An analysis on Indian farmers with architectural theory and spaces

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

वक्सनालय | 

An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Submitted by:

NAME OF STUDENT: SHAH POOJA PARESH. Semester – VII, Design Dissertation

Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University (YCMOU), Nasik.

Rizvi College of Architecture, Mumbai Academic Year 2017 - 2018

1 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Report titled

“ वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces”

Is the bona fide work of Shah Pooja Paresh.

Roll No: 1427 PRN No: 2007017000090533 Submitted to the faculty of Rizvi College of Architecture for Design Dissertation Semester VII, B. Arch.

Of Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University (YCMOU), Nasik.

During the Academic Year 2017-2018.

Prof. Akhtar Chauhan.

Prof. Shruti Barve.

Prof. Aameer Chauhan.

Director

Principal

Guide

Rizvi College of Architecture.

Rizvi College of Architecture.

Rizvi College of Architecture.

2 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

DECLARATION

I hearby declare that the report entitled वक्सनालय | An analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces” submitted by me, for the fulfilment of the Bachelors in Architecture at Rizvi College of Architecture, Mumbai is a record of the Design Dissertation carried out by me under the supervision of Prof. Aameer Chauhan.

I further declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where other’s ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I affirm that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or falsified any idea/data/fact/source to the best of my knowledge.

I understand that any violation of the above will cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have not been cited properly.

3 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to the God for the good health and well-being that were necessary to complete this book.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Aameer Chauhan (Thesis guide) who provided his insight and expertise that greatly assisted this research and helped me in evolution of this project as well as our principal Prof. Shruti Barve for providing me with all the necessary facilities for the research.

I would like to thank my colleagues who helped me in formulation and enunciation of this project, without whom this could have been not achieved –my sister Ar. Kshiti Shah, Jinali Shah, C.A Punit Shah, sister in law Ar. Suchi Kapadia Shah, brother Rihen Ajmera, friend Karsh Sharma for their comments that greatly improved my manuscript, although any errors are my own and should not tarnish the reputations of these revered persons.

I take this opportunity to express gratitude to all of the Department faculty members for their help and support. I also thank my parents Manisha Shah and Paresh Shah for the unceasing encouragement, support and attention.

Sincere thanks to researcher Kartikeya for constantly guiding me throughout the research process.

4 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

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वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

1

BACKGROUND…………………...…………………………………………………………...11

2

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………….17 2.1 Aim of the research ............................................................................................ 21 2.2 Objectives ........................................................................................................... 22 2.3 Hypothesis .......................................................................................................... 22 2.4 Scope and Limitations ....................................................................................... 22

3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE.…………...………………….…….……….……… …………..23

4

METHODOLOGY……………….……………………………………………………………...39 4.1 Site selection ...................................................................................................... 48

4.1.1Site selection Criteria. ............................................................................................... 49 4.1.2 Description of site. .......................................................................................... 50 4.2 Site Analysis. ...................................................................................................... 56 4.2.1 Local architectural context. ............................................................................ 57 4.2.2 Socio Economic conditions. ........................................................................... 58 4.2.3 Climate and environmental conditions. ......................................................... 60 4.3 Data Analysis. ..................................................................................................... 63 4.4 Programme formulation. .................................................................................... 64 5

CASE STUDIES.……………………………...………………………………………………..74 5.1 Case study 01. .................................................................................................... 74 5.1.1 Case study 01 – Analysis. ............................................................................... 74 5.1.2 Case study 01 – Conclusion ........................................................................... 74 5.2 Case study 02. ................................................................................................... 75 5.2.1 Case study 02 – Analysis. ............................................................................... 75 5.2.2 Case study 02 – Conclusion. .......................................................................... 76 5.3 Case study 03. .................................................................................................... 78 5.3.1 Case study 03 – Analysis. ................................................................. …………78 5.3.2 Case study 03 – Conclusion….. .. ……………………………………………….....82

6

CONCLUSION………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………..……83

MASTER PLAN BLOWN UP PLANS, ELEVATIONS, SECTIONS 5 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces LIST OF FIGURES. Fig.1 Farmers walking the road of prosperity Fig.2 Problems faced by the farmers.

Fig.3 Graph showing decline in agricultural sector.

Fig.4 Map showing suicidal cases in each state of India.

Fig.5 Graph showing Age Classification of Suicide Victims.

Fig.6 Tree diagram representing the problems faced by the farmers.

Fig.7 how rural agricultural Village can systematically work.

Fig.8 Problems faced by the farmers, because markets being far off from their fields.

Fig.9 Abstract percent of people dependant directly or indirectly on agriculture.

Fig.10 Green Revolution and its impact on small marginal farmers in India.

Fig.11 Abstract activities of farmer’s everyday routine.

Fig.12 Different farming methods practiced in india Fig.13 Difference between hydroponics and other plants.

Fig.14 wick system Fig.15 water culture Fig.16 Ebb flow Fig.17 Drip systems Fig.18 N.F.T Fig.19 Green house farming Fig.20 Variety of seeds.

Fig.22 Chaff Fig.23 Banana leaf Fig.24 Neem leaf and powder.

Fig.25 Potato peel

6 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces Fig.26 Sunflower plants Fig.27 Orange peel Fig.28 Rice husk ash.

Fig.29 Site and the neighbouring villages around the site.

Fig.30 map of Maharashtra Fig.31 map of Ahmednagar.

Fig.32 site and neighbouring villages in parner.

Fig.33 entrance to the ralegan pune-parner highway. Pune-parner highway Fig.34 cattle of gaikwadi.

Fig.35 houses of gaikwadi houses of gaikwadi.

Fig.36 Accessibility points.

Fig.37 Site and context Fig.38 Omkar poultry farm- an agro based set-up.

Fig.39 Distance of the neighbouring villages from the site.

Fig.40 Land use of village Panoli.

Fig.41 Agro-climatic zones of Maharashtra.

Fig.42 Record of rainfall.

Fig.43 p.h value of soil.

Fig.44 Site and neighbouring villages.

Fig.46 flow chart explaining the rough formulation of programme.

Fig.47Case study pictures Fig.48 (A) Section explaining how climate reflects the structure.

Fig.48 (B) Master plan.

Fig.49 Sections Fig.50 North façade.

7 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces Fig.51 East-west façade.

Fig.52 loading unloading bay Fig.53 racks inside the warehouse.

Fig.54 warka case study Fig.55 warka house.

Fig.56 Warka drone.

Fig.57 warka solar Fig.58 warka garden.

Fig.59 Worker at Warka Fig.60 Warka structure

List of tables:Table 1. Share of agriculture and allied sectors in total G.V.A. Table 2. Scheme adopted by the States Table 3. Circular Economy Table.

Table 4. Circular Economy Table.

Table 5. Household Characteristic Table 6. Caste profile Table 7. Literacy Rate Table 8. Work Profile Table 9. Agricultural profile of the population.

8 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces Bibliography…..…………………………………………………………………………………….84 Annexure.........................................................................................................................…..85 1. Articles.

9 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

ABSTRACT This thesis project tries to briefly go through the problems that farmers are facing and then use the viewpoints in suggesting some actions and changes that might be followed in our present system with reference to given conditions. It also brings awareness about the problems faced by the farmers and help them identifying and improving it with present state of affairs.

The growing suicidal rate in India, draws our attention as to why it is happening, and what makes them take this drastic step, have we ever imagined a situation where we have ‘’NO FARMERS IN THE NATION’’ or ‘’A NATION WITHOUT FARMERS’’ no, we can’t even think of this, because 70% of the total population are engaged in this sector directly or indirectly and the whole nation depends on this sector for food.

So where are we lacking? Is there a gap between the farmers and the policy makers, or a gap between awareness and farmers, what if one day the farmers of the nation gets trained and aware about the technology, markets, learn the sustainable techniques of farming, and learn and aware themselves about the agro processing units, learn how to save and conserve water wouldn’t they become more independent?

The farmers are the best teachers themselves, they just need someone to educate them and aware them about the different schemes and techniques that can help them increase the production, help them setting their own agro-processing units so they can become independent.

We rely on them for all our wants, they are the ones who preach and practice and work so hard on fields and fulfil our hunger. Don’t we have a responsibility towards them as well? If we do, then what?

Can we curb the growing suicidal rate of farmers in the Nation?

“THE FARMER IS THE ONLY MAN IN OUR ECONOMY WHO BUYS EVERYTHING AT RETAIL, SELLS EVERYTHING AT WHOLESALE AND PAYS THE FREIGHT BOTH WAYS” -JOHN F. KENNEDY.

Fig.1 The picture is showing the farmers walking the road of prosperity.

10 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 1. BACKGROUND.

Fig. 2 Problems faced by the farmer Source: (http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0060e/t0060e02.htm)

The phenomenon of suicide by farmers has in recent years tended to dominate the discourse on rural India. Between 1995 and 2014, more than 300,000 farmers have committed suicide in the country, both rural inequality and rural poverty have been significantly contributing to increasing farmers’ suicides in Indian states over the twenty-year period. However, when the magnitudes of the impact of these two are compared rural inequality turned out to be impacting significantly more than rural poverty. To the extent that inequality generated by the rich getting richer can result in optimistic aspirations.

At previous methodology, composition of Agriculture & allied, Industry, and Services sector was 51.81%, 14.16%, and 33.25%, respectively at current prices in 1950-51. Share of Agriculture & allied sector has declined at 18.20% in 2013-14. Share of Services sector has improved 57.03%.

Share of industry sector has increased Share of Industry sector has also increased to 27.3% ref. (fig 3) Source: (http://statisticstimes.com/economy/sectorwise-gdp-contribution-of-india.php)

11 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Source: http://statisticstimes.com/economy/sectorwise-gdp-contribution-of-india.php.

Fig. 3 showing decline in agricultural sector in total GDP.

There has been a continuous decline in the share of Agriculture and Allied sector in the GVA from 18.2 percent in 2012-13 to 17.0 percent in 2015-16 at current prices. Falling share of Agriculture and Allied sector in GVA is an expected outcome in a fast growing and structurally changing economy. Ref. table (1)

Table 1 Share of Agriculture and Allied sectors in total G.V.P Source: (commerce.gov.in/.../MOC_636281140249481285_annual_report_16_17_eng.pdf)

12 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces BACKGROUND ISSUES

Fig. 4 showing the suicidal cases in each state.

(Source: https://www.google.yourstory.com)

Agricultural growth has become lacklustre, as rain fed areas still constitute about 65% of the total net area of the total net sown area. ● ● ● ● ●

The diminishing size of land holdings, degradation in land quality Degradation in soil health due to improper nutrient application, lack of irrigation The looming threats of global warming and climate change, emergence of new pest and disease Production losses due to biotic and abiotic causes, weak linkages between research and extension, limited credit access at reasonable rate of interests.

