The Progressive Rancher - NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2023 by The Progressive Rancher

Funding available to enhance Nevadagrown specialty crops Letters of intent due Dec. 15, 2023 The NDA has approximately $270,000 available for projects to enhance the competitiveness of specialty crops grown in the state through the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Specialty Crop Block Grant Program (SCBGP). “We’ve seen a variety of unique projects that have benefitted the specialty crop industry over the years,” said NDA Agriculturalist Alexa Johnson. “We encourage any organization or entity with education, research or production ideas that will boost the production or interest in specialty crops in Nevada to apply.” Specialty crops are defined by USDA as “fruits, vegetables, tree nuts, legumes, dried fruits, horticulture and nursery crops (including floriculture).” Grant funds through this program have been used to establish various projects, including projects to help specialty crop producers achieve success in developing and marketing their products through the Women’s Farm to Food Accelerator Program, research projects to determine what bean varieties will grow well in Nevada climates through the University of Nevada, Reno, and education and outreach projects through NFB. Project proposals that promote and enhance specialty crops through research, marketing, education and production must have multiple beneficiaries and may not be used to benefit only one individual or organization. Individual agricultural producers, non-profit and tribal organizations, minority groups, disadvantaged farmers, agricultural associations, industry groups, community-based organizations and academic institutions are encouraged to apply. The deadline to submit Letters of Intent to be invited to submit a formal application is Dec. 15, 2023. Full applications are due Feb. 1, 2024. The request for proposals, previously funded projects and more information can be found at agri.nv.gov/scbgp.

17 NRCS Assistance Available

17 In Memorandum | Nelo Mori 18 NFB | Nevada Urban Ag

20 NFB | Grassroots Newsletter

21 NDA | From the Director’s Desk 22 PLC | The News Roundup 23 PLC | Capital Issues

24 SRM | Pre-Adaptation of Cheatgrass for the Great Basin 27 Trich or Treat

28 Bovine Trichomoniasis (partial article) 15 CNRWA | Nevada Water Rights Retirement Program (Apply!)

30 Van Norman 27th Annual Production Sale Results 16 NDA | Brand Inspection Articles & Funding Opportunities

32 2023 Elko County Fair Results

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COVER | Nelo Mori | Photo Credit: Anthony Mori Published 8 times a year. View all issues at www.progressiverancher.com Readership reaches more than 20,000. The views and opinions expressed by writers of articles appearing in this publication are not necessarily those of the editor. Letters of opinion are welcome; submit via email. Advertising rates available upon request. Advertising does not imply editorial endorsement. Liability for errors or omissions in advertisements shall not exceed the cost of the space occupied by the error or omission.

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president ' s perspective "And now, the end is near, and so I face the final curtain…. " This friends is my last article as your President, it has been my great honor and joy to have served these past two years! Unlike Mr. Sinatra, whose lyrics I quote at the start of this article, I didn’t do it “My Way” (hopefully that song is stuck in your head now (you’re welcome!)). This Association is member-driven with policy confirmed every year at the Annual Convention. This year’s Convention takes place in Winnemucca November 16-18 and along with policy making, we have a great slate of speakers lined up covering a wide variety of topics, a robust trade show, and I can’t discount the fellowship of cattlemen friends and supporters we’ll enjoy as well. I hope to see you there.

There’s a lengthy list of folks to thank for supporting me in my role as President but at the top is definitely Martin Paris and Sharon McKnight, they are the backbone of the Association and work hard on our behalf every day. Thank you Martin and Sharon, thank you! Thanks to Hanes Holman who will take the reins from me, I look forward to his leadership. Thanks to our committees and committee chairs who stay abreast and keep on top of a wide variety of issues that impact us. If you’ve made it this far with me gentle reader, thank you as well; it has been my pleasure to be with you.

Jon Griggs President National Cattlemen’s Beef Association

Fallon: 8-5:30 M-F Gardnerville: 8-5 M-F Snyders Pinenut Livestock Supply

800-513-4963 • www.pinenutlivestocksupply.com www.progressiverancher.com

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NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

by Martin Paris | NCA Executive Director | O: 775-738-9214

November Update I can’t believe it’s already November. Hopefully everyone is surviving a busy weaning and shipping season. There is definitely no shortage of work to be done here at NCA headquarters.

The Nevada Cattlemen’s Association Annual Convention is right around the corner. We have an engaging line up of speakers and events that will surely keep you informed and up to date with issues that impact our industry. At Convention, not only are Nevada Cattlemen’s Association (NCA) members in attendance, but members of the Nevada Land Action Association (NLAA), Nevada CattleWomen, Inc., Nevada Wool Growers, Nevada Central Grazing Committee, Nevada Rangeland Resource Commission, vendors that provide services to the beef cattle industry and guest speakers to celebrate the Nevada Livestock

Industry. NCA staff and officers are working hard to provide a memorable and educational experience. Please be sure to come to the convention and learn more about how NCA is working to increase public awareness of the Nevada livestock industry and make sure your voice is heard. Registration for the convention is on our website- nevadacattlemen.org. If you are interested in attending or would like more information, please call the office at 1-775-7389214 or email nca@nevadabeef.org. On the policy front, we saw a wild ending to the fiscal year in Congress. As Congress rushed to pass multiple appropriations bills to fund the government for the next year, there were several attempts to lump pieces of legislation into the must pass funding bills. One such piece of legislation offered by Representative Spartz from Indiana proposed to prevent any federal funds from being used to implement federal commodity checkoff programs, however, no federal funds are used to implement federal commodity checkoff programs. As such, the legislation was overwhelmingly

2024 Cattlemen’s Update Monday, January 8 Virtual Program Tuesday, January 9 at 5:30 p.m. Fallon Convention Center 100 Campus Way, Fallon, NV 89406

Finally, if you have heifers and steers for sale this fall/winter and are looking to get the best bang for your buck, please consider consigning them to the upcoming Silver State Classic Calf and Yearling Sale. The special sale will start at noon on December 2nd at Fallon Livestock LLC in Fallon, NV. Fallon Livestock LLC donates a portion of the sale commission back to the Nevada Cattlemen’s Association which helps us represent you on the issues that matter. We greatly appreciate Fallon Livestock LLC’s support over the years and hope to see you at the sale. I hope everyone has a wonderful Thanksgiving and has a chance to slow down and enjoy time with family and friends. Till next time.

Nevada Water Solutions LLC

Wednesday, January 10 at 5:30 p.m. Ely Convention Center 150 W. 6th Street, Ely, NV 89301

Water Rights / Resource Permitting Expertise

Thursday, January 11 12:30 p.m. Great Basin College 1500 College Pkwy, Elko, NV 89801

Thomas K. Gallagher, PE 775•825•1653 / FAX 775•825•1683 333 Flint Street / Reno, NV 89501 tomg@nevadawatersolutions.com

Friday, January 12 at 10:00 a.m. Paradise Valley Community Hall 50 S Mainstreet, Paradise Valley, NV 89426 4 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

struck down. Ultimately, Congress was able to come to an agreement to fund the government at 2023 levels for another 45-days which tees up another potential shutdown on November 17th. What will happen between now and November 17th is anyone’s guess. Hopefully by the time you read this article a new Speaker of the House will have been chosen and the dysfunction can be a little less dysfunctional.

The Progressive Rancher

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The Progressive Rancher

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

Let’s Talk Ag By Staci Emmn | Editorial

State Moves to Retire Groundwater Rights in Nevada River Basins The State of Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources is expected to announce $25 million of American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) funds to retire groundwater rights in the state after receiving $65 million in application requests.

The friends and foes of Western water battles focus on who and what should have the right of use to water. Changing attitudes between the cities and the rural areas are venturing on new territory as the cities need more water for growing populations and the rural areas vie for water for agriculture, wetlands, wildlife, recreation and lifestyle purposes. The approach that the State of Nevada is taking is new, and based on the applications submitted, will put focus on the Walker River, Humboldt River, and other areas where retirement of groundwater rights is needed. The key is that these are ARPA funds that must be utilized by 2026.

This is exciting to those of us that have spent our whole careers working with the social sciences of agricultural water rights. I started working in the Walker River Basin right out of the university in the mid 1990’s as a newspaper reporter covering the Walker River water battles. I began my graduate work focusing on the Walker River Basin in 2001, which was met with a lot of controversy, as I created a research study based on the “Perceptions of Attitudes of Water Right Owners in the Walker River Basin,” which included their thoughts of selling or leasing their water rights.

Senator Harry Reid was instrumental is getting the Desert Terminal Lakes Act in 2002, which was about $300 million in funding for acquiring water rights, providing research, and other projects to revive lakes and watersheds. I worked on a research project at that time focused on alternative crops for Nevada producers through the Extension service.

We also had a water project where we had lengthy discussions regarding the “beneficial use” definitions and if they benefited the system or not.

The Walker River, like other rivers in the West and in Nevada, is over allocated. The social issues surrounding water basins in the west are extremely complex. There are situations where basins are simply overallocated. One of the only ways to reverse the overallocation is to reduce the water rights in the basins. While this seems like a simple concept, it is not an easy issue to solve after centuries of law, policy, and natural resource environments. There are basically two different kinds of law that included the common law and constitutional (including legislative) law. The common law, derived from the colonist English background, was based on the idea of precedent: like cases are decided alike. Judges base decisions not only on the applicable statute but also

Churchhill County FFA Update by Riggin Stonebarger

As Fall comes and summer goes the Churchill County FFA program has done many fun, and exciting events! All the way from fundraising events to labor day parade the chapter has been very busy! As we decorated our FFA float and went through the Labor day parade, many families came to support and see the FFA float and many other floats from the community. We would like to thank Christy Dock for donating the truck to drive the float!

@churchill_ffa

Since the officer team has just started the year, We have had some officer retreats! From the Lake to the classroom, we have been together to team build and plan the year! As an officer team it is important to become a great team and learn about each other before we can run the chapter!

This month our State champion Creed Speaker Allie Fait, and Livestock Judging State champions, Riggin Stonebarger, Allie Fait, Bailey Prinz, and Jeramiah Prinz will be going to the National FFA convention to compete! These kids and the chapter have worked extremely hard to meet this goal! They will be leaving the 31st of this month, make sure to wish them luck as they fly to Indiana! We hope that everyone had a great summer! Thank you from the Churchill County FFA

6 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

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on how other courts have interpreted the statute. In some areas of common law there were no controlling statutes only rules set forth by appellate courts. This impacts Nevada water rights and decrees that have been set forth.

The legislative process, which is governed by the Constitution and by an intricate set of rules adopted by each house under the powers of the Constitution, begins with citizens’ perception of a problem, issue, or opportunity. While laws originate in a state or at a federal level, it is the citizens that initiate the process by bringing issues to the attention of their elected officials and demand that they take action. This form of action to be taken is in the form of enacted laws that may bring relief. It is through this process that original motivations may become clouded and distorted by political expediency and thought, organized interest groups and lobbyists.

While there was legislation proposed in our last Nevada legislative session, I don’t believe it moved forward. I see this $25 million as the test to see Nevada can take a different approach for long-term impact in overallocated basins. I believe it can be done. What we must remember is that every action taken will have a consequence. The consequence will be positive or negative, and sometimes, we don’t know where it will take us. This idea of selling or purchasing water rights is going to bring a different risk management approach for our producers living within these basins. The true fact is that agricultural operations must management their risk by planning for death by effective estate planning; and for other life occurrences such as buying out family members, divorce or disability. These types of water retirement programs create opportunities for risk management that include the sale of some water rights, but sustain the overall mission of the operation. Positive opportunities could allow an operation to restructure to become more financially stable and ensure long-term sustainability. I hope that producers do not look at this new initiative as hurting agriculture. It is exactly the opposite in that it could really protect agriculture and its future in Nevada. Nevada is really thinking about their agricultural future. The individuals facilitating this process should be recognized for acknowledging there is a problem and setting up process to facilitate change. www.progressiverancher.com

11” x 11”

The University of Nevada, Reno College of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Natural Resources (CABNR) with financial support from local sponsors P R E S E N T S

2024

Cattlemen’s Update

In-Person Programs Tuesday January 9, 2024

Wednesday January 10, 2024

Thursday January 11, 2024

Friday January 12, 2024

Fallon

Ely

Elko

Paradise Valley

5:30 p.m. Fallon Convention Center 100 Campus Way Fallon, NV 89406 Dinner Provided

5:30 p.m. Ely Convention Center 150 W. 6th Street Ely, NV 89301 Dinner Provided

12:30 p.m. Great Basin College 1500 College Parkway Elko, NV 89801 Dinner Provided

10:00 a.m. Paradise Valley Community Hall 50 South Mainstreet Paradise Valley, NV 89426 Lunch Provided

Monday January 8, 2024

Virtual Program

Specific Program Information Here:

For information: Kaley Chapin (702) 467-2668 Outreach Specialist, kaleys@unr.edu

Use QR Code for Webinar Registration

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NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

Beef’s Advantages Take Center Stage in Doctors’ Offices Credit: Cattlemen’s Beef Board Nine Out of 10 Healthcare Professionals Advocate Beef Consumption After a Successful Medical Office Outreach Campaign1 In a world where opinions on what to eat are so diverse, many consumers find themselves relying on the recommendations of doctors and medical professionals. With their wealth of knowledge and experience, doctors are seen as trusted guides for both people’s individual health and for parents looking to give their children the most nutritious meals. Knowing the significance of a doctor and patient relationship, the Beef Checkoff ensures that doctors and medical offices are well informed about lean beef ’s role in a balanced, nutritious diet.

Strong Minds, Strong Bodies Toolkits Recently, a beef toolkit, Strong Minds and Strong Bodies, which focused on school-aged and adolescent nutrition, was delivered to 3,324 targeted family practice and pediatric health professionals across 48 states. The toolkit materials included a “Dear Health Professional” letter, a MyPlate teaching tool and beef tips and recipes for parents. Of the toolkits delivered, 51 percent of them went to pediatric offices and 49 percent went to family practice1. Following the delivery of the toolkits, a postprogram survey was sent out to medical professionals and consumers to measure the program’s success. Responses showed 91 percent of professionals have already recommended beef to patients and 95 percent of consumers have prepared or plan to prepare meals that include beef since receiving these materials1. Additional results showed: • More than 7 in 10 professionals feel a more favorable impression of beef as a nutritious, highquality protein food to support children1. •

More than three-quarters of professionals feel more knowledgeable about the role of beef as a nutritious, high-quality protein food to support children1. 8 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

• Seventy-four percent of consumers said their health professional specifically recommended beef as a nutritious part of a balanced meal1. • Receiving the handout from their health professional makes 76 percent of the respondents more likely to prepare a meal for their child that includes beef1.

