Marine Construction - Issue #3 2017

ISSUE #2- 2017

®

Copyright 2017 - J.J. Smith & Company, LLC

In This Issue: Cranes and Construction “Employer Responsibilties” Indentification and Appraisal of Marine Dredging Equipment Hand & Power Tool Safety Repair of Marine Wood and Timber Structures Sling Safety in Marine Construction Eight Hazards Common to Cranes Some “Simple” Safety Guidelines

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

TABLE of CONTENTS

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Cover Photo

Copyright 2017 - J.J. Smith & Company, LLC

Marine Construction® Magazine J.J. Smith & Company Inc. P.O. Box 1915 Naples, FL U.S.A. 34106 www.marineconstructionmagazine.com

Advertising & Subscription Information Call: (786) 510-1002 Anytime Days, Evenings or Weekends.

PUBLISHER Jennifer J. Smith

Cover Photo Courtesy of:

TERRY Contracting & Materials, Inc. Marine & Civil Contractors Stratford, CT, U.S.A.

EDITOR Christopher S. Smoot ADVERTISING marineconstructionmagazine@gmail.com GRAPHICS/LAYOUT/PRINTING Presstige Printing CARTOONIST/ARTIST Theresa M. McCracken www.mchumor.com CONTRIBUTING WRITER John Davagian, II Davagian Associates, Attorneys at Law

Features Let’s Talk Safety................................................................................. 6 Cranes and Construction “Employer Responsibilities”............. 8 Identification & Appraisal of Marine Dredging Equipment..... 12 Hand & Power Tool Safety............................................................. 32 Repair of Marine Wood & Timber Structures................................. 50 Sling Safety in Marine Construction........................................... 68 Eight Hazards Common to Cranes................................................80 Some “Simple” Safety Guidelines.............................................102 Bryan Nicholls Elected President of ADCI............................... 104 Shibata Fender Team at Foire Internationale d’Alger............ 106

Marine Construction® magazine is published every 2-months.

All material with all contents are all the property of Marine Construction® magazine. Marine Construction® magazine, web site www.marineconstructionmagazine.com. All information is protected, without limitation, pursuant to U.S. and foreign copyright and trademark laws. Contents may not be reproduced without prior written permission of the publisher, © 2015, 2016, 2017, J.J. Smith & Company; D.B.A. Marine Construction® Magazine. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. Disclaimer: The opinions expressed by the authors and/or editorials contained are those of the of the respective parties and do not necessarily represent the opinion of the Publisher.

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ALL Purchases Package of Five Tower Cranes....................... 108 Shiba Fender Team is new PIANC Platinum Partner.............. 110 Shipment of Southern Pine Lumber Up in 2016........................ 112

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

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“Let’s Talk Safety”

From the Editor . . .

At Marine Construction magazine we routinely receive emails/correspondence with regard to issues surrounding safety in Marine Construction. With this in mind, we thought it only fitting that we would share in upcoming issues of Marine Construction magazine a current or past “safety story” that may in some way, shape or form, prevent the same unfortunate incident from happening to another. If this information causes any of us to rethink a certain assigned job, duty or task, then maybe in some small way, we hope this information may contribute in a positive manner. We hope so.

Incident #1 - In April of 2005, Concrete piles were being placed, and driven in the construction of a new bridge, with a bargemounted Manitowoc 4100-W, Series-3, Ringer Crane. The first 55-ft section of the concrete pile had been driven, and the second 110-ft concrete section of the pile had been set in place and secured to the first concrete section of the pile.

The pile driving leads were adjusted and the hammer was positioned on top of the second concrete section of the pile in preparation to drive the pile. The concrete pile broke and started collapsing. As the pile collapsed and fell, the leads were pushed to the right of the crane boom. This caused severe s ide loading to the crane and the entire crane was flipped onto its right side. The falling concrete pile and falling portions of the crane crushed and killed Employee #1, the crane operator, and Employee #2, another worker at the site, was injured by falling objects. Employee #2 was hospitalized for treatment of fractures.