Non remunerative prices, inadequate market access, poor rural infrastructure and insufficient post-harvest infrastructure such as warehousing, cold chains, lack of agro processing facilities are other features plaguing our agricultural sector.

13 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

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वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces The problems arising from above mentioned structural weakness of agricultural sector might largely contribute to present distress among farming community in some parts of the country and particularly in low irrigation tracts of most of the regions in India and pushed most of the farmers into self-inflicted death trap.

Fig. 5 Graph explaining Age classification of farmers committing suicide.

Source: (http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/45-farmers-commit-suicide-each-day-in-india--34387)

14 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Fig. 6 figure 6 explains the tree problems that the farmer faces.

Source: (http://www.itcportal.com/businesses/agri-business/e-choupal.aspx)

15 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

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वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces An issue can be eradicated completely, but are we really concerned? The social responsibility is not a duty to be just performed by government, aren’t we a part of this whole suicidal issue, let us all put hands together in order to curb this, as an architecture student I have never come across a centre which guides the farmers with an access to all possible awareness. There are some research schools, located in the main city, where the requirement is in rural area. I would strive to develop awareness amongst the farmers, by designing ‘’A VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTER’’ along with workshop and agro processing units along the line and establish market which has direct relation with consumers, hence the products would be processed and sold in the vicinity without the third man being in the picture.

Fig. 7 shows how a rural agricultural village should be planned like.

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वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 2. INTRODUCTION Literature has always helped people knowing about a particular issue, we are always busy in our scripted lives but do we realize how unscripted and unspoken the life of the farmers is? We get connected to them only through media, their problems are just shared in newspapers, most of us just flip pages and just get onto some next headline or maybe there are some people who deeply get rooted with an issue and try to do something, at least they take some initiative towards them and that’s how I got rooted with the problem of the farmers in the country.

India is the second largest populated country in the world, out of which people engaged in the agricultural sector is estimated to be 70% of the total population, but unfortunately the backbone of the economy is slowly taking turns and migrating to cities, because of the loss in the allied agricultural activity. The difference between the development in city and a rural area can easily be drawn. We all are in the segment line where we just join dots between the end to end boundaries of a city in the total infrastructural development, water, electricity and well equipped technology. Where the development is required in the rural areas where large amount of farmers, who work hard in huge fields with the only company of the sun, which gives them summer heat, and we here work under shed places with the company of fans and air conditioned machines.

The disparities hence can be seen.

Fig.8 Problems faced by the farmers every day, because markets located far off from their fields.

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वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Fig.9 abstract percent in black dependant directly or indirectly on agriculture.

Source: (https://gradeup.co/economics-notes-on-role-of-different-sector-in-indian-economy-i-d4415969-6a8b-11e68853-6155a50019f3)

Two-thirds of India's population of 1.3 billion depends on farming for their livelihood, but agriculture makes up just around 14 percent of the nation's total economic output. Despite growing migration to cities in the past two decades, over half of the population still lives in rural areas.

Crop loans are farm loans or investment loans taken to buy agricultural or irrigation equipment.

But when there is a poor monsoon or natural calamity, farmers are unable to repay loans and are often forced to borrow money to manage expenses. Many small farmers who are not eligible for bank credit are forced to borrow at exorbitant interest rates from private sources Experts say many farm commodities are trading below support prices set by the government. ‘’why aren’t the farmers the price deciders of their own commodity?’’ ‘’why, there isn’t any policy which states that the rates should be first put forth by the farmers and later government can pass the list of rates which farmer has set?’’

No literate population is ever poor, No illiterate population is other than poor, -John Kenneth Galbraith

Education is a basic requirement of any community. No society can prosper if it fails to take care of children. It is said that When planning for a year -- sow corn When planning for a decade -- plant trees When planning for a lifetime --- train and aware society” -Kuan Tsu. 18 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Fig 10 Green revolution and its impact on small marginal farmers in India.

Green Revolution was initiated in India in late 1960’s, to address the issue of malnutrition in developing countries. The technology of the Green Revolution involved bio-engineered seeds that worked in conjunction with chemical fertilizers and heavy irrigation to increase crop yields. The technology was readily adopted in many stated in India and for some was a great success.

However, there were many farmers who could not afford the inputs necessary to participate in the Green Revolution and gaps between social classes widened as wealthy farmers got wealthier and poor farmers lagged behind.

Historical property relations across states have affected present landholdings as has the role of the government in different states to support agrarian activity. Geographical distribution issues can be broken down further into ecological barriers, or the viability of the land to accept Green Revolution technology. Uneven distribution among small and large farmers is apparent in three ways: small farmers’ lack of funds to take advantage of Green Revolution technology; insufficient information and resources available to small farmers to effectively apply the technology; and the absence of government support for small farmers. The uneven distribution of Green Revolution 2 technology has led to increased social disparity among classes. A disproportionate amount of people achieved success with the modern technology that was developed to positively affect everyone.

There are four important effects of the spatial and social disparities caused by the Green Revolution in India. These are: the change from traditional sustainable methods to monocropping and unsustainable practices; violence and a dissolution of the sense of community among farmers; the loss of many small farmers’ landholdings to large commercial farmers; and increased suicide rates of small farmers. Ref. (fig 10)

19 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Fig.10 Pie diagram explaining small farmers contributing the most in suicides.

Source: (http://www.firstpost.com/india/crushed-by-negligence-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-drought-and-agrariancrisis-in-India)

Switching from traditional subsistence farming to industrial monocropping had negative effects on small farmers. They found themselves trapped in the cycle of high interest rates on seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides which they had to buy on credit. Because they were often only working with one dealer, there was no competition and prices were able to remain very high.

“The growth in inequality in rural areas stem in large part from the fact that small, poor peasants who have restricted access to credit, technical knowledge and the material means of production are unable to innovate as easily or as quickly as those who are landed, liquid and literate” -Keith griffin

20 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Fig. 11: Abstract activities of farmer’s everyday activities.

2.1 Aim of the research: -

The aim is to revive the society of farmers (by understanding the issues faced by them and providing possible architectural solutions), generate social sustainability for the women farmers (through architecturally making them vigilant about schemes, policies, technology, sustainability, market, and small-scale agro based industry) and there-by empowering the whole of farmer’s society.

‘’A

transformation in village economy can bring an overall transformation in the Nation’s economy’’ -ANNA HAZARE

21 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 2.2 Objectives:-

1. To understand the issues faced by the farmers, through Review of literature and survey.

2. To study and compare the pre and post harvesting losses farmer undergoes.

3. To study sustainable post harvesting techniques, equipment’s for sustainable small-scale agro-based industries.

4. To prepare a circular economy table for the crops harvested by the farmers, research its possible by-products, market-value, profit-margin, if the product could be used for construction purposes and if it could be recycled and reused, for farmers so that they can earn more profit instead of losses.

5. To study various government schemes and policies which can benefit the farmers in buying certain equipment’s, setting up small scale agro-based industry, mulberry plantation.

6. To study the schemes and polices introduced by the government for women farmers, in order to uplift their society.

2.3 Hypothesis:The project would benefit the farmers not just of Panoli (Parner, Ahmednagar but would also benefit the neighbouring villages, Wadule, Ralegan-Siddhi, Jategaon, and Pimpalner, the setting up of sustainable small-scale agro-based industries along with post harvesting techniques, research and development, markets would result in an increase in skilled labour, large scale employment for the women, and hence result in an upliftment of farmer’s community.

2.4 Scope and Limitations:-

1. There is a scope of reflecting and creating a proto-type of the project, since the smallmarginal farmers go through the same downfall, and hence it would help in an upliftment of the farmer’s community at the other places as well.

2. The study shall only include the products and by products of the crops cultivated in Panoli, Pimpalner, Jategaon, Wadule and Ralegan-Siddhi.

3. Whatever lacked in the agro-infrastructure at the model for sustainable village- RaleganSiddhi, has been a part of programme formulation of this project, thus limiting the programme formulation of the study.

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वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This Literature Review contains Terminologies, articles, research reports and publications addressing the issue put forth.

Literature Review was done to understand following topics:       

Methods of farming practiced.

Amount that one farmer invests in his field, and the returns he earns.

Impact of the method of farming, the pesticides and fertilizers used, to the farmers.

(Health) Lack of Information and Awareness. (Market rates, Government Schemes, Credit Accessibility, rain water harvesting and crops to be cultivated.

Post Harvesting Technology, Agro-based small scale Industries.

Sericulture, Government Schemes and Policies.

Banking and Government Subsidy Schemes for Agriculture.

a) Methods of farming practice

Fig no 12 : Different farming methods practiced in india

The farming systems that significantly contribute to the agriculture of India are subsistence farming, organic farming, and industrial farming. (Plantation farming).-The other types of farming are shifting farming, intensive farming and dry farming, mixed and multiple farming, crop rotation, terrace cultivation, ley farming, dairy farming, co-operative farming.

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वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 3.1 Amount that one farmer invests in his field, and the returns he earns.

Tractor usage on fields on rent: ₹ 1000 per hectare Fertilizer: ₹ 10,000 per hectare Pesticide used: ₹ 12,000 per hectare Sowing: ₹ 10,000 per hectare Weeding: ₹ 11000 per hectare Pest: ₹ 6000 per hectare Total amount he invests: ₹ 50,000 Total returns he gets: ₹ 25,000

3.2 Impact of the method of farming, the pesticides and fertilizers used, to the farmers. (Health)

Since July, over 1,000 farmers of Yavatmal in east Maharashtra have suffered from a toxic chemical exposure after spraying pesticides on the cotton crop. There have been fatalities too, with 23 farmers succumbing to “toxic pesticides” so far. Most of the farmers and farm hands rarely cover their mouth and nose while spraying, a reason cited by some officials for the infection.

However, many farmers claimed they had been spraying pesticides for decades, but only this year it caused infection and deaths.

Source: www.thehindu.com/news/...farmers-have-died-of...pesticides/article19896992.ece

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Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces Date: Oct 10, 2017.

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Monday issued a notice to the Maharashtra government, taking action following reports of deaths of cotton cultivators in Yavatmal d due to pesticides. At least 32 cotton growers have succumbed to pesticide spray in the last three months According to the state agriculture minister, the farmers who sprayed pesticide on cotton crops did not wear protective gear before entering the fields.

Observing that right to life and livelihood of farmers had been violated, NHRC stated that the farmers should have been well informed about hazards of technology.

“The commission has observed that most of the farmers in the country are not adequately literate and rely on government agencies for safe use of agricultural products and ancillary techniques.

The farmers have fallen prey to the callous and negligent attitude of government departments,” the notice said.

Source: timesofindia.com

Date: 10/10/2017.