Heart Health Cookbooks Additionally, heart health cookbooks were delivered to 854 family practice and cardiology professionals nationwide. Within those cookbooks were a health professional letter written by the cookbook author in collaboration with the beef nutrition team, a beef research booklet, and pamphlets on lean beef in a heart-healthy diet that medical professionals could share with their patients. Responses to this effort were also very positive, with 76 percent of medical professional and consumer respondents saying they found the cookbook to be valuable1. Respondents commented on how visually appealing the cookbook was and how the letter added a personal touch. One respondent specifically added, “The research studies were very informative for providing evidence for including lean beef in a healthy, balanced diet.” The doctor’s office mailing program is only one part of the Beef Checkoff ’s nutrition and health program. This promotion would not be possible without Checkoff-funded human nutrition research, which is the foundation for all industry nutrition education and communication initiatives. Explore the current Checkoff-funded human nutrition research projects and resources that are shared across consumer and health audiences. 1. Pulse Survey Platform. (May 2023). “2023 Family Practice/ Pediatric Professional Outreach Post-Program Research Results.” Retrieved from the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association.

www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com The Progressive Rancher

Back To School with Beef. It's What's For Dinner. Summer is winding down and the back-to-school grind is in full effect! Simple, quick dinners and packable lunchbox favs are now top of mind. To help get the school year off to a happy and healthy start, Beef. It’s What’s For Dinner. is making it easier than ever to incorporate beef into lunches with the Best. School. Lunch. Ever! recipe collection. This Collection features a variety of simple, yet nutritious recipes with beef as the superstar main ingredient. The collection can be found at Beef. It's What's For Dinner., with nutritionals and serving information for each delectable recipe. A few standout recipes include: Twist on a classic. While you can’t go wrong with a good old PB& J Sandwich, Beefy PB & J Wraps take this lunchbox favorite to the next level. The recipe combines peanut butter and jelly to make an Asianstyle sauce that gets paired with beef and wrapped in a warm tortilla. Easy and portable. Mediterranean Beef and Veggie Wraps are not only easy to prepare, thanks to a simple ingredient list, but they also allow for ultimate customization. In a crunch for time? Packaged hummus will do the trick. Have a few minutes to spare? The Garlicky White Bean Spread (included in the recipe) makes for a super tasty treat. Family fun. Looking for a way to involve the kids in preparing their lunches? Try making Personal Beef Pizzas. This simple recipe gives kids an opportunity to create their very own personal pizza topping creations. While toppings like olives, bell peppers and onions are always a good idea, any veggie goes! “Beef is the perfect addition to any school lunch,” said Shalene McNeill, Ph.D., R.D., executive director of nutrition research for the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, a contractor to the Beef Checkoff “Beef is packed full of ten essential nutrients, including protein and iron, giving kids the fuel, they need to thrive in the classroom. As a registered dietitian and mom, beef is my go-to protein for my kids’ lunchboxes.” www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com/newsroom/ back-to-school www.progressiverancher.com

www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com Back-to-school time is busy! Beef. It’s What’s For Dinner. partnered with influencers The Modern Proper and Grilled Cheese Social to feature weeknight meals when you’re short on time. Try one of these great recipes tonight! Perfect, slow cooker Italian Chuck Roast Sandwich: www.instagram.com/p/CwVWbmFJSUh/ Easy and tasty Rigatoni alla Vodka with Ground Beef: www.instagram.com/p/Cv8V5TCsunR/

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NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

CLASSIC BEEF TENDERLOIN ROAST WITH CRANBERRY DRIZZLE Beef Tenderloin Roast served with Brussels sprouts and a tangy cranberry sauce. This Beef. It's What's For Dinner. recipe is certified by the American Heart Association®. 1.45 HR 12 SERVINGS 286 CAL 28 G PROTEIN 4.4MG IRON 4.1MG ZINC INGREDIENTS:

COOKING:

1 beef Tenderloin Roast Center-Cut (2 to 3 pounds)

1. Heat oven to 425°F. Combine onions, Brussels sprouts, oil and 1 teaspoon salt on metal baking pan; toss to coat. Set aside.

1 pound yellow onions, peeled, cut into wedges

2 tablespoons chopped fresh thyme leaves

Cook's Tip: Peeled Cipollini or pearl onions may be substituted for yellow onions and omit cutting into wedges. Cipollini onions look and taste like small, flat onions but are actually bulbs of the grape hyacinth. Sometimes referred to as wild onions, they can often be found in the produce department of large supermarkets. To easily peel, place in boiling water 10 to 15 seconds. Remove from water and immediately s. (Temperature will continue to rise about 10° to 15°F to reach 145°F for medium rare; 160°F for medium.)

1 tablespoon pepper

3. Carve roast into slices; serve with vegetables and sauce.

Sauce

• Wash hands with soap and water before cooking and always after touching raw meat.

2-1/2 pounds Brussels sprouts, trimmed 1 tablespoon olive oil 1-1/4 teaspoons salt, divided

1/3 cup balsamic vinegar 3 tablespoons finely chopped shallots 1 can (16 ounces) whole berry cranberry sauce

• Separate raw meat from other foods. • Wash all cutting boards, utensils, and dishes after touching raw meat. • Do not reuse marinades used on raw foods. • Wash all produce prior to use. • Cook steaks and roasts until temperature reaches 145°F for medium rare, as measured by a meat thermometer, allowing to rest for three minutes. • Cook Ground Beef to 160°F as measured by a meat thermometer.

www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com 10 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

• Refrigerate leftovers promptly. The Progressive Rancher

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If you’re looking to sell a farm or ranch, give us call! Nevada/Utah Ranch w/ Winter Range

The expanded Bar O Ranch is 909 deeded Acres with over 500 acres with underground Water rights and approx. 400 acres under 4 Center pivots all in perennial crop. 300 head year around without much if any hay plus hay to sell or use the pivots for pasture and run more cows! Three good homes plus other improvements, BLM winter permits out the gate and spring and Summer range not far away. Price Reduced to $4,500,000.

Protecting Your Water Rights

The Central Nevada Regional Water Authority was established in 2005 to proactively address water issues in the Central Region, the largest of Nevada's 14 hydrographic regions. CNRWA formulates and presents a united position on water-related issues; monitors, assesses and responds to water projects that may adversely impact a member county; implements a groundwater monitoring program and encourages citizen participation in water-related issues. CNRWA’s nine member counties are: Churchill, Elko, Esmeralda, Eureka, Humboldt, Lander, Nye, Pershing, and White Pine.

MISSION STATEMENT | The mission of the Central Nevada Regional Water Authority is to prepare communities in central and eastern Nevada for sound water-resource decisions that promote prosperous economies and strong civic institutions in a healthy natural environment. For more information, please contact: Jeff Fontaine, CNRWA Executive Director 775-443-7667 / ccjfontaine@gmail.com / cnrwa.com

Battle Mountain Farm

369 Acres with two center Pivots covering 250 acres now in Orchard Grass and a Alfalfa/Grass mixture including a dash of corn. If you’re more into cattle, pasture some and raise hay on the rest. Nice home with 4 bedroom 2 bath plus big shop with concrete floor and a machine shed and other useful sheds. At the end of the road but not far out of town. Borders BLM. $1,800,000.

For additional information on these properties, visit BOTTARIREALTY.COM

Paul D. Bottari

Broker, Accredited Land Consultant (ALC) NV Lic.# B 015476

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NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

"What’s a Legislature?" I had an interesting conversation the other day with a gentleman. He was a nice guy, and he asked me what I did for a living. I said I worked for a cattle ranch, and I was also a lawyer with clients who had dealings with state executive branch agencies and considered by the State Legislature. His next question floored me: "What’s a Legislature?" He followed that by asking what I meant by agencies. I gave him a Civics 101 introduction. He confessed he had no knowledge of our government and how things worked. He was also surprised at how consequential decisions by agencies and legislatures could be to the average citizen. He seemed intelligent and curious which led me to wonder why there was this gap in his basic knowledge of government. I must confess to being at least as surprised as my new acquaintance was. This brief exchange made me think about so many other things. Mostly however, I wondered how many other people were not only unaware of our government but how its decisions can impact them. or instance, are they aware of the F implications of the Russian Invasion of Ukraine, the current middle east turmoil because of the Hamas/ Israeli war, the impasse in Congress from the failure of Republicans to find a new Speaker of the House of Representatives, or the failure of Nevada Republicans to reach a consensus related to the 2024 Presidential primary? These instances and many more have real world implications for the average citizens of the United States and indeed for citizens of every country in

the world if specific to that country. The question remains, especially in the democracies of the world where citizens at least can speak out on issues, do most of the people in these countries realize how impacted their daily lives are by the decisions of their political leaders? And, have they taken the time to learn about the institutions which can impact their lives and livelihood by the decisions being made every day? Normally, I do not let these many questions occupy my mind. I am content to let events unfold and where I can exercise some influence, even in a small way, I will become involved. Now however, there is so much happening with very little constructive solution discussion, I just can’t keep my impressions to myself. Here are a few examples of recent incidents that frustrate me. The House of Representatives certainly has problems acting like a mature adult organization. As I write this Congressman Jordan of Ohio was removed by his caucus from contention for the Speaker position by a secret ballot. Now, the House has the weekend to come up with candidates who are willing to run for the leadership position. These folks will make their case to the Republican Caucus on Monday evening, October 23. The Caucus will then vote on Tuesday October 24th. I am certainly not confident there will be a Speaker of the House on Wednesday. My view of this circus is there are a few members of the Republican House majority who are more interested in pushing their pet agenda and not compromising to accomplish

12 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

something. From my point of view, I believe they have plenty to do, not least of which is to make sure our national defense has the resources it needs to be effective. These members would rather have a stalemate, throw the House into chaos, and get nothing rather than achieve a consensus and get part of what they want. Politics is the art of the possible and compromise is one of the tools that must be used sometimes to be successful and deliver on promises made to an electorate. In my experience, relating to controversial issues, it is rare that a member of a legislative body gets everything they desire to achieve. Even in life we must make compromises.

an overwhelming number of votes. The other rule is a candidate must choose the caucus or the primary but cannot choose both. For example, former President Trump and Governor Chris Christie are on the caucus ballot and former Vice-President Mike Pence and Ambassador Nikki Haley are on the Primary ballot. If Haley received 90% of the votes from participants in both systems, she could not use Nevada’s Delegates at the National Convention. Are you confused yet? The Secretary of State in Nevada, Francisco Aguilar, has admitted it will take a huge educational outreach to help voters sort through the confusion caused by the conflicting primary and caucus events. Of course, all this will be settled ancient history by the time you read this. Or will it? Remember we have a former President and people like Jim Jordan still claiming the last Presidential election was stolen by President Biden, despite evidence to the contrary. So, it remains to be seen what claims will result from Nevada’s Presidential Primary/Caucus results.

Right now, a few members of the House are making progress impossible by blocking any attempts at seeking solutions. There are two things not happening which could impact agriculture in a negative way – passage of a Farm Bill and avoiding a government shutdown. If the government shuts down, vital services such as USDA meat inspectors at processing plants who, prevented Let’s go back to my discussion with from working, will back up and clog the gentleman the other day and the our meat supply chain. questions that raised in my mind. Given the above musings and many Here at home in Nevada, the State more resulting from these chaotic Republican party is proposing to hold times, is it any wonder that my new a caucus with selected candidates two acquaintance, and others across days after the legislatively created our vast country actually choose primary which will be the third in the to tune out information about our nation behind New Hampshire and government, politics, and public Iowa. The republicans supporting this policy discourse even as we know, it caucus say the person chosen by this affects them directly in so many ways. method will be the only one carrying Nevada delegates to the National I’ll see you soon. Convention next year, even if a candidate running in the primary has

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nd Annual o c e S New bill introduced to allow removal of hazardous trees near power lines on federal land; USFS will start prescribed burns in MT as winter nears Chavez-DeRemer intros bill to allow removal of hazardous trees near power lines on federal land without a timber sale, KTVZ - Reps. Lori ChavezDeRemer (OR-05), Salud Carbajal (CA-24), David Valadao (CA-24), and Jim Costa (CA-21) have introduced bipartisan legislation they say would reduce the risk of wildfires across the West and nation by streamlining removal of hazardous trees near power lines on federal land.

The Fire Safe Electrical Corridors Act would allow the U.S. Forest Service to approve the removal of hazardous trees near power lines on federal land without requiring a timber sale – easing a serious threat that has been a major cause of destructive wildfires in the past. “We must keep exploring all options available to prevent wildfires from scorching precious land and destroying our communities. I’m honored to join Congressman Carbajal to introduce the bipartisan Fire Safe Electrical Corridors Act, which would make it easier for electric cooperatives and companies to remove branches near electric equipment. It’s a commonsense proposal that would help prevent one major cause of devastating wildfires,” Chavez-DeRemer said. “The causes of wildfires are not a mystery to us. We know that downed trees and dead branches pose a serious threat when dry and windy conditions set in on the West Coast. But right now, red tape can get in the way of us removing those risk factors from public lands,” said Carbajal. “Our bill is a no-brainer for western states who have seen electrical equipment and dry, dead trees combine to create devastating wildfires in recent years. Eliminating the unnecessary administrative need for a timber sale will reduce our wildfire risk and protect the communities we represent.” Currently, the Forest Service requires utility companies to keep trees and branches away from power lines on federal land. However, fallen or dead trees cannot be cleared without a timber sale, creating an administrative step that can slow the clearing of hazardous fuel and potential triggers for wildfires on federal land. The Fire Safe Electrical Corridors Act would allow the Forest Service to provide standing permission for electrical utilities to cut and remove hazardous trees near power lines without requiring a timber sale.