Incident #2 - In October of 2009, Employee #1 had been on a barge operating a Manitowoc 3900 crawler crane with an elevated cab. He had just finished work for the day and was using a rope to lower his lunch container to the barge’s deck. He was standing on a 25 inch wide by 6 foot long expanded metal work platform next to the elevated opera tor’s cab, and was leaning against a 3/4 inch pipe that was being used as the top rail. The pipe broke out of an elbow connection and Employee 6

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#1 fell 23 1/2 feet onto the barge. He sustained multiple injuries to his head and body and died approximately 15 hours later of cardiopulmonary arrest. There were indications that welds connecting the top rail’s two corner anchoring posts to the mid-rail had previously been broken.

Incident #3 - On February 11, 2006, a marine contractor anticipated moving their Manitowoc 3900W crane from Barge “A” to their Barge “B”. In order to transfer the crane from one barge to another, the stern end of the Barge “A” was abutted to the stern end of the Barge “B”. Barge “A” had both spuds down and Barge “B” had two spuds down on the stern end with the bow spud elevated. The barges were secured together using two 3-inch diameter ultrablue lines and both stern ends were approximately the same elevation. The crane operator moved the Manitowoc crane down to the stern end of the barge, with the boom facing the stern end. When the crane operator got near the end of the stern of the barge, the crane operator rotated the crane 180 degrees so that the boom was then facing the bow of Barge “A”. The crane operator proceeded to move the crane from Barge “A” to Barge “B”. As the crane operator got the crane approximately three quarters of the way onto the deck of Barge “B”, the stern end of Barge “B” suddenly lowered approximately 5 feet. When the stern end of Barge “B” suddenly lowered, the boom of the crane catapulted over the top of the crane and landed on the top of the steel deckhouse of Barge “B”. This left the crane resting three quarters of the way on Barge “B” and one quarter of the way on Barge “A”, with the counterweight end approximately five feet lower than the boom attachment end. Aside from the crane operator, there was one other deck hand stationed on Barge “A”. The tugboat, with an operator and two other deck hands, was up the Norwalk River approximately 0.75 to 1 mile near the I-95 overpass, dumping the scow.

Upon returning from dumping the scow, the tugboat was placed in the mooring. The tugboat, along with one of the deck hands from the scow and the crane operator, went

back up the river to the Cad Cell, where the crane barge equipped with the Manitowoc 4000 was anchored. The remaining two deck hands stayed at the location, and using oxy-acetylene torches, cut the pendent lines and hoist lines from the boom of the Manitowoc 3900 crane. During the trip up-river to obtain the Manitowoc 4000, the dredging superintendent was picked up from the dock area. He was notified of the incident by the crane operator. The crane barge was brought d own to the location and placed on the south side of Barge “A”. The crane barge was secured to Barge “A”. The crew, consisting of the dredging superintendent, the crane operator, three deck hands and the tug boat captain, assembled to discuss the incident and how to remedy the situation.

Initially, using the Manitowoc 4000 crane, slings were attached to the boom of the Manitowoc 3900 in order to stabilize the fallen boom. The boom of the Manitowoc 3900 was pretty level resting between the crane body and the deckhouse of Barge “B”. The crane operator applied tension to the boom of the Manitowoc 3900 crane boom to provide some support. The wire rope slings used in a basket type hitch were attached to the boom approximately 25 to 30 feet in from the end points of the boom. The attachment points on the fallen boom were not more than 45 to 50 feet apart. After the Manitowoc 4000 was attached to the boom of the Manitowoc 3900, Employee # 1, a deck hand, accessed the roof of the Manitowoc 3900 in order to cut the heel of the boom from the crane body. While making the last of numerous cuts to free the boom from the crane body, the boom was cut free, however, Employee #1 lost his balance, falling off the boom side attachment point end of the crane body in to the hoist drum well of the crane body.

He was stabilized by the other employees, 911 was notified, and the Norwalk Fire and Police Department representatives responded via Norwalk Police Departments Marine Unit. Employee #1 was transported back to shore by the Norwalk Police Departments Marine Unit. He was then transported to Norwalk Hospital, where he was treated for his injuries. u

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

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Cranes and Construction “Employer Responsibilities” Employers who operate cranes on a construction site are responsible for complying with all aspects of the standard, but other employers whose personnel work at the site have responsibilities as well. These employer duties are consistent with OSHA’s multi-employer policy, which recognizes that the Occupational Safety and Health Act imposes compliance duties on (1) employers who create or control hazards, (2) employers whose employees are exposed to hazards, and (3) employers with general supervisory authority over a worksite.

