THE UGHS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL Issue1,Volume1, Number1, April, 2013 University Gardens High School
Communication
Participants in Papers
Berliza Soriano
Ambar Alsina
Darvin Ferrera
Arnaldo Toussett
Luis Benitez
Axle Arroyo
Luz Rivera
Berliza Soriano
Manuelli Cabrera
Carlos Rivera
Christian Lazú
Review Article
Arnaldo Toussett
Darvin Ferrera
Ivanis Gonzales
David Perez
Jon Paul Virella
Eduardo Rodriguez
Kristel Echebarria
Ivanis Gonzales
Paola Gomez
Jon Paul Virella
Jorge
Literary Review
Ambar Alsina
Kevin Gonzalez
Axle Arroyo
Kristel Echebarria
Carlos Rivera
Luis Benitez
Christian Lazú
Luz Rivera
David Perez
Manuelli Cabrera
Eduardo Rodriguez
Natalia Benitez
Jorge
Paola Gomez
Kevin Gonzalez
Sebastian Caceres
Natalia Benitez
Sebastian Caceres
We like to dedicate this Journal Eric Figueroa, your class is worthy of our great School. Thanks!!!!
What is the purpose of this journal? This journal is made to inspire the youth for the scientific method; people like Eric Figueroa are a prime example of how we can motivate others and other generations.
Scientific Articles
Drugs used by the students from University Gardens High School between the ages of 14-16 years old against nasal allergies. Paola C. Gomez and Ambar M. Alsina
This investigation pretends to find which nasal allergy drugs are used by the students from University Gardens High School between the ages of 14-16 years old. The importance of this topic is because it has been noticed that every day in each class room there is at least one student with nasal allergies. Some of them don’t take any medications because of the lack of information on the topic. The purpose of the investigation is for University Gardens students gain knowledge about the most effective drugs for nasal allergies. In order to achieve the purpose, a questionnaire was created and handed out to 20 students that suffer from nasal allergies between the ages of 14 to 16 years old in University Gardens High School. After analyzing the results it was observed that the majority of the questioned students find relief in antihistamines, specifically in Benadryl (Diphenhydramine). With that it can be concluded that the working hypothesis wasn’t rejected.
Introduction
(2). Allergies are usually hereditary;
Nasal allergies have become a major public health problem. In the United States, 8.3 million people under 18 years of age suffer from nasal allergies (1). For this reason we wanted to investigate this issue. Allergies
are
a
set
however, its not common to inherit allergy to a specific substance, but the tendency to be allergic to any substance instead (3). Allergens are substances that, introduced into the body, cause nasal allergies. Some examples of allergens are dust, pollen, animal hair
of
respiratory
phenomena, nervous or eruptive, due to absorption of substances in the body that produce a special rejection reaction
and fungus. These cause symptoms for which there are certain treatments. Many people with nasal allergies are affected by symptoms ranging from mild
to severe. These symptoms include
nasal allergies. It’s expected that the
nasal congestion, sneezing, itchy nose
mostly used drug by UGHS students
and runny nose (4). Nasal congestion is
between the ages of 14-16 years old
a buildup of mucus in reaction to an
against nasal allergies, is the most
allergen. These symptoms can become
effective for most students. Once this
worse if not treated quickly. They can be
research is completed the students with
avoided
lack of information on this topic may use
or
controlled
by
some
treatments.
the information to determine which
Even with all the advances in treatment for nasal allergies, there are only three basic ways to manage and control them.
drugs are most effective for them. To achieve this goal we must follow some steps.
These are immunotherapies (vaccines),
The first thing to do is create a survey
avoiding the harmful allergens and
with questions relevant to the topic.
pharmacotherapy
(5).
Later on the survey will be distributed to
Some of the drugs that combat nasal
a total of 20 students, who suffer from
allergies
Benadryl
nasal allergies in UGHS between the
(Diphenhydramine), Claritin (Loratadine)
ages of 14 to 16. They will be asked
Allergy
(Acetaminophen,
some questions about their experiences
Chlorpheniramine
Maleate,
with allergies, the medications they use,
Pseudoephedrine
Hydrochloride)
and whether they are effective or not.
(medication)
are
Panadol
Allegra
(Fexofenadine),
Zyrtec
This will be done in order to identify
(Cetirizine), among others. All these are
drugs that are used most frequently
antihistamines. Antihistamines are drugs
among students. Then, the data will be
that help stop the symptoms caused by
summarized
allergies. They block the effects caused
information obtained.
by histamine released when cells are
in
graphs
with
the
Methodology
immune. This research aims to find out which drugs
are
mostly
used
by school
students aged 14-16 years against
The first thing to do is create a survey with questions relevant to the topic. Later, the survey will be distributed to a total of 20 students, who suffer from
nasal allergies in UGHS between the
(Figure 2). When asked if they could
ages of 14 to 16. They will be asked
concentrate on their work while having
some questions about their experiences
nasal
with allergies and the medications they
sometimes, 20% said yes, while 5%
use, and whether they are effective or
said no. 18 of 20 respondents said they
not. This will be done in order to identify
ingest any medications, either to relieve
drugs that are used most frequently
or prevent the symptoms of nasal
among students. Then, the data will be
allergies. Students selected in a panel of
summarized
seven options the respective drugs. The
in
graphs
with
the
information obtained.
most
allergies,
used
by
75%
chose
respondents
that
were
Benadryl and Zyrtec (Figure 3). Within
Results & Analysis
used, people selected the most effective University
Gardens
High
School
students were surveyed. In the focus
for them. These were Benadryl, Zyrtec and Allegra (Figure 4).
group there was no distinction of sex or age in the survey analysis. We asked a few
questions
which
they
answer
depending on their experiences with nasal allergies. The results show that most respondent students have a nasal allergy episode with a frequency of once every two weeks (Figure 1). We asked them to select experienced symptoms from their nasal allergies. They were given
a
choice
of
the
following
symptoms: itchy eyes, sneezing, runny
In this research we have identified the
nose, headache, nasal congestion, heat
most
and chills. The most common symptom
allergies and the frequency with which
was sneezing. The second and third
they occur in the students of University
chosen
nasal
Gardens High School aged 14 to 16
respectively
years. It also has identified that nasal
symptoms
congestion,
itchy
were
eyes
common
symptoms
of
nasal
allergies interfere with the concentration
sometimes can concentrate on their
of students when they are in class.
work.
Finally we present the preference of drugs used by respondents to relieve the symptoms of nasal allergies.
Oral antihistamines can be categorized into first and second generation. The first
generation
consists
In a study by Neffen and others says:
Diphenhydramine, while in the second
"Nasal
generation is cetirizine, fexofenadine
congestion
was
the
most
bothersome symptom, with 89% of
and
adults and 84% of children said that
discovered in 1930. This raises the first
congestion caused at least moderate
generation
discomfort."
this
there are positive side effects, the most
research shows that the most common
dangerous one is sedation. The second
symptom among respondents it was
generation of these drugs was created
sneezing occupying 95%.
to minimize the defects of the first
(6)
Furthermore,
In a study conducted by Sole and others, stated that: "50% of adults and 42% of children diagnosed with nasal allergies in Latin America, said that affected
their
daily
lives
at
least
moderately. More than a third of adult respondents missed
(36%)
work
or
reported reduced
having work
performance is due to nasal allergies in the past 12 months, while almost half (49%) of children said This problem caused interfered or miss school during the same period. "(7) This is very similar to the findings of this research which states that 75% of respondents only
loratadine. Antihistamines were
antihistamines.
Although
generation without compromising its effectiveness (8). In our study we found that
Benadryl,
a
first-generation
antihistamine, is favored by most of the students
surveyed.
Benadryl
causes
recommended
to
Knowing sedation,
use
this
that it if
is the
symptoms are severe, or for a secondgeneration antihistamine. References
Most of the students that suffer from nasal allergies from University Gardens High School between the ages of 14 to 16
years,
found
antihistamines,
relief
with
specifically
these with
Benadryl (Diphenhydramine). Thus we
can
conclude
that
the
alergias-
working
hypothesis was not rejected.
respiratorias/tratamientos-contra-
References:
las-alergias-respiratorias)
FastStats, Center for Dissease Control.
Summary
Statistics
for
Wingertzahn,
Boyle, J. Comparación de los
Children:
síntomas de alergias nasales en
National Health Interview, 2011
adultos y niños de Latinoamérica:
(http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/
hallazgos
de
la
allergies.htm)
“Alergias
en
Latinoamérica”
US
a.com/spanish/abstracts.html)
definicion/alergia) MedlinePlus: salud
Sole, D., Wingertzahn, M., Boyle, J., Hugo Neffen, H. Impacto
información para
de usted
(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlinepl
sobre la calidad de vida y el desempeño en adultos y niños con
rinitis
encuesta y
alérgica
en
Latinoamérica: hallazgos de la
us/spanish/) Yo
encuesta
(http://www.allergiesinlatinameric
WordReference: online language
(http://www.WordReference.com/
M.,
Health
dictionary
Neffen,H.,
mi
Doctor
“Alergias
en
Latinoamérica”
(http://www.yoymidoctor.com/sec (http://www.allergiesinlatinameric cion.php?id=54) a.com/spanish/abstracts.html#tre
ORL
Medica
(http://www.otorrinoalergias.com/
atment)
Banerji A, Long AA, Camargo CA Jr.
(2007).
Diphenhydramine
versus
nonsedating
antihistamines for acute allergic reactions:
a
literature
review.
Allergy Asthma.
Muraro, A. (2010) La atención al niño alérgico en la escuela. Págs. 1-10
De freitas, H. (2009) Asociación entre rinitis alérgica y asma. Págs. 1-6
Nieto, García. Alergia nasal en los niños. Cap. 30. Págs. 345363
Martí, E. Rinitis alérgica perenne. Cap. 21. Págs.271-274
What is the Relation between the type of water and the size of the foam column that is produced by a concentration of soaps when agitated for a specific time Arnaldo D. Tousset Rodriguez, UGHS senior student
For this investigation the researcher worked with different types of water according to its total hardness in a series of evaluations with several types of soaps. In this research it is expected to be able to identify which water is the better additive to a specific type of soap. To be able to develop the hypothesis the investigator searched the web and found out that the water that creates the biggest foam column has a smaller resistance against the soap as a result the water would be softer. The researcher expects that the softer water would be the distilled water just because it is the one that has the least dissolved minerals in comparisson to the other types of water. While developing the experiment, he scraped the soap and agitated them with every type of water, that is to obtain the results and then be able to jump to conclusions. The hypothesis was approved because the destilled water, indeed, was the softer one. In continuation of this work the researcher could add more variables or do it as a bigger group of study.
Introduction
are: Tap water, destilled water, filtered
Contamination starts when the condition of
water and softened water. Throughout
the enviroment gets modified while producing
the years every water has been in contact
a variety of changes, most of these
with different types of surfaces. Due to
changes are known as
contaminates,
the variety of surfaces there are there
which are any natural substance that may
also is a wide variety of concentrations of
end
salt
up
damaging
(“Contamination�,
the
minerals are in a minimum quantities but
different types of water. Throughout this
the ones that are highly present are
work
be
calcium and magnesium (“Hard waters,
examinating four types of water, which
s.f.). These two are way too dangerous
researcher
There
in random areas. Most of these
exists
the
s.f.).
enviroment.
is
gonna
for the water because they form up the
removes the vast mayority of them
hardness of the water, this is because if
resulting in healthy water(Ams M., 2005).
the water has these compunds it then
with this information the researcher was
gets considered a hard water. This
able to develop his problem, which is:
hardness is divided into two classes,
¿What effect will the quantity of soap
which are, temporary hardness and
have on the examined waters (filtered,
permanent
temporary
destilled, softened and tap) according to
hardness is formed up byy carbonates
the foam column that was created after
and can be eliminated by boiling water or
being agitated for a specific time? In
by adding calcium dioxide while the
response to this problem, he was able to
permanent hardness is usually caused by
develop his hypothesis. Which are (Hi)
the presence of calcium sulfate and
that the researcher expects that the
magnesium or chlorides in the water
destilled water would be the one that
which are easier to solute in high
shows the most change between the
temperatures. Our water is composed of
examined waters in relation to the foam
different minerals, in fact the average of
column while being agitated for a specific
minerals per liter is 275, even though
time, and this will create the bigger foam
they
are
column. The other hypothesis is (Ho) that
consumed in excess they may damage
the researcher expects that the softened
the human body(Tucson wáter, s.f.). To
water would be the one that shows the
determine the hardness of the water you
most change between the examined
can observe how easy it creates a foam
waters in relation to the foam column
column. The harder the water the more
while being agitated for a specific time,
soap it will need to produce the foam
and this will create the bigger foam
column (Tucson wáter, s.f.). Water is
column. And last but not least (Ha) he
really
expects
aren't
hardness.
The
dangerous
important
for
if
they
human
beings
that
there
would
be
an
because it makes up for more than ¾ of
insignificant variation between the type of
our system. Every house should have a
water according to the foam column Out
destillation
house,
of these three hypothesis the researcher
because it contains a lot of dissolved
expects that at least one gets approved.
minerals and the destillation process
The reason why he chose this topic is
system
in
their
because he wants to know which type of
minutos of rest. And then he measured
waternis the best additive to the soap to
the foam column in the analysis cup. This
reduce the cost of produce in the house
process was repeated with all the types
and
of water.
to
develop
a
system
of
less
expenses.
Results & Analysis
Methodology Throughout
Time this
investigation
the
Type of water
(s)
Softened Filtered Destilled
researcher used several materials to b able
to
fulfill
the
objective
of
this
Tap
Type of soap
investigation. Materials such as the four
A B C A B C A B C A B C
types of water (destilled, filtered, tap and softened
water),
two
measurement
150 150 100 220 18 100 320 170 1 12 90 50
60
0
recipients to be able to compare the foam
0
0
0 00 0
0
0
2 00 0 0 0
column, three types of soaps (silky,
0
antibacterial and smell concentrated), a timewatch, a device to break up the
120 220 220 160 250 24 170 370 220 2 22 15 10 0
0
0
0 00 0
0
0
2 00 00 00
soaps, a scale, and an analysis cup of
0
1000 mL. To realize his experimentarion
0
he followed some guidelines. He started
180 290 270 220 280 32 240 400 320 2 25 20 15
by measuring the 800 mL of water in the
0
0
0
0 00 0
0
0
5 00 00 00
is
0
measured the soaps are getting prepared
0
analysis
cup.
While
the
water
by breaking them down and measuring them in 30 g portions. After this he was able to start off his
investigation. He
started with one of the four types of water and added the amount of soap that was
Legend: A antibacterial Bcreamy C smell
needed for each evaluation. After this the water and the soap were agitated for 60, 120 and 180 seconds. After the proccess of
agitation each evaluation had 2
Analysis
On the table that you seen you can
generated
for
the
three
evaluated
see all the results from all the evaluations
agitation periods. This being said we can
that were made and you can see the
conclude that in all of the three evaluated
changes that the elapsed times. The
times and the three types of soaps, the
wáter that created the bigger foam
distilled wáter was the wáter that created
column was indeed the distilled wáter.
the bigger foam column because it is the
This means that the softer water is the
water that possesses the least quantity of
distilled water. The harder water was the
dissolved minerals. All of that being said
tap water like it was said before because
we can conclude that the destilled water
while it traveled from all of the pipes it
es a soft water and is safe for every
picked up minerals which made it harder.
person to use in their house and for each
In some of the waters you were able to
type of daily use.
see a pattern according to the time of agitation. Another important fact is that in
References
all of the evaluations existed the same
Aguas duras(s.f.)
finding, that the creamy soap was the
http://www.sabelotodo.org/sustancias/agu
softer soap and the worst soap is the
adura.html
smelly soap because it is a very hard soap and doesn’t produce only but a small foam column.
Ams M. (2005, 19 de febrero). Water Connection.
Conclusion
http://www.terra.org/articulos/art01135.ht ml
When
starting
this
investigation
the
researcher developed three hypothesis,
Neira M. , (2006, noviembre) DUREZA
out of this three hypothesis the principal
EN AGUAS DE CONSUMO HUMANO Y
hypothesis was approved. Because the
USO INDUSTRIAL, IMPACTOS Y
distilled water was the water that showed
MEDIDAS DE MITIGACIÓN. ESTUDIO
a bigger change in comparison to the
DE CASO:
other three types of wáter, this is
CHILE,http://www.tesis.uchile.cl/tesis/uch
according to the foam column that was
ile/2006/neira_m/sources/neira_m.pdf
Que es la contaminaci贸n y como act煤a (s.f.) http://www.greenpeace.org/espana/conta minacion-n/contaminaci-n-en-espa-a/1que-es-la-contaminaci-n-y
Suavizaci贸n de agua (s.f.). http://www.living-water.org/id154_m.htm
Torres G (2007,mayo) El agua: El agua en nuestras vidas. http://www.sje.cl/apuntes/el_agua.pdf
Tucson Water (s.f.). http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/water/docs/wiy w-sod-flr_s.pdf
Tucson Water (s.f.). http://www.tucsonaz.gov/water/docs/wiyw -min-drz_s.pdf
The influence of Omega 3-6-9 supplements in children aged 7-8 years diagnosed with attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on their level of job execution in a nonverbal working trial
Axel Arroyo Tarraza(UGHS Senior)
The Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADHD) is the most common chronic disease of the school and is a difficult problem because it appears early in life and are likely to persist throughout life .The ADHD affects four neurological areas; which are: working memory verbal / nonverbal, self-regulation of affect / motivation / arousal, and reconstitution. Some of the supplements recently are the Omegas. They help to regulate brain functionality, optimal brain development and vision, lower cholesterol and also help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. This research seeks to sound out a positive effect of supplementation with Omega 3, 6.9 using the test of the complex figure of Rey.
Introduction ADHD or attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity is a common neurological syndrome, characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention, inadequate to the degree of development of the child. It is one of the most common disorders in school age and affects approximately 3-5% of children. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder leads to delayed or impaired development of neuropsychology that is a function of working memory verbal /nonverbal. Working memory verbal /nonverbal is a mental process that depends on age with limited capacity to store, monitor, and manage information. It is important in the learning of mathematics and reading. There are tests to measure the degree of
nonverbal working memory of the person, one of these is the Test of Rey complex figure (1994). This test was created and published by Andrew King to investigate the visual organization and memory of patients with brain damage. Has recently begun using a series of fatty acids called omega their best known groups are the omega (ω) 3, ω 6 and 9, to treat this type of condition. The Omega reduce blood pressure, help maintain heart health, help reduce risk factors of heart disease, cerebral functionality regulates the optimum development of the brain and the eye. Rey complex figure is used to measure the areas affected by the (ADHD), which are the working level verbal / nonverbal,
self-regulation of affect / motivation / arousal, and reconstitution. Now If Omega help the regulation of brain function, optimal brain development and vision, lower cholesterol and also help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. So how affect ω 3-6-9 supplements for children (11-12) years Selles Sola July School and Eleanor Roosevelt, ADHD patients in runlevel Test Rey Complex Figure? Supplementation with ω 3, 6, 9, will have a positive effect on the level of performance of children with ADHD who were treated with supplements in testing Rey complex figure. This research aims to listen to the positive effect of the consumption of supplements with ω 3, 6, 9 in Puerto Rican children (11-12) age with ADHD. Supplementation with ω 3, 6, 9 represent a viable solution for patients with this disorder. L have been weighed out controlled studies where supplementation with essential fatty acids showed significant results in the drafting of symptoms and increased total plasma levels of EPA and DHA. (S. Jarrin and J. Yanez, 2010, p.54) In addition, through other studies have found that children with ADHD have low levels of essential fatty acids and longchain has been that supplementation is a safe treatment that has no side effects and has a good acceptability.
Methodology It took a group of 6 children with the same number of males and females, between the ages of 11-12 years who had been diagnosed with ADHD. 4 children were Selles Sola July School in Villa Nevares, San Juan and the remaining 2 Eleanor Roosevelt School in Hato Rey, San Juan. Two of the children were not taking any kind of supplement, these came to be the control group. The experimental group children were taking supplements. First they were given the consent form and were given a questionnaire to identify whether children took supplements. After the surrender parental consent letter and questionnaire was continued at testing. The first was in July School Selle Alone in the Hall of Appeal, the first two females were evaluated in this school and then at the two men. And finally the two children of Eleanor Roosevelt.