There are many such cases where precautionary measures weren’t taken, which resulted in deaths of many farmers, in India but majority of them were in Maharashtra, the lack of awareness and information leads to such situations.

3.3 Lack of Information and Awareness. (Market rates, Government Schemes, Credit Accessibility, rain water harvesting and crops to be cultivated) -Problems in agricultural marketing 

Large number of middlemen involved: - The field of agricultural marketing is viewed as a complex process and it involves many intermediaries handling a variety of agricultural commodities, which are characterized by seasonality, bulkiness, perishability, etc. The prevalence of these intermediaries varies with the commodities and the marketing channels of the products. Because of the intervention of many middlemen, the producer’s share in the profit margin is reduced. Lack of Uniform Standardization and Grading inadequacies exist in scientific grading of the produce in the country. In the absence of standardization and grading, adulteration is the consequence. Each middleman may adulterate the produce to his short run advantage.

Source: Small Farmers in India: Challenges & Opportunities S.Mahendra Dev www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/WP-2012-014

25 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 

Small and scattered holdings: - Most of the farmers in India, are small land owners, because of which the marketable surplus is very meagre, it is very important to have a farmer’s organization.

Source: - https://www.actahort.org/books/831/831_3.htmby SP Baliyan - 2009



Forced sales: - The financial obligations committed during production force farmers to dispose the commodity immediately after the harvest though the prices are very low. Such forced sales or distress sales will keep the farmer in vicious cycle of poverty. Report has it that the farmer, in general, sells his produce at an unfavourable place and at an unfavourable time and usually he gets unfavourable terms. Due to debts farmers are forced to sell products to the money lenders and landlords at half the prices.



Lack of transport facilities:- This problem has many dimension’s, lack of transport services refer to absence of the transport service in reasonable agricultural marketing areas, seasonality of transport service, high freight charges due to inadequacies, lack of all-weather roads and transport vehicles, unsuitability of the present transport facilities for transportation of some products like fruits, vegetables, eggs, etc. In some cases, there are insufficient vehicles to carry goods from the farms to the rural markets and from the rural markets to the towns. In other cases, transport accounts for a large proportion of marketing costs. In some instances, there are no roads or where they exist, they might be seasonal.

Feeder roads are usually few and, in most cases, must be constructed and maintained by communal effort



Technological Development Problem in Farm Production: - Evidence has it that technological change in performing certain farm operations brought in new problems in agricultural marketing. For example, paddy harvesters are identified to increase the moisture content problem in paddy; mechanical picking of cotton associated with the problem of mixing trash with cotton; potato diggers are found to cause cuts on the potato; sugarcane harvesters effect the problem of trash mix with the cane, etc. These problems lead to the reduction of price for the farm products. Unless corrective measures are affected, the production technologies accentuate the marketing problems.



Inadequate Storage Capacity and Warehousing Facilities: - Inadequate storage facilities are the cause of heavy losses to farmers in many parts of the world; and this result in serious wastage of foodstuffs, and increased costs to producers. This storage loses of food grains occur at all stages between the farm level and the final level of consumption. Such losses occur from physical damages due to pest infestations, rodents and quality deterioration, discoloration and unpleasant odour which would make the product unfit for human consumption. Most markets lack storage and warehousing facilities and the amount of wastage that occurs due to the lack of these facilities often account for increasing cost of marketing and, hence, retail price



Adulteration of Produce and Malpractices in Market: -In some cases, inferior commodities are mixed with superior ones and are sold as superior commodities. This is possible since there are no grades and there are no quality control measures. Also, the manipulation of weights and measures is still prevalent in the unregulated markets despite the introduction of uniform system of weights. Arbitrary deductions in the name of sampling are a common feature. Sale under cover is also another feature of these unregulated markets.

26

Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 

A.P.M.C (Agricultural Production Market Committee): - The existence of A.P.M.C markets, doesn’t prove to be boon for small marginal farmers, most of the farmers, aren’t even aware about the A.P.M.C markets, they sell their products to the middlemen, who later sells it directly to the consumer, or if he has the license he sells it in those markets.

These markets need to be reformed and made to deliver by liberalising APMC licensing, opening more APMCs in local areas, enabling e-payment of market fee. These markets are important for small farmers who may not attract large buyers for direct purchase or contract farming.

Source: www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/apmcs-the-otherside.../article6871346.ece Feb 8, 2015.



Lack of Farmers’ Organization: - The farmers are scattered over a wide area without any common organization. In the absence of such organization, farmers do not get anybody to guide them and protect their interests. On the other hand, traders are an organized body. Thus, the marketing system, therefore, constitutes unorganized farming community on one side and organized and powerful traders on the other side. Under such situations, farmers will be generally get exploited and do not get remunerative prices for their produce.



Lack of awareness about government schemes and credit accessibility: - Over 60% of the farmers do not have credit accessibility, so they buy loans from money lenders, indebtedness is also one of the major reasons due to which farmers commit suicide.

The RBI’s concern that banks cannot be coerced into giving loans is understandable. …banks are bound to be governed by norms of loan recovery. Yet, I believe national and commercial banks should reconsider loans to farmers beyond obligation or duty. The urgency to enhance loans to small farmers instead of concentrating on big and wealthy farmers needs to be adjusted through course corrections,” Fadnavis said.

“Let us not look at loan allocation to farmers as an obligation. While there are issues related to loan recovery, overall, statistics show bank loans to the agro-sector have increased every year.

But it does not commensurate with more farmers availing the loans. Which means, a handful of big farmers are getting bigger loans,” he said.

Source: - indiaexpress.com

April29.

Thousands of farmers who have opened insurance plans through the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme for instance find they cannot claim insurance because of unpaid dues on their bank loan. An officer with a local bank that implements the KCC scheme said the farmers were not aware of how the insurance schemes worked. Most of them, for instance, did not know that the policy becomes inoperative if they default on payments.

"The farmers do not know anything about the guidelines. The government has also not made any effort to make them aware. This is why these schemes are not too effective," the bank manager said.

Source: - https://economictimes.indiatimes.com › News › Economy › Agriculture

Apr 26, 2015.

27 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 

Issues of weather and climate: - The weather in India these days has become erratic at best and rainfall does not happen at the right time. Moderate rainfall, which is needed so much for proper agriculture, is now becoming a thing of the past and things have reached the extreme. In the past few years, the weather patterns have been changing. The situation does not become any better even when there is normal rainfall. 56% of the country depends on snow-fed rivers for its water and in such a situation even marginal fluctuations can have devastating effects. The problems are further exacerbated by the fact that 85% of precipitation in India happens because of rainfall. Dry spells can be very bad especially during the initial periods of the process of growing crops. If there are sustained repetitions of dry spells, then there can be some massive crop loss.

Thanks to these conditions, these days even experienced farmers are at a loss when it comes to predicting the right time to sow their crops and the right time to harvest them. The fact that pests, weeds, and diseases are evolving has only added to the farmers’ misery. Soil erosion is also a major problem faced by farmers. 

Scales of operation: - Majority of the people who have their own land too, have got it from their ancestors. Since often, after the death of a farmer his land is divided among his sons, it leaves precious little for a farmer. At the most, it is just a couple of acres. This in turn leads to small income that does not permit processes like mechanization and automation that are needed to stay relevant. Therefore, the small cultivators have no option but to rely on human labour, which currently is inadequate. Also, human labour decreases due to farmer sons are discouraged to perform agricultural practices and to migrate to cities for jobs and education and after all a better standard of living. Now this excess land which has no labour, to perform agricultural activities becomes prey to these investors and industries which buy this land from the farmer at minimum prices. In case of landlords, they exploit the farmer’s w.r.t the agricultural produce. Increasing real estate prices, small farmers that are not doing so well are encouraged to sell their land to realtors.

This also means that the amount of land available for farming is decreasing thus affecting Indian agriculture in general. The gap between small farmers, big farmers or landlords, and medium farmers or peasants is huge. India’s inheritance laws with its emphasis on fragmentation are problematic in nature. Marking boundaries also means that useful and fertile land gets eaten up in the process and thus, decreasing the available fertile land for agriculture.



Lack of farm labour: -These days’ farm labour is regarded as demeaning, especially casual labour. Sectors such as construction and industries have been employing people, who would otherwise be engaged in agriculture. This is also one reason urban migration has increased so much in the last few decades. These days the children of the farmers are more interested in getting institutional education and joining other jobs. The government has also started the system of minimum support prices, which has resulted in inflation and increased the wages. This means that the smaller landholders do not get much leeway in terms of hiring sufficient agricultural labour. These factors have affected the small farmer the most



Unsatisfactory realisation of prices: -One of the most crucial problems faced by farmers in India is regarding marketing, most often a farmer has no option but to sell his produce in regulated markets, where the middlemen are the ones making the maximum gains. At times, they can make up to 75% profits.

28

Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces If the middlemen can be eliminated, then the farmers could have sold their products at better rates. On the other hand, the farmers have to be satisfied with the bare minimum.

In some situations, the farmers also need to give away their produce for free to the moneylenders. The Rural Credit Survey has correctly stated that nothing is favourable for the farmers in terms of time, place or conditions of sale. 



Inadequate storage facilities: -ASSOCHAM (Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India) estimates that every year 30-40% of the entire agricultural produce in India is damaged because there are not enough cold storages. In monetary terms, this translates to INR 35,000 crore. Food such as fruits and vegetables enjoy high demand around the year. However, these crops are destroyed due to abnormal rainfall. Farmers who do not have cold storages have to sell their produce as early as possible so that they do not rot. This means they are sold at a loss since supply exceeds demand by some distance. Due to lack of such storage facilities the farmers have to either sell of the produce at minimum prices or they calculate to the total wastage. In such a circumstance, the landlord pressure is at its peak. So directly/indirectly the farmers become prey to all such problems. It is very costly – and thus impossible – for a small farmer to own and operate a cold storage.

Quality of seeds, pesticides, and fertilisers: - Farmers in India have to often make do with poor quality seeds. There are many reasons for this – ignorance on part of farmers, corruption of officials, ineffective laws, and improper enforcement of the same. The fertilisers and pesticides that they use are of a poor quality. All these factors often lead to complete loss of crops. Quite often it so happens that the better-quality seeds are so expensive that the small and medium farmers cannot buy them. As far as manure is concerned, most small farmers and peasants should use cow dung, which is an effective one. However, the problem for them is that this cow dung is used as fuel too, which means that not enough cow dung is available for all. Chemical fertilizers are mostly out of bounds for the poor farmers. It is also stated that organic manure is highly necessary to make sure that soil stays healthy. However, it has also been observed that excessive usage of these has led to the soil being infertile and affected the quality of crops.