Forest Service set to begin prescribed burns as winter weather looms, Bozeman Daily Chronicle - Officials are preparing to burn debris piles throughout Gallatin Valley to prevent future wildfires as winter approaches and weather conditions for safe burns develop. The work will begin next week. No closures are expected at this time, but smoke may be visible from town as the Bozeman Ranger District and Hebgen Lake Ranger District ignite piles of debris from logging operations. Near Bozeman, burns will be happening in the Hyalite, Moser, Leverich and Kirk Hill areas and the in the North Bridgers near the South Brackett, Battle Ridge and Fairy Lake Road areas. The prescribed burns will help prevent and minimize the risk of wildfires in the area. Still, fears exist of prescribed burns running out of control. “99.84% go according to plan,” according to the U.S. Forest Service.

Saturday Fallon Nevada Rafter 3c Arena ,

February 17 3C Event Complex, 325 Sheckler Road Wed./Thur. 2/14-2/15/2024

Great Basin Cow Dog Trial: 8am*

Fallon Ranch Hand Rodeo Team Branding, 9am*

Dinner & Dance from 4pm-10pm

Saturday 2/17/2024

great Basin Bull Sale: 1 pm* Sale Preview all day Friday & Saturday* Vendor trade show Wednesday-Saturday* Wednesday-Saturday* state brand dedication*

Key to the process is assessing weather conditions, which have caused the Forest Service to forego prescribed burns in previous years. The update from the Forest Service coincides with other major wildfire-preventative projects in the area. The multi-year Bozeman Municipal Watershed (BMW) Project has been ongoing since 2021 in an attempt to protect 4,700 acres with preventative thinning, logging, and prescribed burns. www.progressiverancher.com

Friday 2/16/2024

The Progressive Rancher

*starred events are free to the public

For vendor, team Branding, Dog Trial, Dinner & Dance info:

Rafter3CArena.org

rafter3carena@gmail.com PHONE: 775-423-7733 For bull sale information:

greatbasinbullsale.com greatbasinbullsale@gmail.com NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

14 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

The Progressive Rancher

www.progressiverancher.com

Nevada Water Rights Retirement Program

A program for willing sellers in the Humboldt River and Central Region groundwater basins Contact: Jeff Fontaine | ccjfontaine@gmail.com or 775-443-7667.

Information and background | The Central available for mitigation activities, such as plugging of the 34 groundwater basins are over-appropriated, Nevada Regional Water Authority (CNRWA) and Humboldt River Basin Water Authority (HRBWA) were recently granted $15 million in funding from the Nevada Legislature to purchase groundwater rights from willing sellers in central Nevada. The voluntary program, the Nevada Water Conservation and Infrastructure Initiative, aims to buy and permanently retire groundwater rights from willing sellers in groundwater basins with insufficient water supply to serve all water rights and domestic wells. Water right holders in the portions of the Humbolt River Basin and Central Hydrographic Region located in CNRWA and HRBWA member counties may be eligible. Counties include Churchill, Elko, Esmeralda, Eureka, Humboldt, Lander, Nye, Pershing, and White Pine.

This program is meant to alleviate water right conflicts and mitigate over-pumped and over-appropriated basins. Retiring groundwater rights will help stabilize groundwater levels, and the priority is for retiring irrigation rights in over-pumped basins subject to curtailment. Purchasing groundwater rights in other over-appropriated basins will also be considered if such purchases mitigate conflicts with existing rights or if there are detriments to natural resources. ver-pumped basins are allocated $900 per acreO foot, and over-appropriated basins that are not overpumped are valued at $350 per acre-foot. Water rights in the Diamond Valley Basin are valued at $800 per acre-foot. Up to an additional $50 per acre-foot is

EXTENSION College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources

wells. The prices were established by an independent economist using valuations based on the current value of farming with irrigation groundwater rights. The value depends on the number of years operations can continue, a farmer’s financial obligations, and personal ties to the land.

unding is available for only a limited time. F Applications will be available the week of November 27, 2023, and are due January 22, 2024. A list of prospective sellers must be submitted to the state Division of Water Resources by February 1, 2024. Priority will be given to purchasing water rights in over-pumped basins and water rights that address conflicts with existing rights, including surface water capture or detriments to the public interest and natural resources, water rights that are in regular use and that result in a reduction of consumptive use. All things being equal, applications will be approved based on when they were submitted.

The Central Hydrographic Region is the largest of Nevada's hydrographic regions and includes 23 overappropriated groundwater basins. Nine of the overappropriated basins located in CNRWA member counties are also over-pumped. More than 90% of the groundwater pumped in the Central Hydrographic Region is for irrigation.

Similarly, some groundwater pumping in the Humboldt River Basin has created water shortages for some senior decreed surface water rights, and 19

including nine that are over-pumped. About 70% of the groundwater pumped in the over-pumped basins in the Humboldt Basin is for irrigation.

A general reclamation and mitigation plan will be developed with eligible applications. Plans will guide the transition from cultivated agriculture to a stable, nonirrigated state – or another use to establish native vegetation or cover crops such as crested wheat. Future uses of the land, including but not limited to solar, industrial, hay stackyards, and laydown areas that will mitigate impacts associated with the removal of irrigation, will be considered on a case-by-case basis. Once applications are approved, program contractors will conduct title searches and perform due diligence to assure that water rights are in good standing and that the rightful owner can sell the water rights free and clear. Payment will be when the Division of Water Resources approves the contracts, conveyances, and other documentation. The Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources manages the program, supported by funding from the American Rescue Plan Act.

Apply | Applications are expected to be available by the week of November 27, 2023. Applications will be available at https://cnrwa.com/ and https://hrbwa. com/ for completion online or download for mailing. Applications will also be available at various locations in the Humboldt and Central Region.

FIRE ADAPTED NE VADA

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The Progressive Rancher

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

Clarification on the brand inspection of calves without brands, or with brands that have not healed and peeled The Nevada Department of Agriculture (NDA) is issuing the following clarification on the brand inspection of calves without brands, or with brands that have not healed and peeled. Absent a legal definition for “calf ” or “calves” in Nevada Revised Statute (NRS) 565, industry standards will be used as a guiding principle in determining a definition for weaned calves. After weaning has occurred, the industry standards have been consistent in treating these weaned calves the same as other cattle. Nevada Administrative Code (NAC) 565.300 (5) applies only to calves that have not been weaned. Calves that are weaned but are unbranded, or branded but not healed and peeled, are considered “cattle” and cannot be paired with the mother and brand inspections may be issued by a brand inspector at the place of origin and accompanied with an affidavit. The brand inspection and completion of an affidavit will occur at the place of origin and will apply to unbranded weaned calves, or calves with marks and brands that have not yet healed and peeled. NAC 565.300 sections 1-3 will be applied for these weaned cattle. A producer cannot use a livestock movement permit to transport unbranded, or calves branded but not healed and peeled, unless they are transported with their mothers. Brand inspections must be completed at the place of origin prior to transport. If a calf is paired with a mother, all that is needed is a brand inspection. If the calf is weaned and unbranded or branded but not healed and peeled, or in the case of a leppy calf, these animals are considered “cattle” and brand inspections may be issued by a brand inspector at the place of origin and accompanied with an affidavit. Per NAC 565, calves cannot be inspected or issued a brand inspection certificate for shipping or transfer of ownership and a movement permit is not valid for transportation without any brands or a healed and peeled brand. 16 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

Regulations for brand inspections and livestock movement permits of calves It has recently come to the attention of the Nevada Department of Agriculture (NDA) that calves not bearing any brand, or a brand that has not healed and peeled, have been improperly inspected for shipping or transfer of ownership. Per NAC 565.300, a calf being sold or shipped without a brand, or without brands and marks healed and peeled, must be inspected while paired with its mother immediately before sale or shipment. (This step must be performed for all calves without brands or without brands and marks healed and peeled.) In the case of unbranded leppy calves or freshly branded calves, one of the following two steps must be performed in addition to being inspected while paired with its mother: • A statement signed by the producer verifying ownership of the calves must be written on the brand inspection clearance certificate at the time of inspection; or • An affidavit of ownership must be completed by the producer or brand inspector and attached to the original brand inspection clearance certificate. Similarly, per NAC 565.220, a livestock movement permit is not valid for the transportation of calves without a brand or with a brand that has not been healed and peeled, unless the calves are traveling with their mother accompanied with a brand inspection or other proof of ownership. If the provisions of NAC 565 are not met, the calves cannot be inspected or be issued a brand inspection clearance certificate for shipping or transfer of ownership and a movement permit is not valid for transportation. NAC 565.300 was established in 1972 and subsequently updated or revised in 1977, 1997 and 2006. NRS and NAC 565 were established to protect livestock owners from theft and to aid in recovery of stolen livestock. The NDA’s mission of preserving, protecting and promoting Nevada agriculture is carried out by ensuring that all livestock producers receive equity in having Nevada’s rules and regulations applied fairly across all livestock owners. Register a brand at agri.nv.gov/Livestock_ID. If you believe your livestock is being claimed by other individual or has gone missing, please contact an NDA Agricultural Police Officer at 775-353-3637. The Progressive Rancher

Funding Opportunities • USDA Meat and Poultry Processing Expansion Program is offering $123 million in grants to support building, modernizing or expanding processing facilities and processing requirements. Deadline to apply is Nov. 22, 2023. • USDA Rural Development announced investment funds to help rural Nevada businesses. Microloans for small businesses and entrepreneurs will be administered through the Nevada Development Corporation. • USDA Farm Service Agency adverse weather resources – Deadlines approaching: Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honeybees and Farm-raised Fish Program (ELAP) – offering livestock and feed hauling cost assistance. 2023 calendar year losses application deadline: Jan. 30, 2024 Emergency (ECP)

Conservation

Program

Emergency Farm Loans Emergency Relief Program (ERP) Livestock Forage Disaster Program (LFP) – 2023 calendar year losses application deadline: Jan. 30, 2024 • Non-Insured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP) – Application deadlines are crop dependent. Upcoming deadlines: Nov. 20, 2023, and Dec. 1, 2023. • USDA Rural Development resource guide to help rural entrepreneurs start and grow their businesses. • USDA launched a new website, www.usda. gov/meat to communicate open and pending programs focused on expanding meat and poultry processing capacity. www.progressiverancher.com

NRCS assistance available to help farmers and ranchers reach their goals. Sign up by Nov. 17 at your local NRCS office The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is offering financial and technical assistance to help agricultural producers apply conservation practices on private land and public land allotments to address concerns with Soil, Water, Air, Plants, Animals, and Energy. Applications for funds available through the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP: www. nrcs.usda.gov/programs-initiatives/eqip-environmentalquality-incentives) and Agricultural Management Assistance (AMA: www.nrcs.usda.gov/programsinitiatives/ama-agricultural-management-assistance) Program must be received by the local field office before 4 p.m. on November 17, 2023 to be considered in the first funding cycle. Approximately $16.7 million is available for projects on public and private land under regular and Inflation Reduction Act funded EQIP. EQIP projects include installing irrigation pipelines, lining ditches, cover crops, grazing related items like stock water systems, as well as habitat restoration, weed control, and brush management. AMA program funds help producers use conservation to construct or improve watershed management structures or irrigation structures, install high tunnels, plant trees to form windbreaks or improve water quality. AMA funding can also mitigate financial risk through production or marketing diversification, or the implementation of resource conservation practices including soil erosion control, integrated pest management or the transition to organic farming. Approximately $300,000 is available in financial assistance for Fiscal Year 2024. Historically underserved (HU: www.nrcs.usda.gov/gettingassistance/underserved-farmers-ranchers) participants, including beginning, limited resource, socially disadvantaged and veteran farmers and ranchers are eligible for advance payments to help offset costs related to purchasing materials or contracting services through EQIP. Water management entities who assist private agricultural producers with managing water distribution or conservation systems can also apply for EQIP. These entities are defined as a State, irrigation district, ground water management district, acequia, land grant-merced, or similar entity that has jurisdiction or responsibilities related to water delivery or management to eligible lands. To learn more about EQIP and AMA, or for general information about NRCS programs, contact your local NRCS office. Office locations and contact information can be found at www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/202310/231024-nrcs-fo-w-contacts.pdf www.progressiverancher.com

Nelo Mori was born on Feb. 22, 1924, in Fornovalasco, Italy, to Sam and Iolanda Mori. He passed away on Oct. 30, 2023, at the Mori Ranch, surrounded by his family, four months short of his 100th birthday. Nelo came to the Unites States by way of Italy in 1938 at the age of 14, already an American citizen when he reached U.S. soil. He and his brother, Pete, achieved their citizenship due to the fact their grandfather, Pete, had come to the U.S. in 1876, and their father, Sam, made the trip in 1903 to attain citizenship. Nelo, along with his brother, Pete, took a train from New York City to Hazen, Nevada. Nelo made his home in Fallon until 1958, aside from the time he proudly served our country from 1946 through 1948 as a squad leader for the United States Army. He and his wife, Ida May Vieira, were married in 1956 and moved to Jack Creek in March of 1958 with sons Sam and Pete, purchasing the Mori Ranch. Daughter Linda was born in Elko in 1961.Nelo and Ida May purchased another ranch in 1979, moving to Lovelock, operating the alfalfa fields and feedlot operations ever since. They have split their time between their Lovelock and Elko County operations until the time of his passing. In 1993, Nelo was elected to the Hall of Fame of the Soil Conservation Service — named the Conservationist of the Year in both Elko and Pershing Counties. He served on the Nevada Cattlemen’s Association board of directors for 20 years, receiving the President’s Award in 1997, the 100,000 Mile Award in 2012 and was inducted into the Hall of Honor in 2019. Nelo was named the Grand Marshal of the 2015 Silver State Stampede, and the Western States Ranch Rodeo Association created the Nelo Mori Heritage in Ranching Award in 2017 — honoring him as the first recipient. He was on the board of directors for the Production Credit Association, now known as American Ag Credit, and their office in Elko now bears his name — commemorating his years of service. He served two terms on the N-1 grazing board. Nelo qualified for the finals of the branding competition of the Elko County Fair for 14 years in a row — winning the event four times. Nelo’s final branding victory came in 1989 at age 65 with family members. Nelo was an avid outdoorsman and loved hunting and fishing near the Jack Creek Ranch. He loved rodeo, good horses and cattle but none of those things mattered to him as much as his family, his faith in God and his American citizenship. He was preceded in death by his father, Sam; mother, Iolanda; brother, Pete; and infant son, Robert. He is survived by his wife of 67 years, Ida May; his brother, Vito, of Fornovalasco, Italy; sons Sam (Tracy) and Pete (Tammy); daughter Linda (Wes); five grandchildren Michael (Madison), Anthony (Katie), Andrea (Chad), Quinn (Taylore) and Jes and six great-grandchildren. There are numerous cousins, nieces and nephews who will remember him fondly. Per his request, a private family service will be held at the Mori Ranch. Donations may be sent in his memory to the Nevada Cattlemen’s Association. Nelo said, “I have achieved the American dream, not because I am terribly rich or have tremendous amounts of cattle or land. I am rich because of my family. My sons, daughter, grandchildren and great grandchildren are really good cowboys, good ropers and upstanding citizens.” The Progressive Rancher

