give one-sentence explanations for each of Ira Reiss' four standards of nonmarital sex.
Q3) Briefly explain the interactionist perspective on human sexuality.
Q4) The largest percentage (70%) of diagnosed AIDS cases to date involve A) teenagers.
B) young adults.
C) young and middle-aged adults.
D) elderly men.
Q5) WGay/lesbian sexuality, like heterosexual behavior, has been explored among African Americans mostly in the context of A) problems.
B) family issues.
C) demographic statistics.
D) historical significance.
Q6) Explain how HIV/AIDS has affected Americans with respect to dating practices and marital relations.
Q7) The standard of __________ maintains that, regardless of the circumstances, nonmarital intercourse is wrong for both women and men.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Love and Choosing a Life Partner
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Q1) WAdults with a(n) __________ attachment style are inclined to trust that their relationships will provide ongoing emotional support.
A) insecure/anxious
B) avoidant
C) ambivalent
D) secure
Q2) Robert Winch proposed the theory of __________, whereby people are attracted to partners whose needs complement their own.
A) rating and dating
B) complementary needs
C) assortive mating
D) harmonious needs
Q3) __________ refers to marriage between those who are different in race, age, education, religious background, or social class
Q4) Discuss Sternberg's triangular theory of love, including a description of the qualities that would produce a consummate love.
Q5) The ideas of bargaining, market, and resources used to describe relationships such as marriage come to us from __________ theory.
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Chapter 7: Marriage: From Social Institution to Private Relationship
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Q1) When compared with teens in married, two-biological-parent homes, those in single-parent and cohabiting families are more likely to experience all EXCEPT which of the following?
A) higher teen pregnancy rates
B) earlier premarital intercourse
C) lower academic achievement
D) higher rates of school suspension and delinquency
Q2) Among Hispanics, __________ ("the family") means the extended as well as the nuclear family.
Q3) Describe the postmodern family. Give several examples.
Q4) The text notes that getting married announces a personal life-course to several different parties. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
A) one's relatives
B) the community
C) the state
D) the country
Q5) Does marriage increase happiness and life satisfaction? Why or why not?
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Q6) __________ is a marriage arrangement in which couples exchange partners in order to engage in purely recreational sex.
Chapter 8: Living Alone, Cohabiting, Same-Sex Unions, and
Other Intimate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Living communally has become even more popular today than during the 1960s.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the year 2008, the sex ratio was about 97 men for every 100 women. Why is this important to the study of marriage and the family?
A) People will get married younger if there are more men than women in a population.
B) When there is a vastly uneven ratio of men and women, homosexual relationships are more common.
C) The sex ratio indicates who will get married and when.
D) A high rate of heterosexual marriage presumes matching numbers of males and females in a population.
Q3) Stress resulting from the effects of discrimination was once thought to point to higher rates of __________ among same-sex couples than among heterosexual couples.
A) PTSD
B) couple dissatisfaction
C) child abuse
D) domestic violence
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Chapter 9: To Parent or Not to Parent
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Q1) __________ costs refer to the economic opportunities for wage earning and investments that parents forgo when rearing children.
Q2) The text lists several advantages to earlier parenthood. Which is NOT among them?
A) better physical health
B) grandparents are younger, and could help with the children
C) more time to pursue a career before having children
D) less of a "generation gap" between themselves and their children
Q3) Research shows that all couples who have made the childfree choice are equally committed to remaining childfree.
A)True
B)False
Q4) __________ is the condition of wanting to conceive and bear a child but being physically unable to do so.
Q5) On a purely financial basis, children considerably decrease a couple's level of living.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Discuss some of the costs of having children.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Raising Children in a Diverse Society
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Q1) In __________, a grandparent acts as the primary parent for grandchildren.
Q2) Working full-time at minimum wage does not earn a parent enough money to live above the poverty line.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The average age of children in foster care is __________years.
A) 4.5
B) 6.9
C) 7.1
D) 9.7
Q4) Several alternate parenting arrangements are discussed in the text. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
A) social fathers
B) grandparent parents
C) assisted reproductive technology parents
D) foster parents
Q5) It helps to know that children can be remarkably ___________, demonstrating the capacity to recover from or rise above adverse situations and events.
Q6) Summarize research results supporting the concept of "the resilient child."
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Work and Family
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Q1) In the __________ approach, the couple prefers that the wife care for the children.
A) market
B) mothering
C) parenting
D) self-care
Q2) Social scientists have called marriages in which spouses live apart _________.
Q3) Virtually all research and other writings on the subject suggest that today's typical American family is a stressed and rushed one.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Outline the origins, ambiguities, conflicts and current consequences of the economic roles of husbands and wives. In your answer, be sure to use appropriate concepts and include supportive appropriate data or research results.
Q5) Explain the concept of "opting out" and give an example.
Q6) __________ represents an active, affective, enduring, and reciprocal bond between two individuals that is believed to be established through repeated interaction over time.
Q7) What are the challenges of shift work for family members? Give an example.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Communication in Relationships, Marriages, and Families
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Q1) The text refers to the emotional bonding of family members with the term
A) family cohesion.