Results
Results of the Rey complex figure Table 1
Children 11 to 12 years Supplemented Sj
E F
Elements Copy Memory 22 8 13
Position Copy Memory 14 1
18
6
Quality Copy Memory 22 6
8
9
10
Total Total Element Size 63 19 64
17
Total SYM 10 10
Total Global overlap quality 11 4 11
4
Total overla p 11 11
Global quality
Table 2
Children of 11 to 12 years not supplemented Sj
E F
Elements Copy Memory 22 13
8 18
Position Copy Memory 14 6
Quality Copy Memory
1 8
22 9
Results of the questioner
1. You are father, mather or guardian of the child? 17%
0% father 83%
mother guardian
6 10
Total Total Total Element Size SYM 63 64
19 17
10 10
4 4
2. Your child is taking supplements for treat the Atention deficit with hiperactivity? 33% 67%
Yes No
3. What Type of Supplements your child is taking ? 0%
4. How many time your child have under this Supplement?
Omega 3
0% 0%
Addrerall
25% 25%
0% 0% 0%
7-9 months
RitalĂn
50%
FocalĂn Stratera
100%
Zinc
5.During that time have you notice a change in your child?
3-6 months
10-12 months More of 12 months
6.How has been that change in child? 0%0%
0% 100 %
Yes No
100%
Excellent Good Negative
Discussion of Results This research supplements hoped ω 3, 6, 9 positively affect children in run level Rey Complex Figure compared with children who were not taking supplements and children with different types of supplements. In the survey results found that 67% (4 children) of the sample, 0% used Omega 3 or carried a balanced diet in omega 3,6,9, 0% Zin,0% Adderall. And of that 67%, 25% (1 child) used Ritalin, 25% Stratera (1 child) and 50% (2 children) Focalin. Children who were being supplemented took over 12 months using these supplements. 83% of the questionnaires was done by mothers and the other 17% charge, parents were rated 0%. 83% (5 mothers) to 80% noted a change in the time they have been children under supplements. This was considered good. Indeed, the results of the test, these children achieved a better score on their evaluation compared with children who were not under supplements. Children who were not being supplemented showed difficulty performing the memory test. But even though their total scores on the items were lower; in the areas relating to the size, proportionality, the overlaps and the overall quality was very similar to children who were under supplements.
Conclusion In conclusion, none of the hypotheses were accepted or rejected because none of the children tested were taking supplements with omega 3, 6.9. Instead it was tested whether they are effective supplements. This is what we observed in the test results, children who were using supplements scored higher than children who did not use supplements.
Referencias
Aliño, J. J.-I. (1995). DSM4 (Vol. 4). Barcelona, España: Masson S.A. André Rey (1975).Manual de Test de Copia y Reproducción de Memoria de Figuras Geométricas Complejas (8va edición).Madrid, España Arco, J. L., Martínez, F. P., & Hinojo, F. J. (2004). Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad: Intervención psicopedagógica. Psicothema, 408-414.
Galindo G., M. Romero., J. Salvador y M. Domínguez. (2003) La Figura compleja de Rey en adolecentes que consumen disolventes inhalables. Salud Mental, 17-26 Goldstein, S. y Goldstein, M. (1992). Hyperactivity: why won’t my child pay attention. New York: J. Wiley. J.W Cornejo, O. O.-P. (2005). Prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad en niños y adolescentes colo Rey, A. (1994). Figura de rey. Test de copia de una figura compleja. Madrid: Tea.mbianos. Rev. Neurol , 716-722.
Comparative study about the effectiveness of the urea based fertilizer with the chemical fertilizer 20-20-20 and the organic fertilizer Milorganite on the growth of the Phaseolus vulgaris (red bean). Berliza Soriano (UGHS Students) & Amanda Rivera (UGHS Students) Our planet’s soil is constantly damaged in agriculture due to its incorrect management when fertilizing. In this project we attempt to identify which of the three chosen fertilizers (Urea, 20-2020 and Milorganite) is the most effective for height growth in Phaseolus vulgaris (red bean) plants. We utilized six plants per treatment and measured their height growth weekly in centimeters, the total weight of each group of plants (including their pods), the total weight of each group of plant’s pods, the range of green color in each of the plant’s leaves and the initial and final pH of each group’s soil. We utilized tables and bar graphs to demonstrate the comparisons of the weekly height growth averages of each group of plants. When the results were analyzed we noticed that the group of plants treated with the Milorganite fertilizer grew the most, but some additional data suggested that the height of a plant is not directly related to the size of its product.
Introduction
growth. Another organic fertilizer used is called Milorganite, which is made with the mud from the
One of the most important and basic necessities that humans have is food consummation, but nowadays producing nourishments of good quality that grow quickly is a challenge (Irizarry, 2006). As time passes, we can notice how the development of agriculture has led to soil deterioration, including loss of structure and organic matter (Solbrig, 1997). However, a good alternative to use for the process of fertilization are organic fertilizers because of their necessary nutrients for soil management. (Ruda, et al., 1999). Urea, one of the fertilizers utilized, is rich in nitrogen which is one of the key nutrients for plant
water in sewages and has a lot of organic nutrients including nitrogen. Apart from these, we also utilized the 20-20-20 fertilizer which is a chemical fertilizer that contains and equal proportion of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium, and is the one used most in marketing. The plant that was used for growth comparison in the experiment was the Phaseolus vulgaris, commonly known as the red bean. It is a vegetable consumed and cultivated worldwide and one of the most ancient species that has existed. Research Problem & Hypothesis
We decided that through this research problem, we
Methodology
could clarify what we wanted to investigate in our experiment: Is the urea based fertilizer more effective on the growth of the Phaseolus vulgaris (red bean) than the chemical fertilizer 20-20-20 and the organic fertilizer Milorganite? If we follow this train of thought, the Hypothesis would be that the urea based fertilizer will influence more on the growth of the Phaseolus vulgaris (red beans) than the chemical fertilizer 20-20-20 and the organic
This experiment took place in the University of Puerto Rico’s botanical garden in Rio Piedras. Apart from the two authors of this research, another
person
that
collaborated
was
the
horticulturist and professor of the University of Puerto Rico Luis Reinaldo Santiago, who helped and provided us the space for work, tools, information and recommendations.
fertilizer Milorganite. We expect that the Phaseolus
For the realization of this project, commercial red
vulgaris treated with the urea based fertilizer will
beans and thirty two pots each with a diameter of
grow more than the Phaseolus vulgaris treated with
4 inches were utilized. The pots were divided into
the chemical fertilizer 20-20-20 and the organic
the four groups per treatment, and every group
fertilizer Milorganite; the Alternate Hypothesis would
had a total of 6 pots. The four groups were:
be that a significant difference is expected between
Control Group (only provided with water), Urea
the growth of the Phaseolus vulgaris treated with
Group, 20-20-20 Group and Milorganite Group.
the urea based fertilizer and the Phaseolus vulgaris
The soil that was used to plant the red beans was
treated with the chemical fertilizer 20-20-20 and the
vegetable compost.
organic
fertilizer
Milorganite;
and
the
Dull
Hypothesis would be that no difference is expected on the growth of the Phaseolus vulgaris treated with the urea based fertilizer and the Phaseolus vulgaris treated with the chemical fertilizer 20-20-20 and the organic fertilizer Milorganite.
First, two red beans were planted in each pot of each group as a preventive method. They were left to germinate in a greenhouse for five days, where they were in controlled conditions and under an automatic sprinkler system which provided them an adequate proportion of water daily. After they
Justification As a result of constant soil deterioration, it is necessary to consider other alternatives to increase the fertility of soils. With this, we will determinate which of the fertilizers in the marketing business is the most effective for the growth of the plants as well as for soil conservation. Therefore, we will obtain a product of good quality that will provide the necessary nutrients to the plants and the soil.
germinated, the plant that grew the least in each pot was removed. Then they were moved to the garden area so they could be under the sunlight. We measured the pH of each pot’s soil before fertilizing the plants for the first time and after fertilizing them for the last time with a pH measurer to compare the acidity of the soil before and after the experimentation. The application of the fertilizers soluble in water was realized once a week and the
application of the fertilizers not soluble were only
In addition to our principal variable of growth, we
once throughout the whole experiment, which
analyzed other variables that were considered
was the first time all of the plants were fertilized.
relevant when determining if a plant is healthy
The same amount of water was provided to all of
and productive. We placed the results of the total
the plants of each group with a container of 100L
weight of each group of plants (including their
of liquid capacity. The height growth of each plant
pods) and the results of the total weight of each
was measured weekly with a ruler in centimeter.
group of plant’s pods and placed them in a graph.
They were measured based on the stem,
With these results we noticed that there is no
measuring the plant from the soil to the spot
direct relation with the height of the plants and
where its stem has a division of two branches. All
their total weight, since the 20-20-20 Group
of this process was realized once weekly for a
demonstrated a huge difference in weight of 89.5
recommended
or
grams over the total weight of the plants in the
approximately seven weeks. After the time of
Milorganite Group, the group with most height
experimentation passed, we compared through
growth. We demonstrated with a scale of the
observation the range of green in each of the
color green the ranges of green in the leaves of
plant’s leaves utilizing a color scale. Then we cut
each of the plants in the groups. We know that
each plant’s stem and a used a weighting scale
the higher the amount of dark green in a leaf, the
(g) to obtain the total weight of each group of
bigger the amount of nitrogen and therefore the
plants (including their pods). We then cut each
healthier the plant is. We calculated de average
plant’s pods and obtained the total weight of each
of color green for each group of plants by
group of plants without their pods and the total
summing each number by color corresponding to
weight of each group of plant’s pods.
the scale that was assigned to each plant and
period
of
45-50
days
Results & Analysis
dividing the total by the amount of plants per group. With these results we noticed that the
The results of the research were placed in tables
group with the highest average of dark green
and then in bar graphs. We calculated the
color in the plant’s leaves was the Urea group,
average of growth of the group of plants per
therefore the fertilizer based on urea has a higher
treatment in comparison with the Control Group
concentration of nitrogen in comparison with the
(plants that were only provided with water). The
rest of the fertilizers. Finally, we presented the
average was obtained by summing the height
amount of pH in the soil present during the first
growth in centimeters of the each of the six plants
and last week of plant fertilizing process. We can
or every group by week and dividing the result by
notice in the results that the Milorganite Group’s
the amount of plants that grew in the group. With
soil, the group with higher plant growth, was the
these results, we noticed that the treatment with
only one that had the pH in its soil increase from
greater weekly height growth average was the
a 7.2 to a 7.5, unlike the other plant’s soils, where
Milorganite Group.
the pH decreas
Discussion & Conclusion
proportions of phosphate, nitrogen and calcium.
In conclusion, our Hypothesis was rejected because the urea based fertilizer did not influence the most in the height growth of the Phaseolus vulgaris (red bean). However, our Alternate Hypothesis was approved because there was a significant difference between the growth of the Phaseolus vulgaris treated with the urea based fertilizer and the Phaseolus vulgaris treated with the chemical fertilizer 20-20-20 and the organic fertilizer Milorganite. Even though this last one increased the acidity of its plants’ soil during the time period of 7 weeks with only one application of the fertilizer that as a result burned 4 of the 6 plants’ stem, it influenced more in the height growth of the Phaseolus vulgaris in comparison with the urea based fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer 20-20-20. This fertilizer was more efficient because the results show that the average of growth of the only 2 plants that actually grew in the group was higher in comparison with the rest of the plants of the other groups. Therefore, if all of the plants treated with the Milorganite fertilizer had grown, they would have been the highest in height growth average. However, if we determined the efficacy of a fertilizer considering equally all of the variables utilized in the research, we could conclude that the chemical fertilizer 20-20-20 is generally the most effective in the growth of the Phaseolus vulgaris because the growth in comparison with the Milorganite plants was only a few decimal numbers of difference and did not acidify its plants’ soil. This is possible because of the chemical
fertilizer
20-20-20’s
equitable
On the other hand, if we determined the efficacy of the fertilizer considering only the growth of the plants’ pods and their amount of dark green in their leaves, we could conclude that the fertilizer based on urea would be the most effective because its plants’ pods weighed more and were the biggest in comparison with the pods of the other plants. If we were to visualize the research from an economic point of view in relation to marketing, the condition of a plant’s pods is what is most relevant.
References Araos, F. (1977). Manual de uso de Fertilizantes. Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Mantor, 149 Bischof, G., Henle, J., Huschke, E., Sommering, S., Theile, F., Valentin, G., et al. (1843). Enciclopedia Anatómica. Madrid, España: Cadiz, Hortal y Compañía Gallardo, A. & Schlesinger, W. (1992). Carbon and nitrogen limitations of soil microbial biomass in desert ecosystems. Biogeochemistry, 18, 1
Assessment of the Low Release Fertilizer. Research Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Myers, R. (2007). The 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds. United States of America: Greenwood Publishing Group Power, J., Dorán, J. & Wilhelm, W. (1986). Uptake of Nitrogen from Soil Fertilizer, and Crop Residues by no-till Corn and Soil Bean. Soil Sci. Soc. Amerc. J., 50, 137-142 Ross, D. (1987). Soil microbial biomass estimation by fumigation-incubation
Glover, R. & Baker, R. (1996). Fertilizer Guide for New Mexico: Guide A-128. Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agriculture
procedure: seasonal fluctuations and influence of soil moisture content. Soil Biol., 19, 397-404
and Home Economics, 1-4 Ruda, E., Mongiello, A., Acosta, A. & Paredes, E. Gutierrez, A., Pilar, M., Laborde, M., Ayastuy, J. & Ortiz, J. (1994). Transformación catalítica del gas natural, II. Obtención de gas de síntesis. Información Tecnológica, 5(2), 20-27 Irizarry, M. (2006). Huerto Familiar. Universidad de Puerto Rico Recinto de Mayagüez, Colegio de Ciencias Agrícolas, Servicio de Extensión Agrícola, 1-25 Beaver, J., Echávez, R., Armstrong, A. & Schroder, E. (1992). Conjunto Tecnológico para la Producción de Habichuelas. Estación Experimental Agrícola, Colegio de Ciencias Agrícolas, Recinto de Mayagüez, Universidad de Puerto Rico Kubicek, J. & Hegner, P. (1992). The Results of
(1999). Comparación entre la Mineralización del Nitrógeno de Sangre Desecada, harina de Huesos y Urea en Arguidol Ácuico. Información Tecnológica, 10(6), 73-78 Ruda, E., Mongiello, A., Ocampo, E. & Cotini, L. (2001). Estudio Comparativo de la Mineralización de Nitrógeno de Fertilizantes convencionales en un suelo Arguidol Ácuico. Información Tecnológica, 12(5), 59-63 Sainz, H., Echevarría, H., Student, G. & Andrade, F. (1997). Volatilización del amoniaco desde la urea aplicada al cultivo de maíz bajo siembra directa. Ciencia del Suelo, 15, 12-16
Solbrig, O. (1997). Una cuestión de prioridades. Asociación Argentina de la Ciencia del Suelo Vallejo, F. (2004). Producción de hortalizas de clima cálido. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cali, Colombia: Imágenes Gráficas S.A., 112-138
The effect of the pH used for watering cherry tomatoes plant (Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium) on the pH of the tomatoes during maturity and the height of the plant. Carlos Andrés Rivera Jiménez (UGHS Senior Student)
There have been innumerable investigations about botanic that try to improve overall result on agriculture products. This investigation is about how the pH of the water can affect cherry tomatoes plant development and the acidity of the tomato. The plants were divided in three groups of six plants each using different levels of pH: 7, 6 and 5 to visualize how the water with different levels of pH affects the plants growth. The results might be the same as many farmers that work outside exposed to nature’s factors just like rain, but in this case, acid rain due to contamination; because of time issues the investigation only contains the plants height results. I can’t conclude yet about the correct hypothesis but it can be concluded that plants watered with pH 7 have a faster growth than other pH levels.
Introduction
It’s part of our daily basis to eat three
They are perfect for salads and snacks.
times a day. We eat a great variety of
Tomatoes plants are easy to grow and
foods that consist on meats, fruits,
they grow tomatoes in abundance. They
vegetables and grains. To have a
can be planted directly to the ground or
healthy life we must have a healthy
on a pot. They are rich on calcium, iron
alimentation. Some foods can do good if
and vitamins A & C.
consumed with conscience but they may also create big problems if consumed in excess. An example can be eating lots of acid fruits like tomatoes. Tomatoes are a very common fruit we like to eat daily that contains high levels of acidity.
The plants of cherry tomatoes are produced by farmers in the open air where they are exposed to nature. This investigation is prepared to see the relation
of
acid
water
on
cherry
tomatoes plants growth. Acid water
prevents the plant from receiving all the
vehicles and many other are the reason
needed nutrients found in the ground. A
of this increase in contamination. They
possible answer to the effects that acid
may cause the fall of acid rain which
water may cause on the plants is a
might fall on plants that are exposed to
slower growth and a much acidified fruit.
nature. That’s why the investigation was
This investigation can be justified by the continuous
increase
on
air
contamination. The use of fabrics, motor
designed with an specific procedure to control different variables and make it the most precise possible.
Methodology
This investigation took place on the
seeds were planted. The pots were
backyard
a
placed on panels that were over some
controlled area. The area was controlled
blocks to put them in a high place.
by using a canopy with a plastic roof
These groups were located in rows and
which prevented rain from reaching the
identified as pH 7, 6 and 5.
of
my
house
under
plants but allowed the sun through it. It was also surrounded with wires to prevent the dogs from getting inside. The participants of this investigation include myself, Carlos Rivera and my adviser, O’Hallorans.
Each day at 6 pm the plants were watered with their respective pH levels. After plants germinated and had grown enough they were measured weekly in centimeters. This data were noted on tables to be represented in graphs.
After the area was controlled, the
Because of time issues the investigation
earth was prepared and divided into
only consisted on the plants height
three groups of 6 pots. The earth was
results and not the fruits acidity level.
equally divided for each group and the
Results & Analysis
After the plants were measured,
through 6. These results were analyzed
the data was organized on tables which
in graphs and the averages of these
divided each groups by plants from 1
results were organized on a different
table that compares each result weekly.
every week compared to pH 6 and 5. At
The results proved that a lower level of
the end of the eight week we can see a
pH on the water (higher acid level)
mayor difference between the groups.
slowed down the growth of the plant.
The plants watered with pH7 ended up
In the graph below we can see that the pH7 group has a faster growth
being the double of the size of the other group’s plants.
Graph: Average plant height weekly Height (cm)
70 60 50 40 30
pH7
20
pH6
10
pH5
0
Date(day/month/year) Conclusion
From the results, it can be noted that the controlled group (pH7) had an exponential height gain over the other plants weekly. The other two groups had nearly the same height average, while pH7 had nearly their double. It can be concluded that for an effective plant growth its recommended to use pH7 water. This also indicates us that
contamination may be delaying plants growth on different farms. With these results, my interests were directed to working on other kind of plants that may also be affected by acid rain. New investigations may prove that contamination may be affecting many crops causing a chain effect in society. If contamination continues to
increase and this effects aren’t being
serious problems.
controlled, the results might become a References
Addy K., Green L., Herron E. (2004) pH
Laurel Company (2012) Tomate –
and Alkalinity. URI Watershed Watch, 1-
Beefsteak. San Juan, Puerto Rico
4
Laurel Company (2012) Tomate –
Balaguera Lopez H. E., Álvarez Herrera J. G., Martínez Arévalo G. E., Balaguera W.A. (2009) El contenido de arcilla del suelo influye en el rendimiento de
Cherry. San Juan, Puerto Rico Potash and Phosphate Institude (2000) Informaciones Agronómicas 5(1) 1-4
uncultivo de tomate (solanum
Reardon J. W. & Troxler S. (actualizado)
lycopersicum L.). Revista Colombiana
Food and Drug Protection Division.
de Ciencias Hortícola
North Carolina Department Of
3(2), 199-207
Biurrun R., et al. (n.d.). Control de
Agriculture And Consumer Services
plagas en tomate. Retrieved:
Sullivan P. (2007) El Manejo Sostenible
November 5, 2012, from: Navarra
de Suelos. ATTRA, 1-24
Agraria:
UNA La Molina (2000) Programa de
http://www.navarraagraria.com/n 192/artompla.pdf Corpeño B. (2004) Manual del cultivo de tomate. IDEA Centro de Inversión, Desarrollo
y exportación de
Agronegocios, 1-8 Enciclopedia Techno Quest (1996) Soils Everhart E., Jauron R., Haynes C. (2002) El huerto doméstico. Guía de Horticultura de University 1-4
Iowa State
hortalizas 96-99
Study of the presence of E. coli in beef meat: Will there be a relationship between the presence of E. Coli in beef and food are provided to beef cows? Christian C. Lazu Barreto (UGHS Senior) There are many bacterias in food, but two of the most common are Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli was the one chosen among these two for beeing the most common. Among the many methods used for detection of this harmful bacteria, polyurethane sponge was used in this investigation because of its accuracy. After test were finalized, the resultas of BGLB and Colilert-MUG revealed that the Escherichia coli bacteria was present in the examined beef. It was concluded that Escherichia coli was not the only coliform bacteria present on beef, because
Coliler-MUG
alerts
any
type
of
coliform
bacteria.
waterbodies and as a result of this action
Introduction
many people get contaminated with E.coli
Escherichia coli, better known as
annually.