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

Nevada Farm Bureau

Finding A Place For Urban Agriculture In Nevada By Doug Busselman | NFB Executive Vice President In the 2021 Nevada Legislature Senate Bill 297 was introduced by Senator Pat Spearman of North Las Vegas. It was passed by the Senate on a 21-0 vote and also got approval by the majority in the Nevada Assembly 36-6. Governor Steve Sisolak signed the bill into law on June 3, 2021. Because of these actions, Nevada now has a law dealing with urban agriculture. The Council on Food Security has been directed to research and develop recommendations on community gardens and urban farms. County Commissioners are authorized to approve a partial abatement of ad valorem taxes for owners of real property who agree to use their property for community gardens or urban farms. Under the law there are also provisions which deal with authorizing governing bodies of a county or city who own a municipal water system to provide water for community gardens or urban farms at a wholesale or reduced rate. Having such a law, such as SB 297, does not guarantee urban agriculture to sprout and thrive, but it does open the door for conversations with zoning and planning entities as well as other local governing bodies. It also sets the stage for enterprising persons to consider opportunities that they might wish to pursue. Enterprising persons are considering their opportunities in Southern Nevada where a Small Farm Conference drew their participation in August. Through the coordination of the Clark County Farm Bureau and the Nevada Cooperative Extension a Small Farm Conference was organized and conducted, drawing over 100 persons to attend. Those interested in such opportunities are also working with each other to network and organize future plans to address the areas of need that they to resolve and work through.

Plans are also underway for something like the progress in Southern Nevada, in Northern Nevada. The experience of what took place during COVID ought to have given us some perspective as it relates to being prepared to respond in improving options for adequate food supplies. This is especially so in areas labeled as “Food Deserts” because of their total dependence on food being shipped in from outside areas and marketing/ supply channels of staying operational in the face of those circumstances that we confronted then.

We are not here to suggest that urban agricultural production will replace the incredible food production capabilities of our modern agricultural sector. We are blessed as a nation to have the benefits which the commercial agricultural provides along with the infrastructure and industries related to our food supply systems. Americans have the most affordable, safest and reliable food supplies in the world. The benefits of urban agriculture come in the form of supplementing our food supplies with options and alternatives that individual consumers consider as a value they wish to support. Their interests in knowing the farmers who are producing their food and having personal relationships with these producers should be a welcome option. Simply having consumers understand and appreciate the requirements connected with food production is a positive condition for everyone.

solid plan with realistic recognition of business requirements of producing and marketing the output from your operation. It also requires a support system you can turn to for advice and encouragement.

We are closely watching the new program that is taking shape with the Desert Farming Initiative (DFI), connected with the University of Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station in Reno. This new program involves a pilot program to work with two paid interns, learning through hands-on experiences the lessons they need to get a producing agricultural enterprise in operation. These apprentices are setting out on important trial, determining what it takes to help build the skill sets necessary for starting and successfully operating a farming operation. It is also worth noting that federal agencies are gearing up their program support for urban agricultural production. The United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Farm Services Agency (FSA) and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) have both indicated that they have initiatives taking shape to support urban agriculture enterprises. Both agencies are just

getting their programs into place in Nevada, but it is worth noting that these support systems are getting underway and should be on contact lists for those who want to enter agricultural production as business owners. While details of what might be included in the next Farm Bill are currently unknown, there has been an emphasis in pre-Farm Bill preparation for considerations related to specialty crops and other food producing enterprises like urban agriculture. These types of programs offer additional components to fit into the necessary infrastructure networks that can assist farmers to establish working and ideally successful operations. It will take a lot more than passage of a single piece of Legislation to establish a thriving Nevada urban agricultural sector. It will take a lot of committed individuals working together, trying, failing and learning to make something happen. NFB is interested in working with groups and individuals to collaboratively seek opportunities and identify solutions for the challenges that are ahead in possibly carving out a place for urban agriculture in our state.

Providing opportunities is one thing, enhancing the ability for those who are interested in pursuing those opportunities is something even more important. Starting and implementing a successful urban farm is an uphill climb with extreme challenges that go far beyond putting seeds in the soil and pulling weeds when that’s required. It requires a

18 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

The Progressive Rancher

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UPCOMING SALES Tues • Dec 5, 2023 Silver Legacy • Reno, NV

Consignment Deadline: Nov 16, 2023 Simulcast on Dish 998

Thurs • Jan 4, 2024

WVM Headquarters • Cottonwood, CA Consignment Deadline: Dec 27, 2023

WATCH & LISTEN TO THE SALE on the Web at:

For more information, please call

(530) 347-3793 or email us at wvm@wvmcattle.com Look for the catalog and video on www.wvmcattle.com

Market your cattle with the professionals!

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The Progressive Rancher

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

Grassroots

Nevada Farm Bureau Regulations For Brand Inspections And Livestock Movement Permits of Calves

Further Clarification On Recent Brand Matters Of Concern

The NDA shared they had become made aware that calves not bearing any brand, or a brand that has not healed and peeled, have been improperly inspected for shipping or transfer of ownership.

Following questions on matters relating to the original “heal and peel” reminder, the Nevada Department of Agriculture (NDA) offered further clarification on the brand inspection of calves without brands, or with brands that have not healed and peeled. Absent a legal definition for “calf ” or “calves” in Nevada Revised Statute (NRS) 565, industry standards will be used as a guiding principle in determining a definition for weaned calves. After weaning has occurred, the industry standards have been consistent in treating these weaned calves the same as other cattle. Nevada Administrative Code (NAC) 565.300 (5) applies only to calves that have not been weaned. Calves that are weaned but are unbranded, or branded but not healed and peeled, are considered “cattle” and cannot be paired with the mother and brand inspections may be issued by a brand inspector at the place of origin and accompanied with an affidavit. The brand inspection and completion of an affidavit will occur at the place of origin and will apply to unbranded weaned calves, or calves with marks and brands that have not yet healed and peeled. NAC 565.300 sections 1-3 will be applied for these weaned cattle.

Per NAC 565.300, inspected while paired with its mother immediately before sale or shipment. (This step must be performed for all calves without brands or without brands and marks healed and peeled.) In the case of unbranded leppy calves or freshly branded calves, one of the following two steps must be performed in addition to being inspected while paired with its mother:

· A statement signed by the producer verifying ownership of the calves must be written on the brand inspection clearance certificate at the time of inspection; or · An affidavit of ownership must be completed by the producer or brand inspector and attached to the original brand inspection clearance certificate. Similarly, per NAC 565.220 a livestock movement permit is not valid for the transportation of calves without a brand or with a brand that has not been healed and peeled, unless the calves are traveling with their mother accompanied with a brand inspection or other proof of ownership.

If the provisions of NAC 565 are not met, the calves cannot be inspected or be issued a brand inspection clearance certificate for shipping or transfer of ownership and a movement permit is not valid for transportation. NAC 565.300 was established in 1972 and subsequently updated or revised in 1977, 1997 and 2006. NRS and NAC 565 were established to protect livestock owners from theft and to aid in recovery of stolen livestock. The NDA’s mission of preserving, protecting and promoting Nevada agriculture is carried out by ensuring that all livestock producers receive equity in having Nevada’s rules and regulations applied fairly across all livestock owners.

Register a brand at agri.nv.gov/Livestock. If you believe your livestock is being claimed by other individual or has gone missing, please contact an NDA Agricultural Police Officer at 775-3533637.

It was especially important to clear up questions on using livestock movement permits. This detail includes that a producer cannot use a livestock movement permit to transport unbranded, or calves branded but not healed and peeled, unless they are transported with their mothers. Brand inspections must be completed at the place of origin prior to transport. If a calf is paired with a mother, all that is needed is a brand inspection. If the calf is weaned and unbranded or branded but not healed and peeled, or in the case of a leppy calf, these animals are considered “cattle” and brand inspections may be issued by a brand inspector at the place of origin and accompanied with an affidavit.

County Farm Bureau Annual Meetings Schedule Nearly Completed We’re looking forward to additional county meetings to be held around the state, leading up to the Nevada Farm Bureau 2023 Annual Meeting in Mesquite, NV – November 9-11. The county Farm

20 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

Bureau annual meeting schedule that we have at this time includes:

Thursday, November 2 – Lincoln County Farm Bureau – Caliente Fire Hall, 970 Front St, Caliente, NV (6 p.m. Dinner)

Thursday, November 2 – Elko County Farm Bureau – Starr Valley Rd, Deeth, NV (6 p.m. dinner)

Friday, November 3 – Central Nevada Farm Bureau – Bill Hartman Ranch, Highway 264, Dyer, NV (6:30 p.m. dinner) Saturday, November 4 - Humboldt County Farm - Ag Extension meeting room at the fairgrounds (Dinner will be served at 4:30 p.m. Spaghetti dinner and Ice Cream Social)

Tuesday, November 7 – Douglas County Farm Bureau – JT Basque Restaurant, 1425 U.S. Highway 395 N, Gardnerville, NV (5:30 p.m. Social /6:00 p.m. Dinner)

NRCS Programs Putting Emphasis On Climate Smart Practices Stressing the available additional funding that has come to the conservation incentives that the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has available because of the Inflation Reduction Act a whole new set of eligible “Climate Smart” practices has been getting attention. During the recent NRCS Technical Advisory Committee meeting there was a high level of attention given to the significant funding increases now available in Nevada for implementing the practices associated with the funding. Those interested in learning more need to contact their local NRCS office and discuss how these programs and practices might best fit your operation. There are also possible linkage that can connect these programs for use on federallymanaged lands as well. The contact information for Nevada NRCS offices can be located here: www.nrcs.usda.gov/ sites/default/files/2023-10/231024-nrcsfo-w-contacts.pdf

Happy Nevada Day Hope everyone had a wonderful Nevada Day! Nevada Day celebrates Nevada becoming the 36th state on October 31, 1864.

The Progressive Rancher

Moderate Livestock Grazing Has No Effect On Sage Grouse Nest Success Thanks to the ten-year study by the researchers at the University of Idaho the results indicate that the existing livestock grazing requirements don’t have a negative impact for Sage Grouse nesting success. This 7 minute 41 second YouTube video (www.youtube.com/ watch?v=VPKN0jxK-eM) delivers a good overview of what went into the study as well as the findings that were determined. Thank you for our readers who have shared this information so that we can pass it along to you.

Ag In The Classroom We kicked off the week with another great Ag In The Classroom event presented by the Douglas / Carson City Farm Bureau. We reached 513 students at Seeliger Elementary School in Carson City, Nevada. A Big thank you to Capital FFA and Country Financial for helping run the student stations.

Policy Ideas Surfacing For Support For Urban Ag Ideas are beginning to surface as county Farm Bureau policy development discussions are surfacing matters which local members are identifying as warranting consideration. This idea collection process will continue leading up to the NFB annual meeting in Mesquite, NV and voting delegates will weigh in with their final approval of those policy positions which will be incorporated into the 2024 NFB policy book. National issues will also be evaluated and those resolutions that are agreed to will be advanced to the American Farm Bureau Federation’s policy development system.

If you are wondering what current Farm Bureau policy has to say on any particular issue, click here and find out. If you find that your area of interest isn’t covered, please pass along your idea of what should be added. If you find that you are not in agreement with the current position, share this thinking with changes that you believe would be better. Farm Bureau policy actions are the result of members working through the grassroots process to surface solutions that they want their organization to advocate for in their interest.

www.progressiverancher.com

Business Impact Survey relating to pest control The NDA has issued a Business Impact Survey for proposed changes to Nevada Administrative Code 555 relating to provisions governing pest control. As we welcome in the fall season and prepare to celebrate Nevada Day, let’s take a moment of appreciation for our farmers and ranchers in Nevada. From harvesting hay and crops, to gathering livestock for processing, disease prevention and sale, our producers are busy this harvest season. This hard work does not go unnoticed. Their dedication to providing food, fuel and fiber in the heart of the golden west, while navigating various challenges in Nevada’s landscape and infrastructure is no easy feat. Please join us in thanking them for being a vital part of our food supply chain and for their endless commitment to this industry. Have a happy Nevada Day, - Director Goicoechea

Regulations for brand inspections and livestock movement permits of calves It has recently come to the attention of the NDA that calves not bearing any brand, or a brand that has not healed and peeled, have been improperly inspected for shipping or transfer of ownership. Per NAC 565.300, calves must have a brand that has healed and peeled in order to have a brand inspection clearance certificate issued for shipping or transfer of ownership. Similarly, per NAC 565.220, a livestock movement permit is not valid for the transportation of calves without a brand or with a brand that has not been healed and peeled, unless the calves are traveling with their mother accompanied with a brand inspection or other proof of ownership. If the provisions of NAC 565 are not met, the calves cannot be inspected or be issued a brand inspection clearance certificate for shipping or transfer of ownership and a movement permit is not valid for transportation. Learn more here at these two links:

mailchi.mp/agri/nac565_enforcement

Please take 5-10 minutes to share feedback on the proposed changes and potential impacts to your business. Survey responses are due by Thursday, Nov. 9. https://www.sur vey monkey.com/ r/2023smallbusinessimpact

Disaster assistance deadlines approaching Producers who experienced animal, crop or infrastructure losses in the last year are encouraged to apply for assistance through the USDA Farm Service Agency (FSA). Deadlines for various disaster programs are approaching. The deadline to apply for Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honeybees and Farm-raised Fish Program (ELAP) assistance for 2023 calendar year losses will be Jan. 30, 2024.

