AD_533_Building Construction II_Prici

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PRICILLIA CHIN AN QI | 1001953484

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II MR. MUNZIR MAHAZIR

CONTENTS 02 Skeleton Construction

18 Solid Construction

24 Shell Construction

1

TIMBER STRUCTURE | STEEL STRUCTURE | CONCRETE STRUCTURE |

02

SKELETON CONSTRUCTION

SKELETON CONSTRUCTION

3

STEEL

| FRAME | TYPES OF FRAME | STRUCTURES | STEEL FRAMING | STEEL SHAPES |

DEFINITION of Frame:

Frame.

Provides: Strength Stability

A structure used to resist vertical forces (gravity, rain, dead and live load) and lateral forces (wind and earthquakes)

Must transfer all loads to foundation.

Components:

Load Transfer:

Secondary Beams

Roof Slabs

Main Beam Floor Slabs

Roof -> Beams -> Columns -> Foundation -> Ground

Columns

Beams: Tranfers loading to columns.

-Beam with overhangs

-Continuous beam

-Simple beam

-Cantilever beam

-Beam with 1 fixed end

-Fixed-end beam

Connections: Integrity of building depends on the quality of these connections

Roof and walls

Openings and wall

Wall and floor

Wall to foundation

STEEL

4

Types of Frames.

1.

JOINTS: RIGID FRAME

Linear elements.

Connected with joints that don't rotate.

Provides stability.

No flexibility.

3. BRACED FRAME

2. JOINTS: PIN ENDED FRAME

Members free to rotate.

Can only push or pull.

4. PORTAL FRAME

Internal Bracing

Diagonal members.

Stable enough for earthquakes and strong wind.

More efficient compared to Rigid.

Internal Bracing

Beam supported at either end of column.

STEEL

5

Types of Frames.

5. SHED FRAME

Similar to portal frame.

Third member is in the form of a roof truss.

7. GEODESIC FRAME

6 .

GRID FRAME

For lightweight roof structure covering wide open floor areas.

Consists of triangular frames organized in grid form Grid may be in multiple layers

8. SUSPENSION FRAME Suspension system

In shape of dome A network of triangular forms The more triangles the lower the risk of collapse

Used in multi-story construction Central solid support structure extending to full height of building Horizontal support structure cantilevered out over plan area

STEEL

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Structures

1.

APEX FRAME

Framework of poles jointed at one end Provides conical shape

3.

RECTANGULAR FRAME

Series of uprights and crossmembers Organized in perpendicular planes Provides support to floors, walls and roofs

2. TRUSS FRAME

Consists of 1 or more triangular units Constructed with straight members connected to nodes External forces act only at nodes

4. PORTAL FRAME

Simple structures built with steel or steel reinforcced precast concrete Each frame require bracing

7

STEEL

Steel Framing

ADVANTAGES:

DISADVANTAGES:

Flexible and easy to install Higher quality Dimensionally stable Lighter and stronger Stable pricing Insect resistant Non-combustible Recyclable

STEEL ABOVE GROUND:

Corrosion by water Previously, not code approved Protection of electrical wiring Thermal transmission

COMPONENTS:

Steel rafter Steel column

CONCRETE BELOW GROUND:

Column

Main beam / Girder

Joist Concrete footing

STEEL BEAM AND GIRDER SYSTEM: Economical for most building loads.

Beams and girders may be part of main skeleton frame.

STEEL JOIST SYSTEM: Supports are beams or bearing walls

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STEEL

Steel Shapes

WIDE FLANGE BEAM

L- SHAPE

STEEL CHANNEL

STEEL PIPE

TUBE STEEL

Connections Column Base

Column to Beam-moment

Column welded to steel base

Beam flanges rigidly connected to column

Column to Beam-shear

Column to Column

Bolts in web Transmit shear not bending moment

Filler plate.

Welding.

Butt plate.

JOINING STEEL MEMBERS: Rivet:

Heat rivet.

Insert in hole.

Seldom used Labor intensive Pricier compared to other alternatives

Bolt:

Quick Easy Less labor intensive Skills required

Weld:

Labor Intensive Requires highly skilled craftsman

SKELETON CONSTRUCTION

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TIMBER

SUBSTRUCTURE | GROUND FLOOR | FRAME | ROOF | SUSPENDED FLOORS | STAIRCASE | WALLS | JOINTS

Sub-Structure Construction.