3.5 Making farms efficient and farmers smarter Agriculture in India is the largest employment source which cuts poverty twice as fast as industrial growth because one per cent increase in agricultural output raises industrial production by 0.5 per cent and GDP by 0.7 per cent. Hence, it is a significant index of the overall socio-economic development of India. Now, while on the one hand, agriculture sector is the mainstay of India’s economy and accounts for almost 14 per cent of the GDP, on the other hand, the water level is declining rapidly and the farm-land area is shrinking, too. According to the latest agricultural census, th7e average size of land-holding of an Indian farmer is only 1.15 hectare (with more than 70 per cent Indian farms falling in the very small category). Therefore, to enhance productivity from such small holdings and to further boost (or at least maintain at the current level) the contribution of agriculture sector, adoption of technology is essential.

Source:sulabhswachhbharat.com/en/posts/making-farms-efficient--and-farmers-smarter

29 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces WHAT ARE THE MODERN METHODS OF FARMING TECHNOLOGY? Hydroponics allows plants to grow without soil and instead uses liquid, sand, gravel, coco, or various other materials. Nutrients are supplied to the roots by water that is enhanced with liquid plant food.

The benefits of hydroponics clearly outweigh traditional farming methods. The basic needs of a plant are simple: water, sunshine, and nutrients. However, traditional farming isn’t always the most efficient. “In soil, the nutrients are dilute.

Fig. no. 13. Difference between hydroponics and normal plant.

And the plant has to spend considerable time and energy spreading its roots to find the nutrients that it needs, in a hydroponic system, the plant does not have to spend this energy seeking nutrients, which means that they do not need such an extensive root system. Hydroponic plants can grow as much as two times as fast as their soil-grown counterparts can because they do not have to expend the energy to develop an extensive root system. The nutrients are applied directly to the roots, allowing the plant to be grown in a smaller space. Hydroponics allows the plant density to be quadrupled, which means four times more production for the space.”

There are hundreds of variations on these basic types of systems, but all hydroponic methods are a variation (or combination) of these six.

The Wick system: - It is by far the simplest type of hydroponic system. This is a passive system, which means there are no moving parts. The nutrient solution is drawn into the growing medium from the reservoir with a wick. Free plans for a simple wick system are available. This system can use a variety of growing medium. Perlite, Vermiculite, Pro-Mix and Coconut Fibre are among the most popular. The biggest drawback of this system is that plants that are large or use large amounts of water may use up the nutrient solution faster than the wick can supply it.

Water culture: - Deep water culture (DWC) is a hydroponic, and so also aquaponicth, method of plant production by means of suspending the plant roots in a solution of nutrient-rich, oxygenated water.

Bubbleponics is a related method of plant production that involves a top-fed deep water culture system.

The water culture system is the simplest of all active hydroponic Fig.no. 14 wick system.

Systems. The platform that holds the plants is usually made of Styrofoam and floats directly on the nutrient solution. An air pump supplies air to the air stone that bubbles the nutrient solution and supplies oxygen to the roots of the plants.

30 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces Water culture is the system of choice for growing leaf lettuce, which are fast growing water loving plants, making them an ideal choice for this type of hydroponic system. Very few plants other than lettuce will do well in this type of system. The biggest drawback of this kind of system is that it doesn't work well with large plants or with long- term plants. The roots remain submerged all the time 24/7. The roots don't suffocate because they get the air and oxygen they need from air bubbles rising through the nutrient solution, as well as from dissolved oxygen in the water itself.

Fig. no-15 water culture.

Ebb & flow - (flood and drain):-The Ebb and Flow system works by temporarily flooding the grow tray with nutrient solution and then draining the solution back into the reservoir. This action is normally done with a submerged pump that is connected to a timer. When the timer turns the pump on nutrient solution is pumped into the grow tray. When the timer shuts the pump off the nutrient solution flows back into the reservoir. The Timer is set to come on several times a day, depending on the size and type of plants, temperature and humidity and the type of growing medium used. The Ebb & Flow is a versatile system that can be used with a variety of growing mediums. The entire grow tray can be filled with Grow Rocks, gravel or granular Rockwool. Many people like to use individual pots filled with growing medium, this makes it easier to move plants around or even move them in or out of the system. The main disadvantage of this type of system is that with some types of growing medium (Gravel), there is a vulnerability to power outages as well as pump and timer failures. The roots can dry out quickly when the watering cycles are interrupted.

Fig. no 16 Ebb flow.

Drip systems: - They are probably the most widely used type of hydroponic system in the world.

Operation is simple; a timer controls a submerged pump. The timer turns the pump on and nutrient solution is dripped onto the base of each plant by a small drip line. In a Recovery Drip System, the excess nutrient solution that runs off is collected back in the reservoir for re-use. The NonRecovery System does not collect the run off.

31 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces A recovery system uses nutrient solution a bit more efficiently, as excess solution is reused, this also allows for the use of a more inexpensive timer because a recovery system doesn't require precise control of the watering cycles. The non-recovery system needs to have a more precise timer so that watering cycles can be adjusted to ensure that the plants get enough nutrient solution and the runoff is kept to a minimum. The non-recovery system requires less maintenance due to the fact that the excess nutrient solution isn't recycled back into the reservoir, so, the nutrient strength and pH of the reservoir will not vary. This means that you can fill the reservoir with pH adjusted nutrient solution and then forget it until you need to mix more. A recovery system can have large shifts in the pH and nutrient strength levels that require periodic checking and adjusting.

Fig. no-17 Drip systems

N.F.T:- This is the kind of hydroponic system most people think of when they think about hydroponics. N.F.T. systems have a constant flow of nutrient solution so no timer required for the submersible pump. The nutrient solution is pumped into the growing tray (usually a tube) and flows over the roots of the plants, and then drains back into the reservoir. There is usually no growing medium used other than air, which saves the expense of replacing the growing medium after every crop. Normally the plant is supported in a small plastic basket.

Fig no 18: N.F.T

Greenhouse farming technology:Greenhouse Technology is the technique of providing favourable environment condition to the plants. It is rather used to protect the plants from the adverse climatic conditions such as wind, cold, precipitation, excessive radiation, extreme temperature, insects and diseases.

32 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces It is also of vital importance to create an ideal micro climate around the plants. This is possible by erecting a greenhouse / glass house, where the environmental conditions are so modified that one can grow any plant in any place at any time by providing suitable environmental conditions with minimum labour. Greenhouses are framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.

Fig. no: -19 Green house farming.

Advantages of Green House Farming:

The yield may be 10-12 times higher than that of outdoor cultivation depending upon the type of greenhouse, type of crop, environmental control facilities.



Reliability of crop increases under greenhouse cultivation.



Ideally suited for vegetables and flower crops.



Year round production of floricultural crops.



Off-season production of vegetable and fruit crops.



Disease-free and genetically superior transplants can be produced continuously.



Efficient utilisation of chemicals, pesticides to control pest and diseases.



Water requirement of crops very limited and easy to control.



Maintenance of stock plants, cultivating grafted plant-lets and micro propagated plantlets.



Hardening of tissue cultured plants



Production of quality produce free of blemishes.



Most useful in monitoring and controlling the instability of various ecological system.



Modern techniques of Hydroponic (Soil less culture), Aeroponics and Nutrient film techniques are possible only under greenhouse cultivation.

Several commercial floriculture ventures are coming up in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka states to meet the demands of both domestic and export markets.

33 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces Post harvesting technology:Importance of Post-harvest technology lies in the fact that it has capability to meet food requirement of growing population by eliminating avoidable losses making more nutritive food items from low grade raw commodity by proper processing and fortification, diverting portion of food material being fed to cattle by way of processing and fortifying low grade food and organic wastes and by-products into nutritive animal feed. Post-harvest technology has potential to create rural industries. In India, where 80 percent of people live in the villages and 70 percent depend on agriculture have experienced that the process of industrialization has shifted the food, feed and fibre industries to urban areas. This process has resulted in capital drain from rural to urban areas, decreased employment opportunities in the rural areas, balance of trade in favour of urban sector and mismatched growth in economy and standard of living including the gap between rural and urban people. It is possible to evolve appropriate technologies, which can establish agricultural based rural industries.

Post-Harvest Industries main components:              

Harvesting and threshing Drying and storage Processing (conservation and / or transformation of the produce Food processing units.

Transportation and distribution.

Marketing.

Grading and quality control.

Pest control.

Packaging.

Communication among all concerned.

Information, demonstration and advisory system.

Manufacture and supply of essential equipment and machinery.

Financial control.

Price stabilization Management and integration of the total system.

Equipment’s used for the same:          

Solar drier Autoclave machine.

Packing machine Pilot plant.

Blender Roaster ( can be used for drying, pasteurizing, roasting) Thresher Winnowing machine for cleaning.

Daal mill Grader 34

Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces    

Measuring device for colour intensity Oil extractor machine Chemical treatment machine for food processing units Storage facilities.

Source: http://www.ikisan.com/agri-machinery-post-harvest-machinery.html

Mulberry plantation and policies: - Since the Mulberry flourishes well in soils which are flat, deep, fertile, well drained, loamy to clayey, porous with good moisture holding capacity, it grows in an area having minimum of 600mm average rainfall, since most of the farmers in Parner in Ahmednagar aren’t aware about the mulberry plantation, since its practiced in parts of Shevgaon in Ahmednagar district, the government is promoting mulberry plantation under the RKVY scheme, it is not only helping farmers with information about sericulture but also Under RKVY district office given labour charges of Rs.6000/- and equipment’s worth Rs.8000/- per acre in first year . In second and third year the farmers get Rs.3000/- per acre. This labour charges can meets daily family charges.

Source: rkvy.nic.in/.../SucessStory/MAHARASHTRA/.../2016011350Sericulture%20%20Incr.

A lot of by-products can be made out of mulberry leaves, its stems. Since Pune tops cocoon production in the state, there are many small scale sericulture industries in Pune, Bid, Ahmednagar, Aurangabad and they require mulberry leaves on a large scale to feed the worms, hence the supply of mulberry leaves in such places can also prove to be a boon for the farmers.

SOURCE: - Pune tops cocoon production in state - Times of India timesofindia.indiatimes.com › City Date: May 10, 2010.

Credit accessibility and schemes:Grameen: - Grameen Bank is founded on the principle that loans are better than charity to interrupt poverty: they offer people the opportunity to take initiatives in business or agriculture, which provide earnings and enable them to pay off the debt. Grameen has offered credit to classes of people formerly underserved: the poor, women, illiterate, and unemployed people.

Markets Schemes and policies : - National Agricultural Market (NAM) through Agri. Tech.

Infrastructure Fund(ATIF),by setting up of an appropriate common e-market platform that would be deployable in selected 585 regulated wholesale markets in States/UTs desirous of joining the e-platform. Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) will implement the national eplatform and will cover 250, 200 and 135 mandis during 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18 respectively.

