Figure 4.1: The development of cities presents significant opportunities Investment requirements for urban infrastructure up to 2030 Water
More people now live in cities than in Energy
rural areas, and this urbanization trend is expected to continue, most notably
Roads and railways
in the emerging and developing world. Urbanization will provide
Ports and airports
opportunities for business around the globe but particularly as developing
0
10
countries transition from agri-centered economies to product and service
20
30
US$ trillions
Source: Booz Allen Hamilton, Strategy+Business, n°46, 2007 (from Booz Allen Hamilton, Global Infrastructure Partners, World Energy Outlook, OECD, Boeing, Drewry Shipping Consultants, U.S. Department of Transportation)
economies. Some estimates suggest that by 2030 US$ 40 trillion will need
accentuate the effects of energy,
retrofitted to minimize waste in all
to be invested in urban infrastructure
land and resource shortages in and
forms, to encourage biodiversity
worldwide (see figure 4.1).
around cities. At the same time there
and ecosystems to flourish, and
will also be new, currently unknown
to provide inhabitants with the
The dynamics of urbanization – a
social challenges that will lead to
basic elements of human well-
combination of expanding cities
new solutions and opportunities.
being in a resource- and energy-
and immigrating populations – will
Cities will need to be designed and
efficient manner. Re-envisioning
Table 4.1: Four categories of cities with different attributes and prospects Brown
Red
Green
Blue
Example
London, Seoul
Mumbai, Soweto
Masdar, Dongtang
Dhaka, New Orleans
Development
Gradual: With significant investment in existing yet often outdated infrastructure, these cities can be slow to change
Ad-hoc: Built on an ad-hoc basis, often in rapid response to economic growth, population expansion, or influx. Housing and infrastructure are inadequate
Deliberate: Greenfield construction allows every aspect of design to be optimized for sustainability
At-risk locations: These cities built in coastal locations are at risk from rising sea levels
Assets
Resilience, diversity, Cultural history, adequate (if outdated) ability to manage scarcity infrastructure & buildings
Clean slate for innovative, holistic solutions
Potential for innovative solutions to prepare and adapt for climate change
New construction and retrofit
Holistic design
Adaptation
Opportunity
Buildings
Waste Water and Sewage
Affordable and low ecological impact housing
Waste mining, recycling and collection New construction and retrofit
Leapfrog
Energy
Cleaner energy
Access to reliable energy Smarter systems
Maintaining supply
Mobility
New construction and retrofit
Access to low-cost and low-carbon mobility and infrastructure
Maintaining infrastructure of private and public transport
Vision 2050: The new agenda for business
Closed loop design
Smarter mobility
Maintaining supply
39
4 – Opportunities
Building and transforming cities