E.coli bacteria is a coliform bacteria which is found in the human intestine and when
Approximately 70,000 people get
there is an excess, it may lead to digestive
sick each year from infection with E. coli, in
problems. E.coli was originally identified in
the
1885 by German pediatrician, Theodor
colonizes the intestinal tract of animals and
Escherich. This bacteria is part of the
some beef products might be contaminated
Enterobacte-
family,
during slaughter and processing. Dead
which includes; Salmonella, Shingella and
cells do not make people sick, but only ten
Yersinia. It has been known that E.coli is
living cells can inflict a severe intestinal
not only found in human intestine, but the
disease, said Mrs. Mustapha, associate
Federal Drugs Administration informed that
professor of food science at the Faculty of
it's
and
Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources
contaminated water. E.coli reaches this
at the University (Scientists Develop A
contamination range by fecal deposits in
method for detecting E. coli in meat, 2009).
also
riaceae
found
in
bacterial
raw
meat
1
United
States.
This
bacterium
The beef consumers in Puerto Rico appear
the media, especially in the years 2000 and
to prefer imported meats over locally
2002 that beef contains some percents of E.
sourced meats. This preference appears to
Coli in it an it may cause fatal illness, even
be the result of lack of knowledge on the
death, in some cases (Gonzalez Ramirez,
part of the consumer, the nutritional and
2007). It is for this reason that it has been
eating quality of the meat produced locally
chosen to study if it is true that beef
(Y. Rodriguez, 2007). From this point of
contains some presences of E. coli or not. It
view we developed the presented problem
also said that the bacterium E. coli comes
of the investigation.
through food that originate from cows. This
Will there be a relationship between
leads us to some required steps in order to
the presence of E. Coli in beef and food
investigate and discover if the established
are provided to
hypothesis is true or not.
University Gardens High School the Methodology cows? This is the main question made by This investigation has a quasi-experimental the investigator after required research of design, this research there are two information. In Puerto Rico most of the variables, the dependent variable is the consumed beef is not local, just because presence of E. coli in beef and is there is no confidence of the food given to independent of food types that are provided the local cows. By the chosen subject and to beef cows. This design was chosen the research problem it is thought that the because it can not assign the random appropriate hypothesis would be; if cows for variables, the variables were previously meat get the food which is not adequate, assigned. In this research we want to know then this causes the presence of E. coli in if Study of the Presence of E.coli in beef. According to the above hypothesis the Beef Meatit is positive or negative for the null hypothesis is; if the cows for meat get presence of E. coli in beef, it is not the correct food, then this does not cause necessary to specify the amount that is in the presence of E. coli in beef. If the food the flesh, that is the difference between the provided to them is not the factor that experimental and quasi-experimental causes E. coli in beef, then the alternative design. The quasi-experimental designs hypothesis would be; hygiene in also deliberately manipulate at least one slaughterhouses for beef, is what causes independent variable to observe its effect the presence of E. coli in beef. and relationship with one or more dependIt was decided the study of the presence of ent variables, only experiments differ from E. coli in beef, as it has been heard much in "true" in the level of safety or reliability that
2
can be taken on the initial equivalence additional swabs, makes eight samples groups
(Hernandez
Sampieri,
R., were taken two Petri plates were divided
Fernandez Collado, C., Baptista Lucio, P., into three each, and each portion was 2003).
identified. After dividing the grooved plates
We searched for different numbers of are made. The swab was sacao each slaughterhouses in Puerto Rico, so we sample one by one and rubbed on Agar could call and check which are available to mFC corresponding divisions. carry out the investigation. When visiting the For the dilutions were made in sterile water slaughterhouse was expected to know what 9mL five sterile tubes. At first tube was foods, as is the deal and how important is added 1 g of stool. In the first step tube with the care given to the cows. It took a second 1 mL of sterile water excreted to the second appointment to take samples in the tube, then 1mL from second to third, third to experimentation process.
fourth and finally 1 mL of the fourth to the
First we visited the laboratory and fifth tube. That excreta diluted 10
1
to 10
_5
were prepared physiological saline (MACL) (Prescott, LM, Harley, JP, Klein, DA, 2004). for every 100ml of distilled water is 0.85g of For the striatum in the Petri dishes were MACL with a swab into the tube with the taken from each tube 0.5 mL solutions and solution, fertilize at 121 째 C for 15 minutes, spread throughout the entire plate. collect next day and kept cold. When saline University Gardens High School
was collected visited the slaughterhouse to
The plates were upgraded to an
take the sample. swabs were rubbed on
incubator at 44.5 째 C for 18-24 hours. Upon
three samples of the carcass, cow outside
returning to the laboratory the plates were
where there is more chance of e.coli, three
removed to see the results. The blue dots
samples of muscle inside of the cow where
were e.coli and whites were other bacteria
there is more chance of e.coli and a stool
known as Klebsiella. Was found in the
sample . The same day they took the
stool so e.coli was used for confirmation
samples to the laboratory and began to prepare
solutions
of
Membrane
Brilliant Green Lactose Bile (BGLB) and
Fecal
Colilert-MUG. If the muscle samples were
Coliform (MFC Agar) with 100ml of distilled
positive or casing was also used BGLB
water and 5.2g Agar MFC. Petri plates were
and Colilert-MUG.
divided into three for the housing and
The BGLB solution was made with
muscle. For dilutions were excreted.
distilled water 100ml and 4g of BGLB. Was
In the three samples of the housing and
three
muscle
samples,
plus
stirred until dissolved and prepared glass
two
3
tubes 15 with a smaller Dunham tube to
All calculations and final results
collect the emitted gas is positive if the
were evaluated by the recommended
E.coli. 5mL was distributed in each tube
procedures given by the Foods and Drugs
and then autoclavearon for 15 minutes at
Administration; the BGLB, Colilert- MUG,
121 째 C. Moreover solution Colilert-15
Agar mFC and MACL. Each and every one
flasks were prepared MUG with distilled
of those procedures are based on lactose
water 100mL. It autoclavearon 100ml of
in order to detect E.coli in different types of
water and then the solution was added to
tested areas. Some of them offer us results
100 mL of water ready.
on a Petri plate and others in testing tubes.
When
confirmation
prepared
Petri plates to observe and confirm
solutions each identified as bacteria on
the observations BGLB solutions and
plates that were most notable Petris. Then
Colilert-MUG, E. Coli was present at the
he took a Lube, heated to sterilize it, it took
beef. The bacterium E. Coli was
half a bacteria got into the BGLB solution
Study of the Presence of E.coli in
and then the other half in the Colilert-MUG
Beef Meat
solution. This process was done with all
found
the bacteria found. After finishing all the
samples 1 and 2 of the casing, and in the
bacteria incubated the two solutions at 38 째
stool.
C until the next day. Returning the next day
confirmation 8 were positive with E. Coli
he took out the solutions of confirmation, if
and 10 with coliform bacteria. So we can
positive in BGLB solution is found a gas
say that the bacterium is present in meat
bubble in the tube Dunham small and
for human consumption, but not at a level
Colilert-MUG solutions were fluorescent
harmful to health, as there are fewer than
under ultraviolet light for 15 watts.
five colonies in parts of meat.
After the results was used to express a
Conclusion
table specifically. This helped us to see
According to the results, the hypothesis is
which of all the samples is the presence of
rejected, and that feeding cows in Puerto
E. coli, and what are the foods that are
Rico are not related to the E.coli bacteria in
given to those cows for meat, for that
meat for human consumption. In growing
sample. There was also a bar graph which
E.coli mFC Agar was excreted in the
is present in all samples which have less
samples (10 ~4 and 10
and which has more presence of E. coli.
muscle samples in the casing 1, 2 and
Results & Analysis
further. To confirm the presence of E.coli
in
additional
From
15
muscle
samples
samples,
taken
for
_3
), in additional
bacteria found were used and 15 was used
4
BGLB and Cloliert-MUG.
stay_healthy /food /ecoli.html#
In the method of BGLB was found that the
Oquendo Rodriuez M. M. (2006) Incidencia
samples 1, 11 and 13 are negative, and
de
which showed no presence of gas in the
Escherichia coli serotipo 0157:H7 en
tube Dunham small. While on the other
carne proveniente de ganado bovino
side in the Colilert-MUG solution samples
de matadero de Puerto Rico, (Tesis
1, 9, 10, 11 and 13 are negative, since
de maestrĂa). Retrieved
there was no fluorescence in the solution
University Gardens High School
under ultraviolet light. Sample 9 and 10
from Google. (carne de res+e. coli
were positive in BGLB but Colilert-MUG
*presen cia)
negative because they were E.coli but
Alimentos para vacas lecheras.(s.f). Foraje.
could be other coliform bacteria because it
Alimentos para vacas lecheras.
is remote possibility of E.coli O157: H7 in
Retrieved from http://
meat for human consumption.
www.infocarne.com/bovino /vacas_
Each and every part of these investigation
lecheras.asp
helped me grow in science knowledge. It's
Gallegos M., Morales A., Alvares G.,
amazing how microbiology has grown and
Vasquez J., Mo rales L., Martinez I.,
gets better daily. Technology was the most
& Maldonado J. (2009)
important part of the entire investigation.
Caracterizacion de aislado de
References
Escherichia coli 0157:H7 en canales
Feng P., Weagant S. & Grant M. (2002).
de bovinos y porci nos mediante pcr.
Bacteriologi cal Analytical Manual
FCV-LUZ, 2(2)139-146. Retrieved
Chapter 4 Enumera tion of
from http://www.scielo.org.ve
ESCHERICHIA COLI and the Coli
/scielo.php? pid=S0798-22592009
form Bacteria. Retrieved from Food
000200006&script=sci_arttext
and Drugs Administration:
Hernandez A., Ramos A. Y., & Hurtado E.
http://www.fda .gov/Food/
(2008) In cidencia de Escherichia coli en chuletas cru das de cerdo
ScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/Bact eriologica lAnalyticalManualBAM
vendidas
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estado Monagas. UDO Agricola, 8 (1)
Dowshen S. (2009). E. Coli. Retrieved
al
detal
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from Kids Health:
cg08018
http://kidshealth.org/kid/
5
en
MaturĂn,
Retrieved
from
.org.br/pdf?
Leotta G.A., Chinen I., Epszteyn S.,
t3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfUDhNVlZMVDMx
Miliwebsky E., Melamed I. C., Motter
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M., Ferrer M., Marey E., & Rivas M.
/?navid=
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SEARCH&q=e.+coli+en+carne+de+r
PCR multiple para la deteccion de
es &Go_button.x =
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Shiga.Revista Argentina de Microbiologia, 37 (42) 1-10.
Study of the Presence of E.coli in
Retrieved from http://www.scielo
Beef Meat
.org.arscielo.phppid=S0 3257541200500010 0001&script=sci_pdf&tlng=es Rodriguez
Y.
(2007)
Evaluacion
microbiologica de la carne de res de Puerto Rico bajo dos formas de empaque,
(Tesis de
maestrĂa).
Retrieved from Google.(carne de res+e. coli *presencia) Reik P. (2009). Una Firma en Ilinois retira del mer cado productos de carne de res debido a una posible contaminacion con E. coli 0157:H7. Retrieved from United State Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/wps/po rtal/usda/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9M SSz Py8xBz9CP0os_ gAC9wJ8QY0MDpxBDA09 nXw9DFxcXQcAA_1wkA5kFaGuQBXeAS bmnu4uBgbe5hB5AxzA0UDfzyM_N 1WIDs7 zdFRUREAZ XAypA! !/dl3/d3L2dJQSEvUU
6
Científicos desarrollan un método para detectar E. coli en la carne. (2009) Científicos desarrollo un metodo para detectar E. coli en la carne. Retrieved from http://albeitar.portal veterinaria.com/noticia/6765/ NOVEDAD
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8
The effect of Moon phases in the development of an annual plant Ocimum basilicum (basil) and a perennial plant Cajanus cajan L. Millsp (pigeon peas) Darvin Ferrera Rodríguez (UGHS Senior) , Prof. Julio Rodríguez Torres (PhD. Statistics UPR-RP)
During decades people have talked about the effect of the Moon en human, animals and plant fluids. This fact motivated this researcher to conduct a study about the effect of moon phases in the development of an annual plant Ocimum basilicum (basil) and a perennial plant Cajanus cajan L. Millsp (pigeon peas). The study was conducted with four sows one for each lunar phase in seedbeds with 12 plants for each species for a total of 24 plants for lunar phase. Of those 12 plants, 5 plants for each species were randomly chosen to gather quantitative data for the development (dependent) variables. It was hypothesized that both plants would grow better during the Moon’s first quarter (“cuarto creciente” in Spanish). The analysis of the results made the researcher to confirm this hypothesis for one of the species (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp), but not for basil. The results suggest that at the moment of sowing the Moon phases should be considered to obtain better growing results. Nevertheless, this study needs to be continued and broaden to provide more empirical evidence to this fact.
Introduction
The moon, which is regarded as a
taking into account the phases of the
local
moon?
power
generator
indirect
At
the
dawn
of
a
new
attraction exerted on solids and liquids;
millennium and to the spectacular
determines
also
advances of science and technology, it
influences the physiological activities
may seem strange to talk about the
of plants and animals. Ever wondered
influence of the moon on agricultural
why many farmers plant and harvest
activities. Grapple is for this that this
ocean
tides
and
study will focus on studying the effect
Null Hypothesis (Ho):
of moon phases in an annual plant
significant statistical difference in the
Ocimum
a
means of the development variables
perennial Cajanus cajan L. Millsp
for the annual (basil) and perennial
(pigeon peas). Thus establishing the
(pigeon peas) plants among the four
differences
and
lunar phases. Alternative Hypothesis
development between one and another
(Ha): There is a significant statistical
in the same time period.
difference
basilicum
in
(basil)
and
germination
This study problem is: What is the effect of the moon phases in the development Ocimum
of
an
basilicum
annual (basil)
plant
and
a
perennial plant Cajanus cajan L. Millsp (pigeon peas)? The hypothesis is: There
is
more
growth
and
development of both plants (basil and pigeon peas) when the Moon is in the first quarter due to the fact that the
in
the
There is no
means
of
the
development variables for the annual (basil) and perennial (pigeon peas) plants among the four lunar phases. The purpose of the study is to provide empirical evidence to sustain the effect the Moon have in the growth and development of plants.
There is a
need to provide reliable and valid data in the scientific literature related to this area of Botany.
species have more water absorption. Methodology
for each plant) for each Moon phase.
Four growth sows were used to
Water was added (150 mL) at the
conduct the experiment. Basil and
moment of germination and every two
gandul seeds were planted during
days thereafter. The amount of light
each lunar phase (First quarter, New
was controlled at the laboratory by
Moon, Third quarter and Full Moon).
using incandescent light. Other factors
Each sow consisted of 24 seeds (12
that might have affected the plants were also controlled at the lab (insects,
and torrential rain among others). The
deviation). The hypothesis was tested
same procedure was used during the
by the ANOVA approach. The analysis
four lunar phases. Data was collected
allows the comparison of the means of
on a random sample of 5 plants for
the development variables for the four
each plant on each Moon phase for a
lunar phases for each plant separately.
total of 40 sampling units (see Table
The statistical significance used to
1). The dependent variables (plant
evaluate the F statistic of the ANOVA
development) measured after 40 days
procedure was an alpha significance
of being planted were: amount of
level of .05 or less. This means that if
leaves, large and width of leaves (cm)
the observed probability (p) is less than
and plant size (cm).
.05; the null hypothesis should be rejected. The data was analyzed using
The data was analyzed using the
the
statistical technique called Analysis of
(mean
and
computer
program
(Statistical Package for the Social
Variance (ANOVA) and descriptive statistics
SPSS
Sciences, version 20).
standard
Results & Analysis
Table 1 Means of development variables for plants on each lunar phase Leaf Length (cm)
Leaf width (cm)
No. of leafs
Plant length(cm)
New Moon New Moon
0.90
0.90
2.00
2.50
1.00
0.80
2.00
2.40
Basil
New Moon
1.00
0.90
2.00
2.40
Basil
New Moon
1.00
0.90
2.00
2.40
Basil
New Moon
0.80
0.90
2.00
2.50
Basil
First quarter First quarter
0.90
0.80
2.00
2.00
Basil
1.00
0.80
2.00
2.00
Basil
First quarter
1.20
1.00
2.00
2.00
Plant
Phase
Basil Basil
Basil
First quarter
1.20
1.00
2.00
2.00
Basil
First quarter
1.10
0.90
2.00
2.00
Basil
Full Moon Full Moon
2.00
1.30
2.00
2.80
Basil
1.90
1.40
2.00
2.90
Basil
Full Moon
1.90
1.30
2.00
2.90
Basil
Full Moon
1.90
1.30
2.00
2.90
Basil
Full Moon
1.80
1.40
2.00
2.80
Basil
Third quarter Third quarter
1.00
0.90
2.00
2.00
Basil
1.10
0.80
2.00
2.00
Basil
Third quarter
1.20
0.90
2.00
2.10
Basil
Third quarter
1.20
0.90
2.00
2.00
Basil
Third quarter
1.20
0.80
2.00
2.00
Green pigeon peas Green pigeon peas
New Moon
10.00
1.30
4.00
17.00
New Moon
9.00
1.20
4.00
16.00
Green pigeon peas
New Moon
10.00
1.20
4.00
17.00
Green pigeon peas
New Moon
9.00
1.30
3.00
17.00
Green pigeon peas
New Moon
9.00
1.20
4.00
16.00
Green pigeon peas
First quarter
15.00
1.70
4.00
20.00
Green pigeon peas
First quarter
15.00
1.80
3.00
21.00
Green pigeon peas
First quarter
14.00
1.70
4.00
21.00
Green pigeon peas
First quarter
15.00
1.60
3.00
20.00
Green pigeon peas
First quarter
15.00
1.80
4.00
20.00
Green pigeon peas
Full Moon
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Green pigeon peas
Full Moon
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Green pigeon peas
Full Moon
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Green pigeon peas
Full Moon
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Green pigeon peas
Full Moon
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Green pigeon peas
Third quarter
8.00
1.20
4.00
15.00
Green pigeon peas
Third quarter
8.00
1.10
4.00
15.00
Green pigeon peas
Third quarter
8.00
1.40
3.00
14.00
Green pigeon peas
Third quarter
9.00
1.30
3.00
15.00
Green pigeon peas
Third quarter
9.00
1.20
4.00
14.00
Data Analysis
where the amount of light increases
As can be observed in Table 1, the
producing a better growth of the plant
growth and development was higher
foliage.
during the Full Moon for the basil plant. During the First quarter and third quarter lunar phases the growth was similar for basil. It can be inferred from this result that it is during this phase
The green pigeon pea plant showed an increase in growth during the First quarter
lunar
phase
as
can
be
observed in Table 1. It is important to state that during the Full Moon the
green pigeon pea got rotten. It could
and plant length) among the
be
four lunar phases.
inferred
that
due
to
water
absorption the seeds did not develop. In order to test the Null Hypothesis of
summarized
as
the
other
Full three
This result seems to the
research
greater during the First quarter. 
With pigeon
follows:
between
the
development would have been
The results of this be
and
that
hypothesis that stated that the
development variables among the four
can
lies
contradict
This
analysis compares the means of each
analysis
difference
phases.
the four lunar phases an Analysis of
lunar phases.
shows
Moon
no difference in mean growth among
Variance (ANOVA) was used.
analysis
Further
respect plant
to the
the
green
statistical
evidence confirms the research 
With respect to the basil plant there is statistical significant difference with respect to the means of three development variables (leaf width, leaf length
Conclusion
pigeon pea plant but not for the basil plant and preceded to accept the alternative hypothesis, which says: is
variables shows a significant increase during the First quarter as compared to the other three lunar phase. considered as evidence at the time of
The null hypothesis was rejected for
There
hypothesis and the development
a
statistically
significant
difference in mean variables perennial plant development Cajanus cajan L. Millsp (pigeon peas) between the four phases of the moon. This could be
planting this plant to produce a more robust plant. It is necessary however, further research with these and other plants in order to generalize the findings of a more accurate. In addition to continuing to provide extended empirical evidence.
References
Mauseth, J. (2008). Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology.
the lunar influence. Agric. Trop. 31:87.
Jones and Barlett Publishers. Noval, E. (1996). Experiences on MA. ssetos peasant living in towns, a Nabors, M. (2003). Introduction to
province of Villa Clara. The
Botany.Benjamin Cummings
trees in livestock production
Publishers. OR. Stillings, P.