Women’s Farm2Food Accelerator Program has selected next cohort

October is Firewood Month – Best practices for purchasing firewood

The Women’s Farm2Food Accelerator Program will kick off on Nov. 3, 2023 with 12 participants, three of which are returning with new valueadded products. Through the 15week program, participants will gain knowledge and tools related to food safety, product development, marketing and other industry resources; connect with a community of women farmers, food entrepreneurs and food experts; and launch a new food or beverage product or enhance an existing product for market.

While Firewood Month may be coming to a close, there are some best practices to keep in mind throughout the year. Firewood has its own measurement unit when being sold. To ensure you are getting the quantity you are paying for, only buy firewood labeled as “full cord,” “half of a cord” or “fourth of a cord,” or in the case of small quantities, labeled in cubic feet or liters. Request a receipt with every purchase and if you are concerned you may not have received the amount of goods you’ve paid for, submit a complaint to the NDA Division of Measurement Standards at agri.nv.gov/CE.

2023-2024 Farm2Food Accelerator Participants

Danielle Goodwin, Autumn Pike, Melanie Young, Margaret Murphy, Marcie Pinkerton, Cheyenne Kyle, Cecilia Leming, Susan Allen, Jeannie Damonte, Sarah Catalano*, Cindy Trejo* *Three participants are returning from a previous cohort with a new value-added product.

Learn more here: www.f2faccelerator.org/nv-program

The deadline to apply for Livestock Forage Disaster Program (LFP) assistance for 2023 calendar year losses will be Jan. 30, 2024.

Funding available to enhance Nevada-grown specialty crops

Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP): Deadlines are crop dependent. See below:

The NDA is seeking proposals for projects promoting specialty crops produced in Nevada. Specialty crops are defined by USDA as “fruits, vegetables, tree nuts, legumes, dried fruits, horticulture and nursery crops (including floriculture).”

Applications for the Livestock Indemnity Program (LIP) must submit the loss within 30 calendar days of when the loss is apparent.

Tree fruit crops, asparagus, blueberries, caneberries, cherries, grapes, hops, rhubarb, strawberries | Nov. 20. 2023 Honey, maple sap | Dec. 1, 2023

Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honeybees and Farm-raised Fish Program (ELAP) | Applications for 2023 calendar year losses due Jan. 30 Livestock Forage Disaster Program (LFP).| Applications for 2023 calendar year losses due January 30 Livestock Indemnity Program (LIP)| Applications must be submitted within 30 calendar days of when loss is apparent

Approximately $270,000 in funding is available for projects that promote and enhance specialty crops through research, marketing, education and production and have multiple beneficiaries. Individual agricultural producers, non-profit and tribal organizations, minority groups, disadvantaged farmers, agricultural associations, industry groups, community-based organizations and academic institutions are encouraged to submit a Letter of Intent by Dec. 15, 2023, to be invited to submit a full application. Submit a Speciality Crop Block Grand Application: https://agri.nv.gov/scbgp/

mailchi.mp/agri/nac565_ enforcement-5418174 www.progressiverancher.com

The Progressive Rancher

Other firewood tips: Buy firewood where you plan to burn it, buy certified heattreated firewood, or gather firewood on site when permitted. This prevents the spread of invasive species and protects Nevada lands, plants and wildlife.

Celebrating Farm to School Month in Nevada October is National Farm to School Month, a time to celebrate the meaningful connections between students and local food in our state. Farm to School enables students to learn about farming practices, see where their food comes from, and gain a deeper understanding of agriculture and sustainability, while promoting healthy eating habits and providing students with fresh, nutritious produce. Schools throughout Nevada are implementing Farm to School practices by implementing school gardens. Zephyr Cove Elementary School’s kindergarteners harvested 150 potatoes this fall which were then used in a cooking demonstration to create “smashed potato pizzas.” Programming like this forms the connection between food and where it comes from, the efforts needed to care for and nourish the plants and animals, and the nutrition of the food being consumed. Learn more here: www.farmtoschool.org/

Nominate an agriculture, food and beverage small business Seeking nominations for the third annual Nevada Agriculture, Food and Beverage Small Business of the Year Award: www.surveymonkey.com/ r/2023smallbusinessaward

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

THE ROUNDUP An analysis of western ranching politics brought to you by the PLC Congress: House Dems urge Ag Committee to refrain from using Inflation Reduction Act funds for non-climate programs; Farm Bill extension may be passed in mid-November as part of next government funding push. House Democrats warn Ag leaders not to raid climate funds, E&E Daily — Democrats on the House Agriculture Committee on Monday urged the panel's top leaders not to steer conservation money intended for climate-smart farming into other programs, adding to an issue that stands in the way of a bipartisan farm bill for 2023. “Historic investment in conservation will benefit all farmers, and the authorized climate-smart practices will improve water quality, soil health, and habitat preservation on farms across the country," the lawmakers wrote in a letter to committee Chair Glenn Thompson (R-Pa.) and ranking member David Scott (R-Ga.). The lawmakers, led by Rep. Chellie Pingree (D-Maine), said demand among farmers continues to outstrip available funding for two key initiatives — the Environmental Quality Incentives Program and the Conservation Stewardship Program — that received billions of additional dollars through the climate-focused Inflation Reduction Act. They wrote as Agriculture Committee Republicans on both sides of the Capitol advocate for using Inflation Reduction Act funds for broader purposes in the 2023 farm bill, including conservation that isn't necessarily aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Thompson and Senate Agriculture ranking member John Boozman (R-Ark.) have said IRA

funds could be built into the budget baseline for the farm bill. Thompson has said he questions whether the USDA could otherwise spend all the nearly $20 billion in IRA conservation funds before the appropriation runs out in 2032, even with the strong demand, since those funds were passed outside of the fiveyear farm measure. Thompson has said since the early days of discussions on the 2023 farm bill that the legislation shouldn't focus on climate change, although he's said there's no longer a debate about human-caused warming and that he believes farmers are on the front lines of responding to it though voluntary conservation. Rather, he said, the programs shouldn't dictate practices on a local level. In their letter, the House Democrats also pushed back on the idea promoted by Boozman that the IRA's climate focus largely excludes common conservation practices. Since 2020, they said, nearly half of payments through the EQIP and CSP programs went to climate-smart practices. Lawmakers quietly debate adding farm bill extension to next government funding bill, Politico Pro- A growing number of lawmakers are privately pressing for Congress to include a farm bill extension in a likely mid-November short-term government funding measure, with the House paralyzed by the speaker battle and time running out before a year-end farm bill cliff. Current government funding runs out Nov. 17, and lawmakers widely believe another stop-gap spending measure will be required to stave off a federal government shutdown. While farm bill programs began to expire on Oct. 1, the real impact of the 2018 farm bill expiration won’t be felt until the end of the year. But Congress appears poised to miss that deadline to pass a new farm bill, as well — neither the House nor Senate Agriculture committees have yet to even produce their draft bills. A growing number of lawmakers are now privately pressing for a farm bill extension, likely one year long, to be added to the next stop-gap funding measure, in order to avoid catastrophic program cliffs for key dairy and other farm programs at the end of the year, according to three lawmakers and three other people familiar with the conversations. The prospect of a farm bill extension is a major theme this week in the crowded House Republican race for speaker. House Republicans from agriculture-heavy districts have

22 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

been privately quizzing all nine GOP speaker candidates about their plans for the farm bill, including any extension, along with how they plan to pass the House’s currently stalled agriculture appropriations bill. The need for an emergency plan has become clear as the House continues to flounder without a speaker and Republicans press to reform key climate programs Democrats are vehemently opposed to cutting. But key Senate Democrats have privately vowed that they won’t be pushed into cutting Democratic priorities in the farm bill, including climate and nutrition programs, just to get a new bill across the finish line this Congress. Without major movement in the Senate farm bill talks, some Senate Democrats have been privately discussing potentially presenting a public Democratic farm bill plan to help protect vulnerable incumbents facing tough reelection bids, with the idea that Congress would continue to pass an extension of the current farm bill in the meantime, according to three other people familiar with the conversations. Any farm bill extension could be complicated by the future of roughly 20 so-called orphan programs, which are solely authorized and funded under the farm bill rather than other appropriations streams in Congress. Lawmakers say they could require $100 million in total funding to keep those key programs afloat, many of which are Democratic priorities.

BLM: Agency hires public lands advocate John Gale as program executive in Grand Junction, CO office. BLM fills new senior post with longtime public lands advocate, E&E News PM- The Bureau of Land Management on Monday moved to fill a newly established senior position that is a major component of Director Tracy Stone-Manning's ongoing effort to reorganize the agency's leadership. BLM announced it has hired John Gale, who previously served as vice president of policy and government relations for Backcountry Hunters & Anglers, to fill a post that will anchor the bureau's former headquarters in Grand Junction, Colo. The position is key to Interior Secretary Deb Haaland's vow to convert that office into BLM's Western hub. (. . .) Filling the program executive for intergovernmental and external affairs position — a senior executive service-

The Progressive Rancher

level post — is part of a broader plan Stone-Manning outlined to staff last year to undo the Trump-era decision in 2019 to move BLM's national headquarters to Grand Junction. Stone-Manning's plan calls for most of the bureau's senior leadership to be located in the nation's capital. That decision has prompted some senior bureau leaders based in Grand Junction to leave BLM or move to a different position rather than relocate to Washington. David Jenkins, the assistant director of resources and planning stationed in Grand Junction, announced in February he would step down and take a different position at the bureau. BLM earlier this month announced it had hired Sharif Branham, former director of the strategic support services division of the Agriculture Department's Natural Resources Conservation Service, as Jenkins' permanent replacement, based in Washington. "As we grow the BLM to meet the needs of the landscapes we manage, we will continue to evaluate opportunities for additional growth in the Grand Junction office for the foreseeable future," she wrote at the time.

Wild Horses and Burros: Moriah HMA gather concludes in Ely, NV. Bureau of Land Management concludes FY2024 Moriah Herd Area wild horse gather, BLM- The Bureau of Land Management concluded the FY2024 Moriah Herd Area wild horse gather near Ely, Nev., on October 23, 2023. The BLM gathered and removed 440 excess wild horses from public and private lands. The gather was necessary to improve watershed health, protect wild horse health, and make significant progress towards achieving Northeastern Great Basin Resource Advisory Council Standards for Rangeland Health. “The gather was critical to ensuring public land health within the Herd Area, as well as the wild horses, both of which are at risk due to herd overpopulation,” said Robbie McAboy, Ely District Manager. The BLM transported the animals removed from the range to the Sutherland OffRange Corrals in Sutherland, Utah, to be readied for the BLM’s wild horse and burro Adoption and Sales Program. Wild horses not adopted or sold will be placed in long-term pastures where they will be humanely cared for and retain their “wild” status and protection under the 1971 Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act. www.progressiverancher.com

Having a unifying figure is important, particularly when times are challenging and deadlines are looming. For the public lands grazing industry, PLC always seeks to serve as that leader and a place where all perspectives come together to form a unified, widely supported, industry position.

A collection of monthly updates from Public Lands Council leadership & staff

THE PRESIDENT'S PUBLICATION Mark Roeber, President, PLC

Hello all!

I hope each of you are doing well as we near the end of October. Busy times are upon us as we work to gather, ship, and prepare for winter.

As we continue to face trials, we must focus on the importance of organization and communication. It is imperative that we come together and speak with one voice. While we all have varying issues to voice, we have to pave a path forward amongst ourselves so we can ensure an effective vision and goal for the Public Lands Council. Our history of independence can be our worst enemy. If we as an organization implement mixed problems or solutions, our voice can be discredited by our friends and constituents. I encourage each of you to collaborate and cooperate with each other to find common ground internally. This is how grassroots organizations were envisioned and how we as PLC work best to preserve our industry. I believe it is crucial to use our founders' vision of this incredible organization to not only be successful, but to also use as a tool to grow and improve as the voice of public lands ranching.

I encourage all of our readers to become involved on the local and state levels, be engaged, and work hard towards our common goals of what is best for our livelihoods, our future, and ultimately, our country. Best wishes for a good fall!

FROM THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Kaitlynn Glover, E.D., PLC

This month, Congress took "spooky season" to heart with the longest gap since the early 1960s in having a Speaker of the House of Representatives - and just a few short legislative days before the stopgap measure that funds the government expires. After a more than 20-day kerfuffle, House Republicans united around nowSpeaker Mike Johnson of Louisiana to shepherd some of the hard discussions over the next several weeks. www.progressiverancher.com

We take this approach in annual changes to our policy book, in how we operate our policy committees, and especially in the research we fund. I'm proud to announce that after 10 years of investment, engagement, and work, one such study has provided clear evidence that confirms the implicit knowledge held by ranchers that grazing management and the presence of livestock on the range is helpful to great sage-grouse populations. For the last decade, the University of Idaho has tracked, measured, and tagged birds while taking meticulous measurements across a large range of sage grouse habitat in order to better understand the relationship between grouse and grazing livestock. The results: grouse and grazing not only coexist, but are complementary.