The following Questions and Answers explain the compliance duties of different employers under various common situations.

Question 1: I own and operate a crane on a construction site. The crane operator is my employee. What are my responsibilities under the standard?

documents, you will need to conduct an annual inspection and document the results of that inspection before operating the crane.

Question 3: I lease a crane to a construction contractor and provide an operator for the crane. While on the site, the operator is supervised exclusively by the lessee’s foreman. Do I have any responsibilities under the standard?

Answer 3: Yes. You must comply with all requirements of the standard because your employee, the operator, would be exposed to any hazards resulting from the crane’s operation. Moreover, you are responsible for any violations caused by the crane operator because you are the operator’s employer and the lessee is relying on the operator’s knowledge and skills to ensure that operations are conducted safely.

Question 4: I lease a crane to a construction contractor. I do not provide an operator with the crane. However, when the lessee tells me that the crane requires maintenance or repair, I send my mechanic to do the necessary work. Do I have any responsibilities under the standard?

Answer 4: Yes. Because the mechanic is your employee, you must comply with section O.S.H.A. Standard 1429 (Qualifications of maintenance and repair workers), and you are responsible for any hazards that result from the actions of your mechanic that expose other workers on the site to hazards. In addition, you are responsible for any violations to which your mechanic is exposed while he/she is working on the crane.

Question 5: I lease a crane to a construction (continued on page 10)

Answer 1: You must comply with all requirements of the standard, as you control all hazards the crane may create.

Question 2: I operate a leased crane on a construction site. The crane’s lessor has informed me that the crane meets OSHA’s standard. Can I rely on the lessor’s word and assume that the crane complies with the standard?

Answer 2: No. As the employer operating the crane you are responsible for complying with all requirements of the standard. Even if the lessor states that the crane meets the standard, you must take steps to verify that claim. One way to verify their claim is to ask the lessor for the most recent monthly and annual inspections reports, which will identify any problems found by the inspectors that either needed to be fixed or that need to be checked in future inspections. These documents must be made available to all persons who conduct inspections under the standard, including the shift inspections you must conduct while operating the crane. If the lessor cannot produce the required inspection 8

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

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Responsibilties contractor. I do not provide an operator for the crane, nor do I have anyone inspect or repair the crane while it is on the site.

Do I have any responsibilities under the standard?

Answer 5: No. An employer who leases (or sells) a crane but does not send any employees to the worksite where the crane is used is not subject to the standard.

However, as noted in Answer 2, the lessee is responsible for the condition of the crane and may ask you to produce written records of past crane inspections or to provide other information about the crane.

Question 6: I am a contractor on a construction site. Another contractor is using a crane on the site. None of my work involves the crane. Do I have any responsibilities under the standard?

Answer 6: Yes, because your employees may be exposed to hazards caused by the crane’s operation. For example, if a crane collapses due to being overloaded, employees working elsewhere on the site can be killed or injured. And if, for example, a crane makes electrical contact with a

power line, any employee touching or even near the crane can be electrocuted.

Even though you are not operating the crane, you must be aware of potential crane hazards and are responsible for protecting your employees against hazards you can reasonably foresee. You must take reasonable steps to protect your employees. For example, if you are concerned with a crane’s stability due to potential overloading, unstable barge conditions, or high winds or wave action, you must satisfy yourself that the crane is stable before allowing your employees to work where they would be in danger if the crane collapses. One way is to ask the company operating the crane or the controlling contractor on the site whether all necessary precautions are being taken to ensure the crane’s stability. Also, you have a duty to train your employees in the hazards associated with their work, including those that might arise from working near a crane.

Question 7: What training must I provide to my employees?

Answer 7: Training that must be provided under the standard to equipment operators, signal persons, competent and qualified persons, maintenance and repair workers, and workers who work near the equipment can be found by reading O.S.H.A. Section 1430. Additional training requirements are specified in other provisions of the standard. In addition, 1926.21(b)(2) requires employers to train construction workers how to recognize and avoid the hazards associated with their work and, depending on the circumstances, may require training in topics not listed in the cranes and derricks standard. u

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

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Identification and Appraisal of Marine Dredging Equipment Written by: Norman F. Laskay and William Quick The dredging industry is one of the few industries where the marine world and the machinery and equipment world overlap.