35 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

TABLE NO 2: Scheme adopted by the states.

Other schemes for agricultural marketing infrastructure include: - Integrated Scheme for Agricultural Marketing (ISAM) during the XII Plan (2012-2017). The ISAM will have the following five sub schemes: (i) Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure (AMI) [the existing schemes of Grameen Bhandaran Yojana (GBY) and Development/Strengthening of Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure, Grading and Standardization (AMIGS) will be merged as AMI] (ii) Marketing Research and Information Network (MRIN) (iii) Strengthening of Agmark Grading Facilities (SAGF), (IV) Agribusiness Development (ABD).

Objectives: - To promote creation of agricultural marketing infrastructure by providing backend subsidy support to State, cooperative and private sector investments.To support framing of grade standards and quality certification of agricultural commodities to help farmers get better and remunerative prices for their graded produce. vii. To catalyse private investment in setting up of agribusiness projects and thereby provide assured market to producers and strengthen backward linkages of agribusiness projects with producers and their groups. viii. To undertake and promote training, research, education, extension and consultancy in the agri- marketing sector.

Scheme for women farmers: -Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojna (MKSP), it’s a part of National Rural Livelihood Mission which was earlier a part of Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna. (SGSY) SOURCE: - agriculture.gov.in/

Objective: It aims to facilitate women farmers who are categorized as small and marginal farmers, the objective of the scheme is to provide socio-economic and technical empowerment to rural women farmers.

36 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces Mulberry plantation schemes: - Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna.

Objective: RKVY district office given labour charges of Rs.6000/- and equipment’s worth Rs.8000/- per acre in first year. In second and third year the farmers get Rs.3000/- per acre. This labour charges can meets daily family charges.

SOURCE: - rkvy.nic.in/.../SucessStory/MAHARASHTRA/.../2016011350Sericulture%20-%20Incr.

Harvesting seeds from the processed fruits and vegetables:The seeds from the processed fruits and vegetables can be saved, it can be cleant, dried and further processed and packed and can be sold back to farmers, and this will help them buy seeds at a very minimal rate.

The seeds of onion are obtained from its flower.

Onion flower.

The process of onion seeds is dry cleaning of seeds.

Steps for harvesting seeds:

The seeds of tomato and orange are obtained from its fruit itself.

Tomato.

The process of tomato seeds is wet drying of seeds.

Orange.

Seed harvesting and cleaning techniques fall into two main categories according to whether the fruits and seeds are dry or wet when mature.

Dry seeds: 'Dry' seeds include beans, okra, peppers, basil and members of the Onion and Carrot Families.

Cleaning dry seeds usually involves simply drying and crumbling the pods or husks, then screening or 'winnowing' the seeds to separate them from the chaff.

Wet seeds: Wet' seeds are found in such plants as tomatoes, eggplants and many squashes. Cleaning wet seeds requires washing to clean the seeds and to separate them from the surrounding pulp.

Cleaning dry seeds:  

Harvest dry seeds from their plants when their pods or husks have dried.



Another method of separating seeds and chaff is to roll seeds down a gently sloping board.

Once pods or husks have been harvested, store them in a dry place and wait until they are thoroughly dry.

37 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces Cleaning Wet Seeds: 

To remove the pulp and dead seeds, carefully pour the extra water with the floating pulp and dead seeds from the bowl.

Fig no: -20 Variety of seeds.

38 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 4. METHODOLOGY. In order, to achieve the aim of revive the society of farmers (by understanding the issues faced by them and providing possible architectural solutions), generate social sustainability for the women farmers (through architecturally making them vigilant about schemes, policies, technology, sustainability, market, and small-scale agro based industry) and there-by empowering the whole of farmer’s society, the following method of study was done.

4.1 Review of literature: to examine the current condition of the farmers, surveyed the affected areas in Maharashtra, visited the western region of Ahmednagar (Parner, Pathardi) and Marathwada Region, Bid in Aurangabad (Limbgav, Devadi, Pimpri, Wadgav, Tanda).

Parner.

Limbgav, Pimpri, Devadi, Tanda. wadgaon.

Pathardi.

DATA ANALYSIS

.

Fig no: -21. Places from where the survey has been done.

39 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces Farmer: Arvind Salunkhe, Parner.

Date: 22/11/17,11.30 AM. Survey at Parner (Wadule): - Issue: not many farmers know about prevailing market conditions, they sell their harvested crops to the middlemen, and they earn profits, due to the lack of knowledge in post harvesting techniques and small-scale agro-based industry, they run into post-harvesting losses.

Farmer: Ramesh Rathod, Bhanudas Rathod, Kishwer Devgad.

Date: -24/11/2017, 4.04 pm, Pathardi.

Survey at Pathardi (Manikdaundi): -issue: - lack of market information, lack of knowledge about post-harvesting techniques and small scale agro-based industry, hence they run into post harvesting losses.

Pre-harvesting losses:Tractor cost – Rs 1000/- per hectare, Pesticide- Rs 12000/ha, Fertilizer – Rs 6000 per/ha, Sowing- Rs 10,000, Weeding- Rs 11,000/Ha, Pest Control- Rs 6000 Total investment- Rs 53,500, and the farmer earns in return, Rs 25000/-

Mr Ashok Tange and Mrs Manisha Tokle.

Date: 23/11/2017, 10.30am, Bid. Description: - They run an N.G.O, ‘’JAGAR PRATISTHAN’’ an ngo just for the female farmers, a counselling unit which counsels farmers.

Issues:- lack of education and awareness about cropping pattern, fertilizers, pesticides, crop failure which makes male farmers invest into gambling, physical abuse on female farmers, takes loan from the money-lender, indebted later makes them unable to pay the loan, which then leads to depression, isolation, family disputes and hence suicide.

Ngo’s assistance to female farmers: - majority of the farmers working on farm, fields are female farmers, when they buy land, G.R is given on the name of male farmers, hence to provide equal rights on the land, they have adopted a yojna known as the,” Mahatma Gandhi Rojgar Yojna’’ which means gender equality 40 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces Farmer: Sunil Tanged, Geetaram Chaddar, Rajvabaibhav Kade, Maharura Badade, and Tukkaram Chaddar. (From l to r) Date: 23/11/2017, 3.04 pm, Bid. Survey at Limbgav, Tanda, Wadgav, Pimpri, Devadi (Bid, Aurangabad): issues: lack of knowledge on market conditions, cultivates sugarcane, lack of awareness on farming methods, pesticides, fertilizers, post-harvest technology, they have a little information about how small-scale agrobased industry works, since most of them work as sugar-cane cutters so they have an idea of how the processing works.

  

Data analysis of the surveys:Since, majority of the farmers face the same downfall, and in major cases, women farmers are seen more working on fields, due to lack of knowledge on market conditions and post harvesting technology, they run into losses, For instance, if sorghum is packed or value added under such a brand, there will be large markets for it in Pune and Mumbai.

For this, farmers need training, knowledge and understanding of certain the post harvesting system, the post harvesting and small-scale agro based industry would also create large scale employment for women, increase in skilled labour, thereby increasing the profits for farmers, by completely stopping the supply of their harvest to the middlemen.

Fig. no 22:- Mapping of the places surveyed in Pathardi.

41 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 4.2 Survey at the model of rural development village: visited two villages which is known as the model for rural development village, Ralegan Siddhi in Parner, to understand how these villages eradicated the poverty, to examine if the development benefited the neighbourhood villages, and whether the farmers in the villages needed more development in agricultural sector.

Data analysis:   



  



   

Ralegan's success is unquestioned and is based on the convergence of a large number of factors.

However, despite its success, several issues and concerns need to be addressed.

First, the watershed-based conservation activity and the water lifting schemes have led to the irrigation of 90 percent of the land in Ralegan, but irrigation is not guaranteed in case of drought.

While the watershed is fully developed, it depends on rainfall even today: if it does not rain, there will be scarcity of water. Further, only 300 or 400 acres are perennially irrigated at present.

Even this depends on lifting water from the canal, and supply of water is assured only if there is electricity.

There are 18 hours of load shedding and only six or seven hours of electricity.

This is not enough for irrigation. Around 16 or 17 hours of assured electricity supply are needed. Just 25km away, Maharashtra Industrial Development Cooperation has continuous electricity, but not Ralegan. There is too much load shedding.

Erratic supply of electricity at critical times will affect incomes of individual households as well as the progress of the village.

About markets:Further development is possible, for instance through value addition of outputs under a Ralegan Siddhi brand name.

If sorghum is packed or value added under such a brand, there will be large markets for it in Pune and Mumbai, but this needs local leadership and initiative.

Ralegan is located near an industrial area, so small home-based workshops are possible.

Companies need parts.

The Ralegan SHGs have large savings and the money can be used for starting small collective enterprises. Inspired by the SHGs, neighbouring villages of Ralegan Siddhi (Jategaon, Gatewadi, Ghanegaon and Pimpalner) have set up 35 SHGs in total with a collection of Rs. 18-20 lakh.

42 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces Issues in hivre bazaar:





While the Ralegan model is being replicated in several other villages, especially in the area of watershed development, Hivre Bazaar is possibly the only village that has learned from and surpassed Ralegan in several areas.

While the cleanliness, discipline, empowerment and participation in governance in Ralegan are remarkable and visible, the prosperity in Hivre Bazaar is reflected in the mansions that are being built and the cable networks.

The problem voiced by the villagers in Hivre Bazaar is that, despite their prosperity, they still have to perform the arduous tasks of mulching their livestock and collecting and selling milk every day, as agricultural labour is hard to get.

Bund wall

Trenches

Pune hiwre highway

Primary school

Pump

Hiwre bazaar

Rest Street light

Hospital

Secondary School.

Man-made ponds

Animal-dispensary House

Hiwre bazar, ralegan siddhi,Panoli

43 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 4.3 Circular economy: preparing a table, which includes the horticulture crops, the crops that the farmers (of the selected site region) cultivate, the by-products of the crops, the machinery and equipment’s required in the making of the by-product, the post harvesting technology, markets where they can sell, affordability of the product, investment, profit margin, gst. On the product and if at all any part of the crop or plantation could be used for construction, recycled and reused.

Data analysis:-

PRODUCT

Location of manufactur e

BY-PRODUCTS

AVAIL-

RECYCL -

ABILITY

PROFIT-

AFFORDA BILITY

MARGIN ABILITY

Srirampur, Sangamner, Akola, Rahuri, Nevasa, Parner, Pathardi, Srigonda, Karjat.

Medicinal uses, dehydrated onion slices, powder, oil, juice.

2nd largest producer of onion in India

The peel of the onion can be recycled and be used for dying of wool and cotton.