Not only does livestock grazing have no impact on nest success (one of the most critical times for chick recruitment)but researchers found something interesting: “Spring grazing resulted in a greater number of insects, a greater variety of insects and the insects found under the spring grazing treatment generally are bigger, which provides more food for sage grouse,” said entomologist Grace Overlie, a U of I master’s student on the project. This project is one of many PLC has funded over the years as a means to advance our understanding and data surrounding range science and the various roles that livestock grazing plays in maintaining the millions of acres across the west that depend on the management and attention of grazing permittees. You don't have to take my word for it permittees live it every day. There are a lot of spooky things in the world (including the annual prospect of trying to find a Halloween costume that fits over a snow suit, or how to ration the candy until Easter), but range science and PLC's perspective on natural resources policy should keep some of those political ghouls and goblins at bay. Want to learn more? Read more about the work of public lands ranchers Mark and Wendy Pratt and the contributions of PLC's Idaho representative Darcy Helmick here: www.uidaho.edu/news/ feature-stories/sage-grouse-ten Or watch this video: https://youtu.be/ VPKN0jxK-eM?si=RetlT9dSs3S4aFfR

Policy Update FROM THE DIRECTOR Sigrid Johannes, Director., PLC

Congress has only just dug itself out of the Speaker mess, and the air traffic control of all the things they need to get done before the end of the year is going to be extremely challenging. That said, that doesn't mean nothing's happening in Washington! The agencies continue to roll out new proposed rulemakings, and there will be no shortage of areas where PLC and our partners need to engage in the coming weeks. One such opportunity is on the reintroduction of grizzly bears to the North Cascades Ecosystem (NCE). USFWS is proposing to establish a nonessential experimental population of grizzly bears under Sec. 10(j) of the Endangered Species Act. This would entail translocating bears from other ecosystems, releasing them in Washington state, and enforcing federal protections for the bears in hopes of establishing a larger, permanent population. Who would this impact: The proposed rule outlines three Management Zones. Bears in Zone 1 enjoy the most protection, AKA standards for lethal take are the highest and strictest; Zones 2 and 3 enjoy more flexibility, but they are also not the target area for introducing new bears. Zone 1 would include the Mt. BakerSnoqualmie and Okanogan-Wenatchee forests, as well as the North Cascades National Park. Zone 2 would encompass portions of those forests plus the GiffordPinchot, the Colville, and Mount Rainier National Park. Zone 3 includes the rest of the state of Washington, excluding part of the northwest corner that is included in a different grizzly bear recovery zone (the Selkirk). About 17% of Zone 1 land is grazing allotments.

What are our concerns: Much like with any major predator, PLC is concerned about the disproportionate impact this reintroduction would have on ranchers and rural families. Depredation on livestock causes economic harm and, in many cases, threatens the safety of permittees and their families. There's also a real question about whether establishing this 10(j) population will actually benefit conservation of the species; because all the bears will be translocated from other recovery zones, the genetic diversity of the species as a whole is not going to be benefitted by the NCE.

The Progressive Rancher

Additionally, we will be advocating to USFWS for clear, consistent parameters for producers to be able to lethally take a bear that is threatening them or their livestock. With three different Management Zones within this alreadyextensive proposed area for reintroduction, producers need one clear set of rules to keep themselves and their livestock safe. What's the next step? PLC and our national partners will be submitting comments ahead of the deadline on November 13. If you have experience with grizzly bears and want to share your thoughts on what has worked to management the species — and, maybe more importantly, what HASN'T worked — please get in touch with your state affiliate today.

Administrative Update FROM THE DIRECTOR OF OPERATIONS Will Baugh, D.O.O.., PLC

What a month it has been! Between the chaos here in D.C. and the cool weather shifting across the country, we here at PLC have been busy. October has been a month of preparedness for PLC as we buckle down for all upcoming affiliate meetings across the country.

We are excited to be kicking off the meeting season at the West Central States Wool Growers Association Convention in Boise next week. In the weeks to come, I want to remind each of you to subscribe and read our Weekend Roundup for information on attending all of our affiliate meetings this fall and winter. This is an important piece of how PLC functions not only as a grassroots organization, but also how to hear from producers on the local and state levels to elevate their voice straight to the ears of our federal agencies and legislators.

As part of our Real Ranchers campaign, PLC will be highlighting each of our state affiliates to show western ranching advocates and supporters the hard work that each state does on behalf of the Public Lands Council to protect public lands grazing permittees. I encourage each of you to read these to learn more about the impact that PLC has on not just the federal level, but also the state level. ______________________________

2023 Doc Smith Leaders in Conservation Award presented to PLC VP Tim Canterbury This prestigious Award went to fifthgeneration rancher Tim Canterbury in recognition of his decades-long innovations in sustainable grazing practices in the Arkansas River Valley.

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

Pre-Adaptation of Cheatgrass for the Great Basin By Charlie D. Clements, James A. Young and Dan N. Harmon heatgrass has been a successful invader of the C Great Basin largely because of a series of preexisting conditions. These include: 1) evolution to sagebrush ecosystems in North America without highly competitive annuals, 2) evolution of cheatgrass in a similar potential environment on a different continent where agriculture had existed for millennia, 3) introduction of cattle into semiarid to arid environments in North America by ranchers who had no experience with temperate desert environments, 4) mechanization and subsequent expansion of cereal grain production in western North America, and 5) deep-seated inertia resisting the end of open public rangelands in the American West. These preconditions had to be aligned just so in space and time for cheatgrass to be successful.

earliest agriculturalists. They germinated at the same time as the cereal grains that were intentionally sown, completed their life cycle in the same amount of time, and produced seeds that were difficult to separate from the crop seeds. Cheatgrass evolved in middle Asia, the same area The fact that cheatgrass has persisted where cattle, sheep, horses and goats are thought as a successful weed in cereal grain fields to have been domesticated. Working at a very as farming has become more sophisticated early agricultural site in the mountains of Iran, strongly implies that its’ reproduction system is archeologist Kent Flannery and botanist Hans inherently adaptable. Helbaek identified carbonized seeds recovered from fossil hearths. Flannery and Helbaek were Flannery and Helbaek also pointed out that the able to follow the evolution of small grain crops, period during which the primitive residents of the especially wheat and barley, from seeds that hunter- site became framers rather than hunter-gatherers by gatherers collected from wild grasses through the examining the morphological changes in the bones Was the success of cheatgrass in North America evolutionary process that produced modern cereal of sheep and goats that accompanied domestication a result of accidental combination of events or species. In their investigation, they reported that and selective breeding and were found in the same were humans in some sense responsible? It was seed species that are considered weeds, occurred hearths that preserved carbonized seeds of evolving humans after all, who discovered that they could together with seeds of cultivated crops. Plants that wheats and weeds. They reported that these same increase their food supply by domesticating certain could mimic cultural requirements of cereal grains hearths from wild sheep and goats to domesticated herbivores. This domestication had advantages for were pre-adapted to be weeds in the fields of the animals coincided with carbonized seeds of annual weeds such as Russian thistle, medusahead, goat grass and annual brome grasses. Apparently, the Figure 1. The domestication of large herbivores, cattle, provides humans with the necessity of high-quality exotic annual weeds that are so much a part of digestible protein from herbage not consumed by humans. the ecology of the sagebrush/bunchgrass ranges of western United States have shadowed livestock since the dawn of domestication. It is also not surprising that these annual weed species would be associated with disturbances caused by grazing animals, therefore, their genetic makeup disposes them to be colonizers. both humans and animals as the herbivores used food not available to human consumers and turned it into high-quality digestible protein, which is often a limiting nutrient in human diets. Further, these animals were mobile and could cover long distances in search of forage (Fig. 1).

heatgrass is not the only weedy annual to come to C North America rangelands from Asia. Many of the exotic weeds currently thriving in the Great Basin originated in Central Asia and the Irano-Turanian floristic region. Central Asia comprises the semiarid region from northern China on the east to the Ob River on the west. It includes the northwestern provinces of China, Mongolia and southern Siberia. The Irano-Turanian floristic region begins to the east at the Ob River and extends west to the Caspian Sea. Its northern boundary is the steppe zone of Russia and its southern boundary is the Persian Gulf, therefore emphasizing the inherent potential of perennial species from these regions and the importance of using introduced perennial species from these regions that evolved to compete with invasive annuals such as cheatgrass in Great Basin environments. These regions are nearly synonymous with the Intermountain Area in terms of the range of environments they encompass. 24 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

The Progressive Rancher

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Portions of both areas are temperate deserts with areas of salt-influenced soils, and both feature vast landscapes dominated by semi-woody species of sagebrush and at lower elevations chenopod shrubs such as salt bushes and winterfat. e most striking difference between Central Th Asia and the Great Basin is the tenure of livestock husbandry. The Great Basin first saw concentrations of domestic large herbivores a little more than a century ago, compared to portions of Asia where nomadic livestock husbandry has been in existence for perhaps 10,000 years. Early historians of the Institute of Deserts in Ashabad, Turkmenistan describe early accounts of the development of livestock industries in Central Asia, “the development of irrigated agriculture permitted tremendous increases in human population density in very limited areas.” The portion of irrigable land in Central Asia is about the same as that in the Great Basin, about 5% of the total landscape. Along with abundant food in irrigated areas came the development of more complex local societies. Eventually population growth outstripped the potential of the site to produce food while at the same time salinization of irrigated areas and overgrazing of adjacent grazing lands reduced productivity. Civilization brought significant changes as overutilization of resources brought poverty to the basic farmer along with wars for water and grazing resources. Individuals

that were more inclined to be herdsmen rather than farmers ventured out into the deserts to find forage for their flocks and freedom from civilization. The biological constraints of the desert steppes forced herdsmen to move continually in search of available forage. Ranchers in North America were quick to adopt transhuman forms of livestock production, simply put the land gave them no choice. Overstocking and season-long grazing soon took the bloom of previously pristine rangelands. Exceptionally hard winters quickly made it apparent that ranchers either had to conserve forage as hay for feed during the winter or have access to lower elevational desert ranges for the winter months (Fig. 2). Cheatgrass, Bromus tectorum, nomenclature was first described in 1753 by Swedish botanist, Carolus Linnaeus. Cheatgrass was first identified in North America in 1861 in Pennsylvania and later in Texas in 1863. Cheatgrass has many common names with bronco grass, cheat and downy brome among the most popular. Cheatgrass thrives under dry conditions and has the ability to germinate and emerge following effective moisture and soil warm up temperatures in the spring as well as fall when conditions are favorable. All of the native wild large herbivores of Eurasia, including saiga antelope, onagers, gazelles, and Nubian goats are typical consumers of cheatgrass herbage on desert ranges. Camels also eat cheatgrass

Figure 2. Lower elevational desert ranges are critical for livestock producers as they provide forage during most winters and alleviate higher demands and costs associated with hay production.

but prefer to browse on woody plants or graze perennial grasses. These native herbivores may have contributed to the spread of cheatgrass before the advent of livestock domestication. What is interesting though, is that monocultures of cheatgrass and the wildfires associated with cheatgrass herbage are seldom ever a feature of this species in Central Asia environments, compared to Great Basin environments (Fig. 3, next page.) There appears to be some confusion concerning cheatgrass dominance in the Intermountain west. Cheatgrass has long had the ability to invade habitats without wildfire, it is this ability that allows this species to invade voids in habitats, build seed banks and then following wildfire, convert those habitats to cheatgrass dominance because of its active and persistent seed banks. The loss or significant decrease of perennial grasses is the catalyst for cheatgrass dominance as the perennial grasses have the inherent ability to suppress cheatgrass and associated fuels. Once the perennial grass is reduced and no longer provides this function, cheatgrass provides a fine-textured early maturing fuel that increases the chance, rate, spread and season of wildfire. Cheatgrass truncates secondary succession by out-competing perennial species for limited resources at the seedlings stage. In the United States, cheatgrass occurs in all states except Alabama, Georgia, South Caralina and Florida. Early botanist, W. W. Robbins, suggested that cheatgrass was introduced into California before 1900. Cheatgrass is not a common component of the annual grass dominated ranges west of the Sierra Nevada that have true Mediterranean climate, however, cheatgrass did find a home in northeastern California where the climate is similar to that of the Great Basin. Following the introduction of the livestock industry in northern Nevada in the 1870s, largely after the completion of the transcontinental railroad, which provided the means of marketing beef, Nevada ranges were stocked with cattle driven from Texas. Early explorer, I. C. Russel traveled widely in the 1880s in northwestern Nevada as he explored the pluvial Lake Lahontan. His description of the rangelands mentions how abundant and nutritious perennial grasses were. It quickly became obvious that that the ranges could not support the number of cattle being stocked on them which led to a call for appropriations to be allocated for research and to restore rangelands as early as 1886. The rapid decline in native bunchgrasses is often cited as a prime example of why Great Basin rangelands should not be grazed by domestic livestock. In

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The Progressive Rancher

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

...continued reality, what this decline actually shows is that if excessive numbers of cattle feed on ranges year-around without sufficient supplemental feeding during winter, the perennial grasses will disappear. Grazing early spring every year for several years in a row is particularly detrimental because the perennial grasses never get the opportunity to renew their carbohydrate reserves and produce seed before the summer drought. Grazing domestic livestock in the temperate deserts is not inherently damaging to the environment if properly designed stocking rates and grazing management systems are used (Fig. 4). very large range sheep industry became established in the Great Basin A after the 1889-1890 winter that killed up to 90% of the cattle in some areas, which had a substantial impact on the cattle industry. Sheep could winter on desert ranges that lacked water to support cattle because sheep could use snow for their water source. The sheep could wander through the sagebrush foothills when spring came and move into the high mountains for the summer (Fig. 5). Cattle ranchers were already using these ranges; however, they viewed these ranges to be “their ranges” even though technically the ranges were public domain. Following the winter of 1889-1890, ranchers were forced to develop hay fields for winter feeding. Hay could be produced only on irrigated land, which was a rare commodity. The establishment of hay fields had its drawbacks as well. The haying process was powered by horses and after the hay season, these horses were turned loose out on the range, and their presence further accentuated the excessive grazing problem. In combination with severely overgrazed rangelands, increased cultivation for irrigated hay and the Continental railroad (prime transportation of contaminated grains), cheatgrass widely spread throughout the Great Basin in an environment to which it was already pre-adapted.

LEFT at TOP Figure 3. Although native ranges do not experience cheatgrass dominance in many cases, Great basin environments have experienced significant conversion from formerly big sagebrush/bunchgrass habitats, to annual grass dominated habitats. LEFT at MIDDLE Figure 4. Proper grazing of Great Basin environments ensures sustainability of grazing resources and practices. LEFT at BOTTOM Figure 5. Domestic sheep operations significantly increased throughout the Great Basin following the winter of 1889-1890 where an estimated 90% of cattle perished in many areas. 26 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

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Trich or Treat by Randy Wallstrum, DVM (Damn Vet) (From the 2023 Cattlemen’s Update Presentation)

What is Trich and why does it matter?

