Applied Statistics in Nursing Research
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Applied Statistics in Nursing Research introduces students to the foundational statistical methods and analytical techniques essential for conducting and interpreting nursing research. The course covers topics such as descriptive and inferential statistics, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression analysis, and the appropriate selection and use of statistical software. Emphasis is placed on the application of these methods to nursing practice through critical evaluation of research articles, data interpretation, and the formulation of evidence-based conclusions to improve patient outcomes and advance nursing knowledge.
Recommended Textbook
Nursing Research 8th Edition by Geri
LoBiondoWood
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Integrating Research, Evidence-Based Practice, and Quality Improvement Processes
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Q1) Nurses who do not conduct research need to understand the nursing research process for which of these reasons?
A) To identify potential subjects for clinical research studies
B) To assist as accurate data collectors in clinical research studies
C) To teach patients and their families about the usefulness of consenting to Participate in research
D) To be able to evaluate nursing research reports for relevance to their own clinical Practice
Answer: D
Q2) Nursing research is significant to the profession of nursing because it promotes what?
A) More specifically defined nursing practice responsibilities
B) Decreased liability within the practice of nursing
C) Generation of a specialized body of nursing knowledge for use in nursing practice
D) Expansion of the scope of nursing practice into areas formerly reserved for other Disciplines
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) Which hypothesis is nondirectional?
A) Hospitals with an infection-control nurse will have fewer instances of sepsis among inpatients than hospitals without an infection-control nurse.
B) There will be a greater weight loss among dieting patients who receive a weekly supportive telephone call from a dietitian than among dieting patients who do not receive a weekly supportive phone call.
C) There will be a difference in stage of disease for prostate cancer among men who had an abnormal prostate-specific antigen screening compared with men who had an abnormal digital rectal examination screening.
D) Children who receive weekly counseling for 1 year after the death of a parent will perform better in school than children who do not receive weekly counseling after the death of a parent.
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: Gathering and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) Which is an example of a \(\bold{primary}\) source in a literature review?
A) A video recorded interview of a nurse researcher
B) A critique of a nursing research study
C) An edited textbook on nursing research
D) A review of theoretical frameworks used in nursing research
Answer: A
Q2) When the nurse researcher conducts an electronic literature search, the search yields more than 7000 citations for the topic. The researcher should make which of these interpretations of the finding?
A) The search was comprehensive.
B) The key words were not sufficiently narrowed.
C) The topic does not require additional investigation.
D) The topic has broad application across health care disciplines.
Answer: B
Q3) Literature reviews are usually organized according to what?
A) The order in which materials are retrieved
B) The conceptual or theoretical concepts
C) The importance or credibility of authors
D) The variables being studied
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Theoretical Frameworks for Research
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Q1) In which way are theory and practice interrelated for the hospital-based nurse researcher?
A) Practice is the operational definition of theory.
B) Practice provides the opportunity to test theory.
C) Theory provides the evidence on which practice is based.
D) Theory generates questions that are used to refine practice.
Q2) Situation-specific nursing theories are becoming more popular in nursing research for which of these reasons?
A) Increased emphasis on evidence-based practice
B) Increased need for broad and generalizable models to explain phenomena
C) Decreased resources for funding of grand theory development
D) Decreased use of theories borrowed from other disciplines
Q3) Which phrase correctly defines a theory?
A) The operational definition of the study's conceptual framework
B) The assumptions and beliefs of the worldview of the researcher
C) A set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon
D) A researcher's best guess of the direction of the relationship between variables
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which of Kearney's categories of qualitative findings describes a phenomenon portrayed vividly from a new perspective?
A) Restricted by a priori frameworks
B) Descriptive categories
C) Shared pathway or meaning
D) Depiction of experiential variation
Q2) An older adult's description of pain, including descriptors, attributed causes, and what constitutes good care during a painful episode, would be an example of which category of qualitative findings?
A) Restricted by a priori frameworks
B) Descriptive categories
C) Shared pathway or meaning
D) Depiction of experiential variation
Q3) A characteristic of qualitative research data is that they are what?
A) In text form
B) Dichotomous
C) Free of patterns
D) Inappropriate for analysis
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Chapter 6: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) Which feature is characteristic of the grounded theory method of qualitative research?
A) Data gathering and data analysis occur simultaneously.
B) The researcher has also experienced the phenomenon being studied.
C) A grounded theory study is based on only a single research question.
D) Participants in a grounded theory study must experience the phenomenon currently, during the study.
Q2) Which are ethical concerns that the nurse must consider when evaluating qualitative research? (Select all that apply.)
A) Researchers can focus on the emic, rather than the etic, view of participants' experiences.
B) Researchers and participants may develop relationships that blur boundaries of their interactions.
C) Researchers may want to speak to participants on more than one occasion.
D) Researchers serve as instruments for data interpretation.
E) Researchers may change the research design as knowledge emerges, thus altering risks to participants.