5-6%

Rs 45/-

Sagamner,

Bio pesticides, bio fertilizer, medicinal, oil, shampoo, cosmetic products, soaps, gum as dye in textiles.

The whole of Ahmedna gar has neem trees in abundan ce.

Wood can be recycled and reused.

5%

Affordable compared to other products.

Medicinal,

Easily available in pune, Auranga bad, vidarbha, and few portions of Ahmedna gar.

The paper can be recycled and other things made out of its bark and wood.

If you invest 1% you earn a profit of 1.5% on that 1%

Yes, it is affordable.

Parner, Akole.

Found in most regions of Maharashtra .

Pune, satara, sangli, Aurangabad, Ahmednagar (shrigongan da, akole, shevgaon, nagar)

Silk rearing, cattle feed, paper (bark).

Pesticides, fruits can be used for jams, jellies, squashes and pickles, roots for dying, tanning and colouring wood for hockey sticks and racquets for tennis, badminton and squash.

The sticks are used on fences, or woven into baskets and silkworm rearing trays.

Table 3: Circular economy

44 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces PRODUCT

CAN THESE PRODCUTS BE USED FOR CONSTRUCTI-ON MATERIAL?

USE OF MACHINES

GST ON PRODUCTS

MARKET

ACCESSIBILITY

Cleaning, rinsing, packing, dehydrating,

0%

Huge demand for onions and its byproducts all over the world.

Easily available in grocery stores, super-markets.

Used as stain colours, open to vapour, full potential for moisture buffering, stains are the least resource demanding treatments, relatively problem free in production and use.

Oil press machine, cleaner, drier, G.V machine, cake making machine

5%

7.9% growth in market

Cheap compared to other products, easily and locally available.

Used as building material, making furniture, farm implements.

Leaf chopper, flame gun, wood nail machine, fruit jelly making machine.

5%

4.59% growth in market.

Easily accessible.

Wood of the mulberry is occasionally used as a construction material, used for doors and window frames.

Centrifugaldewatering machine.

Table 4: Circular economy



Which is used in making walls from compressed wheat;

Fig no: -22. Chaff

45 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 

Which is used in making biodegradable textiles and carpets from banana plants.

Fig no: -23. Banana leaf



Which is used in making sound proof panels from a blend of neem seeds, stalks, and leaves.

Fig no: -24 Neem leaf and powder.



Which is used in creating a thin net out of potato peels, which is fire resistant, water repellent, and lightweight, and can be used for acoustic and thermal insulation.

Fig no: -25. Potato peel

46 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 

Is using waste material from sunflower crops to produce non-toxic, high-strength boards that can be used for floors, ceilings, and internal walls.

Fig no: -26. Sunflower plants



Orange Fibre, a start-up in Italy, weaves sustainable fabrics the cellulose fibres of citrus peels, which could also be used for upholstery, it can also be used as a flexible insulator in building construction. Additionally, this fabric can be further converted into yarns for textile applications.

Fig no: -27. Orange peel.



Rice husk ash is used in concrete construction as an alternative of cement they have a very low bulk density of 90 to 150kg/cum this results in a greater value of dry volume the rice husk itself has a very rough surface which is abrasive in nature. These are hence resistant to natural degradation. This would result in improper disposal problems.

Fig no: -28. Rice husk ash.

47 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces The main applications of rice husk ash in the construction are:        

High-performance Concrete Insulator filler slabs Green concrete Bathroom floors Industrial factory flooring's Concreting the foundation Swimming pools Waterproofing and rehabilitation

Data analysis:

The possible by-products of the harvested crops, their profit margin in the market, and the recyclability of the product, is for the circular economy, of how a product can be recycled, reused and how it can be used as a construction material, for sustainability It shows how the development of small-scale agro-based industry can be a boon for the farmers, how can the post harvesting technology help the farmers, to have a direct sell access in the markets without the involvement of any middle-men.

The table just has the research of the crops cultivated in the region selected, Panoli, Maharashtra.

The other crops cultivated in the region are bajra, pulses, and oilseeds.

The by-product of bajra is popping of bajra, flaking of bajra, biscuits, ready to use mix Preparation of flour nutrimix.

The by-product of pulses is papad, flour mixes, germ-meal, animal-cattle feed, musk, fuel, fertilizer, used in the production of tannin acyl hydrolase.

The by-product of oilseed is edible oil, production of oil-paint, varnishes, and toiletries.



    

4.4 Site selection District of Ahmednagar, selected on the basis of the live case study of the model for the rural development village Ralegan- Siddhi. 

The scope of expanding the agricultural infrastructure lacking in the model village which could benefit the small marginal farmers of the neighbouring villages as well.



The site is in the middle of Panoli village which is 1.5 Km away from Ralegan-Siddhi, Wadgaon, Pimpalner And 2.5 Km away from Jategaon.



There are few agro based industries near, Ralegan-Siddhi, hence there is a scope for agro-based industrial set-up in selected site.



The distance between Pune to the site is 80KM. 48

Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 

The distance between Mumbai to the site is 214 KM.

FIG. NO.29.Site and the neighbouring villages around the site

4.1.1 Site criteria: 

Based on the visit of Ralegan-Siddhi, the infrastructure which was lacking, which could possibly benefit the farmers of the near-by villages, hence site near a model of rural development was one of the most important criteria.



Accessibility: - the site should be easily accessible through public transports.



Nature oriented: -open and green space, along with a water body.



Women empowerment-The village which has majority of women farmers working on fields.



Close proximity to the transport hub-Well connected to the main cities, where demand for markets is high. (Mumbai, Pune, Nagar),



Existence of agro-based industries- The site which is located near an industrial area, so small agro-based workshops are possible.



Landmark: -It should be a known delineate area.

49

Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Description of site:-

Fig 30 - Map of Maharashtra Source: www.mapsofindia.com

Fig31: - Map of Ahmednagar.

Source: www.mapsofindia.com

Fig: Site Context

50 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Fig 32- Site and neighbouring villages in Parner.

• • • • • • •

Panoli is a village of parner taluka which is just 1km, away from Ralegan-Siddhi.

The soil of the study area is red soil, black soil, and alluvial soil.

Thickness of the soil varies from 1.2m to 4.5m Major cultivation is of jowar, bajra, spring onions, imli, and orange.

In Panoli, two to three farms share a farm pond which almost occupies 1acre of space.

Poultry industry has been established in the area of panoli.

Bricks are the locally available construction material, here.

51 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Fig: Immediate site context

IBM SCHOOL.

PUNE-PARNERHIGHWAY

PUNE-PARNERHIGHWAY

PUNE-PARNERHIGHWAY

PUNE-PARNERHIGHWAY

Fig no – 33 entrance to the raleganpune-parner highway. Pune-parner highway

52 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

BUS LEADING TO PUNE

Fig no - 34 cattle of gaikwadi.

Houses of gaikwadi

HOUSES OF GAIKWADI

Fig no 35 houses of gaikwadi

Houses of gaikwadi

HOUSES OF GAIKWADI

Houses of gaikwadi

Houses of gaikwadi

Houses of gaikwadi

Site: - Panoli.

• • • • •

Distance between Ralegan siddhi to panoli is 1km.

The width of the parner-pune highway road is 8.24m, which connects to the village of panoli.

The bus depot is in Ralegan-siddhi which is the mode of accessibility for the near-by villagers.

As panoli has the highest population of age group 2-12, there’s an English medium school which comprises of playschool, primary and secondary education.

The buses come at an interval of three hours each.

53 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Fig No 36: Accessibility points.

IMMEDIATE CONTEXT. • • • • • • •

It’s close to the lake Panoli.(313m) Its boundaries touch the Parner-pune highway.

There are neem, babul and tamarind found on the site There are farm-lands which are around the site.

Most of the fields have spring onions, jowar, bajra, orange and pomegranates.

The lake is perennial in nature which is boon to the area of Panoli most of the farmlands get water from the lake.

The condition of the lake, it’s extremely clean, small-small fishes can also be found in the lake, no garbage, no waste can be seen in the lake.

54 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

LAKE PANOLI.

LAKE PANOLI.

LAKE PANOLI.

LAKE PANOLI

LAKE PANOLI.

LAKE PANOLI.

ANOLI. LAKE PANOLI.

DRY STREAM

DRY STREAM

ROAD TO THE SITE.

NEIGHBOURING FARMLANDS

SITE

SITE

NEIGHBOURING FARMLANDS

SITE

NEIGHBOURING FARMLANDS

SITE

ROAD TO THE SITE.

SITE

Fig no: -37: SITE AND CONTEXT

55 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 4.2 ANALYSIS OF SITE:(Immediate context, accessibility)    

Since the site is in between the green farm-lands and the lake, and a stream which isn’t perennial in nature, it’s a boon as resources are easily available.

The road which connects to the site boundaries, is the pune-parner highway road, which is 8.24m wide.

The need of the project targets small, marginal farmers and most of the farm-lands around the site is owned by small-marginal farmers.

Since panoli has few agro-based industry set up, it’s a boon to the project as it involves small scale agro based industries for the farmers.

Fig no: -38 Omkar poultry farm- an agro based set-up.

     

Most of the activities in the farm-land are done by the female farmers, they are on the field most of the time, as the project aims at empowering female farmers at large.

As its just 1km away from the Ralegan-siddhi, which accounts for a model for sustainable village, the project tries to complete the incomplete requirement of the sustainable village which might benefit the overall development.

As most of the targeted crowd visits Ralegan siddhi for its overall development, it’s a surplus to attract the targeted visitors towards the project as well.

Another advantage of site being close to the highway is, it can have easy access towards the targeted areas of market like Pune.

As the project concentrates on commerce as well for the benefit of the farmers, so that their products can be directly sold to the consumers without any third person, getting involved.

Bus-depot is in Ralegan siddhi, a km. away from the site, access to buses is easily available, and hence travelling is not a hindrance at all.

56 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Panoli panchayat Samiti.

Bus stop at Panoli.

Houses at panoli village

Houses at panoli village

Houses at the immediate context.

Houses at panoli Village.

SMALL AGRO BASED SET UP

. Panoli village houses

GAIKWADI

DBM ENGLISH SCHOOL.

Fig no 39:- Distance of the neighbouring villages from the site.

57 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces       

The site is a cultivable waste land, where activity of grazing is done.

Since the land is a cultivable waste land, with annual streams, can be utilised for the project programme.

The Panoli Lake being near-by, the water can be used from the lake, and the same water can be purified and given back to the lake.

Since female farmers work on the field, women empowerment can be done, through small scale industries, r and d and other things like commerce.

The land is suitable for sericulture, horticulture as well. since monoculture is being practiced on a large scale, this project would help in breaking the norm and providing training in sustainable and organic farming to the near-by villages Since most of the farmers use urea, a potential of making organic fertilizers, and then providing it to the nearby villages, and making pesticide free crops, can have a different market in itself.