Dredges are simply material movers afloat.

The main purpose of dredges is to move sand, soil, mud, gravel or, rock, from one area to another. You may not want the material at its current location. This would be the dredging out of sludge ponds, docks, marinas, canals, harbors, rivers, and shipping channels. You may want material at a specific location. This is creating hills and overpasses from “borrow pits”, or beach or wetlands replenishment. Or, you may want to use or process the material being moved.

Such as the commercial sand and gravel pits that service the construction, road, and concrete industry, mining, and some sections of the fishing industry.

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The big division in dredging equipment is between the two main ways of moving material, namely mechanical and hydraulics.

A third area of equipment is the support equipment for the actual material movers.

Mechanical Dredges A mechanical or bucket dredge, at its simplest, is a floating object supporting a crane. The floating object can be truckable interlocking floats such as Shugart, Flexifloat, Rendrag. Or, more commonly, they are all welded steel mono hull barges of the most common sizes, 110’, 120’, or 140’ in length. On the deck of these barges will be a duty cycle crawler or rubber tired crane usually rigged for clamshell and/or drag line use and often secured to the deck by wires/chains and turnbuckles. At a higher level, the barge may have a fixed crane

with a turret like tub or occasionally a ringer mount. There are some special applications that have been using large semi-custom Liebherr hydraulic excavators.

To the basic bucket dredge hull may be added one to four spuds for pinning the barge on location, a “walking” spud which allows the barge to be self-shifting, a selfcontained winch and fairlead system for handling the spuds, and an auxiliary engine or engines for electrical and/or hydraulic power. Finally, if a bucket dredge is being used in 24-hour service it may have full crew quarters.

In service there are big differences between a crane working on land and one working on a barge. The barge must be suitable for the

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

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Identification job, location, and the crane being used. The barge must be able to fit in terms of length, width, and depth at a work site. It must also be large enough to safety handle the sea and weather conditions at the work site. If it is being used with a crawler crane, the deck must be able to support the crane being used. Although timber mats are commonly used to spread the deck point load, barge decks are built to different pound per square foot capacities.

Also, barges built for construction use often have tracking bulkheads which are longitudinal walls within the hull spaced at a similar width as that of crane crawlers.

The biggest concern with crane use on barges is the barge stability. A crane may be able to make its maximum lift with the boom in line with the centerline of the barge. But once the load shifts off centerline the barge will begin to tilt. Too much weight too far off center and the barge will roll over. For most dredging purposes the weight of the crane boom and full bucket over the side of the barge should not cause an accident. But barge widths of 50’ to 60’ are always desirable and even needed with cranes with long booms or that swing large cubic clamshell buckets. Some bucket dredge barges have the forward two spuds set up to be able to force the spuds down to “pin up” or lift the forward end of the barge to create more stability while swinging the boom, and loaded bucket, off centerline to dump to a scow. Any experienced machinery appraiser will know how to assess the condition of the normal deck equipment such as the crane, buckets, and spud hoist equipment. However the barges need special care. Crane barges often receive heavy service and limited maintenance. Due to continuous cycling, structural fatigue failure is often a problem. For the same reasons, this same problem often shows up in the spuds as cracks, especially around spud pin holes. Spud case/gate wear should also be considered. They are also often barges that have been purchased after they have used up much of their economic life in cargo carrying services.

Therefore, whenever possible, it is highly recommended that the interior of a barge be made accessible for inspection. In such cases confined space entry safety precautions must be taken.

In some parts of the world, mostly in Europe, there are a few other types of mechanical dredges such as the bucket ladder (bucket conveyor) and punch barge, a combination of a floating pile driver and jackhammer. There are none of these in the U.S. market that we are aware of.

Valuing Mechanical Dredges

units with similar utility, but the chances of finding a comparable sale are almost non-existent. Dredges often work with a spread of additional equipment so the income stream, frequently in the form of a fixed bid for a fixed project, is difficult to track.