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(2011). Ecology: Global Insights
International Workshop of the
and Investigations. McGraw Hill.
experimental station of
New York.
Matanzas Cuba. P.14.
Tabachnick, B. & Fidell, L. (2007).
Lieber, A. (1999). The influence of the
Using Multivariate Statistics. 5th
moon. Scientific revelation
Ed. Allyn and Bacon. New York.
coupled with our lives
http://books.google.com.pr/book
dramatically. Madrid. Graphic
s?id=NBtu79LJ4h4C&pg=PA20
Arts Ed. EMA p. 189.
7&lpg=PA207&dyIrU1vBmO6jF V8&hl=es#v=onepage&q=cajan us%20cajan%20anual%20o%2 0perenne&f=false
Raven, J. C. & Zuluaga, L. (1994). Arrest of six stakes multipurpose tree species under
Suarez, J. (1996). Using trees and shrubs in hedges of Havana and Matanzas. Monograph. P.13
Vogt, K., Beard, K., S. Hamman, O'Hara, J., Hecht, B. (2002). Indigenous Knowledge Informing Management of
Tropical Forests: The Link Between Rhythms in Plant Secondary Chemistry and Lunar Cycles. HANGES: A Journal of t he Human Environment 31 (6) :485-490.
Informative study of Viability and time of payment of the wave energy system "pelamis". David J. Perez Robles (UGHS Senior)
Through the years we have tried to seek oil’s independence for better environmental quality. That is why our study consists in a feasibility analysis theory of a new renewable energy system called "pelamis". The research revolves around the study of variables which give a theoretical possibility of adaptation of the system, these are: depth, distance, swell and wind direction. The development of the research is a comparative study of the variables between Portugal and Puerto Rico, through graphic and visual analysis with informative meteorological database. The research is complemented by a study of cost effectiveness in terms of balance of system data through some government agencies, to get a sense of how long it would recover the investment and would begin to produce profits. After analyzing the data, we find that at a distance of 10km depth is in the range of feasibility, Puerto Rico swell reaches the required minimum (3m) for the production of energy according to the minimum operating in Portugal and wind direction did not affect the viability of the system. Concluding, the team is viable but not as efficient as in Portugal. While his balance period then it will be analyzed at 17 after installation.
Introduction
Has now developed a new production system called wave power energy is the energy that allows the production of electricity from mechanical energy generated by the movement of the waves. It is one of the types of renewable energy with more recent studies, and has huge advantages over other renewable energy because it provides a greater ability to predict optimal geological conditions that allow greater efficiency in their processes.
The above mentioned points are the basis of the research is to be carried out. It is understood that renewables are the right alternative to relieve the economy on the island, because it is one of the only alternatives that do not depend on oil for their work, to acquire energy. Also we protect our world, stimulating the environmental areas have both affected by pollution than oil and other fossil fuels have created.
This research will be working factors such as: the distance from the sea coast, depth, wind direction, wave change, to be compared with wave machine and implemented "pelamis" to achieve its theoretical Viability 10km from the coast municipality of Rinc贸n, Puerto Rico and at what time of payment. Where it is expected that the depth at 10km from the coast of the town of Rincon in Puerto Rico, is greater than 50m, the wind direction both in Puerto Rico and on the coast of Portugal is to the west and the swell has fluctuated of 1 meter to 5 meters or more to test theoretical system adaptation "Pelamis on the island of Puerto Rico and your balance expires after ten years or more. With the development of this research we have been able to understand and establish the parameters and variables needed to test the feasibility of the system wave theory "pelamis" in Puerto Rico and the description of that system. Furthermore we help promote and innovate with new ideas to create renewable energy on the island and project to new research practices for eco-friendly future. For this we did the next procedure. Methodology
To carry out this research produced a revised analysis, taking into account the data about wave, depth, location (meaning away from the island of Puerto Rico to the Mona Passage), wind direction and cost effectiveness (time
balance), to thereby compare whether variables such study area are similar to the performance specifications of the system "Pelamis" in the place where it was implemented in Portugal and reach a conclusion as to the theoretical adaptation such equipment in the Mona Passage. To acquire the depth and wave requested an appointment to the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources of Puerto Rico. During the meeting with the DNER we were informed that they had no information and referred us to the Environmental Quality Board, where the knight Angel Melendez, although no information in its database guides us on a cyber-tool we can help called "Google Earth" and refers us to the NOAA of Puerto Rico to get clearer data. Once contacted NOAA, which told us that they only work with meteorology and we tabled to the Puerto Rico Seismic Network. To get in touch with us to the Seismic Network technical lines for which we exposed the depth and distance variables we want to know, but to ask for evidence, indicates that the tool used for this sort of thing is what the tool before mentioned by Mr. Melendez ("Google Earth") In this situation, we obtain the tool via the Internet through the Google search engine and the guidance provided by the aforementioned elaborate figure 6. It exposes the distance to be studied and depth in that area and proceeded to convert feet to meters through
"converterworld" (a conversion tool) to be compared to the depth established by the company Pelamis Wave team Power to draw conclusions. To continue with our investigation, placed a teacher which will help as to how to compare variables and passed to a search on the wind direction in countries where according SurfForecast (database used) introduced us to wind direction were totally opposite in Puerto Rico was heading west while in Portugal is to the east. Upon completion of this variable is immediately worked with the comparison wave, using the same database swell maps were taken from each area of study and exposed to the ups and pussycats graphic wave to be compared and analyzed. After that we reviewed all data, verifying if there was some kind of error, and analyzing them again in order to maximize the accuracy of our results. After obtaining the option of adopting the system can "pelamis" 10km from the coast of Rincon, was continued to the area of balance of equipment, where we acquired the following information.: Cost of equipment "pelamis" which according to Global Energy Partners is $ 5, 600,000 that was divided by the cost of kW / h in Puerto Rico according to ESA which is $ 0.2625 kW / h, and to divide these results acquire the system needs to generate about 21,333,333 kW / h to become balance. Then acquired by the same production company annual kW / h for the system which was 1.229 million kW / h per year and by dividing the
amount you need to generate the computer to be balance (21,333,333 kW / h) by the amount kW / h that the team produces per year (1.229 million kW / h) gives the number of years it takes to be the team balance, which is 17 years, with this by closing the area of cost effectiveness, giving out his high cost investment. Finally with all the results in our hands, last revised, approved the assumption and concluded with the investigation. RESULTS & ANALYSIS: The research results placed in tables and analyzed to evaluate existing tables in theory four variables for system theoretical viabilizarĂan "pelamis" on the coast of Rincon, such as the depth of the body of water at 10km from the coast of Rincon (Distance), wind direction, wave and to get an idea of our cost effectiveness, I time it would take the team "pelamis" to pay the full cost with high yield production in kW / h per year. For our first unknown water depth 10 km from the coast of Rincon tool was used "Google Earth" suggested by the representative of the Environmental Quality Board of Puerto Rico Angel Melendez and technicians of the Puerto Rico Seismic Network (Figure 6), where it appeared that the depth of 3,360 m 10.024 ft ~ 10km off the coast of Rincon. So positively shine giving part of our first feasibility data, since according Pelamis Wave Power is the required depth of 50m or more.
To obtain the maximum and minimum of the waves in the two locations to compare (Portugal and Puerto Rico) was searched in the database of the Surf-Forecast, which establishes the highest waves in Puerto Rico in Figure 2.1a the lowest in Figure 3.1b. Then it was compared by the highest waves in Figure 2.2a and Portugal the lowest in Figure 3.2b. This comparison is shown in Figure 4.0 using a bar graph, which establishes the highest waves and under each country. With this we can see that the system "pelamis" implemented in Portugal works with waves of 3m to 8m while in Puerto Rico the waves range from 1.5m to 3m. Seeing these data we can conclude that the system but not with the same efficiency, if produce energy in Puerto Rico because the sector assessment (Rincon coast) wave reaches the minimum (3m) in which the system produces energy by location implemented in Portugal. As the wind became a visual studio database with the Surf-Forecast, which as can be seen in Figure 5 (Portugal) and Figure 5.1 (Puerto Rico) wind direction is completely opposite, contrary to our working hypothesis which stated that the wind direction both in Portugal and in Puerto Rico would be westward. Passing to the area of balance of equipment, acquire the following information.: The cost of equipment "pelamis" which according to Global Energy Partners is $ 5, 600,000 that is
divided by the cost of kW / h in Puerto Rico according to ESA which is $ 0.2625 kW / h, and those results acquired by dividing the system needs to generate about 21,333,333 kW / h to become balance (Figure 1.1). Then acquired by the same production company annual kW / h for the system which was 1.229 million kW / h per year and by dividing the amount you need to generate the computer to be balance (21,333,333 kW / h) by the amount kW / h that the team produces per year (1.229 million kW / h) we obtain q the number of years the team will take to be balance, which is 17 years (Figure 1.2). Conclusion
After searching through various data sources such as NOAA, the Puerto Rico Seismic Network, DRNA, Pelamis Wave Power, AEE and research in data Global Energy Partners, we have reached the following conclusion. To make the first part of our research, we use the data obtained from the system installation variables "Pelamis" where according pelamiswave.com, we indicated that the equipment is usually installed at a distance of 2 to 10 km from the place where he would supply energy and 50m or more feet deep. Then we use a tool called Google Earth, suggested by Angel Melendez, a representative of the Environmental Quality Board of Puerto Rico and specialists from the Puerto Rico Seismic Network, where we established a distance of about 10km Rinc贸n whose
depth is 10.024 m as our working tool, with it passing the first part of our research hypothesis, which states that the team "Pelamis" is viable at 10km from the island of Puerto Rico. After that, we turn to the economic part of our investigation where we were checking how long we would begin to acquire winning team "Pelamis". To achieve such a mystery verify the cost of kW / h (kilowatt per hour) in Puerto Rico which according AEE is $ 0.2625, and the cost of equipment "Pelamis" which according to data from the Global Energy Partners is $ 5, 600,000 . Dividing the data acquired the system needs to produce 21, 333.333 kW / h to be paid off and start earnings. Then we look at data from studies of the company where we showed that the system produces about 1, 229.000 kW / h per year. By dividing the balance of system data on the amount produced annually by the team indicated that the system we start issuing earnings after 17 years, proving the last part of our research hypothesis, which indicated that the team would start giving profits in 10 years or more.
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Comparative study between weight and its influence in the total levels of cholesterols and triglycerides in students of 16 to 18 years of age in High School and patients of 30 to 50 years of age that assist the Clinical Laboratory in the months of September and November. Ivanis Gonzales, UGHS Senior Student, Lcdo.M.T.,ASCP Iván González, Lcda.M.T.,ASCP Zoraida Fontán, Lcda. M.S.N., Iris Fontán, Prfa. Annia Calcaño, Prof. Wilmer Rivera This project was aimed at establishing a relationship between weight and cholesterol and triglycerides levels in patients aged 16-18 years and 30-50 years. Specifically, students from specialized school, without discriminating physiological composition. The same applied for studied adults. It was expected that patients that had a BMI of overweight and obesity had cholesterol and triglyceride levels higher than all other patients in both age groups. To determine the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in patients, a sample of 4cc of blood was extracted and processed by Vitros DT60 machine. We found that in the group of adults 30 to 50 years old the trend of obesity and cholesterol and triglycerides was greater than in the young. However, the hypothesis was confirmed as the overall total sample showed higher trends BMI in overweight and cholesterol and high triglycerides. INTRODUCTION In my investigation, I will work constantly with the total levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Cholesterol is a fatty substance that occurs naturally in every cell in the human body and is necessary for the normal functioning of the body. Most of the cholesterol is produced in the liver, but is also obtained through some food groups. Triglycerides are the major form of fat stored by the body. A triglyceride is composed of three fatty acid molecules in combination with a glycerol molecule alcohol. I will also work with the body mass index table better known as BMI (body mass index) for its acronym in English. This table estimates the ideal weight of a person depending on their size and weight. The body mass index is valid for an adult male or female (18-65 years). A high BMI is associated with increased risk of death. The
risk of death from various causes, cancer or other diseases increases throughout the range of moderate to severe overweight in both men and women. The problem of overweight in our society is one of great concern. 78 percent of the inhabitants of the metropolitan area of San Juan are either overweight or obese. A study shows that 37 percent of people between 21 and 79 years in the metropolitan area of San Juan are overweight (Pérez, 2010). It is estimated that in 2014, an average of 2.1 million adults that are Puerto Rican will be overweight or obese. The causes of overweight are multiple. These can be from a tight economy, leading many to consume the cheapest items on the market, even though it’s not an excuse (Gonzalez, 2011). There is evidence that people with the levels of cholesterol of 240 mg/dl have twice the risk of suffering a heart attack than
Graduating Class: Eagles 2013
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THE UGHS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL
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those with 200. High levels of cholesterol in the blood produce hypercholesterolemia. This work aims to create awareness in adults and students for the proper care of their weight, and draw attention to the care of total cholesterol levels. The problem of this investigation is to figure out if weight is an indicator of high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood of the patients investigated. Working hypothesis: weight is expected to be an indicator of cholesterol and triglycerides levels elevated in all patients investigated. Alternate Hypothesis: There will be significant relationship between the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides and the weight of the patients. Null hypothesis: There will be no relationship between high cholesterol and triglycerides and weight. PROCEDURE To solve the research problem 25 patients were selected between the ages of 16-18 years old from the specialized high school University Gardens. These students were given an assentment and consentment sheet to participate in the study. On the designated day to draw blood samples from the students, such data was evaluated: age, gender, height, weight and cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The age, gender and height were obtained from the patients. The weight was measured using a weight balance and averaged the three measurements. The Medical technologist took 4cc of the blood sample to measure levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. After the sample was taken, it was processed by
Page #_____
the Vitros DT 60 machine which gave a reliable value of these analyses. For patients 30 to 50 years attending the Clinical Laboratory Amelia in September 2012 same procedure was done. After obtaining the results we proceeded to evaluate the weight and height of patients using the table to measure body mass index (BMI) and place them on the weight scale. The data was tabulated using statistical analysis. Experimental data was organized using the SI unit system. Height was measured using inches and centimeters. Weight was measured using pounds and kilograms. BMI was used to sort weights. Bars and graphs were used to tabulate and compare the results. The analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS AND ANALISIS Tables No. 1 and 2 describe the population selected for the study. The sample consisted of 50 people (25 youth aged 16 to 18 years and 25 adults aged 30 to 50 years old). 60% of young population(15) had a normal body mass index, 32% overweight and 8% obese. The 48% of adults were obese, 28% had normal weight and 24% were overweight. Table 2 describes the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the population. The population weighing 94-140 lbs. and 281 to 327 lbs. had normal cholesterol levels. The population group weighing 94-140 lbs. 234 to 280lbs and had normal triglyceride levels. In Table 3, 96% (24) of young people had normal cholesterol and the triglycerides levels were 100% normal. In Table 4, 100% of the adult population weighing 110 to 148 lbs., 149 to
Graduating Class: Eagles 2013
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THE UGHS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL
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186 and 225 to 262 lbs. had normal levels of cholesterol. 100% of the adult population with weights of 110 to 148 lbs. and 225 to 262 lbs. had normal levels of triglycerides. Figure 1 shows the classification of juveniles by BMI. We found 15 youths with normal body mass, 8 young overweight and 2 obese. In the second graph, all weight ranges show that the average cholesterol was less than 200mg/dl, ranged from 140 to 153 mg / dl. Similarly weight ranges in triglyceride levels were lower than 150 mg / dl and ranged from 66 to 117 mg / dl. Figure 3 describes the weight ranges of the youth population where four of them (100%) had normal levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, only in the range of 174-193 lbs., 67% was observed with normal cholesterol 100% normal triglyceride. Figure 4 presents the classification of the adults BMI. We found 12 obese adults 7 adults with normal weight and 6 overweight adults. In Figure 5 all the adult weight ranges reflect average cholesterol of 151 to 176mg/dl, being less than 200mg/dl and triglycerides averages ranged between 72 and 135 mg / dl, classified as normal. Figure 6 describes the weight ranges of the adult population, where two of them show 100% of normal levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Weight in the range of 263 to 300 lbs., 67% had a normal level of cholesterol and triglycerides and 33% had cholesterol and triglyceride. DISUSSION AND CONCLUSION This research found that there is no relationship between body mass and levels
Page #_____
of cholesterol and triglycerides total study population. In the population of young people (16-18 years), 60% had normal body mass, 96% with normal cholesterol (less than 200 mg / dl) and 100% with normal triglyceride (150 mg / dl). In the adult population (30-50 years), 48% were obese, 92% had cholesterol less than 200mg/dl and 80% lower triglycerides of 150mg/dl. The purpose of this research was to evaluate that relationship exist between the weight and the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Future studies may evaluate other variables that contribute findings to establish health education. REFERENCES 1. Aguilar, C., Rojas, R., Gómez., F., Valles, V., Franco, A., Olaiz, G., Tapia, R., Sepúlveda, J., Rull, J. (2002). Característica de los casos con dislipidemia mixtas en un estudio de población: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Enfermedades Crónicas. Salud Pública, 44, 546-553. 2. Assmann, G., y Schulte, H. (1992). Relation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides to incidence of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (the PROCAM experience). The American Journal Of Cardiology, 70, 733-737. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(92)90550. 3. Assmann, G., Schulte, H. (1992). Role of triglycerides in coronary artery disease: Lessons from the prospective cardiovascular Münster study. American Journal Of Cardiology, 70, H10-H13. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(92)91084-H
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4. Bustos, P., Amigo, H., Arteaga, A., Acosta, M.,Rona, R. (2003). Factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en adultos jóvenes. SciElo Chile Public Health, 131, 973-980. doi: 10.4067/S003498872003000900002.
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Dislipidemia. Boletín Escuela de Medicina, 26, 18-21.
5. Cabrera Hernández, A., Damiani Roseli, A., Chiong Molina, D., Eugenia Quintero Alejo, M., Fernández Ubeda, L. (1996). Relación entre los lípidos séricos y la distribución de grasa corporal en un grupo de niños obesos. Revista Cubana Aliment Nutr, 10, 2. 6. Fanghanel-Salmon, G., Sánchez- Reyes, L., ArellanoMontaño, S., Valdez- Liaz E., Chavaria- López, J., RascónPacheco, R. (1997). Prevalencia de factores de riesgo de enfermedad coronaria en trabajadores del Hospital General de México. SciElo Public Heath, 5. doi: 10.1590/S003636341997000500005. 7. Hall Ramírez, V., Morua, M., Rocha, M., Montoya, W., Chaverri, J., Hernández, L., Ortiz, A. (2007). Recomendaciones dietéticas para pacientes con dislipidemias (problemas de triglicéridos y colesterol). Boletín Informativo para Pacientes (BIP), 1, 1-5. 8. Leal, U., Espinoza, M., Coccione, S. (2009) Informe Médico. Gographic Terms, 11, 589-595. 9. Maíz- Gurruchaga, A. (1997). Consecuencias Patológicas de la Obesidad: Hipertensión Arterial, diabetes Mellitus y Graduating Class: Eagles 2013
©Velázquez
ÂżAdopting the department of the family prepares you like it owe? Jon-paul Virella PĂŠrez, UGHS Senior Student `This invvestigation presents a problem that has been increasing with the past of the years. This is the preparation and the workshops to prepare the families to the moment to receive the children adopted in the home. One presents them as the department of the family prepares them and if it is effective or if not since it is possible to improve. My methodology is basic and is basicaly making question to the persons. My results wheren as expectect but are good. Finally my investigation make me feel good because now I know that the famylies are in good care.
Introduction The adoption is an act in which a person with the approval of the condition takes like first-born a child and receives it in his home without this being of him (Word Reference, ____). Throughout the world, the adoption goes little by little in increase already be for the need to have a son and not to be able or for wanting to help. The national adoption is mentioned in his beginnings by the end of the second world war when so many orphan children stop for all the dead families. This way between 1948 and 1962 many Americans children of countries adopted as Germany. After several years this activity decreased until the last years that it has gone little by little in increase (OcĂłn Domingo, 2005). Later, one presents an example of how a few parents on having received an adopted child could not handle the problems that it brought to the house and rejected it. On December 7, 2008,
the journalist Ms San Roman Sobrino, publishes in the diary Magazine in the article " When It Trumps the Adoption " in the one that it mentions as a family adopts a child and to 15 days this family goes to where social well-being in Spain in search of a solution. This due to the fact that the child had an unacceptable conduct and that he was a scared child who was asking him too much. The child was returned due to this conduct and returned to the orphanage (Mentioned for Miss, 2010). Problem & Hypothesis To investigate how efective is the system of the department of the family at the moment to instruct the parents to adopt. Hypothesis hopes that the form in which one instructs the parents to the moment to receive a son is not effective. Void - The parents are instructed in an effective way to the moment of adoption. As you can see I want to know if there is a good agency in the state that help the parents to start adopting.