4.2.2 Socio-Economic Condition-

      

The Maratha Rajput’s (Khatri caste) are the dominant community. Scheduled castes and tribes constitute roughly 8.8 percent of the total population.

The backward castes include Mhar, Chamar, Bharhadi, Pardi, Sutar, Barber, Fisherman and Matan.

House-hold characteristic.

Caste profile.

Literacy profile.

Work profile.

Agricultural profile.

(Site)

Table no 5: - Household characteristic.

Source:-comprehensive district agricultural district plan.

(Site)

Table no 6: - Caste profile Source:-comprehensive district agricultural district plan

58 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

(Site)

Table no 7: - Literacy rate Source:-comprehensive district agricultural district plan.

(Site)

Table no 8: - Work Profile.

Source:-comprehensive district agricultural district plan.

(Site)

Table no 9: - Agricultural profile of the population.

Source: comprehensive district agricultural district plan.

Data analysis: - Since the female population in Panoli, is more than the males, and even the agricultural profile, of the female farmers as cultivators, labourers, is more than the males, and the targeted five villages, Gatewadi, Ralegan-Siddhi, Wadule, Pimpalner the female working population on farms-fields is more than that of female, hence the targeted footfall will be for female farmers more than that of male farmers, which will thus generate overall empowerment, employment, development in all the sectors of the proposed programme.

59 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 4.2.3 Climate analysis: Topography:

The whole district lies on the elevated table land of the Deccan which has a general slope from west to east.  The different landforms in a region constitute its physical setup. If we consider the physical setup of Ahmednagar district we see that there are three physical divisions.

1. Western Hilly Region: Akole Taluka and of Sangamner Taluka are included in this region. The hill ranges of Adula, Baleshwar and Harishchandragad lie in this region and various high peaks are found in the same region. Kalsubai of height of 5427 feet, the highest peak in the Sahyadris, lies in this Region.

2. Central Plateau Region: Parner and Ahmednagar Taluka and parts of Sangamner, Shrigonda and Karjat Taluka are included in this region.

3. The Region of Northern and Southern plains: This region includes northern Kopargaon, Rahata, Shrirampur, Rahuri, Newasa, Shevgaon and Pathardi Taluka.

This is the region of the Godavari and the Pravara river basins. Parts of the southern Taluka of Shrigonda, Karjat, and Jamkhed are also included in this physical division.

Fig. no 40: - land use of village Panoli.

Source: www.jrsgis.com

Ahmednagar district is divided into three agro-climatic zones viz., Ghat (Hilly) zone, Plain (Transition) zone and Scarcity zone. The characteristic features of Agro climatic Zones are as follows: Parner taluka falls under scarcity zone:   

The western hilly region receives more rainfall, but as one goes towards the east, the amount of rainfall deceases.

The average rainfall of this zone ranges from 500 to 700 mm received in 40 to 45 days.

About 70-80% of annual rainfall is received during monsoon period (June to September).

The maximum temperature of this zone goes up to 40-41"C during April & May while minimum temperature is 10-15°C during December – January.

60 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 



Soil: Soil colour varies from reddish brown to dark grey and commonly grouped as light to medium black soil. In very few places along the river basin, deep black soil is also observed. Soils are potentially productive but soil moisture is the most limiting factor affecting productivity in dry lands.

Erratic nature of rainfall affects the moisture content in the soil, therefore, this zone is commonly known as drought prone area. Cropping pattern: Major crops grown in this zone are pearl millet (Bajra), sorghum (Rabi Jowar), safflower, chickpea, wheat, sugarcane.

Fig no 41: - agro-climatic zones of Maharashtra.

Source: - www.jrsgis.com

61 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Fig. no 42- record of rainfall.

Source: - comprehensive district agricultural district plan.Analysis: - no. of rainy days is 60, average rainfall is 765mm, minimum temperature is 14*C and maximum is 43*C, minimum percent of humidity recorded is 58% and maximum recorded is 95%

Analysis: The ph. value of the soil is neutral, which is good for . the environment and agricultural condition.

Source: - Comprehensive district agricultural district plan Fig. no 43:- p.h value of soil.

62 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 4.3 Data Analysis:Potential of Income and Employment Generation through Post Harvest Operations 

 





Use of appropriate post-harvest technology reduces the post-harvest and storage adding value to the product, generate employment in village and establishing agro-industries in rural sector.

Presently, the farmers sell their products without processing.

If they do primary processing and value addition in the villages, it will generate more income and employment in rural sector.

The processing of food, feed, fibre, oilseeds and sugarcane will generate enough employment in rural areas.

If an agro processing centre is established in each big village or a cluster of small villages for primary processing, it will generate employment to about 4-5 persons and will increase income of the farmer/processor by about 15-20 percent.

Use of proper post-harvest technology of perishables.

Potential of Income and Employment Generation in other Areas Besides potential for income and employment generation in crop production and post-harvest sector, there is a great potential of income and employment generation in allied sectors also by using Agricultural Engineering Technology. They are: 1. Animal production - Fodder, boiling, briquetting, pelleting, - Poultry feed Industry.

2. Fish Production - Improved hatchery, production and transport of fish seed fingerlings etc.

3. Dairying - Processing of milk and making dairy products.

4. Energy management in agriculture - Efficient use of biomass, wind and solar energy.

5. Wasteland development - Conservation of wasteland, afforestation, management of trees and grasses.

6. Agro-forestry.

In order to take advantage of agricultural engineering technology for generating income and employment in rural areas following actions are suggested.

1. Bringing awareness amongst the rural people about the new developments in agricultural engineering technology in different fields.

2. Organizing training programmes for the farmers/agricultural labours / entrepreneurs about the use of new technology.

3. Mass production of different types of agricultural machinery for farmers/entrepreneurs.

4. Starting agro - processing centres in each village for primary processing of food grains, fruits and vegetables.

5. Providing institutional credit for the purchase of agro. Machinery and starting agro-processing centres.

6. Developing market network for purchase/supply of processed material from agro-processing centres.

63 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 4.4 Programme Formulation.

The programme, will be catering to the interests of farmers from different regions, for the economic upliftment, and the development of skilled labour, it’s a five point programme, understanding the issues that a marginal farmer faces, the programme suffices the requirement not developed at the model of sustainable village, Ralegan-Siddhi, the formulation is for the upliftment of the female farmers, since 80% women work on the farm fields.

The programme benefits the neighbouring villages, Panoli.

Wadule

Jategaon.

site

Ralegan-Siddhi

Pimpalner Fig no. 44: Site and neighbouring villages.

A. B. C. D. E.

Research and development sector.

Agro-based small scale primary processing unit.

Awareness of different agro zones along with schemes and policies.

Sustainable workshops.

Warehouses as collection centre.

64 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT: 240 SQ. M. PARTICULARS

AREA (IN SQM)

TYPE OF SPACES.



RECEPTION AREA.

24

SEMI-OPEN



ADMIN.

26

CLOSED



OFFICE.

28

CLOSED



STAFF.

21

CLOSED



128

CLOSED



MARKET INTELLIGENGE CELL. S.H.G OFFICE.

32

CLOSED



COMPOST TOILETS.

21

CLOSED

RECEIVING WAREHOUSES: 246 SQ. M. PARTICULARS

AREA (IN SQ.M)

TYPE OF SPACES.



GRAINS

82

CLOSED



PULSES

82

CLOSED



FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

82

CLOSED

65 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces PRIMARY PROCESSING UNIT: 1523 SQ. M. PARTICULARS

AREA ( IN SQ. M)

TYPE OF SPACES.



392 PROCESSING UNIT Seed germination bank.

70% fresh organic fruit and vegetable.

30% processed products.

CLOSED



392

CLOSED



UNDERGROUND ROOT CELLAR. COLD STORAGE.

46

CLOSED



STORAGE.

46

CLOSED



MECHANICAL ROOM.

24

CLOSED



CHANGING ROOM. MEN. WOMEN.

54

CLOSED



COMPOST TOILETS.

21

CLOSED



PANTRY.

10

CLOSED



VISITORS CENTER.

136

CLOSED

66 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER: 2183 SQ. M PARTICULARS 

WORKSHOP VISITORS CENTER

AREA ( IN SQ. M)

TYPE OF SPACES

240

CLOSED SEMI OPEN



STORAGE

240

CLOSED



EQU. STORAGE

10

CLOSED



NEEM STORAGE

10

CLOSED



WASTE SEGREGATION

12

CLOSED



CHANGING ROOMS MEN WOMEN

40

CLOSED



TOILETS

21

CLOSED



PANTRY

10

CLOSED



OUTDOOR SEATING

25

SEMI OPEN



INDOOR SEATING

25

CLOSED



ADMIN

18

CLOSED



STAFF

24

CLOSED



RECEPTION

20

SEMI OPEN



OFFICE

24

CLOSED



SCHOOL CLASSROOM X 2 LAB X 2 LIBRARY

CLOSED 122 68 75



COMPOST TOILETS

21

CLOSED

67 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces NAVGRAHA AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH HUMAN BODY: The NAVDANYA means protecting and conserving diversity, it tries to establish connections between EARTH (crops), BODY (organs) and SPACE (planets)

Fig no: -45 Chakras of a human body

THE CARDINAL DIRECTIONS OF THE CROPS

Rahu

Venus

Ketu

North west

north

north-east

Jupiter

Sun

East.

west

centre

Moon

South-west

Mercury

South east

Saturn

south

mars

68 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces PARTICULARS

PLANET

a

KETU

b

c

CROP

CHAKRA

HORSEGRAM

BRONCHITIS

SMALL MILLETS.

BLOOD VESSEL.

MOON

MARS

PIGEON PEA. d

VENUS

RADISH

e

SMOOTH FUNCTIONING OF KIDNEY

HELPS IN MAINTAINING SUGAR LEVELS.

SUN

SUNFLOWER PREVENTS FROM HEART DISEASES.

69 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces f

MERCURY

MOONG

g

RAHU

BLACK GRAM

h

HELPS IN BETTER FUNCTIONING OF BRAIN.

BONES THE BONE MINERAL DENSITY. HELPS IN MAINTAINING IMBALANCE.

JUPITER

CHICKPEA. i

SATURN

SESAME. STRENGTHENS THE MUSCLE ISSUE.

70 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces PERMACULTURE ZONE

SPECIES

OBSERVATORY ZONE



PZ1 498 sq. m

GARDEN PEAS, SPINACH, CAULIFLOWER, BEETROOT, TOMATO, BEANS

needed



PZ2

CLOVE, NUTMEG, BLACK-PEPPER.

needed

DATE PALM, CLOVE, NUTMEG FIG, BITTERGOURD, SNAKEGOURD. 