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Chapter 7: Appraising Qualitative Research
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Q1) One outcome of collecting evidence about a phenomenon of interest in a qualitative research study may be what?
A) Triangulation
B) Participant cross-checking
C) Metasynthesis
D) Instrument development
Q2) Which study characteristic would indicate that a grounded theory approach, rather than a phenomenologic approach, was used?
A) Data were collected by more than one person.
B) Participants reviewed and evaluated the transcripts for accuracy.
C) The focus was on the process elements of the phenomenon.
D) It studied a lived human experience.
Q3) The identification of themes is important when reviewing findings of a qualitative research report because themes do what?
A) Reflect congruence between the questions asked and the methodology
B) Allow description of a large quantity of data in a condensed format
C) Demonstrate both the emic and etic views of a topic
D) Explain the nature of differences reported by participants experiencing a common phenomenon
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) A nurse researcher is investigating the effect of type of operating room mattress and surgical position on tissue interface pressures in healthy young adults. Which component of research is most affected by the choice of subjects?
A) Mortality
B) Instrumentation
C) Internal validity
D) External validity
Q2) A nurse researcher should consider mortality a threat to the study's internal validity for which of these reasons?
A) There is concern that the intervention may have harmful effects on subjects.
B) Those who dropped out of the study may be different than those who remained in the study.
C) Those who participated in the study may have died as a result of being in the study.
D) There is concern that the design is inappropriate for the study question if a large number of participants drop out of a study.
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Chapter 9: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
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Q1) A nurse researcher is planning a quantitative (experimental) research study to test the effect of a new wound product on wound healing. Which of these factors is necessary to implement an experimental pretest-posttest design? (Select all that apply.)
A) Inclusion of a second control group
B) Ability to collect pretest data
C) Use of two posttreatment data collection times
D) Subjects randomized to the control group only
E) Random assignment of subjects to treatment and control groups
Q2) A quasi-experimental research design would be preferable to an experimental design in which of these situations?
A) A smaller sample size is sufficient to obtain significant results.
B) Demonstration of a cause-and-effect relationship is the desired outcome.
C) Descriptive statistics will be used to analyze the data.
D) Data will need to be collected in a real-world setting.
Q3) What is the dependent variable in the research scenario?
A) Program on strategies to resist smoking
B) Elimination of cigarette smoking
C) Weekly supportive phone call
D) No supportive phone call
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) A nurse researcher will choose to use a developmental study design to do what?
A) Allow comparison of the results of qualitative studies of a phenomenon to the results of quantitative studies of the same phenomenon
B) Allow reanalysis of existing data for a secondary purpose not stated in the original research
C) Allow exploration of the changing nature of relationships between variables over time
D) Allow development or refinement of a tool or instrument
Q2) A nurse researcher will choose an ex post facto design over more a correlational design for which reason?
A) It is easier to implement.
B) The independent variable can be manipulated.
C) There is a greater degree of control in the design.
D) There is increased flexibility when variables relationships are complex.
Q3) Which statement about cross-sectional studies is most accurate?
A) More than one group can be compared.
B) Only descriptive data can be measured.
C) Data are collected retrospectively rather than prospectively.
D) Data collection and data analysis can occur simultaneously.
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Chapter 11: Systematic Reviews and Clinical Practice Guidelines
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Q1) The highest level of evidence is known to be provided by what?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Effect size
D) Integrative review
Q2) Which are methods for searching and integrating the literature related to a specific clinical issue? (Select all that apply.)
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Cochrane collaboration
D) Integrative review
Q3) What terms means a summation and assessment of research studies found in the literature based on a clearly focused question?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Cochrane collaboration
D) Integrative review
Q4) ___ data collection
Q5) ___ objectives of the search
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) A nurse researcher would hesitate to use nonprobability sampling because:
A) It will result in reduced or limited generalizability.
B) Informed consent must be obtained.
C) It will require large, unmanageable sample sizes.
D) Sample sizes are too small for most methods of statistical analysis.
Q2) What is the process of selecting representative units of a population for study in a research investigation?
A) Sampling
B) Snowballing
C) Delimination
D) Random assignment
Q3) What are types of nonprobability of sampling? (Select all that apply.)
A) Purposive
B) Quota
C) Stratified random
D) Multistage (cluster)
E) Convenience
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Chapter 13: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) The issue of personal privacy may be more difficult for nurse researchers to protect in qualitative studies than it is in quantitative studies for which reason?
A) Participants may be related to each other.
B) The researcher meets face to face with most participants.
C) Participants are not asked to sign an informed consent statement.
D) Verbatim quotations from participants may reveal personal information.
Q2) An adult participant receives an informed consent form to participate in a study on breast cancer in women younger than the age of 35. The study's informed consent process should include which elements? (Select all that apply.)