I want to do this investigatio to help the people in puerto rico. And motivated them to start adopting Procedure To Children's home of San Juan it is the first home for children and girls illtreated or seized for voluntary delivery, administered by a municipal government: the Municipality of San Juan. It is a home with license of institution and of agency of adoption, as authorized by the Department of the Family.Adoption The Program of Adoption offers a sure and stable home to the minors under the guardianship of the Department of the Family which plan of permanency is the adoption and for control of the law, realizes social expert studies of the requests of adoption that establish themselves in the Courts in interest of some minor. This is the definition by the deparment of the family.
First I have to go to the casa cuna in san juan to ask them if they could help me with mi investigation. They acept so I have one place that will colaborate with me. Second I call the family department to ask them to help me and give me all the information that I need but several times the say to me that they will call me later and i am still waiting fot here call.
For this investigation I have to be prepare to have a lot of informatio so I could know how is the adoption in puerto rico and how this will afect it.
I administer the persons who give the workshops the questionnaire. The results of the questionnaire were evaluated. Of the hypothesis to be correct at the time I will proceed to re-do the form that uses the department of the family to instruct the parents who are going to adopt. The results to present him to the department of the family in order that then if they accept it they do the needed changes. When they have stopped answering the survey it will tabulate. Then he will evaluate the answers the parents divide them in two groups that the trainings were effective and those who were not effective. Later those who were not effective I am going to look to analyze if what they gave to them in the workshops was possible to be able to work with the problems or if really so it was that the father or the mother had to improvise. For last to provide the results to the department of the family in order that they analyze them and could improve the workshops.
Han sido efectivos los talleres para los padres?
development of the minor). On having received these workshops the parentsalso had the opportunity to ask for workshops for specific helping to clarify the doubts and problems that should have.
si
Ass you can see most of the information is only from casa cuna cause the family department din’t want to help me.
no
Conclusion
Results Analisys In the table above demonstrate the information obtained in the interview that I carry out I determine that no father had exposed negative reasons to the moment to receive the child in the home since the workshops that him had given were effective. From 2008 up to the present 11 children's deliveries have done to themselves adopted in the home CHILDREN'S HOME in San Juan Puerto Rico. I me present that there are several workshops that give him to the parents to the moment to adopt that they are the basic ones (law 246 - illtreat of minors, discipline - as disciplining to the child and stage of the
The void hypothesis is the correct one since my principal hypothesis was not accepted. It was possible to prove that in the home CHILDREN'S HOME in San Juan trains in a correct way to the parents to the moment to adopt. This is something very good since there is a center in Puerto Rico in which one knows safely that it can be going to adopt a child and they are going to prepare you correctly for all the problems that the child you brings to the home. Also you rely on the professionals' help that they are ready to help yourself at any time. Having known this is the great one it happened for the development of the adoption in Puerto Rico. Projections - it is expected that other agencies and homes of the country learn of this place since agencies like the department of the family did not have the certainty to receive myself to be able to do the necessary interviews to him. Also it hopes that the adoption in Puerto Rico has a summit since this
represents a hope for these parents who were afraid not to being able to be prepared and now they know that if they it are going to be. For me I think that in puerto rico the state have to make the diferent agencys to start doing something to work for the adoption. This will make a example to all other agency and will help the increment of adoption in puerto rico and also international adoption in the world. References 1. "Diana Marre | Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Academia.edu." Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Academia.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. <http://uab.academia.edu/Diana Marre>. 2. "La Casa Cuna de San Juan." La Casa Cuna de San Juan. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. <http://www.casacunadesanjuan. com>. 3. "pr.gov." Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. <http://www2.pr.gov/agencias/adf an/Page 4. "real cademia." academia. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://www.academia.edu/33036 3/Entre_el_superior_interes_del_ menor_y_el_derecho_al_hijo_de _las_familias_los_dilemas_de_la _adopcion_en_Espana 5. "rsci." papers. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013.
<.www.raco.cat/index.php/Papers /article/ 6. "Casa del Sol Adopción." Grupo Voluntario Mexicano Alemán. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. <http://casadelsol.org.mx/adopcio n/adoptar 7. "Fundación Adoptar." Fundación Adoptar. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. <http://www.adoptar.org.ar/>. 8. "administratio for children and family."child weldfare. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. 9. ""adopcion." mi bebe y yo. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. <www.mibebeyyo.com/quedarembarazada/adopcion>. 10. "niños hispanos que esperan un hogar."vida y familia. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. <http://vidayfamilia.univision.com/ bebe/buscandohijo/adopcion/article/2005-1116/ninos-hispanos-que-esperanun>.
Comparison of the effectiveness of teaching the concepts of division to fourth graders through educational games versus educational conferences. Kevin GonzĂĄlez and Gabriela Oquendo, seniors in University Gardens High School
For purposes of finding whether the mathematical digital game was effective in teaching the concepts of division to fourth grade students this research was conducted. In order to compare which way of teaching is more effective, the digital game "Granny Prix" or the traditional way, which is what the teacher teaches. To carry out this investigation, chose a group of students from â&#x20AC;&#x153;Colegio Espiritu Santoâ&#x20AC;? fourth graders. Students were divided into two groups, Group A and Group B. Both groups were taught the same material with the same skill in mathematics for thirty minutes. Group A, which contained ten students, but he was learning the material through a digital game of math. Group B, which also contained ten students, was learning the same material in a traditional way. After having taught the material the students were given a review of ten years in which they measured the skills taught in class. Then we corrected the test and the results obtained were in Group A averaged 40% in Group B and an average of 44%. It was established that the digital game math positively affect the academic achievement of students. Previous research also did the same research was carried out the same process and also concluded that the game was more effective digital.
Introduction
1991). Another type of teacher is the architect
Traditional
math
classes
help
some
students, therefore, do not help at all and must
have
variety
of
strategies
and
methods. There are different types of teachers with different teaching methods that can help students according to their ability. (Fernandez, 1991). The first is the traditional blackboard used only as a teaching
method
(Fernandez,
1991).
Another technology is the teacher using the scientific
method,
in
order
to
gain
knowledge and skills in the discipline and methodology using audiovisual materials, newspapers, media, computer (Fernandez,
that
uses
interactive
and
spontaneous communication. The means used are different because depending on the
subject
chosen
being
handled
(Fernandez, 1991). Besides the teacher researcher is characterized by using a methodology
based
on
methods
and
projects and their priority is communication among students (Fernandez, 1991). Finally is the master builder that his approach is that the key to learning is the mind, it gives priority
to
the
process,
and
the
communication is directed by Professor but modified by students. (Fernandez, 1991).
Problem and Hypothesis
which contained ten students, was learning
The problem of investigation is: “Is the math game ‘Granny Prix’ effective in teaching math division concepts to students of fourth
the material by way of the digital game. Group B which also contained ten students, was learning the material by was of the traditional method (teacher conference).
grade”. Our Hypothesis is: The digital game
The game used throughout was “Granny
"Granny Prix" will positively affect the
Prix” it was chosen for its attractive interface
academic performance of fourth grade students learning in math. Our alternate hypothesis is: We expect a significant difference between the scores of students when using the method of digital game compared
to
the
scores
obtained
by
students under the traditional method. Our null
hypothesis
is:
There
will
be
no
for the age group. After the 30 minutes concluded a test was given to every student which
contained
a
total
of
10
math
exercises. After the test was given it was properly corrected.
The results were
presented in form of tables of which the average, standard deviation, maximum and minimum was calculated.
significant difference between the scores obtained by students between the two
Results & Analysis
methods used. For purposes of interpreting data, to Group Methodology
A is the group that was administered the digital game and Group B is the group to
For the purposes of determining if the digital game is effective in teaching mathematics. A group of students from fourth grade was chosen.
The
experimentation
of
this
research took place in “Colegio Espiritu Santo”. The students were then divided into two groups, Group A and Group B both were taught the same material from the same math topic for a period of thirty minutes. Is also worth mentioning that the material being taught was new to both student groups and pre-test was given before the material was taught in order to compare with the post-exam. Group A
which
the
teacher
taught
them
the
traditional way. The first table that we made was a comparison of the time each student took to complete the pre-test in Group A and Group B with the percentage of each student of their respective groups. The second table is the same, but with the posttest. The Third table that we made was the ANOVA test on the pre-test that showed that the p value was higher than 0.05 which means that there is significant difference between Group A and Group B in the results of this test. The first graph that we made was a comparative bar graph; we
compared the results of Group A and Group
tests. The last bar graph compares the four
B in the pre-test. The Fourth table that we
groups, group A and pre and post-test and
made was the ANOVA test on the post-test
group B and pre and post-test and the
that showed that the p value was higher
results obtained were in Group A averaged
than 0.05 which means that there is
40% in Group B and an average of 44%.
significant difference between Group A and Group B in the results of this test. The second bar graph that we made was a comparative bar graph; we compared the results of Group A and Group B in the posttest. The fifth table that we made was the ANOVA test on both tests (Post-tests and Pre-Tests) that showed that the p value was lower than 0.05 which means that there wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t a significant difference between Group A and Group B in the results of both
The last bar graph is the more important because it shows that both methods were effective
in
teaching
mathematics.
As
mentioned before, the analysis of variance (ANOVA)
determines
if
there
significant
difference between
was the
a two
groups. The data was subjected this test, and it gives us a "p value", if that value is less than 0.05 then we can say that the difference
is
significant
if
not
more
significant.
Comparason between Pre and Post test by group 60.00%
Average percent of each group
B
B
50.00% 40.00% 30.00%
A
A
20.00% 10.00% 0.00% Pre-A
Post-A
Pre-B
Post-B
Comparative graph of the results of the Post-test and Pre-Test of both groups. The digital method was applied to group A. The tradicional method was applied to group B.
Conclusion
features.
Educational
Technology
&Society, 9(1), 308-321. By applying the statistical test ANOVA test there was found no significant difference
Chuang,T., Chen, W. (2009). Effect of
between groups. But we can say, based on
Computer-Based
statistical evidence, that both methods were
Children:
effective in teaching math since if there was
Educational Technology & Society, 12
a significant difference in both groups
(2), 1–10.
between the pre-test and post-test. The working hypothesis was accepted as digital game had an effect on students' academic performance. The alternative hypothesis was rejected and the null hypothesis was
Video
An
Games
Experimental
on
Study.
De Guzmán, M. (2002) Enseñanza de las ciencias
y
la
Disponible
matemática.
en
OEI.
línea
en:
www.groups.msn.com/cgj4ulm362gqklh 4g4qtuud87/ [06/05/05]
accepted, based on statistical test ANOVA, there is no significant difference between groups A and B.
De la Paz, S., Hernández, P., Barrón, L. (2004).
Multimedia
Mathematics It is recommended that in order to more accurately determine if the digital game is more effective than the traditional manner using a greater number of programmed. In
Preparing
Environments
Teacher Regular
in
Education: and
Special
Educators for Inclusive Classrooms. Ji. of Technology and Teacher Education, 12(4), 561-575.
order to do that, future investigators should compare the results individually and display
Fernández,
J.
(1991).
hacer
effectiveness by student. Also it should be
unidades
done with more students so that the result is
¿cómo se hace una unidad didáctica?
more accurate. People could also compare
Jiménez, M. G. Trabajo cooperativo.
private school with public schools. In the future, if people are going to investigate about this, they should be really organized so they will success. References Çağiltay, K. (2006). Turkish prospective teachers’ perceptions regarding the use of
computer games with educational
didácticas
¿cómo
innovadoras?.
Gamboa, S. (2010). El juego en el contexto escolar.
Recuperado
el
28
de
noviembre de 2010 Glendon, K. (2005) Using Games as a Teaching Strategy. Journal of Nursing Education, 44(7), 338-40.
Godino,
J.D.
y
Batanero,
C.
(1994).
Significado personal e institucional de los objetos matemáticos. Recherches en Didactiques des Mathématiques, 14(3), 325-355.
pensamiento
matemático
estudiante. Theoria, 15(2), 81-89. O’Farrill, Y. (2000). Sistema Entrenador Inteligente con Tecnología Multimedia. Optima-Geometría.
Gómez, I., De Prada, D. (1992). Los juegos
del
Latinoamericana
de
Revista investigaciónen
de estrategia en el curriculum de
Matemática Educativa. Vol. 002, 03,
matemáticas. Editorial Narcea. 55, 1-64
pp. 99-129.
Hays, T.R. (2005). The effectiveness of
Ricci, K., Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A.
instructional games: A literature review
(1996). Do computer games facilitate
and discussion. Technical report 2005-
knowledge acquisition and retention?
004.
Military Psychology, 8(4), 295-307.
Ke, F., Grabowski, B. (2007). Gameplaying
Rowe, J. C. (2001). An experiment in the
for maths learning: cooperative or not?.
use of games in the teaching of mental
British
arithmetic. Philosophy of Mathematics
Journal
of
Educational
Technology,38(2), 249- 259
Education Journal, 14, 1-20.
Klein, J. D. (1992). Effect of instructional gaming
and
performance
reentry and
status
on
Teacher Candidates' Views of Digital
motivation.
Games as Learning Devices. Issues in
Contemporary Educational Psychology, 17, 347-354. Ma, Y., Williams, D., Prejean, L. y Richard, C. (2007). A research agenda for developing
and
implementing
educational computer games. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(3), 513-518. Moret, C. y tecnología
Labrador, M. (2006). La digital
en
Sardone, N., Devlin-Scherer, R. (2009).
educación:
implicaciones en el desarrollo del
Teacher Education, 18, 47-67.
THE UGHS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL
Vol 3 Page 1
Correlational study between the MMR vaccine and autism disorder in children vaccinated at an early age
developing
Kristel D. Echevarría Vigo, University Gardens H.S. Senior, Psy.D in Psychology
Autism diagnostics increases every time, summing up to 28,745 persons of different ages with autism in Puerto Rico alone. This was the main motive that caused this research, titled "Correlational study between the MMR vaccine and autism disorder developing in children vaccinated at an early age”, to be done. A questionnaire was made to determine if the MMR vaccine has a direct relation with the autism disorder development. It was validated by a psychologist, and given to parents of minors diagnosed with the disorder, so they could answer the questions related to the study. Along with the questionnaire, a consent form was given, to assure the confidentiality of the obtained information. When the data was obtained, the information was tabulated and graphed, which helped to analyze the results. The final outcome showed that the hypothesis was confirmed, meaning that the MMR vaccine has a relation with autism’s development. Further work on the research is envisioned and to also widen the participants’ population to obtain more information that contributes to the discovery of the cause of autism disorder.
Introduction
vaccines
A vaccine recently related to autism is the MMR vaccine.
These
vaccines contain live viruses and their purpose is to prevent measles, mumps, and rubella. Studies made in the United Kingdom,
Canada,
England,
and
London did not show relation between
and
serious
neurological
conditions existed. (Geier & Geier, 2004). Also, a report from the Medicine Institute
of
Washington
rejects
the
relation that could exist between the MMR vaccine and autism, analizing sixteen previous studies (Benedicto, 2011).
vaccines containing MMR and autism
The research problem is “How the
disorder. This was made with ecological
MMR vaccine influences on the autism
studies. Other studies were made using
disorder
a data base from Centers for Disease
vaccinated
Control and Prevention (CDC) of the
scientific hypothesis expects the MMR
United States Department of Education.
vaccine to be a direct cause in autism
Their results proved that indeed a
development.
relation between great amounts of MMR
hypothesis,
Eagles 2013
development at
an
In the
early
the MMR
in
children
age?
The
alternative vaccine
©Velázquez
is
THE UGHS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL
Vol 3
Page 2
expected to be an indirect cause in the
masculine
autism
experimental
development.
The
null
were
used
groups.
in
Only
the
thirteen
hypothesis indicates that the MMR
participants were used in this stage of
vaccine does not affect the autism
the research.
disorder
institution SER of Puerto Rico. The San
development
in
children
vaccinated at an early age. This
research
purpose
The location was the
Juan institution and the Ponce institution is
to
determine if the MMR vaccine is a possible cause in the autism disorder development. Autism is a disorder, product of a neurological condition that
were
the
exact
location
were
the
participants were found. These locations were used because children with autism go to these institutions to receive therapy and assistance.
affects the development and normal
A questionnaire was the method
function of the brain. The most affected
to obtain the needed information for this
areas defined by the deficit are social
research. This questionnaire was made.
skills, communication, and restrictive
Later,
and
Autism
psychologist, to make sure that none of
population is big and is increasing every
the questions presented any harm to the
year. It is because of this reason that
participants.
finding its cause, still unknown, is very
questionnaire, a consent form was also
important to work on the disorder form
made. This was made to assure the
the start.
participants the confidentiality of the
repetitive
conducts.
With this research, it is
it
expected to bring more information
information
about the possible causes of autism.
obtained.
And the first step to work on this research is to create the method in which the research will be done. Procedure The participants for this research were the parents of minors diagnosed with autism disorder. Both feminine and
was
examined
Along
that
was
by
side
going
a
the
to
be
I contacted the institution were the study was going to take place. When they confirmed that I could use the location for my research, I did everything they needed for me to do. We planned a date to start handing the questionnaires. When the needed information was Eagles 2013
ŠVelåzquez
THE UGHS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL
obtained,
the
Vol 3
questionnaires
were
collected. The next step was to make
Page 3
were graphed. Then, the data was analyzed, using the graphs as help.
the graphs and charts.
On the first graph “Age of first
In the first step of the research,
vaccination”, the age that prevails in the
the questionnaires were handed in with
first vaccination is two months after
the consent form. Later, when they well
being born. The ages that have the
filled, they were collected. The data was
same quantity of participants but do not
first tabulated in charts to divide the
prevail are when born, one month after
information in groups. After the charts
being born, three months after being
were made, the next step was creating
born, and six moths after being born. On
the graphs.
the
When the graphs were
second
graph
“MMR
vaccine
done, organizing the research was the
administration”, a sixty two percent of
last and final step.
the children did have administrated the MMR vaccine. A twenty three percent did not have administrated the vaccine and a fifteen percent does not know if the child had administrated the vaccine.
Results & Analysis On the third an fourth graph both When the data was obtained, the
addressing “Changes in the Behavior”,
process to work on the results started
most of the children did show changes
quickly.
were
in their behavior after the administration
considered were the age at which the
of the MMR vaccine, making a forty six
child
was
percent of the population. For a sixty
vaccinated for the first time, if the MMR
one percent of the population, these
vaccine was administrated to the child, if
changes were related to the autism
this vaccine was administrated, did it
disorder
cause changes in the child’s behavior,
participants were unaware to give this
and
information,
The
with
other
variables
autism
questions
that
disorder
regarding
the
research. The results of these variables
symptoms.
for
a
Only
participant
two
the
question did not apply because the child is allergic to the MMR vaccine, and Eagles 2013
©Velázquez
THE UGHS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL
Vol 3
Page 4
another participant said another vaccine, different form the MMR vaccine caused the changes in the behavior. Most relevant graphs: Discussion & Conclusion
Changes in the behavior related to autism disorder after the MMR vaccine… 8%
8% 0%
23%
61%
Since the results indicated that the
majority of the participants saw
changes in the children behavior after
Yes
the MMR vaccine administration, one of
No
the hypotheses was approved. The
Unknown
approved hypothesis was the scientific hypothesis “It is expected that the MMR vaccine has a direct relation with autism disorder
Changes in the behavior after the MMR vaccine administration 7%
8%
This
was
concluded since in all of the graphs, prevail the relation between the MMR vaccine and the autism disorder.
8%
Yes 46%
31%
development”.
No
The results of this research were
Unknown
what it was hoped for. The projections
Another vaccine Doesn't apply
for future work on the research are continuing the study, increasing the participants’ amount. Also, expanding the study’s locations, preferably around the Island. Informing the final results to institutions that work with people that have
autism
psychologists.
disorder
and
to
It is wanted that the
research serves as reference to further
Eagles 2013
©Velázquez
THE UGHS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL
Vol 3
studies that want to find the main cause of autism disorder.
Page 5
prevalence of autism. Med Sci Monit, 10(3), 133-39.
References Grether, J.K. & Schechter, R. (2008). Baker, J.P. (2008). Mercury, Vaccines, and Autism: One Controversy
Three
Histories. Public Health Then and Now, 98(2), 244-253.
asociación entre la vacuna triple vírica y autismo
y
el
rechazo
a
la
vacunación. SESPAS. 1-6. Gerber,
J.S.
Increases
&
Offit,
P.A.
(2009).
Hypotheses. Vaccines, 48, 45661.