So for bucket dredges both the cost and comparable sales methods are often used. Comparable sales and brokerage offerings of used sectional barges and of standard size deck barges may be found and adjusted for the subject barge. For odd size barges, which can be common in the construction industry, one must use as comparables standard size barges suitably adjusted for size. One can also find appraisal information on crawler cranes and rubber tired cranes through normal machinery sources. Tub or pedestal types are difficult to value. The best source is tracking the cost of the original conversion or construction.

One should also be able to find winch hoist units for sale. From this point on, one is often looking at the cost approach for the additional equipment. This will be the cost of installing spud wells, constructing spuds, and rigging a spud handling system. Onboard quarters construction will also be based on cost, although in some cases an argument can be made for the substitution of prefab modular quarters, where comparable sales or replacement costs can be found.

Although it is probably rare, care should be taken to see if the quarters must meet certain Coast Guard or Classification Society1 safety specifications which greatly increase the cost of these quarters over normal modular quarters. If the barge has quarters installed, there will also be the cost of a potable water tank and pumping system, an approved Marine Sanitation Device (MSD), and suitable safety equipment. While dredges with quarters and USCG and/or Class Certificates are more expensive to build and maintain,

Bucket dredges are almost all custom-built. There may be different

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1 Classification societies are private groups that “class” vessels by having them designed and/or built and/or maintained to the specifications, with the maintenance documented by periodic scheduled mandatory inspections, the vessels will maintain awarded compliance certificates. Having such certificates is a significant factor is reducing insurance premiums. Although the classification societies are headquartered in major maritime nations, their regulations may pertain to vessels of any flag that desire to be classed by that specific society. The most common of societies seen in the United States are ABS (American Bureau of Shipping), DNV (Det Norske Veritas), BV (Bureau Veritas), and LR (Lloyd’s Register).

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

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Identification they can also have higher values as they are not as common and are suited for higher paying dredge projects.

Based on our 30-year study of construction work barges, we believe them to have a normal economic life of thirty years in fresh water and twenty to twenty-five years in salt water. The residual value for old barge hulls is scrap value, when scrap is high, or for use as floating or sunken docks when scrap value is low.

Hydraulic Dredges The term hydraulic dredge comes from hydrodynamics and engineering dealing with the transportation of liquids. These dredges are also often called suction dredges. Operating a centrifugal pump creates a vacuum which can move a slurry of liquid and solids from the suction end through the pump along a discharge pipeline to a disposal site.

At its simplest, a hydraulic dredge is a pump and its prime mover on a float, with a suction and discharge hose. From this simple arrangement there are dozens of variations.

The biggest subdivision, particularly for appraisal purposes, is between the dredges that are “portable” and those that are not.

Portable dredges are sectional dredges that can be broken down into truckable units for over-the-road mobilization, generally without oversize permits. However, some “portables” push the boundaries in ease of disassembly/assembly and oversize permit transport. Transportation costs of these “semi” portable units will be a consideration in their value.

There are portable dredges with pump sizes up to 24” while some non-portable dredges may have pumps as small as 16”, as large as 36”. On a few non-portable dredges the pump size may be larger or smaller than the normal range.

Hydraulic dredges are designed and equipped as follows: The suction end may just be an open pipe fitted with a wide mouth (dustpan dredge), or fitted with a cutterhead for mechanical excavation. A cutterhead is most often a multi-blade digging device at the suction 16

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pipe mouth that is rotated by a shaft through gearing or hydraulics with the prime mover being a diesel or electric motor(s). It may have a number of different blade designs, each suitable for digging up or stirring up a particular type of bottom so that soil enters the suction line as a slurry. Smooth edge blades for loose sand and silt, serrated edge for hard packed sand and clay, and replaceable pick points for very hard material and rock. There are dredge like aquatic harvesters that have hedge clipper type cutting blades and a chain mesh conveyor on the ladder. In soft bottoms a high pressure water jet may be used instead of a mechanical cutterhead.

In order to control the suction pipe on the bottom, it is attached to a rigid frame called the ladder. The ladder, similar to a crane boom, pivots vertically on trunions attached to the dredge hull. But while a crane boom is made to pivot from the horizontal upward, a dredge ladder pivots from the horizontal down. The vertical movement is generally controlled by a standard winch hoist through sheaves in an A-frame or gallows arrangement on the front of the dredge, over the ladder. On smaller portable dredges the ladder is often controlled by one or two hydraulic pistons.