BRICK VENEER WALL

ELEMENTS:

Timber wall framing.

Concrete Slab Moisture barrier.

SUSPENDED TIMBER FLOOR i.

Pad/Strip or raft foundation.

Column stump/loadbearing wall.

Bean/bearer

MOISTURE: Timber floor.

Termite shield.

Moisture barrier.

Raised from ground.

FOUNDATION: ii.

Joists 100 x 100mm wall plate.

Concrete base.

Top soil.

Hardcore

NON-LOAD BEARING TIMBER PARTITIONS

GROUND FLOOR:

Stud Partition

Masonry materials (brick and/or concrete).

Stability: Rests on pad,strip or raft foundation.

Double joists under load-bearing partitions

Joists Joists

Raised floor, Sleeper wall.

Under floor ventilation.

10 TIMBER FLOOR

Stud.

Floorboards.

Floor joists.

Floor joist.

Wall plate.

Bearer.

Bearer.

Wire tie to bearer.

Precast concrete block foundation wall.

Concrete pile (200 x 200mm).

Reinforcing rod.

Ground Floor Construction Barrier for moisture is very important to keep in mind when constructing the ground floor.

Raised from ground.

Insulation under floor.

Insulation.

Masonry load bearing wall.

Pad/Strip Foundation.

Superstructure Frame Construction concealed fastener.

Post.

Beam.

Frame/ Primary Structural Element: Post / column Beams / bearer Bracing Frame/ Secondary Structural Element Framed walls

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TIMBER

Roof Construction Roof Truss

Roof Coverings

Rafters Tie Struts Bracing Hip Ridge

Rainwater Components

Insulation Battens Tiles Sheet Roofing

Gutters Downpipes Flashings

Eaves Battens Purlins Gable Fascia Dormers

CONNECTORS

Steel Brace.

Lap Splice

Wrap around splice

Suspended Floor A suspended floor is a ground floor with a void underneath the structure and supported by external and internal walls.

Column.

The floor can be formed in a variety of ways, using timber joists, precast concrete panels, block and beam system or cast in-situ with reinforced concrete.

Joists

Beams

FLOOR JOIST PLAN

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TIMBER

Wall Framing

Balloon framing timber construction

Platform framing timber construction

The platform framing timber system is ideal for building multi-story homes and other types of timber buildings. This particular system can be used to build buildings up to 4 floors in elevation. Platform wall studs are independent on each floor. On the other hand, the balloon framing system walls extend from the sill of the first floor all the way to the top plate. This framing system has an increased wind load strength.

Jointing Systems

DowelÂ

Dovetail

DowelÂ

Mortise and Tenon

Dado

Tongue and Groove

Rabbet

Metal Joint

Lap

SKELETON CONSTRUCTION

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CONCRETE OVERVIEW | FORMWORK | REINFORCED | TYPES | IBS SYSTEM |

DEFINITION:

MIX:

GRADE:

Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, coarse aggregate such as gravel, limestone or granite and fine aggregate such as sand.

FACTORS AFFECTING PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE: Water cement ratio Types of cement used Types and size of aggregates Use of admixtures Water

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1:4:8

Roughest type of mass concrete e.g. binding.

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1:3:6

Rough types of mass concrete.

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1:2:4

Most commonly used grade of concrete

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1:1 1/2: 3

RC where extra strength is required

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1:1:2

WORKABILITY: Too wet: coarse aggregate will settle at the bottom.

Too dry: difficult to handle and place. *Water plays an important role.

USAGE:

Work of thin section

AGGREGATE: 1.

2.

Sand and gravel

3.

Crushed rocks

Artificial

1. Fine and coarse aggregate rendering it cheapest and most used.

2. Very expensive.

3. From blast furnace slag.

STEPS TO USING CONCRETE: Mixing Methods:Â -Hand mixing -Machine mixing

Transporting

Placing

Consolidation

Bucket, chutes, truck mixer etc.

Surface should be cleaned and watered.

Small quantity at a time.

To eliminate air bubbles. By hand or vibrators.

Curing Keeping concrete surface wet for a certain period after placing.

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CONCRETE

Formwork

PLYWOOD

POLYSTYRENE

STEEL

STEEL

CRITERIA: Should be strong enough to withstand pressure and maintain shape.