California’s
Reported to
Developmental Services System. Arch
Hviid, A., Melbye, M., Stellfeld, M. & Wohlfahrt,
J.
(2003).
Association
Between
Thimerosal-
Containing
1763-1766. Kabot, S., Masi, W. & Segal, M. (2003). Advances
in
Treatment
of
Geier, D.A. & Geier, M.R. (2004). A
Disorders.
comparative evaluation of the effects of
Research and
MMR immunization and mercury doses
33.
thimerosal-containing vaccines
Autism
Vaccine and Autism. Jama, 290(13),
Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting
from
in
Gen Psychiatry, 65(1), 19-24.
Benedicto, A.S. (2011). La supuesta
el
Continuing
on
the
childhood population
the
Diagnosis
Autism
Professional
and
Spectrum Psychology:
Practice, 34(1), 26-
Parker, S., Pickering, L.K., Schwartz, B. &
Todd,
Containing Eagles 2013
J.
(2004).
Vaccines
Thimerosaland
Autistic ©Velázquez
THE UGHS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL
Vol 3
Page 6
Spectrum Disorder: A Critical Review of Published
Original Data. Pediatrics,
114(3), 793-804.
Honda, H., Shimizu, Y. & Rutter, M. (2005). No effect of MMR withdrawal on the
incidence
population
of
study.
autism: Journal
a
total
of
Child
Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(6), 572579. Ortiz, A. (2012). Las vacunas y el autismo: ¿Quién tiene la razón?. Natural Awakenings. p. 26-29
Eagles 2013
©Velázquez
Comparative study between a natural pesticide Allium sativum (Garlic) and a chemical pesticide in the extermination of Helix aspersa (common Snail) in Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato) By Luis J. BenĂtez Otero Luis Morales (terrain provider and qualified scientist) Monsita Otero (supportive and helper throughout all the investigation)
Pesticide use not only affects the fauna and flora of the earth, but they are damaging human health. They have been changing their protective status to potential threats to human health due to their high toxicity to repel various pests, such as the common snail, and by using chemical pesticides against this pest attract more problems like mortality of beneficial insects and plant contamination. The purpose of this research was to compare the garlic extract with a chemical pesticide to determine which is a better repellant against the common snail that is affecting the tomato plant. For that we used three groups of tomato plants; two of them function as experimental groups, in one the garlic extract was applied and in another industrial pesticide was used but also a control group was included which received only water. Weekly sampling was done to verify the presence of the common snail in each of the groups. As a result of this investigation the experimental group to which garlic was applied, was the group of plants where less common snails were found, confirming the hypothesis.
Introduction An increasing number of people are aware that the basis for good health is not using drugs or remedial treatments that are expensive and dangerous, but a natural food and an environment free of contaminants. Since man discovered agriculture, their intention was always to get their hands quality products. Unfortunately had to
deal with common pests that forced him to use special products to eliminate and prevent the plague to eat their daily food. Ancient civilizations used various types of substances extracted from nature to kill pests that damaged their crops and to this day it is used by people with farms. The common snail is a species of mollusks of the Helicidae family. It
constantly invades the tomato plant, an herbaceous stem flexible, long and covered by numerous hairs. It is important to take action to detect the presence of the animal before itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s too late. Using pesticides against it can lead to bad consequences. Although pesticides are designed to harm the insects only, if not used correctly, they can also harm people and the environment. With chemical pesticides there are more negative than positive effects but this is not the only method because botanical pesticides also exist. Botanical pesticides represent an alternative for pest control both its effectiveness and the low cost of production. They can be used as preventive agents in some cases achieving the elimination of other chemical pesticide use, resulting in the preservation of the ecosystem and greatly reduce the risks to health. In this investigation the problem stated is: Which is the more effective pesticide, Allium sativum (garlic) or industrial pesticide against Helix aspersa (common snail) that affects plant Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato)? It is expected that garlic extract is more effective than the pesticide industry as a repellent to avoid the common snail. The toxic in pesticides can cause death and contamination of water reserves (aquifers). Also, the application of them alters the balances in normal food chains to cause the disappearance good insects. This is why is so important
to switch from chemicals to natural products. In this investigation the procedure to create a natural compound is very detailed and can be used by anyone to prevent nature destruction.
Procedure For the realization of the project was used a small walled garden gates. It was separated into three parts where the plants were placed referred to as A, B and C. Ten holes were dug in each of the parts of the garden with a shovel to 15cm apart each. In the 30 holes were planted 30 tomato plants referred to by numbers 1 to 10. In preparing the garlic cloves were picked and placed on a scale to determine a mass of 12g and placed in a mortar with 4mL water. After crushed and mixed the solution was at a 75% concentration. This procedure was repeated ten times and placed in a separate container. Each time finished crushing with the mortar, it was cleaned and dried. The natural pesticide container was applied for each of the 10 tomato plants in Part A. The extract was placed on the base of the plant to prevent snails that rise from the floor. For the 10 tomato plants, in Part B, were applied 16ml of industrial pesticide in its stem and the other 10 plants served as the control group. Sampling was done after two weeks to check the presence of Snail in common each plant.
Results and analysis The results of the project were placed in tables and then in graphics. It shows the amount of snails in each of the 10 plants in every group. Of that pulled the arithmetic average, then the percentage. The percent was placed in a graph and were compared to determine which is more effective in inhibiting this pest. Based on these results it was possible to prove the hypothesis right, that plants on group A that had Garlic extract had 12% of snails present. Also another variable was studied, the tomatoes produced by the plants. In addition to these data, it was observed in group A had more tomatoes. In one of the figures, it is shown the quantity of tomatoes per plant of the three groups. Of this amount were averaged and then pulled the same percent. Based on percent provided in this table was made a bar graph, that concludes that group A had a higher percentage of tomatoes with 68%.
Average of cuantity of Snails spoted in the tomato plants Average of the individuals
The data was collected in a table. The table was determined by the amount of common snail found in plants of the selected portion. Then the data was placed in a graph which compared the average number of common Snail individuals found in the three parts.
2.3
2.5 2
1.6
1.5 1 0.5 0.5 0 A
B
C
Groups of tomato plants
Percent of tomatos in the groups of plants 2%
32%
A B 66%
Conclusion In conclusion garlic extract was effective in inhibiting most snails tried to devour the plant. This was due to the strong odor that it provides. Garlic proved to be better than the industrial pesticide and the same can definitely play an important role in the economy,
C
saving money pesticides.
is
spent
buying
My goal is to teach farmers on the bad effects of the use of chemical pesticides. Also to convince them that having a botanical pesticide is a very helping alternative that can decrease pollution in the atmosphere and deaths from exposure to the chemicals that contain the pesticides. Beside all of this it is important to try other botanical pesticides that may be effective in inhibiting other pests.
Conservation Department of Puerto Rico (no fecha). ¿Cuáles Son los Efectos Potenciales de los Pesticidas Sobre la Salud? [En línea]. Disponible en: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/dept /comguide/spanish/efectossp.pdf [17 de enero de 2011] Guzmán B. (2001). El Tomate. [En línea]. Disponible: http://www.redesc.ilce.edu.mx/re
References Alvarez N. & Banal N. (1984). El Huerto Casero. Puerto Rico: Editorial Claridad No autor (1998). Campeones de todo terreno. Los animales más rápidos. Elsa ediciones [Kingfisher Publications Plc]. ISBN 2-7452-0160-3, p. 36
descolar/publicaciones/publi_rein os/flora/tomate/tomate.htm [16 de enero de 2011]
Mantilla M. & Hugo D. (2007). Pesticidas: Un Remedio Peor Que La Enfermedad [En línea] Disponible en: http://www.cienciaytrabajo.cl/pdfs /26/pagina%20A93.pdf [22 de enero de 2011] Montesino M. & López H. (2009) Insecticidas botánicos como alternativas para el manejo de plagas en sistemas agroforestales [En línea] Disponible en: http://www.actaf.co.cu/revistas/re vista_ao_95-2010/Rev%202009-
1/13-insecticidas.pdf [22 de
Wiriyachitra, P. & Philogène B. (1993). Via Natural Hacia los Pesticidas
enero de 2011]
[En línea] Disponible en: Olivera S. & Rodriguez D. (no fecha).
http://idrinfo.idrc.ca/archive/Repor
PESTICIDAS, SALUD Y
tsINTRA/pdfs/v21n2s/111848.pdf
AMBIENTE
[22 de enero de 2011]
[En línea]
Disponible en: http://www.iibce.edu.uy/posdata/d rit.htm [17 de enero de 2011]
Ortega A. L. (1998). Plantas insecticidas y minerales como alternativa de combate de plagas del maíz en ambientes tropicales. Memorias del I simposio Internacional y IV Nacional sobre sustancias vegetales y minerales en el combate de plagas. Acapulco, Guerrero. México. 80-90 pp. Recapte (2010)El Ajo [En línea] Disponible en: http://www.recapte.com/receptes pdf/ajo.pdf [22 de enero de 2011] Selfa J. & Anento J. (1997). Plagas Agrícolas y forestales [En línea] Disponible en: http://www.seaentomologia.org/PDF/BOLETIN_ 20/B20-006-075.pdf [9 de noviembre de 2011]
The Development Effect of the Physical, Social and Emotional Activities in the Physical, Social and Emotional Health of the People in the Third Age. Luz Rivera and Joanne Alonso, UGHS senior students
The students Luz Rivera and Joanne Alonso created a proposal and investigation about the scientific investigation about The Development Effect of the Physical, Social and Emotional Activities in the Physical, Social and Emotional Health of the People in the Third Age. The proposal and investigation is required for credits in the classes of Phase I Investigation and Phase II Investigation with the professors Frank Torres, Wilmer Rivera and Marta Padró to graduate of the specialized School of Science and Math University Gardens High School. Luz Rivera and Joanne Alonso will compete in a competition of their school called The Science Fair where specific judges will evaluate their project in a fairway and it will be presented in the end of January in 2013. The students created a questionaries’ for 40 people in eight different institutions, which where divided in four homes and four clubs. The results where corroborated comparing the homes between the clubs for which one had the best health in general. The investigation is divided in several parts in a way that it explains in an organized method its purpose and results. We hope the hypothesis won’t be negative in the investigation and that meets with the requirements of the proposal.
I Introduction
social
It is well known that reaching
factors.
It
is
extremely
important to carry out a broad
old age is not a disease. Most of the
medical
characteristics describing the elderly
taking
are
significant
(Carmenaty&Soler, 2002). We must
morbidity. This is precisely because
remember that the health of an adult
in the second half of life is where the
depends on the path of life that has
adaptation to the environment is
developed and the factors such as
complicated by psychological and
environment and wear body, causing
associated
with
social
evaluation
any
before
decisions
a deterioration that is impossible to
and close friends, supporting the
stop. The values like experience and
elderly to continue to develop and
maturity today have no place in the
live a productive life quality and self-
society in which we live (Canet,
sufficient. The students Luz Rivera
2004).
and Over the years the Human
Joanne
Alonso
investigation
made
about
an The
physical performance changes, this
Development Effect of the Physical,
begins to have a decrease between
Social and Emotional Activities in the
55 and 60 years (Carmenaty&Soler,
Physical,
2002). Physical activity in elderly
Health of the People in the Third
persons has significant value, and
Age, which has different orders and
according to the status of your health
a way of evaluating it as well.
condition
itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s
decided
what
Social
and
Emotional
the
appropriate physical activity is. We
Procedure
must allow our elders feel able to
The research was conducted with
develop the physical activity that
elderly people who develop and do
they like, always carrying a doctor's
not develop physical, social and
supervision, as this will not only
emotional activity as it seeks to
strengthen their physical health but
prove that the development of these
also emotionally. It is desirable to
activities for seniorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s age positively
reach old age without previous years
affects physical health, social and
without developing physical activity.
emotional.
An
physical,
establishment
that
offered
The social
development and
of
emotional
gymnastics for further noted that
activity is the independent variable of
those who were set apart by various
the research problem. The physical,
sporting competition time were more
emotional and social health is the
likely to get a good workout and
dependent variable to carry the
improve your fitness, this embrace to
answer
measures that were offered to reach
relationship between the dependent
the goal (Baur&Egeler, 2001). It is
and independent variable is very
the duty of everyone, including family
close because the development of
to
the
problem.
The
activities
and
recreational activities or not, 5 for
or
each nursing home for a total of 20
negatively on the physical, social
and 5 for each club to make a total of
and emotional health.
20 also. The total sample was 40
emotional
social,
physical
impact
positively
Using a questionnaire helped
elderly people. The control variables
to assess health status, divided into
were the ages that met more than 60
three sections of questions related to
years.
both activities and health physical,
research is that it could intervene the
emotional and social. It was used
non-probability sampling method to
four nursing homes and four clubs
find situations that are incapacitated
for the questionnaire. This research
elderly people in nursing homes to
was conducted under simple random
answer the questionnaire, in these
sampling
methods.
There
were
special cases the doctor, social
randomly
selected
within
five
worker or psychologist will intervene.
divisions
of
persons
A
careful
point
of
this
performing part. The first area was physics
Procedure & Results
which is divided into Part A and B
Once the research to collect data
physical activity, physical health. The
tables were constructed to show
third part was the emotional who is
each area studied. The first table is
divided into Part A and Part B,
an overview of each area of the
emotional health, emotional and third
questionnaire which indicates that
activities the social area. Showing
respondents answered regarding the
results area by area and piece by
three possible answers yes, no and
piece and its sum and percentage for
maybe, dividing this in clubs and
each of these. The responses were
homes.
this
tabulated according to favor, against
start
and neutral to the physical, social
tabulating the responses regarding
and emotional. The results obtained
health favor, against and neutral. We
in the clubs in the three areas
assessed
mentioned were from 60% to 80% in
information
After was
each
gathering easier
home
to
club
and
individually specifying each area and
favor of health.
The results obtained with the
higher than that of the clubs. With
lowest percentage in the clubs they
these data we obtain as sedentary or
were always the emotional and the
active life affects their physical,
higher the physical area. While
social and emotional and overall.
household physical and social area showed no good health in the three
To obtain a more specific about the
household obtaining a percentage
overall health was the sum of each
below 50%. In the emotional area
area of the questionnaire and got the
achieve an average of 76% and the
clubs
data show that in most households
emotional health in all three areas
predominated
health
achieved a 71.44% being the highest
emotional health of each of the
percentage and being for health.
clubs. The largest percentage of
Households did not run with the
households fell against health when
same fate could not pass the health
and lowest for physical health. In
for obtaining then a 53.28%. What
evaluating the 4 clubs and 4 together
we mean that clubs got a physical,
with the sample households of 20
social and emotional very different
people each and every area add
from the home as they obtained a
their parts to see the behavior of
further 18.16% of these. It is made
these and to make a comparison
then the total sample of elderly
part
questionnaire
people and tabulated in the same
administered. In each of the areas
manner as that for these people are
the clubs obtained a percentage
generally in the physical, social and
greater than 70%, and showed good
emotional. The physical and social
health,
and
area did not get a percentage
emotional. In homes not yielded the
greater than 60 while the emotional
same results as in the physical and
obtained 73.25% this being only the
social area and did not get 50% in
best enceintes left 40 people and the
favor of health in these two areas.
only one that is together for health.
The
The overall health of the 40 people
by
emotional
the
physical,
emotional
social
area
was
a
percentage greater than 70% was
but
do
not
have
polled 62.34% in favor of health.
good
Homes + Clubs I. Physic Area Part A Part B
Pro
Counter
Neutral
Total
161 157
103 103
16 20
280 280
TOTAL Percentages
318 56.78%
206 36.79%
36 6.43%
560 100%
150 143
31 36
19 21
200 200
293 73.25%
67 16.75%
40 10%
400 100%
187
107
26
320
187 58.44%
107 33.43%
26 8.13%
320 100%
II.
Emocional Area Part A Part B
TOTAL Percentages III.
Social Area Part A
TOTAL Percenteges
area alike, then making a total of 7 What allows us to know that the
graphs per club and 7 graphs per
elderly in general is not in favor of
household. After these graphs were
health?
constructed for the sum in each area
The most important results of
for each health club, health clubs
each table were represented through
and
pie charts. The total area of each
households. To end the graphs was
tabulation table of the 32 questions
constructed showing us how are you
was presented in a graph by clubs
40 people surveyed seniors is in
and other household. Graphs of
your overall health: physical, social
utmost importance for our research
and emotional together.
and the results show that helped us reach a conclusion as were the graphs of the four clubs together and the four homes. These graphics
samples
the
first
area
of
the
questionnaire with two parts and the total of these, in the second and third
general
overall
health
by
Sum of all areas: General health Neutral 8%
Counter 39%
Clubs
Pro 53%
Neutral 8%
Counter 39%
Homes Pro 53%
Discussion & Conclusion The
investigation
was
any type of recreational activity are
complex and numerous results were
clubs. However, households took a
the conclusions which the process a
higher percentage in the emotional
little confused. Viewed from the point
compared with clubs, this dividing
was approved general hypothesis as
everything by area.
the physical, social and emotional
This is noteworthy because,
set of clubs was a higher percentage
according to the thinking of many
than households. So we can say that
and the research carried out, people
the elderly people develop physical,
who engage in more physical activity
social and emotional health will have
in their social and emotional life
better physical, social and emotional
tends
people seniors who do not perform
health. But households took a higher
to
have
better
emotional
percentage in this single hand. At the
serious investigations to be doing the
end of the day, were removed and
same research with a larger sample
accurate results required, was a
and only involving the emotional as
complex
people of households did better and
investigation,
but
not
impossible.
would look to find out why this.
Projections
Another possible research is to compare the physical, social and
The investigation of the impact of
emotional health of women and men
physical, social and emotional health
of the third age, gender comparing
in physical, social and emotional
his health. There are many ideas
people seniors is an investigation
that can help research and health
involving more than one variable and
with these elderly people who can be
therefore it is a good idea for new
our grandparents, uncles, parents,
research performs. One possible
and one day we will.
References: Baur
R.
&Egeler
R.
(2001).
Gimnasia, juegos y deporte para
mayores.
Anciano.
Rev.
Cubana
Enfermer, 18(3), 184-8.
Barcelona,
España, editorial paidotribo,
Choque S. & Choque J. (2000). Actividades
pág. 6-7.
de
animación
para la tercera edad. España, Canet, C. (2005). La Tercera Edad. Victoria,
BC,
editorial paidotribo, pág. 5-6.
Canadá:
Tratford, 7-10.
Lahuerta C., Borrell C., Rodríguez M., Pérez K. & Nebot M.
Carmenaty, I. & Soler, L. (2002). Evaluación
Funcional
del
(2004). La influencia de la red social en la salud mental de la
población anciana. GacSanit,
actividad física. Psicotherma,
10(2), 83-91.
17, 311-317.
Milagro I. &Rodriguez H. (1999). de
intervención
la actividad física. Revista
ancianos
deprimidos.
digital- Buenos Aires, 36, 548-
Propuesta para
Paglilla D. (2001). La tercera edad y
Rev Cubana Med Gen Integr,
585.
15(1), 19-23. Pérez A. & Delgado A. (2001). Mora M., Villalobos D., Araya G.
Influencia de un programa
&Ozols A. (2004). Perspectiva
piloto de actividad/educación
subjetiva de la calidad de vida
física aplicado a una muestra
del adulto mayor, diferencias
de personas mayores validad.
ligadas al género y a la
RevMultGerontol, 11(2), 82-
práctica de la actividad física
87.
recreativa. Revista MH Salud, 1, 1-11.
Sánchez N. & González A. (2004). Calidad de vida en la tercera
Morales V., Hernández A. & Blanco
edad desde la salud y el
A. (2005). Evaluación de la
estado
calidad en los programas de
psicosocial. Mapfre Medicina, 15, 177-185.
de
bienestar
Comparative Study of The Application of The Delta and Star Connections in Wind Turbines in Terms of Voltage Generation Sebastián Cáceres, Senior Student in UGHS Eduardo Rodriguez, Senior Student in UGHS Roberto Callarotti, PhD in Electrical Engineering
The following investigation consists of a comparison between two types of wiring in electric generators and wind turbines. The two types of wiring are star and delta. This investigation will try to test which of the systems is more efficient for the implementation in a micro scale in a population with a favorable wind resource. To obtain a conclusion we plan to build a permanent magnet generator with both, delta and star wirings. Then we add a rotor with a variable speed controller, simulating the wind, to measure the energy production and determine the results. Finally the conclusion was successful giving a favorable end to the investigation. Introduction
investigate
Nowadays electricity powers most of our technologies, from the lighting of our homes to the appliances that facilitate our daily work. However our sources of
more
which
electricity
system in
generates
small
scale
generators. One of the fundamental differences between delta and star is the way in which the coils are distributed.
energy are polluting and damaging
In the delta type we have a neutral
nature, organisms, and ourselves. This
connection, in the star that connection
is why we need to investigate alternative
doesn’t exist. To apply these wirings to
sources of energy, particularly wind
home wind generators, we must first
power
Wind
determine which wiring is the most
generators are made with two types of
effective. In this study we develop the
wirings, which can be delta or star. The
construction of two wind generators and
generators in a big scale are built with a
analyzed their efficiency. This research
fusion of both wiring systems, while
will emphases on the voltage of both
smaller scale must choose between the
systems and will determine which is the
two. The primary focus of this study is to
most practical for an urban area.
and
its
effectiveness.
