3d:T718,RISK Table 1.1. Relative risk of dying from prostate cancer for men with a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer, compared with those without a first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer or the general male population Level of family history of prostate cancer Relative risk for prostate cancer death* 95% confidence interval p-value Father diagnosed 1.8 1.6–2.0 < 0.0001 Father diagnosed age < 60 years 2.1 1.0–4.3 0.06 Father died 2.0 1.8–2.4 < 0.05 Brother diagnosed 2.8 2.3–3.3 < 0.0001 Brother diagnosed age < 60 years 3.3 2.3–4.6 < 0.0001 Brother died 2.8† 1.9–3.8 < 0.05 Father and brother diagnosed 3.0 2.0–4.4 < 0.0001 2 brothers diagnosed 6.3 3.8–10.5 < 0.0001 Father and brother both died 6.9 2.6–18.3 < 0.0001 Father and 2 brothers diagnosed 9.7 4.1–23.4 < 0.0001 3 brothers diagnosed 8.1 2.0–32.5 0.003 1 first-degree relative 2 first-degree relatives 3 first-degree relatives *compared with men with no father or brother diagnosed with prostate cancer for all rows except where specified † compared with the general population Sources: Brandt et al (2010),7 Brandt et al (2012)8 Interpreting the findings None of the studies were conducted in Australia. The generalisability and applicability of their findings to the Australian setting may be affected by a number of factors, including the degree to which PSA testing is used for screening asymptomatic men, and genetic factors (the majority of studies were conducted in Sweden). In addition, differences in the patterns of prostate cancer treatment may affect prostate cancer-specific mortality rates. The effect of family history on the risk of prostate cancerspecific mortality is considered in Chapter 2 (see 2.2 PSA testing strategies). 133e:Tbda,