The Pathophysiological Effects of Fluid-Structure Interaction of Species Transported and Transformed from Ambience to Human Respiratory System Unyime Effiong and Dr. Kazeem Olanrewaju Chemical Engineering Department, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, 77446 Abstract The human physiological system consists of several organs that are structured to relate chemically and physically with complex fluids which aid to carry different nutrients and species necessary for the proper functioning of the system. The quality of the ambient atmosphere and its physiological end effect plays a great role in determining the stability of the human system. With the increased interest in correlating ambient fluid quality with human pathophysiological conditions, it has become increasingly important to understand the mechanism of species transport and transformation in the respiratory tract, the major gateway to human complex systems. Thus, this project is aimed at studying the pathophysiological impact of ambient species on the human respiratory system through detailed analysis of the flow process of species and its mechanism of interaction as they are transported from the bulk ambient fluid to the respiratory organs. A detailed qualitative study will be conducted to gather data on the composition of the ambient fluids at different geographical locations and the data will be coupled into a modeling platform. The goal of this work is to develop a prognosticative and diagnostic modeling platform that can successfully analyze and predict the effect of certain ambient fluid exposure on the respiratory system while offering suggestions on a range of preventive and therapeutic measures to correct these physiological anomalies.
Results (Work in Progress) The human respiratory system has been modeled using the SimpleWare software and this will be coupled with the COMSOL Multiphysics platform to simulate the flow of species through the respiratory tract. SimpleWare was used to create a 3D model of the respiratory tract using data collected through MRI imaging of the human system.
SIMPLEWARE MODELING PLATFORM (FREE TRIAL VERSION) : DESIGNATED TO PROCESSING AND CONVERTING 3D IMAGE OF HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TO MODEL OBJECT FOR SIMULATION IN COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS
Conclusion The task accomplish so far is still a work in progress .We were highly constraint by a universal factor beyond our control.
• The human respiratory system is comprised of various organs, bones and muscles which aid the transport and exchange of species into and out of the body to assist metabolic activities. • The primary organ of this system is the lungs; however, other organs play important roles such as the trachea, bronchus and alveoli.
FUTURE DIRECTION: • To investigate effect of Pressure drop, the major driving force for air conduction, on the physiological operation of the respiratory system • To study the transport of species by diffusion and its impact on the physiological system if it is altered • To evaluate transformation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the capillaries and cross the alveoli membrane • To investigate Effect of abnormal diffusion on the perfusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide respectively in the in the capillary
Figure 1: Human Respiratory System from Respiratory System: Image Details.” NCI Visuals Online, 2001.
Transportation Mechanisms within the Human Respiratory System
Transformation of Species Transported within the Human Respiratory System
Figure 2: Diffusion of species to and from the alveolus from Pokhrel , Pratiksha. “Mechanism of Respiration in Human.” Microbiology Notes, 23 Sept. 2016.
• For oxygen molecules, the transformation taking place is a reversible interaction of oxygen with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin: Hb + nO2 ⇌ HbO2n • For the carbon dioxide molecules, the chemical reaction taking place is within the red blood cell and is represented as: CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO3-
Hypothesis The major cause of most pathophysiological condition in the human respiratory system is due to improper transportation and transformation of species in the system.
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POSTERS AND REPORTS
IMAGE TO MODEL OBJECT: Due to the complex structure of human respiratory system and complications attributable to generating Convoluted images of the human physiological structures in general, images of human respiratory organs will be imported, visualized, processed and converted to simulation ready model object within the SimpleWare modeling platform. Two routes are considered for image generation: 1. Human respiratory Image data from CT-Scan, MRI scanned images and saves as digital image communication in medicine (DICOM). This image will be afterward imported into SimpleWare modeling environment for further conversion into high quality model object fitted for simulation. 2. Image obtain as JPEG from licensed image data bank which is converted and save as DICOM image file. It is subsequently imported into SimpleWare for analysis as in (1) MODEL OBJECT IMPORTATION INTO COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS Human respiratory model object is imported into COMSOL Multi-physics simulation environment to study effect of species (oxygen and carbon dioxide) transport and transformation on the physiological operation
Introduction
• Diffusion and convection are the means of species transport within the human respiratory system • Diffusion involves random motion of molecules that arise from molecular collision triggered by transfer of thermal energy. • In convection, there is transport resulting from the bulk motion of fluids.
Methods
COMSOL MULTI-PHYSICS PLATFORM: A SIMULATION DESGNIATED FOR THE SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT OF TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION OF SPECIES IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Acknowledgments R&I’s Office of Undergraduate Research (OUR) and Chemical Engineering Department LSAMP,, Prairie View A&M University
References 1. “Function and Structure of the Respiratory System.” Pulmonary Physiology, by Michael G. Levitzky, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill Education. 2. Sharma, Kal Renganathan. Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering Artificial Organ Design and Development and Tissue Engineering. McGraw-Hill, 2011. 3. “Transport of Oxygen in the Blood.” Chemistry for Biologists: Transport of Oxygen in the Blood, www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/transport.htm. 4. Truskey, George A., et al. Transport Phenomena in Biological Systems. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. 5. Zimmermann, Kim Ann. “Respiratory System: Our Avenue for Gas Exchange.” LiveScience, Purch, Aug. 2019, www.livescience.com/22616-respiratory-system.html.