To carry out this study we first
connected to a single end, and this is
need some basic information about
called the neutral, as explained earlier.
power generation. The term generator
In addition to the physical differences
describes a machine that produces
that occur in the connections, we can
direct current (DC), while an alternator
also find a difference in voltage and
describes a machine that produces
current.
alternating current (AC). However both
wiring, it generates a high voltage with a
are machines that produce electricity
low current, while the delta creates a
when its axis is rotated. And both work
large amount of current with a small
the same way, a magnetic field moves
amount of voltage.
around a set of copper wires to generate an
electric
current
(electromagnetic
induction). For electromagnetic induction to occur one component, either the magnet or the coil has to be moving. This
In the case of the star type
Our hypothesis is that, if the star wiring works in a higher voltage, it voltage
can
then
generate
more
electricity in urban areas. Procedure
moving energy is called kinetic energy,
First for the researcher must
but within a generator is known as
create the two wirings in its base. For
mechanical energy. In a homemade
this
wind turbine, the rotation of the blades
connections as appears in diagram C-1.
puts in motion a system of magnets that
Once the wirings are made, next step is
move around a coil, made of copper
to
wire. The coil can be connected by to
template to realize is the stator mold,
forms, delta or star.
which would be in a circular shape to
In the star type wiring, the start of each phase is interconnected; the start of one phase is connected to the end of another phase. In the case of delta the connections are different: all phases are
it
must
make
the
know
the
templates.
types
The
of
first
place both wiring types. As construction materials it will be needed wax, wood, screws, screwdrivers, hammers and fiberglass resin (to hold the wires in place).
Once these steps are done the
Results
investigator must proceed to pour the liquid resin in the wiring and attach a
Star Voltage (mV) 3.23 17.77 53.07 81.3 144.53 192.87 214.33 249.5 303.53 350.43
RPM
wooden top on the mold with screws, and wait until itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s completely hard. For the
construction
of
the
rotor
nine
magnets will be placed equidistant, around the circumference of a brake rotor of a car, is important to have extremely caution on this step, since the strong magnetic force.
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
Delta Voltage (mV) 1.87 10.26 30.64 46.94 83.44 111.35 123.74 144.04 175.24 202.32
After making the previous steps will be constructed the basis for the rotor and stator, then it will be placed in an axial shaft in orders to electromagnetic induction. Is important to connect a motor to the rotor for the wind speed simulation and obtain the correct data.
Conclusion In conclusion, our hypothesis was correct. The star system implementation will be more effective in homemade wind
turbine
generators.
The
relationship we found between the
Then the structural component
voltage and current generation of star
itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s completely made. Now is time to
wiring is more effective than the delta.
begin
the
Despite the high amperage that owns
researcher must take an average of
the delta system, compared with the
three values obtained at a certain RPM.
star, shown in this project. For future
Then the analysis can be made it.
researches is recommended to get the
Finally, each result must be averaged
average wind data from the northeast
appropriately for the final data analysis.
region of Puerto Rico, to analyze and
As a last step the investigation should
interpret data more accurately. Finally,
be properly conclude, accepting and
the power generation based on a
rejecting the hypothesis.
smaller scale (per individual) should be
obtaining
data,
for
this
implemented, and that’s what the project
Formulas:
revealed, that the best or most efficient
http://www.netdenizen.com/emag
wiring for its generators is the star.
net/solenoids/frommaxwellonly.ht
References: Adam Peter Law, P.-F. (1993). Osborne Understanding electricity and magnetism. London,England: Osborne Publishing. Anthean, M. (1994). Ciencia: Electricidad y Magnetismo. New Jersey, E.U: Prantíce Hall . Applied Magnets. (2007, December 13). Applied Magnets. Retrieved from Neodymium Magnet Product Information and Performance:
m Gretchen, W. (1997). The Wind at Work: An Activity Guide to Windmills . Chicago, E.U: Review Press. Hasluck, P. (n.d.). Dynamos and Electric Motors :How to make and run them. London,England: Lindsay Publications. Hurd Dean, S. M. (1993). Physical Science. New Jersey,E.U: Prentice Hall. Káiser Simóne, F. M. (2007). Gigantes
http://www.magnet4less.com/sho
defectuosos: las turbinas eólicas.
w_info.php?page_id=2
El nuevo dia, p. 85.
Baker Wendy, H. A. (1995). Make it
Llansana, J. (2005). Atlas básico de
Work! Earth, The hands-on
física y química. Barcelona,
approach to Science. New York,
España: Parrmón Editorial.
E.U: Thomson learning. David, G. (2001). Young discoveres: Batteries, Bulbes, and Wires, Science Facts and Experiments. New York, E.U: King Fisher. . Dennison, E. (2007). netdenizen.org. Retrieved from Magnetic Field
Literary Review
[LITERARY REVIEW]
Rapid treatment after HIV infection may be enough to "functionally cure" about a 10th of those diagnosed early, say researchers in France By: Eduardo A. Rodríguez
Does the HIV cure exist? Doctors have been carefully studying HIV and have noted a relationship between the treatment and possible cure. The truth is that the possible HIV cure could be so close as far because the probability of it being true is very low. On the other hand of the situation, to certain HIV patients, the symptoms have disappeared completely, after early treatment. Is a fact, that there is a large minority, of HIV patients with early treatment have been rid of the symptoms and apparently the virus… In studies performed with patients, who begin early treatment, they take the full treatment for three years. This has resulted, in one of ten patients, symptoms have disappeared, while the others become symptoms and finalize reappear after treatment. It seems that is cruel, because it is; more than cure scientists have a very well treatment. In conclusion, even though there are few cases of possible virus eradication, scientists should continue trying new methods to find the cure. The advantage of this is that named cure is that can be possible for some patients, which hopefully detect the virus early in time, to begin treatment immediately. The biggest weakness that unfortunately decides that’s not a cure, is that most patients would not benefit because of the time element, so clearly we can say that there is no cure yet…
[LITERARY REVIEW]
Hydrokinetics Comes to the Forefront By: David Pérez
Throw the years the importance of the petroleum in our life is bigger than the food that we eat. What you think if that the food is transported in boats of vapor all time? The economy is going to fall, because the boats of vapor are to slow, and the economy has to have products faster. In other fact, you can imagine that we have a lot of food but we don’t have electricity for refrigerate? Is for this, that the science what to spend the petroleum and they are searching, new sources of energy. The company of engineering ASME are collaborating with some ideas to do the energy free of petroleum. The studies of this company beholds that a billions of watts of energy continuously flow down rivers and streams, or wash up on U.S. shores, just to dissipate. As part of ocean waves and flowing currents, this renewable energy can be more reliable than solar and wind. According to the Electric Power Research Institute, untapped "technically recoverable" wave energy alone could provide about 25 percent of U.S. electricity demand in the future, with the hydrokinetics, “the science of understanding how to convert the kinetic energy in moving water” like says Crawford, M. in the article. The hydrokinetics, said in the article the wave movement creates a piston-like action within the device that is converted via a sophisticated power take-off to drive an electrical generator. Other devices consist of cylinders connected by hydraulic joints that also float on the surface—wave motion drives internal hydraulic motors that produce electricity. With this idea the company are studding a new product called, tidal turbines are very similar to wind turbines in that they convert a directional flow of energy into rotational mechanical energy. They also work well in smaller-scale river environments. Because these turbines are installed underwater, which is much denser than air, hydrokinetic turbines provide much more power than wind turbines at relatively low water current speeds, giving to the world best ideas to save the fossil gas.
The limitations of fossil gas are imminent, and the cost of the same is every time higher. For this eventuality and many others, I think that is of very importance this kind of investigations. Because give a really help to innovated the world, helping many facts, like the ambient. I propose to the governments of all the countries to invest in this kind of projects, to do of this world, one save and clean.
[LITERARY REVIEW]
The Great Debate Over Stem Cells By: Sebastián Cáceres Nazario
Nowadays the heated debate over stems cells is fueled by many religious and oppositions, many of which never underline the benefits of its study. The religious point of view is that the embryo is the genesis of life, something sacred, and those scientists have a disregard for life and ethics, this is a product of misinformation. The one of the main point against stem cell scientist have a disregard for life and are willing to created embryos to gather fetal material needed to create stem cells. But the reality is that no scientific study has made that attempt. For scientist ethics is a very important issue, the scientific community is a very life oriented group that is main goal is to help the community. So, if the stem cells don’t come from manmade embryos, where do they come from? The simple answer is from discarded fetal matter, such as the byproduct of a giving birth, for example the umbilical cord. Another way to get stem cells is thought adult cells, although their not as dynamic as the fetal cells, there effective in some conditions such as cancer. Stem cell research is focus for the health of the human being, from infancy to and old age. Form a religious Christian standpoint, since Christians are the main obstacle for stem cell research, there is no biblical reference of the sacredness of human embryos. Neither is there a depiction of cells or any of its practical procedures. But religion can be depicted by many different ways so we’ll need to further study the beliefs of this group In conclusion, stem cells are the way of the future, and its research is done in an ethical and honest way. Instead of opposing its study, we should encourage its, despite the beliefs of religious groups.
[LITERARY REVIEW]
Nuclear Energy is an option? By: Axel Arroyo Tarraza
In recent decades the engineering have discussed the issue of the use of nuclear energy as an alternative to reduce dependence on fossil energy. The point is that this type of energy (nuclear) is costly and wastes are hazardous. But I wonder is it really the only option to resolve quickly and effectively the environmental problem in which we are living now? Since the establishment of nuclear power has only brought destruction and has cost many lives. But this is the fault of nuclear energy itself or human to not know how to handle. I think both because of two reasons. 1) Nuclear power itself has much potential harm to radiation, instability and waste last for hundreds of years. In addition to the damage caused to the environment. 2) The man has done a lot of damage to nuclear power. A clear example is seen in the Second World War with two nuclear bombs or the Chernobyl accident. Now we see the conflict between North Korea and the United Nations (UN). What happens is North Korea is testing nuclear and threatening to the United States of a possible nuclear attack. You also have to add the cost effectiveness, since this energy is nothing cheap, maintenance is extremely expensive. With just say that uranium, a major element in this process. In the market is EUR 35.35 per pound. And a nuclear plant uses thousands of tons of uranium. That if we come to see the cost is a little bit high. But on the other hand also has its benefits. One of these is the relationship between the amount of fuel used and the energy gained. This is still a savings in transportation, waste, etc. It is also an alternative to reduce dependence on fossil fuels such as coal or oil, thus combating global warming and it does not emit CO2 into the atmosphere.
[LITERARY REVIEW] Another thing we can add is that it improves the quality of the air we breathe with all that this would imply a decline in disease and a better quality of life. To conclude I would like to answer the initial question. First I would like to bring an example; the desalination plants (plants to desalinate salted water) represent a very good choice for the shortage of drinking water in the world. But it had its risks leaving contaminants threatening the flora and fauna of the area and it was very expensive. However it is working to reduce the risks. Why bring this up? Because thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a similarity between nuclear energy and desalination plants; and is that both options are very expensive but fast and effective. I think nuclear power is the only option to remedy the problem of pollution in the world at the time. I'm just saying that we should use it until we can rely entirely on renewable energy.
[LITERARY REVIEW]
Who make all the technology that we all Love? By Natalia Benitez
Have you ever thought about are the people that dedicate their life on making faster and better technology that makes our everyday life easier. This people are the computer engineers. Computer Engineering is an area of engineering that combines electric engineering that is a field of engineering that generally works with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism and computer science that is a science that specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems to design and created all the electronic devices that we see around us. An electronic devices is anything that works electronically the computer engineer comes is play my creating the electronic circuit and the software or programming that will make the devices work. A computer engineer was to study a lot to be able to acquire the knowledge needed since he has to take a solid background in mathematics by taking algebra, geometry and calculus and science by taking biology, chemistry and physics. Also take humanities, computer and information technology classes the firsts two years at college so he can later the last two year take class specialize d in the area of computer engineering
that he choice that can be: Coding, Cryptography,
and Information Protection , Communications and Wireless Networks, Compilers and Operating Systems, Computational Science and Engineering, Computer Networks, Mobile Computing, and Distributed Systems, Computer Systems: Architecture, Parallel Processing, and Dependability; Computer Vision and Robotics Embedded Systems, Integrated Circuits, Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI), Design, Testing, and Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Signal, Image, and Speech Processing. As it can be seen this branch of engineering is very wide this is because they are a lot of different ways to work creating technology that we all love. As can be seen computer engineers are really important role in the advances that technology makes now and in the future that everyday bring us closer to the devices that we see in the science fiction movies.
[LITERARY REVIEW]
Electric Cars vs. Gas Cars By: Carlos A. Rivera Jiménez
A good topic to speak about nowadays is contamination. Many have been trying to find ways to stop it by recycling, reusing and recycling our consumption. Another alternative is the use of renewable energy and the substitution of the use of petroleum. One of the biggest impacts might be the complete substitution of gas cars for electric cars, gas vehicles cause many diseases and worsens the contamination. Are electric cars the best way to stop contamination? Electric cars may help saving money and stop contaminating. But, according to Christopher Cherry, he directed a study where he concluded that electric cars aren’t as good for the environment as many thought. He proved that in terms of air pollution electric cars were more harmful to public health. This is because the electricity used on electric cars is generated on electrical power plants stations that consume fossil fuel. But, why it may be worse than gas powered cars to the environment? The use of gas cars spread the gasses all over different places. But the consume of fossil petroleum in a concentrated place may cause more impact to the public health. Or at least in the case of China, the world’s most populated country. In China electrics cars would beat gas cars as the most environmental polluters. The place of exposure is the fact that causes such problems. We must consider the exposure to such pollution. Electric cars will produce all the air pollution in a single place where there are houses nearby; in the other hand we have the conventional gas cars that will spread its emissions away from our homes. In the US the electricity generation is cleaner than China. Electric cars may help the environment in the US but not in China. It all depends on the sources used to generate electric power. As we can see, electric cars may work better in some places but not everywhere as in the case of China.
[LITERARY REVIEW]
The effect of small portions of alcoholic beverages in the glucose level of diabetic patients By: Ambar Alsina
Diabetes is a chronic and incurable disease in which there are high levels of blood sugar. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar. Diabetes can be caused by poor insulin, insulin resistance, or both. A sugar called glucose enters the blood. This substance is fuel for the body and the pancreas is responsible for distributing this glucose to the muscles, and fat cells that use it. People with diabetes have high amounts of blood sugar because their bodies cannot move the sugar into the muscles, and fat cells. There are different types of diabetes. The three major types are type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. In type 1 diabetes the body produces little or no insulin and is necessary one or more insulin injections per day, type 2 diabetes is the most common and most people who have it do not know and gestational diabetes in sugar which rises to any time in pregnant women who do not have diabetes. There is no cure for this disease. Treatment consists of a healthy diet, medication and exercise to keep blood sugar levels under control. The primary medicine to treat the disease is insulin, whose side effects include allergies, resistance to it, atrophy (wasting of fatty tissue under the skin and hypertrophy (fatty tissue swelling). However, other methods for maintaining the natural blood sugar under control, such as alcohol in small quantities. It is considered that moderate consumption of an alcoholic drink or less per day for adult women and two drinks per day or less for adult men, especially when accompanied meals. Although, to be taken into account the following criteria: a drink equals 250 mL of beer, 125 ml of wine or 40 mL of spirits. Alcohol may increase the risk of hypoglycemia in patients treated with insulin. If pregnant or alcoholism, this method is prohibited. (M. J. Gabaldon, E. Montesinos, 2006, p.261). Also, grapes possessing antioxidant helps to diminish the amount of sugar in the blood. Polyphenols are a large group of compounds naturally occurring in the diet and whose chemical structure makes them potent antioxidants. Among the
[LITERARY REVIEW] polyphenols and flavonoids are proanthocyanidins, many of which have a higher antioxidant capacity than vitamins A and E. They are found in drinks such as tea and wine. (Hidalgo Eliana Lopez, Fernandez, Cabrera, Goecke, Ruz, 2006, P.138). Using the information gained can be concluded that although diabetes is a disease that has to be answered by the rest of life after being diagnosed can be treated with insulin in addition to other natural methods. Both alcohol and the extract of grapes as they relate mostly to talk of alcohol refers to wine that is made from grape extract. Because antioxidants can stabilize the sugar and is more effective when taken with a meal. Several experiments have been made in order to know if small alcohol portions lower glucose levels in the blood. These experiments have mostly been made in the United States. I found the official website of the American Diabetes Association in which there are many articles on the positive relationship between diabetes and alcohol. Personally I liked the research that will be explained later that closely resembles in terms of the method used to research that I intend to accomplish. Six men with type 1 diabetes (19 to 51 years, HbA1c 7.0 to 10.3%) twice, from 5:00 pm to 12:00 pm the following day. Receiving regular injections of insulin before meals standard, at 6:00 PM and 8:00 AM, and a basal insulin infusion (0.15 mU 路 kg 1 路 min-1) from 11:00 pm They drank dry white wine (0.75 g / kg of alcohol) or mineral water at 9:00 PM over 90 min. Glucose levels in the blood, alcohol, insulin, cortisol, growth hormone, glucagon and measured.
[LITERARY REVIEW]
APA Review Article
[APA REVIEW ARTICLES]
Adolescentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to memorize words using the visual sense vs. the auditory sense. Arnaldo D Tousset Rodriguez
Does it really work? This investigation talks about the ability of the teenagers to memorize words throughout the use of the senses. They used several ideas that were previously established to be able to start the investigation. After a lot of research they finally were able to do the research. They had a hard job, but their motivation was what made them complete their research. The purpose of this investigation was to identify which sense was the most effective, according to the retaining process of information. They used two senses which were hearing and visual. For the sense to be able to remember, it must pass through the memory which is the most important part of the brain. Due to this statement they wanted to figure out which sense was the most developed in teenagers. After this they did the two test to be able to identify if their hypothesis was true. They found out the women memorize faster than mens and that people memorize better in visual mode. The topic of this investigation I found really catchy, because it is a topic that normally no one would have looked for from the get go. What they did was highly difficult because they had to develop a system to be able to identify the 70 words that they were gonna use on both of their test. What I could have done to modify this work was make it more than a school wide project but add at least three more schools from the region. I think that with what they did they have more than enough to prpove that they are very good young researchers.
[APA REVIEW ARTICLES]
Association between Thimerosal-Containing Vaccine and Autism Anders Hvidd, MSc., Michael Stellfeld, MD., Jan Wohlfahrt, MSc., Mads Melbye, MD, PhD.
Thimerosal is a preservative used mostly in vaccine formulations. The objective of that study was to determine whether vaccination with Thimerosal containing vaccine is associated with the development of autism. The population selected for this study was all the children born in Denmark, from January 1, 1990 until December 31, 1996. In the conclusion, it was found that the risk of autism did not differ significantly between children vaccinated with Thimerosal containing vaccine and children vaccinated with Thimerosal free vaccine. In conclusion the results do not support a casual relationship between childhood vaccinations with Thimerosal-containing vaccines and the development of autistic-spectrum disorder. Thimerosal is an organic compound that contains ethylmercury that since the 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s has been used as a preservative in many vaccines. When vaccines containing Thimerosal where introduced to infants, studies have suggested that theses vaccines increase the risk of neuro developmental disorder including autism. In this study, they examined the hypothesized association by comparing children vaccinated with Thimerosal containing pertussis vaccine with children vaccinated with the same pertussis vaccine formulated without Thimerosal and following them with respect to development of autism. Based on the registry of the identification number created in April 1968, the investigators created a cohort consisting of all the children born in Denmark in the period from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 1996. Using this system they were able to link the information on vaccination and diagnosis of autism. The information was obtained from the Danish Psychiatric Central Registrer. The results show that a total of 467,450 children were born in Denmark in the studied period of time. There were found 440 cases of autism and 787 cases of astistic-spectrum disorders. In their cohort only 4.4% of the children did not receive any cell pertussis vaccine, 95.6% were vaccinated at least once, 895 were vaccinated twice and 62.7% received 3 doses. At least 1 dose of Thimerosal-free vaccine was injected to the children. In those who received the whole sell pertussis vaccine 407 were cases of autism and 751 cases of other autistic-spectrum disorders. To evaluate whether the incidence of autistic-spectrum disorders was increasing in Denmark in the study period, they calculated time period trends from their cohort. The investigators found no evidence of an association between Thimerosalcontaining vaccines and autism in children who received the same vaccine formulated without Thimerosal. The hypothesis of an association between Thimerosal and autism has primarily been based on biological plausibility through analogies with methylmercury. Statistically, they found significant increased rates over time for both autism and other autistic-spectrum disorders. The results were compatible with a
[APA REVIEW ARTICLES] dramatic increase in the number of diagnosed cases of autistic-spectrum disorders during the study period, similar to what was observed in other countries.