It is a venereal disease of cattle caused by Tritrichomonas foetus. It causes infertility, open cows, and abortions in cows and heifers. It can be financially devastating and costly to eradicate from a herd. Trich is a mobile, complex, three-flagella, protozoan called Trichomoniasis foetus. The organism survives in microscopic folds of skin that line the bulls’ penis and internal sheath. Some of the symptoms of Trich may include: • Reduced calf crop

• Excessive numbers of cycling cows after the bulls have been pulled (a lack of feed can also mimic these symptoms) • Lower percentage of pregnant cows at preg check • Pyometra (pus in uterus)

• Abortion (usually by 4 months). We usually do not see aborted fetuses but may see a string of placenta hanging from the vulva or a gummy residue on the back and sides near the vulva.

Causes of Trich can occur from a number of things. First, an infected bull or cow is turned into a clean herd, or a cow or bull from a clean herd is turned into an infected herd, and then both return to their herd of origin, spreading the disease. Other causes include running cattle on public lands with other producers, bad fences, increased cattle movement, or purchasing or leasing positive bulls or cows. A Trich infection never occurs spontaneously. If a herd has been negative and turns positive, it can only come from an infected cow or bull.

Trich is transmitted only by breeding. Bulls riding each other cannot transmit Trich from one bull to another. Either an infected cow or bull can be a transmitter. Some young bulls may be able to clear the infection over time.

Testing for Trich should be part of your annual herd health plan. Testing methods include a sheath sample (Preputial scraping), a Trich pouch into lactated ringers solution and then into a Trich pouch for incubation/transport, or lab confirmation by culture or PCR. Pooled samples of 3-5 pouches are ok in Nevada only, they not approved for qualifying a bull for entry into California or Oregon. Prior to testing, bulls should be separated from the cows 7 to 10 days to let the Trich numbers increase. Multiple tests may be required, as the Trich numbers may vary as the immunity of the bull varies week to week. So what can you do? Vaccination is 85% effective in helping cows clean up from abortion or infection, it is possible they may re-breed within the same breeding season, thus potentially preventing them from being open. Vaccination will not prevent Trich infection. Putting clean bulls on cows that have not been exposed is the most effective procedure for eliminating Trich from a herd quickly. Cull open cows and positive Trich bulls. If you are running cattle in a mixed herd situation, ensure your cows are bred inside controlled pastures prior to turnout to help minimize losses. There is no approved treatment to eliminate Trich from bulls. It is legal to test stray bulls with the cost to be borne by the owner of the stray bull.

Figure 3. Schematic showing parts of T Foetus cell ©Western Australian Agriculture Authority 2012 www.progressiverancher.com

There is some proposed legislation in Nevada to keep an eye on which may include, mandatory annual testing, mandatory testing for public grazing allotments, hold order to prevent movement except to harvest or if a herd tests clean, and enforcement by withholding brand inspections. The Progressive Rancher

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

Bovine Trichomoniasis by Nicky Buller Animal Health Laboratories Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia 3 Baron-Hay Court South Perth, WA 6151 nicky.buller@agric.wa.gov.au by Bruce Corney Biosecurity Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Brisbane, QLD bruce.corney@daff.qld.gov.au

READ THE FULL 25 PAGE PDF HERE: www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/ files/sitecollectiondocuments/animal/ahl/ ANZSDP-Bovine-trichomoniasis.pdf Part 1. Diagnostic Overview Summary Bovine trichomoniasis is a disease of the reproductive tract caused by Tritrichomonas foetus, a flagellate protozoan. In cows, infection leads to embryonic and early foetal death, abortion, foetal maceration, pyometra and transient or permanent infertility. Asymptomatic infection occurs in bulls, which become persistent carriers and the main reservoir of infection. Young bulls are less susceptible to infection. Heifers have a higher incidence of the disease compared to cows, as the latter may remain immune for up to three years post-infection. The disease is found in all cattle-producing countries in the world. In some parts it still causes major economic loss due to abortion, infertility and the culling of carrier bulls. The disease is found in extensively farmed beef cattle, but in intensively farmed beef and dairy cattle the use of artificial insemination has reduced the incidence of the disease. As a result, it is seldom seen in cattle in New Zealand or southern parts of Australia, but it still occurs in northern Australia. Bovine trichomoniasis is diagnosed by detection of the parasite in direct smears or culture, or by PCR of preputial washings, vaginal material or aborted tissues. Other trichomonads may be present in samples and need to be differentiated from T. foetus through either morphology or PCR. The disease has occurred in Australia since 1946 and in New Zealand since 1937. Cattle and buffalo semen imported into Australia must be free of T. foetus. Breeding centres must demonstrate that bulls are free of T. foetus. The OIE states that for international trade requirements detection of T. foetus by either direct examination or culture is the current prescribed test. Although PCRs are available, further validation is needed before they can be accepted as a prescribed test.

Aetiology The causative agent of bovine trichomoniasis is Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller, 1928), which belongs to the Class Parabasalia, from the classification system of Dyer, where protozoa with the “9+2” flagellum belong to the phylum Zoomastigina. The protozoan is 8-18 µm long, 4-9 µm wide, pyriform (pear-shaped) but with considerable pleomorphism. It is characterised by three anterior flagella of length 11-17 µm and one posterior flagellum 16 µm in length. An undulating membrane with 2-5 waves is positioned lengthways along the organism and extends to form the posterior flagellum. The axostyle is prominent with a chromatic ring at the point of emergence from the posterior end of the organism. T. foetus consists of only one trophozoitic form and has a simple lifestyle. The trophozoites can adopt a spherical shape, known as a pseudocyst, and internalise (or retract) their flagella. The formation of pseudocysts occurs during times of stress either inside the body of the host or in culture media and also during adhesion to and subsequent phagocytosis of sperm cells. The role of the pseudocyst form is not fully known but it may be involved in transfer to a new host or attachment to host cells. Pseudocysts can generate multinucleated organisms that, under favourable environmental conditions, release single organisms. Pseudocysts also occur in preputial samples at a rate of 55% compared to pear-shaped parasites at 20%. T. foetus does not form cysts and cannot survive outside the host. Three serotypes of T. foetus have been described worldwide and all have been reported in Australia: var brisbane, var belfast and var manley, with the former two being the most common in Australia. T. foetus is indistinguishable from T. suis (found in nose and gut of pigs) according to morphology, pathogenic potential in subcutaneous mouse assays, by DNA fingerprinting using restriction fragment length polymorphism and variable-length DNA repeats, and by comparison of the 16S rRNA gene.9 Serological properties shared by the two organisms also suggest they are the same species. T. foetus causes chronic large bowel diarrhoea in cats; however, sequence information from the TR7/TR8 variable-length repeat within the internal transcribed spacer region and within the elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1) gene12 suggests a bovine genotype and a feline genotype. Other trichomonads may be present in the bovine genital tract: Pentatrichomonas hominis, Tetratrichomonas buttreyi, Tetratrichomonas pavlova, Tritrichomonas enteris and Pseudotrichomonas species.

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Trichomonas tenax occurs infrequently in humans in the oral gingival or in tracheobronchial sites, and P. hominis occurs infrequently in the intestinal tract. These species only transiently infect heifers.15 The organisms do not persist in the reproductive tract, specific antibodies of IgA type is not detected, and only a mild inflammatory response is produced compared to infection with T. foetus. Mechanisms leading to infertility and abortion are related to the parasite’s ability to infect the mucosal surfaces of the reproductive tract, to bind to spermatozoa and to release a cysteine protease that induces cell death. Adherence of T. foetus to spermatozoa results in loss of motility, agglutination and release of lysozymes that digest the sperm. In the cow, T. foetus moves through the reproductive tract where it adheres to and infects vaginal epithelial cells, uterine epithelial cells, oviduct cells, and in pregnant cows, the placenta. Adherent T. foetus cells release a cysteine protease (CP30) that produces cytopathic effects in oviduct cells and in epithelial cells of the vagina and uterus resulting in apoptosis. The cysteine protease is capable of cleaving IgG2 and evading the host immune response. Clinical Signs In trichomoniasis, overt clinical signs are not seen. Evidence of the disease in a herd is chronic infertility, returns to service after four to five months (with a higher incidence in heifers compared to cows), aborted foetuses (at any time during gestation from two-months onwards but more commonly from three to five months), and persistent vaginal discharge post coitus. In cows, clinical signs vary from mild vaginitis or endometritis, to acute inflammation of the entire reproductive tract. Infection during pregnancy leads to early embryonal death, abortion and, sporadically, pyometra. Return to service within three to five weeks post-coitus indicates infection and related failure to become pregnant, or early termination. Reduced calving rates of approximately 18% are greatest in the first two years in cows experiencing infection for the first time, with decreasing production loss in subsequent years. Cows recovering from infection are generally resistant to the infection for one to three years although this varies between animals. No clinical signs are present in infected bulls. Epidemiology The major route of transmission of T. foetus is through coital contact between a bull and a heifer or cow, although

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contaminated artificial insemination (AI) equipment may also transmit the infection. An infected bull is the main reservoir of infection and is a major risk factor for ongoing disease in a herd. The infective dose for three- to seven-year old bulls is 106 organisms, but some can be infected with as little as 102 organisms, indicating a likely difference in host susceptibility. Older bulls (four, five and six years of age) are more susceptible to infection when naturally mated to infected heifers, whereas younger bulls (three year olds) are less susceptible. The exclusive use of young bulls may reduce the incidence of the disease in cows in extensively managed herds. The infective dose for cows is usually 103 organisms.22 Infection in previously noninfected cows is most likely to occur when the time interval between services is less than 20 minutes. Once cows are infected, T. foetus can be isolated two weeks after mating. Passive transmission (transmission of the organism from infected to noninfected cows via a non-infected bull) can occur but the transmission rate is low. Survival of T. foetus in the uterus occurs for up to 22 months. It causes inflammation, which either prevents conception, or leads to abortion. Cows may recover from infection, usually within 90 days and over a number of oestral cycles, but reinfection is common. IgG1 opsonic antibodies are produced in the vaginal mucus and antibodies of class IgG2 are produced in the serum and may result in immunity for up to nine months post-infection, but there is a progressive loss of immunity over the following 20 months during which the animal can become re-infected. Immunity does not develop with age. The immune response in infected bulls is poor, and consistent with a carrier status. Agglutinating antibodies are not detected in the preputial cavity.26 The immunological response is not reliable for diagnostic purposes, hence serology is limited in its use for detection of T. foetus, due to poor sensitivity and specificity. The antibody titre in serum may be 1:32 without infection but increases to 1:512 in heifers 11 weeks post-infection, and to 1:128 in bulls. Non-specific agglutinins against T. foetus have been reported from a variety of animals including frogs, birds, rabbit and horse. Immunisation with a vaccine containing killed cells of T. foetus prevents genital infection in most bulls up to the age of five years; however, it does not effectively prevent or cure infection in bulls older than five and a half years.27 Vaccinated bulls challenged with T. foetus produce a systemic and genital immune response due to IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies, but www.progressiverancher.com

unvaccinated bulls, when challenged, do not produce an antibody response and persistent infection occurs.28 Vaccination reduces the rate of abortion by only 30%. Serotyping of the protozoan is no longer performed, but all three serotypes of T. foetus have been reported in Australia. In north-eastern Australia a study found a distribution of 80% for T. foetus var brisbane and 20% for T. foetus var belfast. In NSW var belfast predominated with a low incidence of var manley. Serotypes var belfast and var brisbane were the only serotypes detected in WA. The host range for T. foetus includes cattle (Bos taurus and B. primigenius indicus), horses, roe deer, cats and pigs. Other mammals such as domestic cats, horses and roe deer can be hosts to T. foetus and experimental infection has been established in rabbits, golden hamsters, guinea pigs, dogs, pigs and goats. Occurrence and Distribution Bovine trichomoniasis was first reported in France in 1888. It has a worldwide distribution especially in countries where natural service is commonly practised. It has been reported from Argentina, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Norway, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Spain, South Africa, Switzerland, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia, United Kingdom and United States, although nowadays, with the use of AI, the disease is seen rarely in many countries. In Australia, bovine trichomoniasis was reported in 194835 to have occurred on King Island in 1946 and in Queensland in 1950. It is widespread in extensively managed beef herds in the northern parts of Australia. In the Northern Territory, the disease occurs in the districts of Darwin, Victoria River, Elsey, Gulf and Barkly Tablelands, with a low incidence around the Alice Springs district. The last survey, in the mid-eighties, reported 65.6% of herds infected (1,008 bulls were tested on 41 stations in the Victoria River district), with a prevalence in infected herds of 2.9-33.3% (an average of 11.7%). In Queensland, a 1974 study indicated 17.5% of herds were infected.31 In Western Australia (WA), a 1977 survey of T. foetus through abattoir sampling of bull genitalia indicated a prevalence of 1.8% in pastoral areas and 28.2% in the Kimberley region. T. foetus was not found in samples from the south-west of WA.32 The disease is rarely seen in intensively managed herds in the southern parts of Australia due to the use of AI. In New Zealand the disease was first reported in 1937.39 It has been reported infrequently since then, from a beef herd www.progressiverancher.com