B) strong family.
C) resilient family.
D) consensual family.
Q2) According to John Gottman's research on marital communication and conflict management, which of the following is NOT one of his conclusions?
A) Neither partner should try to de-escalate an argument.
B) Partners need to try to be gentle when they raise complaints.
C) Partners need to be willing to accept influence from each other.
D) Partners can help soothe their spouse by communicating care and affection.
Q3) When Desmond and Penny argue, Desmond often says gets very quiet and insists that nothing is wrong even when he is upset. He is engaging in a mixed message called
A) gunnysacking.
B) the silent treatment
C) de-escalation.
D) checking-it-out.
Q4) Expectations for closeness are included in our ___________.
Page 14
Q5) What are "I-statements" and what role can they play in marital communication?
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Chapter 13: Power and Violence in Families
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Q1) Studies show that __________ percent of women on welfare are in situations at risk for domestic violence.
A) 5 to 10
B) 10 to 15
C) 15 to 20
D) 20 to 30
Q2) Social scientists Robert Blood and Donald Wolfe interviewed about 900 wives in greater Detroit and asked who made the final decision in various areas. From their interviews, they drew the conclusion that most families had a(n) "__________" decision-making structure.
A) relatively egalitarian
B) authoritative
C) patriarchal
D) very traditional
Q3) Husbands or male partners may also be subject to abuse from intimate partners, as may same-sex partners of gay males and lesbians.
A)True
B)False
Q4) __________ refers to the ability to exercise one's will.
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Chapter 14: Family Stress, Crisis, and Resilience
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Q1) Identify and briefly discuss different types of stressors (as discussed in the text).
Q2) Family transitions involve unexpected or unpredictable changes in the course of family life.
A)True
B)False
Q3) __________ includes not just the stressor but also previously existing family strains and future hardships induced by the stressor event.
Q4) Briefly describe how the structure-functional perspective can be utilized in understanding family stress and crises.
Q5) Trying to counsel and help a family who was living in New York on Sept. 11, 2001 and who still struggle with the resulting trauma illustrates which theoretical perspective?
A) family ecology
B) family systems
C) family development
D) conflict
Q6) Explain how adaptability is an important ingredient in meeting family crises creatively.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Divorce: Before and After
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Q1) Emerging developmental theories of childhood well-being provided support to a presumption that when divorce occurs, mother custody was always in the child's best interest. This point of view came to be known as the so-called "__________" doctrine.
A) best interests of the child
B) primary caretaker
C) tender years
D) lonely hearts
Q2) What is the relationship between divorce and income? Be brief, specific, and complete in your answer.
Q3) Upon divorce, a couple undergoes a(n) __________ divorce in which they become independent parties with regard to property, income, control of expenditures, responsibility for taxes, debts, and so forth.
Q4) The high divorce rate implies that Americans are "giving up" on marriage. A)True
B)False
Q5) New York was the first state to introduce no-fault divorce.
A)True
B)False
Q6) List and briefly describe each of the "stations of divorce."
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Remarriages and Stepfamilies
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Q1) Social scientists typically research the topics of remarriage and immigration separately.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Eventually, a stepfamily might achieve integration and appreciate its unique identity. This is known as the _________ stage in Papernow's seven-stage model of stepfamily development.
A) awareness
B) fantasy
C) immersion
D) resolution
Q3) Which of the following terms in the textbook refers to the duration of marriage?
A) marital happiness
B) marital satisfaction
C) marital stability
D) marriage tenacity
Q4) Explain several reasons why stepparenting is likely to be a problem in remarriage.
Q5) __________ are marriages in which at least one partner had previously been divorced or widowed.
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Chapter 17: Aging Families
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Q1) The text discusses __________, which is defined as "a web of continually shifting linkages that provide the potential for activating and intensifying close kin relationships."
A) the latent kin matrix
B) kin conversion
C) kin upgrading
D) fictive kin
Q2) The text points out that among older Americans without partners, living arrangements depend on a variety of factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
A) attitudes toward divorce
B) the status of one's health
C) the availability of others with whom to reside
D) personal preferences for privacy and independence
Q3) The text points out that caregiver stress and depression among Americans results partly from the fact that ours is a(n) __________ culture.
A) individualistic
B) collectivist
C) sharing
D) demanding
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19
Chapter 18: Topic 1: Gender Roles
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Q1) Why did David's doctors feel it was the best decision to make?
A) it was the cheapest alternative
B) the prevailing theory was that babies were born a blank slate and taught their sex
C) it was the safest alternative
D) none of these choices
Q2) What event led to David Reimer being raised as a girl?
A) a birth defect
B) homosexuality
C) a parental choice
D) a surgical mistake
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20
Chapter 18: Topic 2: Love and Intimacy
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Q1) Will holing hands research likely change the men's behavior?
A) yes
B) no
Q2) Holding your spouses hand can have what benefits?
A) such affection rewires the brain
B) it helps one to better handle anxiety
C) it boosts the immune system
D) all of these choices
Q3) How has the effect of holding hands been proven?
A) through dating experiments
B) through MRI experiments
C) through questionnaires
D) through field research
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