[APA REVIEW ARTICLES]
Informative study, of time balance and viability of wave power systemâ&#x20AC;&#x153;pelamis Jon-paul Virella Perez
How does it funtion? How does it work? This investigation is about Energy in Puerto Rico, what is renovable energy, how does the wave power definition, what is the Pelamis system and the viability in Puerto Rico to implant this new form of getting renovable energy from the sea. This investigation as I can see whas hard to do cuase is isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t simple to prove the comparation of this sistem in Portugal with Puerto Rico. The purpose of the person who did this investigation is that with the development of this research we could understand and establish the parameters and variables needed to test the feasibility of the system wave theory "pelamis" in Puerto Rico and the description of that system. Furthermore help to promote and innovate with new ideas to create renewable energy on the island and project to new research practices for eco friendly future. This will help the people in puerto rico who are in need of the down in the cost of the energy. I get interested in this invesigation. Cause is a goood idea to bring this system to the cost of Puerto rico and also cause I have never heard of this invention. Is you see the investigation you can see that this system is susteinable in Puerto Rico. So to conclude as you can see the investigation of this boy was a brilliant investigation cause it could help a lot of people and at the same time you will be helping the enviroment also.
[APA REVIEW ARTICLES]
Creationism vs. Evolution Theory by Kristel D. Echevarría Vigo
Have you heard the new research that has being done? The research’s title is “The perception of eleventh grade students from a high school in the Metropolitan area about the Biology Evolution Theory and Creationism teaching”. This research was done by a twelve grade student from the University Gardens High School. Its’ main purpose is to see if the science teachers are giving the Science curriculum topics in their classes, mainly the Biology Evolution Theory. Even though the class curriculums should be followed, the research will fin out if they really do. This research was done in a high school, using as participants eleventh grade students. This population was chosen since they are supposed to have learned the Biology Evolution Theory. The researcher used a questionnaire as the method to obtain the needed information to do the research. The researcher explained the process, gave the questionnaire and consent form. After receiving the data, the researcher organized it in charts, so that later, it could be changed to graphs. When the data was in graph form, it was analyzed. The results of the research showed that seventy five percent of the students did know the Biology Evolution Theory. An eighty one percent of the students consider that the Biology Evolution Theory is important for them. A fifty four percent said that Creationism must be part of the Biology class. Sixty seven percent of the participants said that teaching both theories contributes to the scientific culture of students. The most relevant information is that teachers are teaching the topics on the Science curriculum, and that the majority of the participants want to learn both theories. This research is very interesting. Its contribution to society is very big, since it is dealing with students’ education. I hope that the results of this research influence on the Science class curriculum because students want to learn new things, especially Creationism as an Evolution Theory. This research can also be an inspiration to future researches involving new topics to consider for classes. I think it is a topic that should be addressed more often and given more attention.
References Artigas, M. (1986). Las fronteras del evolucionismo. (4a. ed.). Madrid: EPALSA
[APA REVIEW ARTICLES] Bakker, G., Clark, L. (1988). La explicación: una introducción a la filosofía de la ciencia. Mountain View, California: Mayfield Publishing Company Bunge, M. (1985). El Papa y la evolución. Cápsulas. Barcelona, España: Editorial Gedisa. Larma, J. (sábado, 31 de enero de 2004). Posible veda de la palabra evolución en la sala de clases. El nuevo día, p. 110. Pollack, R. (2006). DNA, Evolution, and the Moral Law. Science, 313, 1890-1891. Retrieved
on
November
27,
2012
from
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5795/1890.summary Rangel, S. (2012). Entre monos y Dios. Muy interesante, No. 9, p. 50-68. Rivas, A. (1994). Creacionismo vs. evolucionismo: sus implicaciones en el currículo de ciencia.
233-239
Scott, E. (1996). Creationism, Ideology, and Science. New York Academy of Sciences, 775,
505-
523.
Retrieved
November
27,
2012
from
http://ncse.com/creationism/general/creationism-ideology-science Soto Sonera, J. (2006). Implicaciones educativas de las creencias religiosas de los docentes de ciencia en la enseñanza del tema “evolución biológica”: un estudio de caso. Disertación presentada al Departamento de Estudios Graduados como requisito parcial para obtener el grado de Doctor en Educación.
[APA REVIEW ARTICLES]
Depression and its relation to social and environmental factors in predicting disruptive behavior. Paola Gomez
Are you under a lot of stress? Are you a teenager? Do you get depressed? If the answer to these questions are yes, then this investigation is just for you. This research assesses depression and its relationship to social and environmental factors in predicting disruptive behavior. Research show that parental stress, concentration and gender are risk factors that lead to disruptive behavior. Lets see how it all works.
The study was a survey conducted via the Internet with people aged 14-17 and their parents. This was later on analyzed to get the actual results. The research questions are: What's the association between depression with disruptive behavior in adolescents? What is the relationship between social and environmental factors: the adolescent's relationship with parents, the academic and social support with depression and disruptive behavior? The studied variables were depression, disruptive behavior, general average, parental stress, and social support. There are two hypotheses for this investigation. The first one is: a greater severity of symptoms of depression without the proper management of the condition, the greater presence of behavior problems and disruptive behavior among youth in middle and high school. The second hypothesis would be: if the level of the relationship youth's family is poor, their academic achievement is low and their need for social support is high, then the level of depression and disruptive behavior will be higher. High correlations were observed between disruptive behavior and parental stress with a value of 510 and a significance of .001 and depression with disruptive behavior with a value of 491 and a significance of .000. Multiple regression analysis suggests that depression, parental stress, concentration and gender together explained 62% of variance in disruptive behavior. This suggests that depression with other psychosocial factors are risk factors that lead to disruptive behavior. In addition, parental stress can create an unhealthy relationship with their son or daughter taking them to have a disruptive behavior problem.
[APA REVIEW ARTICLES] For this investigation, none of the hypothesis were rejected. Regression analyzes suggest that parental stress, concentration, gender and depression together explain 62% of the variance in disruptive behavior. This suggests that both depression, parental stress, concentration and gender are risk factors that lead to disruptive behavior. In addition, parental stress can create an unhealthy relationship with his son taking him to have
a
disruptive
behavior
problem.
References: Rodriguez, F. (2013) La depresi贸n y su relaci贸n con los factores sociales y ambientales en predecir la conducta disruptiva.
Communication
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Rosalind Elsie Franklin Berliza Soriano
When we think about the outstanding women in Science there are no doubts that the first name that comes into your mind is Marie Curie. It is true that Curie was a very outstanding woman but there are more women than just her that represented the women power in science. One example of other woman scientist is Rosalind Franklin. She’s probably the woman scientist with more controversy in her career, but still one of the brightest. She was born on July 25th, 1920 in London, England. She was born in an affluent family. Because she was a woman she faced many problems. 1938 she went to Cambridge to study science. She passed her exams in 1941 but did not have the degree because she was a woman and Cambridge by that time didn’t give degrees to woman. That is just one of the examples of how difficult her life was just because she was a woman, but it is also an example that she did not care about getting credit she was just looking for knowledge. If you ask your Science teachers about who discovered the DNA structure they would probably said the names of: Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins. Not knowing that the structure of the DNA was actually discovered by a woman, Rosalind Franklin. She was a genius and very humble because when those men won recognition by her discovery she just moved on to other investigations. She’s also an example of optimism and bravery because when she was 15 years old, she fought for what she wanted to be a scientist but her family wanted her to be a social worker. Although her work was never taken seriously because of her gender she continues working and also discovered the structure of the virus Tobacco Mosaic Virus. Once again she didn’t have the recognition for her work. Thanks to her many woman can received today prizes for their experiments and discovers. Rosalind Franklin died very young (37 years) on April 16th, 1958. But with us remain her science, experiments and her silence genius life. She never wanted recognition for her work but she deserves it. We have the responsibility to the recognized and exalt
[COMMUNICATION] those outstanding women in science. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s time that the world thinks outside the box and noticed that scientists are more than just: Einstein and Newton. Franklin died but she gave us life, because if it wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t for her many of the diseases and mysteries of the body would still unsolved.
[COMMUNICATION] Stephen Hawking Darvin Ferrera
Thank you Stephen Hawking, because despite having a motor neuron disease â&#x20AC;&#x153;Spinal Muscular Atrophy type IVâ&#x20AC;?, you have done ground-breaking work in physics and cosmology, and several books of yours have helped to make science accessible to everyone. You have become one of the most accomplished scientists of our time. You have giving the world new understanding in many fields of science, written wonderful books, taught many world renowned scientists and earned numerous science awards and positions.
What I find most admirable about you is that you are not only one of the greatest astronomers throughout history, but also an invalid who faces many more difficulties than normal average, common, orthodox people. The disease, amazingly, has never seemed much of a drawback for you. In those first two years post-diagnosis, you went from being a "bright but lazy" student to a workaholic cosmologist. Your work in cosmology has changed the field, your ideas helped shape how scientists envisage the "inflation" of the early universe, black holes, and the quantum theory of gravity. This comes from your ability to use his imagination or intuition to see connections between seemingly unrelated ideas. You have combined the physical laws governing suns and galaxies with those governing the particles inside the atom. You have created a chain of thought that links events inside collapsing stars with the almost unimaginable explosion that, most scientists believe, began our universe about fifteen billion years ago.
You have a mind that is beyond today's way of thinking. You have over a dozen honorary degrees and were awarded the CBE in 1982. You are a fellow of the Royal Society and a Member of the US National Academy of Science. You were also regarded as one of the most brilliant theoretical physicists since Einstein. But above all, you have won hearts through your sheer humanity, your humor, humility and courage.
I admire you because of your determination and intelligence. When I come across a setback in life, I think about the setbacks you overcame and it motivates me. To imagine that most of this was done without being able to move most of your body, or even talk is incredibly inspiring. When I hear anyone complain about how tough something is in life I usually measure it against your life and realize they should try a
[COMMUNICATION] little harder. A strong desire to contribute something wonderful to the world can conquer nearly any obstacle that stands in a person's way.
[COMMUNICATION]
Albert Einstein Luis J. Benitez
“A person who has never made a mistake, has never tried anything new” (Einstein, A.). This quote was said by one of the greatest physicists that have ever walked on this earth. Albert Einstein’s life is an example of progress and optimal determination for his desires, giving our society knowledge of his discoveries. During his life he completed collaborated actively in the Science area by studying and presenting theories that answer many of humanity questions. For this Albert received many awards and is recognized in globally for his work. All of this started when he was just a child. As a young boy with Jewish parents in Germany, his teachers at first called him lazy and slow in school. However, by the time he left school at the age of 15, one teacher said that there was nothing left to teach Albert because of his exponential intellect. Einstein then studied at the Institute of Technology in Zurich and at the age of 26 he received his doctorate (1905). That same year, he published five groundbreaking scientific papers. The first paper earned him his doctorate, and the concepts presented in the others helped change our understanding of the universe. Albert Einstein was recognized for his grand theories, these where written and developed in different documents that he himself worked on. One of them is directly focused on the proof of the existence of atoms and molecules, called the Brownian movement. Another involves the harsh study of light; this was the quantum theory of light which proposes that it is composed in photons and has properties of particles and waves. Also Albert explained the photoelectric effect that is the emission of electrons by different actions of light. The theory of relativity was one of the most important in Einstein’s career. In his theory he explained that motion and time are relative. And finally the link between mass and energy which expands the equation E= (M) C^2. For all of these discoveries and more Albert Einstein received many awards like the Nobel Prize in 1921 because of his researched in Physics. In conclusion it is safe to say that Albert Einstein has played an important role on Science. With all his investigations, Albert has helped millions of other scientist by
[COMMUNICATION] giving them a background that they need for new discoveries. He was classified as a genius and has earned the title, his skills are admirable and his passion for Physics is beyond the normal level. What wouldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve happened to Science and Math if he was never born?
[COMMUNICATION]
Jane Goodall By: Luz L. Rivera Nieves
What you do makes a difference, and you have to decide what kind of difference you want to make." This is a phrase that inspires fight for everything we want and no matter what obstacles we are not giving up. These are words of Jane Goodall admirable scientific, British anthropologist and zoologist admires the extraordinary imprint left by history not only scientific if not humanitarian. Jane Goodall was born on April 3, 1934 in London at the heart of a middle class family, growing up after the war in the family home in Bournemouth, in southern England. There he spent his childhood and youth in the south of England, surrounded by animals and dreamed of writing about animals especially chimpanzees. Goodall only 23 years began to realize his dream traveling to Kenya. It was there that his research began with the famous anthropologist Louis Leakey, Leakey until 1960 that sends it to Gumbo, Tanzania, with the risky mission for the first time to investigate the local wild chimpanzees ushering his research project that would last theoretically six months, and that has already lasted for over half a century. His research revolutionized the scientific community. His persistence, intuition, empathy and ability to shed light on observation allowed the hitherto unknown world of chimpanzees, revealing his instrumental behavior, social structure, foraging, hunting, war between groups, altruism, dominance, cannibalism, foster care and adoption, among many other aspects. In 1965, received an honorary doctorate in ethology from the University of Cambridge is one of the few people who has not reached the finish. Although early investigations were tough due to rejection of the initial population of chimpanzees, animals gradually became accustomed to the presence of Jane and she began to get the first results. Through this behavior realized that chimpanzees could be safe, the human population surrounding forests should have a dignified life and an education. That is why in 1977 he founded the institute that bears his name, Jane Goodall Institute for Wildlife Research, Education and Conservation, which creates programs for species conservation and improvement of the living conditions of the chimpanzees. Through his foundation initiated numerous
[COMMUNICATION] development programs
contribute to developing comprehensive
environmental
awareness of the population and to end poverty, hunger and misery. Jane fought through their research to achieve a better life for primates in zoos worldwide and illegal trade and experiments with these animals. We said that if everything continues as before, a hundred years from the great apes will no longer exist. Their efforts are justified because these primatesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; populations have declined dramatically, it only seeks us aware. The field work of Jane Goodall have allowed to many discoveries about chimpanzeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s habits such as the use and manufacture of tools. Jane Goodall explains these behaviors in more than seventy articles and numerous films and books. Among his published works are: In the path of man. Life and habits of chimpanzees (1986) Chimpanzees of Gumbo (1986), Through the window. Thirty years studying chimpanzees (1994) and Through Life (2002), written with Phillip Berman. His work has been instrumental not only to disseminate knowledge about chimpanzees and other species, but also to generate empathy and strengthen their protection and their ecosystems, and to invite us to reflect on our own species and promote a more sustainable lifestyle in our societies. Goodall has been considered one of the biggest impacts of women scientists in the twentieth century. More than scientific is a living example of a caring person worthy of admiration and respect for their efforts to raise awareness are upon humanity. She said: "Chimpanzees are like us in so many ways, they also have a dark side as us". Sought to demonstrate this through their research. He has been honored with over 100 international awards, some of them have been the Hubbard Medal of the National Geographic Society (1995) and Kyoto Prizes (1990), Caring (1996) and Gandhi / King of Non-Violence (2001). He received the Prince of Asturias Award for Research in 2003 in Spain, the Legion of Honor of the French Republic, and the title of Dame of the British Empire. In April 2002, Secretary General Kofi Annan named Dr. Goodall as "Messenger of Peace" UN. These awards, medals and positions were granted by his momentous scientific contribution, which has allowed a better understanding of chimpanzees and the roots of human behavior and culture. As the saying quoted at the beginning of the trial Jane Goodall is really worth admiring someone because their actions made a
[COMMUNICATION] difference in history impossible to erase, then we are able to score with made a difference our value to humanity? Only up to us to reflect and as Jane tells us aware. References: (1996-2013). Jane Goodall. biography. Bio. True Story. Recovered on March 15, 2013 in http://www.biography.com/people/jane-goodall-9542363 (1996-2013). Dame Jane Goodall. American Academy of Achievement. Recovered on March 15, 2013 in http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/goo1bio-1 Goodall, Jane. (1999) Reason For hope: A spiritual journey. New York, NY: Warner Books.
[COMMUNICATION]
Albert Einstein ManuelĂ Cabrera Centeno
In this essay I'll be talking about Albert Einstein. We'll be talking about the important things that made because I think that was an important scientist for the world. Einstein was, or better said is consider as the most important scientist of the twentieth century. Not only that, if you do not qualify to the next to another scientist with the best scientific with perfect punctuation the XX century. Einstein, a German scientist, is considered by some as "the father of the atomic bomb" although global advocate federalism, internationalism, pacifism, Zionism and democratic socialism with a strong devotion to individual liberty and freedom of expression. Albert Einstein did not believe the nuclear bomb for the purpose of destroying the world, but for the purpose of improving technology, to live more comfortable and contribute to science one step closer to their advances. Einstein was very difficult to be in Germany since many did not believe in his theory even though they were true. He took the sect to leave and continue his studies in the United States of America. The controversial figure of German scientist provoked much debate in his time. A group of his theories enemies in Nazi Germany to create an association came against him and even a man was accused of promoting his assassination. What's more, the book was published entitled "One Hundred Authors against Einstein" whose objective was clear. The genie just says, "why would a hundred? If he was wrong, enough with one. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Albert Einstein, which many scientists do not believe, believed in God. He always tried to improve the world and please God. For me this is the key to being a good scientist, believe in God. I think so because they believe in God, if you truly believe in God, we as believers would look for ways to improve science in order to gain wisdom and use it for good, but I've always said that good and evil are just words, what matters is what you do. Anyway I admire Albert Einstein believed in the God and always seek the best for the world. Also because I bring many theories and knowledge to science that we use today. That's why I think we should tell everybody thanks to Albert Einstein.
APPENDIX
Rubrics
APA Review Article – Rubric Category Headline 2 point
Introductio n 3 points
Report 7 points
Conclusio n 8 points References Forma t
Punct uality
Scoring Criteria Contain the variables considered in the investigation and it should express the content clearly.
Points
2
Contains a “Hook” sentence.
1
Is coherent and well organized.
1
Establishes a thesis statement.
1
Contains all supporting details.
1
Contains at least 3 sources.
2
Methodology is well established and organized.
2
All results obtained are showed and explained.
2
The most important aspect of the research is clearly stated.
2
The hypothesis is either rejected or accepted.
2
The points are well established and organized.
1
Follows APA format.
3
Does not contain more than two pages.
1
Any grammar errors
-1
It is turned in on the established date in both hard copy and digital copy.
Total
2
25
Committe e Evaluation
Teache r Evaluatio n
Rubric For Literary Review: Categories Information 3 points
Scoring criteria The work contains title
Student information: name, date, teacher and section. Introduction Supporting 6 points Detail - made One explicit the paragraphs purpose of the that have essay, four to five likewise sentence generally described the content of the essay. The hook- In question
Body 7 points One paragraphs that have four to six sentences
Points 1
2
2
1
The essay contains one thesis statement according to the content. Topic Sentence
3
Argumentative essay FormatDefend your opinion with arguments (two to three evidence in three to four
4
1
Committee Evaluation
Teacher Evaluation
Mistake and Comments
sentence)
Conclusion 5 points One paragraph that have three to four sentence
Grammar
Punctuality 1 points
Image 1 points
Logical sequence in sentences.
2
The most important details are restated.
2
Expressed your opinion about the theme of the essay
2
Projection, suggestion or thoughtprovoking question at the end. for every one grammatical errors is eliminated 1 points. If the work is delivered on time is given a point.
1
One image about the theme at the end of the essay Total:
-1
1
1
25
Communication-Scientific Article Rubric Category
Scoring Criteria
Coherence
The information presented makes sense and keeps a chronological order (If talking about achievements, mention them from past to present without changing the order like: this happened first, second and third; not third, first and second). Essay The work is written in Components paragraphs consisting of an introduction (Hook, Supporting Details, Thesis Statement), a body (Supporting Details) and a conclusion (summarize the stated). Grammar Punctuation will decrease 1 points for each grammar mistake. Content
Punctuality
The student doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get out of his topic. At least 3 achievements are mentioned. The scientist most be alive. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s handled in time. The punctuation will decrease 2 for each day of delay. Total Scoring
Points Committee Teacher Evaluation Evaluation 5
10
0
5
5
25