Rigid enough to prevent deflection. Tight enough to prevent concrete leakage. Simple enough to build and easy to handle.Size, fit, removal, quality, safety and cost should all be requirements.

Reinforced Concrete.

MILD STEEL (Smooth surface)

HIGH TENSILE (Deformed/ rough surface)

DEFORMED BARS

HIGH CARBON STEEL

PURPOSE: Concrete should be reinforced because load should be spread evenly to give form, shape and position. This helps to reduce volume and size of concrete structure and shear stress in the concrete itself.

15 ADVANTAGES:

DISADVANTAGES:

More flexible in planning and designing.

Can be formed into any shape.

No mechanical lifting plant needed for steel structure.

Concrete weakness in tension can be resolved by introducing steel reinforcement.

More economical with the right design.

Weather condition may hinder the progress of construction.

Design form limited by construction of form work.

Rigidity is less able to accommodate movement.

Wet construction.

TYPES OF CONCRETE: There are many variations of concrete and many more being created.

PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE

POLYMER CONCRETE

LIMECRETE

Compression added in concrete before external loads.

Composite material resulting from polymerized monomer and aggregate mixture

Combination of NHL5 and lightweight aggregate

AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE

POST TENSION CONCRETE

Contains billions of microscopic air.

Technique for reinforcing concrete.

SHOTCRETE

HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

Concrete projected through a hose.

Concrete with strength and durability beyond other conrete.

PRE-CAST CONCRETE

Casting concrete in reusable mold.

PERVIOUS CONCRETE

high porosity concrete.

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CONCRETE

IBS System DEFINITION: Industralized Building System. A construction process that utilizes techniques, components, products or building system which involves fabricated component and on-site installation.

5 TYPES USED IN MALAYSIA: Open system Close system Precast system Steel Framing System Prefabricated Timber Framing Form work System Blockwork System

ADVANTAGES:

DISADVANTAGES:

Minimized number of labour.

Reduced construction time.

Lower total construction cost.

Standardized and simplified construction methods.

Lack of aesthetic value Bad workmanship might cause problems on joinery part Lack of experience practicing or designing IBS by contractors or consultants.

COMPARISONS Industrialized Building System: Components manufactured in factory and transported to site Cleaner and faster construction process Lesser skilled labor needed Higher industrialized quality No space requirement for fabrication.

Conventional Building System: Components fabricated on site No transportation Large space required Lots of formwork and waste from construction More labor needed Longer construction time.

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EQUIPMENT NEEDED:

Cranes

Lifting Tools

Rigging Tools

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS:

2.

1.

FOUNDATION

COLUMNS

4.

3.

FLOOR

FLOOR SLABS

4.

3.

WALLS Internal walls and then external walls

ROOF Roof trusses and then the roof.

INTRODUCTION | MASONRY | CMU BLOCKS |

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SOLID STRUCTURE

SOLID STRUCTURE

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INTRODUCTION DEFINITION | CLASSIFICATIONS | NATURAL | MAN-MADE | ELEMENTS |

CLASSIFICATIONS:

DEFINITION of Solid Structure:

Natural Man-made

Object that uses solid construction to withstand loads. It is made by piling uo similar materials into a design.Â

NATURAL:

Pyramids

MAN-MADE:

ELEMENTS: ARCH

VAULTS

POST AND LINTEL

A result of arches that form continuous covering.

Beam placed horizontally across upright posts.

Load

Earliest design came from Rome. Made out of small stones and a large central stone.

PILASTER Pilaster are thin columns that look like they're built into the walls. The difference between pilaster and columns are that pilaster appear to be embedded to the surface of walls. They are built the same time as a wall and also used to support beams.

SOLID STRUCTURE

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MASONRY DEFINITION | CHARACTERISTICS |

MORTAR Mortar is an important part of masonry as it serves as a cushion or glue between the masonry units, giving them full bearing against each unis despite their surface irregularities to form a monolithic structure.

Mortar seals also prevents water and wind from penetrating.

CHARACTERISTICS of Mortar: Portland cement Hydrated lime Inert aggregate (sand) Water

COLOURS of Masonry Cement : Light (light gray) Dark (dark gray) Others (by adding other pigments)

BRICK MASONRY Soft mud process Moist clay is pressed into simple rectangular molds.