A) The participant's meeting the IRB members who approved the study
B) The participant's being informed of risks associated with the study
C) The participant's being informed of the study protocol
D) The participant's being given the right to decline participation at any time
E) The participant's being assured that her confidentiality will be maintained
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Chapter 14: Data Collection Methods
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Q1) Which data collection method can be assessed by asking, "Is there a provision for evaluating the accuracy of the instrument?"
A) Questionnaires
B) Interviews
C) Physiologic measurement
D) Records and databases
Q2) What is the nurse researcher's primary concern in data collection for research?
A) Flexibility in data collection
B) Consistency in data collection
C) Accurate interpretation of data collected
D) Averaging of numerical scores to reduce the effect of outliers
Q3) Which data collection method can be assessed by asking, "Are the majority of the items appropriately close-ended or open-ended?"
A) Questionnaires
B) Interviews
C) Physiologic measurement
D) Records and databases
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Chapter 15: Reliability and Validity
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Q1) Which type of reliability exists when consistency of observation, measured by a correlation coefficient, is noted between two or more research assistants who record their observations of an event at the same time?
A) Internal consistency
B) Parallel forms
C) Test-retest
D) Interrater
Q2) An ear temperature probe that consistently reports body temperature at a degree lower than the patient's actual temperature has what type of reliability or validity problem?
A) Reduced reliability, systematic error
B) Reduced validity, random error
C) Increased validity, systematic error
D) Increased validity, random error
Q3) Which type of validity is most difficult to establish?
A) Content validity
B) Construct validity
C) Predictive validity
D) Concurrent validity
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Chapter 16: Data Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
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Q1) A nurse researcher would opt to use measures of central tendency in which case?
A) When there is a need to describe how reliably the findings can be generalized
B) When there is a need to describe how much dispersion is in the sample
C) When there is a need to describe the accuracy of predictions made
D) When there is a need to describe the average member of the sample
Q2) In a study of nurses' willingness to care for patients with a contagious disease, it was found that the greater the nurses' spirituality, the greater the willingness to provide care. This finding represents what?
A) No correlation
B) Perfect correlation
C) Positive correlation
D) Negative correlation
Q3) The nurse researcher should report the mean, mode, and median of a variable in a research study in which case?
A) When the distribution is uneven.
B) When the distribution is wide.
C) When the distribution is narrow.
D) When the distribution is symmetrical.
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Chapter 17: Understanding Research Findings
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Q1) Which section of the report allows a nurse researcher to interpret the evidence provided?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
Q2) Which section of the report allows the researcher to determine if evidence provided in the findings validates current practice or supports the need for change?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Recommendations
D) Methods
Q3) In which section of the report does the nurse researcher address supported and unsupported data?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
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Chapter 18: Appraising Quantitative Research
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Q1) Where in a report of a quantitative research study would a nurse researcher expect the gaps or conflicts about the phenomenon studied to be identified?
A) Analysis of data
B) Research design
C) Problem statement
D) Review of the literature
Q2) Which critical appraisal question would evaluate the research question and hypothesis of a research report?
A) Is there a synthesis summary that presents the overall strengths and weaknesses and arrives at a logical conclusion that generates hypotheses or research questions?
B) What are the sources of bias, and are they dealt with appropriately?
C) How have the purpose, aims, or goals of the study been substantiated?
D) To what population may the findings be generalized? What are the limitations in generalizability?
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Chapter 19: Strategies and Tools for Developing an
Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) What type of study would be most appropriate if a nurse researcher wants to answer a question about a patient's likely course in a disease trajectory?
A) Experimental
B) Longitudinal
C) Cross-sectional
D) Methodological
E) Quasi-experimental
Q2) Absolute risk reduction is most accurately calculated as what?
A) EER + CER
B) EER - CER/CER
C) EER - CER
D) EER/CER
Q3) A nurse researcher critiquing a research study notes that a confidence interval (CI) is too large for a new therapy to be clinically meaningful. What likely contributed to this statistical outcome?
A) Strong power level
B) Quantitative experimental design
C) Statistical analysis
D) Too small a sample
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) ___ provide "on-site" feedback to staff regarding the progress in achieving the practice change
Q2) ___ establish content validity of data collection forms
Q3) Which is an electronic database for clinical problems and evidence-based research?
A) Health and Psychosocial Instruments File
B) Cochrane
C) National Clearinghouse
D) Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Index
Q4) ___ identify process and outcome variables of interest
Q5) ___ train data collectors
Q6) The nurse researcher is synthesizing the findings from research critiques and is creating a summary table. Essential information to include consists of what?
A) Stakeholders involved
B) Objectives of the study
C) Type of research design
D) Evaluation of study findings' usefulness
Q7) ___ collect data at specified intervals
Q8) Steps of Evaluation for Evidence-Based Projects
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Chapter 21: Quality Improvement
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Q1) Increased ability to review, challenge, and change opinions and decisions
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
Q2) Increased ability to create value for both parties
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
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