PZ3

HERB GARDEN.

needed

ADRAK, PUDINA, TULSI, AJWAIN, JEERA, DHANIYA, TURMERIC, CHILLIES. 

PZ4

ENERGY CROPS

Once a day

JATROPHA 

PZ5

ENERGY CROPS.

Once a day

SOYABEAN. 

PZ6

MULBERRY PLANTATION

required



PZ7

LETTUCE

required



PZ8

SENSORY GARDEN

required



PZ9

PADDY CULTIVATION

required



PZ10

BANANA CULTIIVATION

required



PZ11

POND FARMING

required

WATER HYCACINTH: NILAKUNJI. 

PZ12

REED PLANT: INDIAN REED, BULRUSH, LESSER CAT TAIL.

Not required

71 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces Warehouses are the collection centres, which are more like storage houses for the crops, it functions like a bank, each village would have a female farmer group of organization, who will keep an account of the crops invested in the bank, and the % of crops that a farmer wishes to give for agro-based industry or post harvesting.      

A percent of the finish product would be given to the farmer if the farmer gives his crop for agro-based industries.

Mobile markets would for the farmers who wishes the deliver the products to the consumer directly.

The workshops would be charging rs 400 per farmer, it would be five day workshop, along with the stay and the food.

The warehouse and the storage benefit would only limit to the neighbouring villages, Panoli, Pimpalner, Wadule, Ralegan-Siddhi, and Jategaon.

Hence, it would result in development amongst farmer’s community by making a farmers organization.

This programme, would result in an increase in skilled labour, employment and thus promoting agro-sector as a whole.

72 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Fig.no 46: - Flow chart explaining the rough formulation of programme.

73 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 5. CASE STUDIES

Case study 5.1 SHRI SATYA SAI INSTITUTE:Location: Aksa village, Marveroad, Malad (west)    

Land: 5 acres.

Purpose: training centre Laboratories for plant tissue culture, post-harvest technology, greenhouse and net house Total area: 6000sqm Non-profit, non-commercial organization.

Laboratories and classroom

Meditation room.

Dorms for the trainees.

Fig no 47: - Case study pictures

Analysis. 5.1.1   

 

Transforming the rural youth with spiritual, social, and technological values to develop their character and self-confidence.

The training is given free of cost, irrespective of cast-creed with a view of human resource development of rural India.

It provides value based education in the areas of food processing unit, schemes, greenhouse biotechnology, post harvesting, media-preparation, auto-clave, Medicare and socio-care.

The training also included agricultural finance, management, and marketing.

Storage space, admin block, information desk, were some of the spaces in the structure

Conclusion 5.1.2 

The programme formulation has been derived after visiting this place, a large number of governmental and nongovernmental organizations have been set up to educate this sector, but their efforts are just drops in the ocean. A vocational guidance course for the small farmer is the need of the hour. The SOCIOCARE programme is designed to train the rural and tribal youth in the areas of agriculture, horticulture, herbal medicines and cottage industry. The course would be conducted in such a way that the youth can effectively implement the knowledge in their respective villages/areas and achieve a better living.

74

Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces CASE STUDY 5.2 Architects AKDA Location: Anangpur Village, Faridabad, Haryana 121003,India Architect in Charge: Amit Khanna Area 140000.0 ft2 Project Year 2014 

      

Planned in 3 incremental phases, the 140000 sqft structure is programmatically divided into 3 parts – the warehouse, the loading bay and the north-facing office block which is interlocked with the other two.

This layout enables easy stacking of future expansion with no loss of efficiency in material/ man movement.

Each block is designed from within, the individual requirements dictating the overall dimensions.

The office is thin and narrow, facing the north through a glazed wall that brings in optimum daylight.

The warehouses are largely square to enable efficiency, and the dimensions of robotic arms and stocking pallets dictate the spatial planning, including the 20’ high ceilings.

The loading bay provides the interface between the two elements and also the exterior cargo area.

The exposed brick unifies the various facades and minimizes the visual impact of the building on the surroundings.

The roofs are covered with reflective tiling to minimize heat gain and a slim courtyard between the office block and loading bay helps draw out hot air from within the building.

Climate responsive architecture: 



 

Delhi has an extreme climate and a severely dusty micro-environment, both of which contribute to making buildings notoriously energy-intensive in trying to cool down ambient temperatures to human comfort levels.

Traditionally, walls were made dramatically thicker than required for structural integrity, with the intent that the increased thermal mass would minimize heat gain. In modern times, a single skin façade is simply not adequate to reduce the temperature and air-conditioning is mandatory.

The warehouse and loading bay are wrapped in a perforated brickwork screen.

This screen shades a glazed dust barrier, recessed by 1200mm from the south and north facades

75 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces Conclusion:   

A comprehensive environmental and energy strategy, the vertical louver acting as a barrier can be opened during good weather for ventilation.

The exposed brick unifies the various facades and minimizes the visual impact of the building on the surroundings.

Filler slabs can be used as a thermal insulation, to minimize heat gain.

Fig no: - 48 Section explaining how climate reflects the structure.

Fig no: - 48 Master plan.

76 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Fig no – 49 Sections

Fig no: 50 North façade.

Fig no: 52 loading unloading bay

Fig no: 51 East-west façade.

Fig no: 53 racks inside the warehouse.

77 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces CASE STUDY 5.3 WARKA Warka Water Is A Non-profit Organization Based In The U.S. That Focuses on Innovative and Sustainable Solutions to Some of Humanity’s Most Enduring Problems through the Fusion of Local Knowledge and Resources, Visionary Design, And Ancient Traditions.

Warka Tower was the first project designed, they began working with some of these isolated communities. Early on they recognized that there were other important issues to be solved, so additional projects such as Warka Drone, Warka Toilet, and Warka House have evolved and are well into development.

Fig no: 54 Warka case study

   

WarkaTower is a vertical structure designed to collect and harvest potable water from the air, Providing an alternative water source for rural populations that face challenges accessing drinkable water.

The canopy creates a shaded social space where the community can gather for education and public meetings. With photovoltaic panels, The Tower serves as a charging station, allowing villagers to power mobile phones and laptop computers, and offers an illuminated place to study and socialize after the sun goes down.

78 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Fig. no: 55 Warka house.

Warka Houseis an alternative sustainable shelter that is inspired by Ethiopian vernacular houses. By improving on drawbacks while keeping important cultural features, a better, modern house can be constructed, one that maintains the ancient local traditions of working with bamboo and other natural materials, while offering a higher standard of hygiene and comfort for the villagers of such rural communities.

Fig no: 56 Warka drone

79 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces Lack of modern transportation infrastructure leaves many remote communities extremely isolated. Located across inaccessible highlands, they are very difficult to reach and the delivery of supplies is slow and expensive. Warka Drone is intended to facilitate the transportation of potable water from the WarkaToweracross extended communities and also transport medical or other emergency supplies.

Fig. no- 57 Warka solar

Warka Tower can also generate electrical energy from sunlight equipped with innovative solar panels produced by the Brazilian company Sundew. The technology is based on OPV (Organic Photovoltaic) and the product is a thin, lightweight, flexible, and transparent film.

Fig. no: 58 Warka garden.

80 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces This modular edible garden can serve the food needs of one to three families using only a part of the water collected by the Tower. It features an integrated gravitational irrigation system that is design for efficiency and precision.

Fig no: -59 Worker at Warka

Warka Water Inc. in collaboration with Culture a Porter aims to empower the local economy of the isolated communities where Warka Tower is integrated, promoting their handicrafts by creating inedited products made locally under the Warka canopy for an international market.

"We bring forgotten and unknown cultural identity to the world”, said Arturo Vittori.arka community empowerment.

Fig: Usage of Warka globally

81 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces Global scale:After the installation of the first Warka Tower pilot in Ethiopia in early 2015, they rapidly realised that similar issues were unfortunately present in other communities in different geographical areas. Currently they are undertaking the first steps to bring help to different isolated communities in places such as Haiti, Madagascar, Colombia, Brazil, India, Sumba, Nepal, among others. conclusion: these techniques can be adopted and added along with some additional technique, like the bhungas of kutch, earthquake resistant design, traditional yet sustainable method, those bhungas can be collaborated with warka tower, and together they can serve purpose of water harvesting, earthquake resistant house.

Fig no: -60 Warka structure

Conclusion: This technique of harvesting water, from the humidity present in the sir, can be used as a sustainable source of harvesting water, under then rain.

82 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces 6. CONCLUSION   



The programme itself focuses on how the farmers would get benefitted from the post harvesting small processing agro industry.

How different storage systems, would help protect their crops and not sell the crops harvested during adverse conditions.

Creating a zero waste management and zero energy agricultural detour for the visitors as well as the farmers, on how different policies can be integrated which can benefit farming and thus aware farmers and visitors.

The project though not built in practical, but have participated in working with an N.G.O “JAGAR PRATISTHAN” which is being run under Mrs. Manisha Tokle and Mr. Ashok Tangde, for the benefit for the female farmers, to aware and educate farmers more towards sustainability and organic farming, hence providing justice to the dissertation topic to its fullest.

Facebook link: https://www.facebook.com/toklemanisha/

83 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

Bibliography https://www.google.yourstory.com http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-40184788 commerce.gov.in/.../MOC_636281140249481285_annual_report_16_17_eng.pdf) https://www.projectguru.in/publications/top-5-agricultural-problems-in-india/ http://statisticstimes.com/economy/sectorwise-gdp-contribution-of-india.php http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810000136 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/farmer-suicides-up-42-between-20142015/articleshow/56363591.cms (krishi.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Pdf/Nagar) https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/files/publication/ESM_Eng2016_17.pdf) (http://www.firstpost.com/india/crushed-by-negligence-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-droughtand-agrarian-crisis-in-India) Source: - comprehensive district agricultural district plan. www.jrsgis.com www.mapsofindia.com farmer.gov.in/imagedefault/handbooks/Farmer_Handbook_2014.pdfpdf rkvy.nic.in/.../SucessStory/MAHARASHTRA/.../2016011350Sericulture%20-%20Incr.

SOURCE: - agriculture.gov.in/ -http://www.ikisan.com/agri-machinery-post-harvest-machinery.html Source: - https://economictimes.indiatimes.com › News › Economy › Agriculture - indiaexpress.com www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/apmcs-the-otherside.../article6871346.ece -www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/WP-2012-014 https://www.actahort.org/books/831/831_3.htm by SP Baliyan - 2009 84 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

ANNEXURE -

85 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.

वक्सनालय | An Analysis on Indian Farmers with Architectural Theory and Spaces

86 Name of student: Shah Pooja Paresh B.Arch. - Design Dissertation Sem. - VII

Rizvi College of Architecture.