Dry-press process Used for clays that shrink excessively during drying. Clay is pressed into steel molds by a machine working at a very high pressure.

Stiff mud process Special Characteristics Fire resistant Size

Most commonly used in today's world. Clay is passed through a vacuum to remove any pockets of air, then extruded through a rectangular die.

Methods: Soft mud process Dry-press process Stiff mud process

*After the molding process, the bricks are left to dry for 1-2 days in a low temperature dryer kiln.

They are then ready to be transform into their final form by firing or burning.

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MASONRY

Bricks *Bricks may be solid, cored, hollow or frogged.

CORED Permit more even drying and firing of bricks

BRICKWORK Important qualities Molding process Color Size

-Bricks may be cut as needed.

-Laid according to leads -Mortar used to join bricks together.

-Face of brick wall is swept with soft brush

HOLLOW Used primarily to enable insertion and grouting of steel reinforcing bars.

FROGGED Permit more even drying and firing of bricks

CONSTRUCTING BRICKWALL: 1. Leads laid to establish wall planes and course heights.

2. Heavy string stretched taut between line blocks at each lead.

3. Entire wall laid to level of leads.

Repeated as many time as neccessary.

SOLID STRUCTURE

RBM BLOCKS DEFINITION | GROUT | LOW LIFT GROUTING

REINFORCED BRICK MASONRY (RBM) This form of blocks is similar to reinforced concrete construction. It is formed by constructing two whythes of brick 2 to 4 inches apart, placing reinforcing steel in the cavity and filing the cavity with grout.

Grout: A mixture of portland cement, aggregate and water. *Grout needs to be fluid enough that it will flow nicely into narrow cavity and fill it fully.

LOW LIFT GROUTING

Vertical reinforcement for closed end concrete masonry units can be set after wall has been laid.

In low lift grouting, the masonry is constructed to a height not greater than 4 feet(1200mm). Vertical reinforcing bars are inserted into the cavity and are left projecting at least 30 bar diameters above the top of the brickwork to transfer their loads to the steel in the next lift

Horizontal reinforcement placed in bond beams as wall is laid up

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SOLID STRUCTURE

CMU BLOCKS CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT | MANUFACTURING | SIZE AND SHAPE

MANUFACTURED IN 3 BASIC FORMS: Solid bricks Concrete blocks Larger solid units

THE MAKING: Portland cement water sand gravel

MANUFACTURING PROCESS: Mixing Molding Curing Cubing

SIZES AND SHAPES:

Made in a variety of sizes and shapes

DECORATIVE:

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INTRODUCTION | MASONRY | CMU BLOCKS |

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SHELL STRUCTURE

SHELL STRUCTURE

INTRODUCTION

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PRINCIPLE | SINGLE AND DOUBLE | TYPES OF SHELL | ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

PRINCIPLE:

3 TYPES OF SPATIAL CURVATURE:

Continuity Uninterrupted connection or union

Invert

Indefinite curvature

Curvature A bend Rate of change

Outvert

SINGLE CURVED SHELLS:

TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURE:

Curved on one linear axis and are part of a cylinder or cone in the form of barrel vaults and conoid shells.

Barrel Vault

1. DOME:

Conoid

DOUBLE CURVED SHELLS: Part of a sphere or hyperboloid of revolution.

Hyperboloid Paraboloid

Dome

Has double curvature and the resulting structure is stronger and more robust than a single curved surface like a cylindrical shell.

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SHELL STRUCTURE

Types 2. FOLDED PLATE SHELLS: Principle Inclined plates Stiffeners to carry loads Columns support structure Canopies

Tapered Folded Plates

Folded Plate Truss

Z Shell

Three segment folded plate

3. CYLINDRICAL BARREL VAULTS: Principle Arch form Reduce stresses and thickness in the transverse direction.

Corrugated Curves

unstiffened edges

Multiple Barrels Outside Stiffeners

The lazy S

ADVANTAGES:

DISADVANTAGES:

Very light form of construction Dead load can be reduced Arch shapes can span longer

Shuttering problem Greater accuracy in formwork Rise of roof may be a disadvantages

PRICILLIA CHIN AN QIÂ

BC II

1.5.2020 - 29.7.2020