in the Tokomaru Bay area in 198240 and from the Hawke's Bay/Gisbourne regions in 1996. No control programs exist in New Zealand or Australia and the disease is not notifiable. Gross Pathology In infected bulls, gross pathological changes are not seen. Of importance to note for collection of samples, is that T. foetus is present in all regions of the penis and prepuce with a concentration in the glans penis, and occasionally the anterior urethral orifice, but does not occur in the epididymes, ampullas, seminal vesicles, pelvic urethra or testes. In cows, the uterus is the main organ affected. Transient infection occurs in the oviducts, cervix, uterus and vagina. The placenta is oedematous and often shows a degree of autolysis. Aborted foetuses vary in gestational age from two months to full term. Gross lesions may not be apparent but in some aborted foetuses a moderately enlarged liver is present. However, microscopic lesions occur in the placenta and foetal lungs. Trichomonads have been observed in the placental stroma, and in lung and airways of aborted foetuses and these tissues should be targeted for sample collection. A pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia is seen, histopathologically, in many foetuses. Pregnant animals may show gross evidence of impending abortion through haemorrhagic placentomes, partial detachment of the cotyledons and placenta, and pale yellow foetal fluids containing a fine colloidal suspension. Genital tracts and foetuses may appear normal despite the infection. Pyometra is occasionally apparent and a pale yellow, semi-solid material may be present in the uterine horns, cervix and oviducts. T. foetus occurs in the uterus, oviducts, foetal fluids and placentomes and these areas should be targeted for culture. Diagnostic Tests (General) Diagnosis of trichomoniasis takes into account clinical history of the herd, which includes signs of early abortion, repeated returns to service and irregular oestrous cycles, and is confirmed by detection of the protozoan by culture and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two main methods for sampling the prepuce of bulls are used; the aspiration method of Bartlett (1949) and the metal brush scraping method of Stuka and Katai (1969) as quoted by Tedesco et al., (1979). Both methods give the same diagnostic sensitivity if samples are cultured within two hours of collection. In the Bartlett method, the pipette is scraped against the glans penis and the adjacent preputial

membrane before aspirating the material. Sampling from the right side of the prepuce results in a four times more likelihood of a positive result compared to a sample taken from the left side. This may be due to the position of the glans penis as the highest numbers of T. foetus are found on the portion of the glans penis excluding the galea glandis, whereas relatively low numbers occur on the remainder of the penis and prepuce. The protozoan does not reside in the lower urethra. The vagina is sampled for heifers and cows. Both collection methods are described in Part 2. Tissues from aborted foetuses are collected and samples may be inoculated into transport media in the field. Successful growth and identification of T. foetus from samples is influenced by transport conditions and temperature. Both culture and PCR outcomes are adversely affected if temperatures exceed 37ºC for 24 hours or more during transport.47 Transport temperatures of 10-20ºC temporarily inhibit replication of T. foetus but the organism recovers once incubated at the correct temperature. Inoculated media should not be chilled or refrigerated as this will kill the protozoan. A study found that transport in phosphate buffered saline containing foetal calf serum (PBS/FCS) at 4ºC and culture within 24 hours into growth medium, or transport in PBS/FCS at 37ºC and culture into growth medium at 24 or 48 hours, was satisfactory, whereas transport at 4ºC in modified Plastridge's medium resulted in non-viable cells. Optimum transport in Plastridge's medium is at 37ºC. Transport at the higher temperatures requires the presence of serum (or milk). Inoculated Diamonds50 or InPouch™ TF media must be transported at 22-37ºC. Positive results are obtained at this temperature range for up to four days, whereas cultures kept at 4ºC for five days will be negative. All results are negative if samples are kept at -20ºC for three hours. As a general rule, transportation at 25ºC followed by incubation at 37ºC in the laboratory, is ideal. A number of media have been developed for transport and culture of T. foetus; Trichomonas Medium (Oxoid), modified Plastridge's medium, modified Diamonds medium and InPouch™ TF medium (BioMed Diagnostics). They all support the growth of T. foetus; however, with some differences that need to be taken into account when testing for T. foetus. Growth in Diamonds medium and modified Plastridge's medium show the quickest growth with the highest concentration of cells at two to four days, compared to the InPouch™ TF medium, where the highest number of cells occurs later. Cells survive

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longer in the InPouch™ TF medium and modified Plastridge's medium, as cells are present at day seven, whereas loss of viable cells occurs from day five in Diamonds medium. Culture (tested using modified Plastridge’s liver infusion medium) has a sensitivity of 72% (95% probability: 58.0786.38%) and a specificity of 95.37% (95% probability: 94.07-96.65%) when applying Bayesian methods in the absence of a gold standard. These results are similar with the InPouch™ TF medium, which has a culture sensitivity of 67.8% and specificity of 98.8% at 95% confidence intervals for a single sample after infection of one week’s duration. Sensitivity and specificity increase to 80.0% and 98.1%, respectively, when samples are collected over three consecutive weeks. T. foetus protozoa are visually detected in growth medium using a wet preparation examined under a light microscope or by dark ground illumination. Examination using phase contrast can assist with identification based on morphology. The identification of Tritrichomonas to species level is done using morphology after staining by Lugol’s iodine and Diff-Quick method (see Part 2 - online pdf ). Other trichomonads may be found in the normal bovine reproductive tract and need to be differentiated from T. foetus. These non-pathogenic trichomonads may be found in soil, water, urine, faeces, intestine or rumen of animals and it is important to avoid contamination from soil and faeces when collecting samples. A number of PCRs have been reported for detection of T. foetus in bulls and cows. A real time PCR using a 3' minor groove binder-DNA probe targeting the conserved regions of the internal transcriber spacer-1 has been developed but not submitted to SCAHLS or approved by the OIE for international trade requirements56. The probe is 2,500-fold and 250-fold more sensitive than culture followed by microscopy for smegma and mucus respectively, and detects a single cell of T. foetus per tube from smegma or vaginal mucus. It is 500-fold more sensitive than conventional PCR. .... full 25 page article is continued here: www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/ files/sitecollectiondocuments/animal/ahl/ ANZSDP-Bovine-trichomoniasis.pdf

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

27TH ANNIVERSARY 2023 SALE RESULTS 83 Horses | $838,100 For more information visit www.vannormansale.com

The 27th Van Norman & Friends Production Sale was held in Elko, Nevada on September 15 & 16 with Muleshoe, Texas auctioneer Steve Friskup at the block. The invitational sale offers saddle horses and young prospects from some of the best ranch breeding programs, and has come to be known as one of the most respected and reputable sources for quality quarter horses in the region. Interest was strong for all age groups, with on-site bidding being accompanied by phone-in and online bids. Horses sold to numerous states, including Nevada, Idaho, California, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Montana, Oregon, Colorado, and Nebraska.

Twenty-one aged horses (age three and up) averaged $17,828, with the high selling horse bringing $50,000, also topping the sale. The seven-year-old gelding, Only Good In Levis, was consigned by John & Susan Wright of Elko, Nevada. Seventeen two-year olds averaged $11,103, with the high seller bringing $16,500. The gelding, JP Nu Bud, was consigned by Zeb and Meridith Burroughs of Bonanza, Oregon. Nine yearlings averaged $7855, with the high seller bringing $10,500. The colt, KCR Thorpe Creek Cat, was consigned by Mary Journigan of Lamoille, Nevada.

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Twenty-three weanlings averaged $4689, with the high seller bringing $14,000. The colt, DW Fashin, was consigned by Linda Bunch of Tuscarora, Nevada. Another highlight of the sale was the eight-yearold Van Norman stallion, Nevada Fab And Fame, who sold for $34,000. The 28th annual Van Norman sale is scheduled for September 13-14, 2024.

Full results can be viewed here: www.vannormansale.com/2023-sale-results/

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from Van Norman & Friends Save The Date For 2024: September 13 & 14

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The Progressive Rancher

NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

Nevada Champion Cow Horse Results: 1st Kick the Dust up & Millie Wakley; 2nd Hard Rockin Rebel owned by Philippa Heathcock shown by Ed Robertson; 3rd Gotta Getta Goose Dally Goemmer; 4th Cayenne Cat owned by Kenneth Jones shown by Kimberlyn Fitch

Junior Riders 9-12 Results: 1st Hadley Denier riding Boon Rey; 2nd Wylie McLain riding Poncho; 3rd Cray Tervort riding Cindy; 4th Harris Wakley riding Smoothie. Best Girl Rider was Hadley Denier and Best Boy Rider was Wylie McLain. 32 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

Nevada Cattle Working Results: 1st Sprinkles Owned by Janet Kubichek shown by Flint Lee; 2nd Jim owned by Kenny Lee shown Bea Lee; 3rd Hard Rockin Rebel owned by Philippa Heathcock shown by Ed Robertson; 4th Cayenne Cat owned by Kenneth Jones shown by Kimberlyn Fitch

Women’s Class Results: 1st Cayenne Cat owned by Kenneth Jones shown by Kimberlyn Fitch; 2nd Dolly owned by Flint Lee shown by Bea Lee; 3rd Roslyn owned and shown by Helen C Heathcock; 4th Uno I’m Wright owned by Michael Vipham and shown by Alex Vipham

Young Buckaroos 8 & Under Class Results: 1st Hadley Steele riding Tumbling Rose; 2nd Betty Wakley riding Smoothie; 3rd Stetson Steele riding Little Bits of Smoke; 4th Ira Lear riding Ace; 5th Hannah Nelson riding Bonnie; 6th Amos Alexander riding Bay Horse. Our awesome finalists were: Frankie Baulch riding Fairlea Zannie Jay, Monte Hoots riding Howdy and Billi McLain riding Egg. The best girl rider is Betty Wakley and the best boy rider is Stetson Steele. The Progressive Rancher

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2023 Results

Open Branding Finals: 1st Warr Land & Livestock - Mason Warr, Brayden Evans, Taylor Lloyd, Quirt Boyles; 2nd The Roman X Bar - John Schutte, Jick Schutte, Dirk Jim, Dalton Jim; 3rd Cleve's Boys - Quinton Anseth, Jim Berrett, Cleve Anseth, Logan Anseth Open Incentive Finals: 1st Cleve's Boys- Quinton Anseth, Jim Berrett, Cleve Anseth, Logan Anset; 2nd Harney Team- Woody Harney, Jr Harney, Rigo Cordova, Ramone Cordova; 3rd Trout Creek Ranch Matt Oman, Tom Tanner, Cody Barfuss, Justin Edwards

Co-Ed Branding Results: 1st Wild Cards - Jim Berrett, Bailey Berrett, Josie Periera, Asher Freeman: 2nd Carico Lake Kaylee Filippini, John Filippini, Austin Iveson, Shanna Thomas; 3rd Lazy JN Ranch - Timmy Lynn DeLong, Will Knight, Jessica Kelly, Rigo Cordova www.progressiverancher.com

Youth Branding Finals 6-10: 1st Eden Valley Ranch - Jett Freeman, Barak Freeman; 2nd Payson's Team - Payson Melendez, Malachi McLain; 3rd Vades Team - Vade Donker Youth Branding Youth Branding Finals 11-14: 1st Matson - Luke Matson, Bodie Matson; 2nd The Vaqueros - Emmett Gorecki, Janus Gorecki; 3rd Daxton Melendez, Casey Jones

Senior Branding Results: Proved the toughest of the bunch: roping in pouring rain, lightning and ankle-deep mud! It was great to watch! 1st Powers/ Ruby - Sean Powers, Kirk Ruby; 2nd Eden Valley Ranch - Frank & Kathy Bengoa 3rd Ruby Valley Boys - Rocky Roa, Steve Wines Fastest time award for 70+ went to Frank Bengoa! The Progressive Rancher

Women's Branding Finals: 1st Filippini Ranch - Kaylee Filippini, Sandy Kiel, Tess Turk and Mesa Martin; 2nd Maher Ranch Natalie Maher, Payton Feyder, Desi Dotson, and Mattie Ward; 3rd Goemmer Ranches Mindy Goemmer, Riata Anseth, Dally Goemmer and Suzann Lemaire NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

Congratulations to our J.M. Capriolas 2023 Outstanding Stockhorse & Best Outstanding Rider Outstanding Stockhorse - Hard Rockin Rebel owned by Philippa Heathcock shown by Ed Robertson of Wells, NV. Best Outstanding Rider- Bea Lee of Fallon, NV

Non-Pro Cowhorse 2 Event Class Results: 1st Carissa Bieroth, 2nd Bea Lee, 3/4th tie Renee Jackson and Ben Marvel

Junior Stockhorse 13-16 Results: 1st place Natalie Mori riding Matt & Leah Mori’s horse Peparoo 2nd place Tucker Shippy riding Linda Robertson’s horse Holiday.

Ranch Horse Class Results: 1st Rc and Tate Carnahan 2nd Pokey & Mike Trevort 3rd Okie & Jymme Dominguez 4th Doc & Jackson Dahl

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Senior Non-Pro Cowhorse Results: 1st Jess Reid 2nd Joi Brackenbury 3rd Candace Wines 4th Debbie Armuth www.progressiverancher.com

2023 Results

Open Snaffle Results: 1st One Smart Tart owned & shown by Michael Vipham, 2nd Sprinkles owned by Janet Kubichek shown by Flint Lee, 3rd Smart and Dark Time owned by John & Susan Wright shown by Casey Bieroth; 4th Hidis Radar owned by Jim Filippini shown by Matt Mori

Nevada Hackamore Open Results: 1st Flashy Nu Star owned by Mitch & Claire Moiola shown by Michael Mori; 2nd Woodrow owned by Flint Lee & Colleen Withers shown by Flint Lee; 3rd Cats Eticket Time owned by Betsy Searle shown by Matt Mori; 4th Hard Rockin Rebel owned by Philippa Heathcock shown by Ed Roberson www.progressiverancher.com

Non Pro Snaffle Results: 1st Twisted Stook owned and shown by Rachel Wines; 2nd Cajun My Cat and Rachel Wines, 3rd Rock TN Starlight & Rolly Lisle, 4th Rey & Maggie Van Norman

Non-Pro Hackamore/ Two-Rein Results: 1st Ain’t Waistin Time & Kyla Rianda 2nd One Eyed Redneck & Jake McKay, 3rd Doc & Jackson Dahl

Senior Showmanship Winner Marli Dahl

For more winners photos, please visit

 ElkoCountyFair

The Annual John Henry Roderick Memorial Drawpot branding was another huge success, running 15 heats with 44 teams! Our winners this year were Joe Wines, Jess Peters, Barak Freeman and Royce Rivas. Second place was Joe Wines, Levi Kophamer, Curly Thomas, and Ross Peters. 3rd place team was Josh Montes De Oca, JT Gorecki, Sim Malotte and Matt Wines. The drawpot branding was something John Henry Roderick worked really hard to bring about and this day was dedicated to him! Congratulations to all the branders.

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NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

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