The ladder carries the suction and jet piping (if used) and the shafting and bearings for the cutterhead, if installed. A hydraulically driven cutterhead will probably have the drive motor close to the cutterhead and under water, while electric driven cutterheads have the drive motors, direct DC, DC via SCR (silicon controlled rectifier), or AC via VFD (variable frequency drives) units, on the above water portion of the ladder. All of these drive units may also have an associated gearbox. A more recent innovation is to have a dredge pump on the ladder and underwater which greatly aids hydraulic efficiency. This pump may be the primary pump or a ladder booster along with a regular onboard dredge pump, and it may be hydraulically, electronically, or engine driven via shafting.

Also located on the ladder, or immediately adjacent to the ladder on the dredge hull, are fairlead blocks for swing wires. The ladder hoist located above the ladder adjust the ladder height and therefore its relationship to the bottom. Variations in the depth of “bite” can vary the density of the

slurry. Many dredges will have a “Hofer” valve which automatically controls vacuum preventing an excess material “choke” and decreased production. The suction tip must also sweep a path along the bottom for the desired width of the channel. This is similar to the path of the tip of a windshield wiper.

In order to get a wide swing, anchors or land based “deadmen” are planted ahead of and to both sides of the desired digging path. Wires are run from onboard winches, through the forward fairlead blocks, and to these temporarily fixed objects. By slacking off on one wire and taking up on the other, the suction tip can be moved laterally over the bottom. Some dredges have a swinging ladder instead of the conventional swinging dredge. In this arrangement the dredge is spudded down forward and aft so as not to move and the ladder is swung from side to side by hydraulic cylinders, pivoting on a gooseneck type connection instead of standard trunnions.

As part of the sweeping motion the stern of most dredges are fitted with two spuds.

Spud towers with winches and fairleads, or towers with long stroke pistons with wires and fairleads, lift the spuds or release them to pin the stern of the dredge in place.

One spud is always down allowing a pivot point. With a right rear spud down the dredge is swung to the right. At the end of that sweep the left rear spud is dropped and the right lifted allowing the dredge to move forward, for a length that is a factor of the width of the dredge. A sweep to the left can then be made. Many new dredges are now equipped with “walking spuds” that advance the dredge for the next cut by hydraulic cylinders or wire on winches.

Walking spud frames usually travel on steel wheels in tracks or slide on polypropylene like pads. Another system, often used in heavy weather areas, is to use wires and anchors aft in place of spuds.

A sheave assembly is attached to the stern of the dredge with the lowermost sheaves well below the waterline. Wires are led out each port and starboard side to anchors.

A third wire is led out to an anchor aft of the dredge. The dredge is advanced and controlled by adjusting the five wires. All wires are controlled by onboard winches either electrically, hydraulically, or engine driven.

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Identification When a dredge has moved up on the swing wire so that the angle is no longer advantageous, the fixed securing points are advanced and the cycle begins again.

The auxiliary hoist machinery is usually installed on the main deck of the dredge. On almost all portable dredges the winches for the swing wires, ladder hoist, and spud hoist, are small hydraulic winches such as those manufactured by Tulsa or Pullmaster. Smaller portable dredges may have the ladder height and spud hoist controlled by long stroke hydraulic pistons.

Some shop made dredges are built on top of barges as are some modern dredges with ladder pumps, and they have all of their main dredging machinery on top of the hull. This is a safer design as it reduces the chances of the hull flooding and sinking, a risk with the more common design of machinery recessed within the hull.

Forward will be the dredge pump with an associated cleanout site.

The pump will usually be driven by a diesel engine via a clutch and gearbox and pedestal mounted shafting with thrust and line shaft bearings which are often water cooled. The discharge will go back up on deck and aft on either side of the dredge, depending on the position of the pump.

Other dredge auxiliary systems are usually very basic. The main pump engine or an auxiliary diesel engine can power a hydraulic

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power unit for the dredging system and possibly a small generator.

There are small dredges that are strictly 12-volt DC with electrical power from an automobile type alternator. Other dredges may have a small hydraulic driven generator or a dedicated diesel engine with generator.

Most dredges will also have what is known as an auxiliary service, general service, or service water pump. This will be a small water pump that, via a hull opening, takes in surrounding water which is used to supply water lubricated bearings, water seals and machinery cooling. A larger volume pump will be on board if the ladder is equipped with a water jet.

The last common system that should be on all dredges is a bilge pump or pumps. These may be in the form of standard 110-volt AC pumps (220 or 440 on larger equipment) or as one or more 12-volt yacht type submersible pumps with automatic float switches. On many dredges there will also be an eductor pipe, where the suction created by the main dredging pump can pull water out of the dredge itself. An eductor system must be fitted with a check valve to prevent accidental back flooding.

Some dredges will have an SCR system to convert onboard AC generator power from a large generator set to DC power for fine control of DC traction motors for swing wire and ladder hoist winches, and cutterhead drives. As previously mentioned the newest and more efficient system is VFD. In some enclosed pit locations and

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Identification in some areas with air pollution problems, such as California, all electric dredges are used. These dredges have all electric motor systems which are operated via an electrical umbilical cord running from a shore power source and are therefore often call “extension cord” dredges.

Control of a dredge is housed in the lever room. At its simplest, there will be levers to operate the two swing wire winches, to raise and lower the ladder, and to raise and lower the spuds. Hence the name lever room. There will also be a throttle control for the main pump engine and controls for the speed of the cutterhead if one is in use. From that point, a lever room can get complicated with equipment such as the following: • Full analog, digital, or computerized gauges for all engines • Pressure and vacuum gauges for the pump suction, discharge, flow line, and auxiliary service pump • Flow discharge and density meters with mass flow and recorders • Pump prime mover control for flow control • Satellite positioning and chart plotting equipment • Machinery and bilge alarm systems • Radio communications • Fire sensor alarm systems • Single joystick ladder control • Fully programmable automated dredging systems Within the hydraulic dredge family are the large non-portable dredges that are built to work around the clock at a distance from shore support. Often this may be work in shipping channels at the mouth of rivers or bays in open water. These dredges will be arranged and outfitted as noted above, but may also have a second deck for crew berthing, sanitary, and cooking facilities.

In the U.S. these dredges may be under U.S. Coast Guard and/or Corps of Engineer safety regulations where compliance or lack of compliance may affect the dredge’s ability to work. For some open water service the dredge may be built and maintained “in class and/or load line”. Being built 20

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and maintained to a certain high insurable standard greatly affects original cost and ongoing value.

All of the dredges noted above, mechanical or hydraulic, portable or non-portable, are not generally fitted with propulsion systems.

They are moved by tugboats of an appropriate size. There have been standard hydraulic dredges that are self-propelled either with inboard engines or giant commercial type outboards, called out drives, such as those made by “Thrust Masters”. More common are small dredges used in marinas, aquatic harvesting, or similar sheltered service that have paddlewheel type propulsion. A new design has mounted dredging equipment on a tracked marsh buggy.

The final major type of hydraulic dredge is almost always self-propelled. It is a trailing arm hopper suction dredge. Much of the hydraulic pumping system is similar to what is noted above, but for this dredge the slurry or spoil is loaded onboard the dredge which then delivers it to a disposal area.

To generalize, hopper dredges have more of a ship-shape as they often work in exposed waters and must be efficient when they are moving. Instead of a dredge ladder they will have one or two trailing suction arms.

These are suction pipes with an upper end and a pivoting joint on the main deck of the dredge. The pipe runs aft and down where it is dragged along the bottom as the ship slowly moves forward. The lower end’s contact with the bottom is controlled by a davit hoist unit and the entire arm can be raised to be parallel to the deck, or even swung inboard if the dredge mobilizes through open water to another project. Like the suction end on a ladder the suction end of an arm can be fitted with various jet and drag heads appropriate for the bottom being dredged. Many hopper dredge drag arms have the more efficient underwater dredge pump. Although a hopper dredge is made to carry dredge spoil, many have a second pump unit on deck that can act as a booster pump. Through a piping manifold slurry can be directed to a line with a nozzle that shoots the slurry far off to one side of the dredge in a process called side casting. A similar system is “rainbowing” where sand is sprayed forward of the bow to create islands or replenish beaches. Through parts of this same system the dredge spoil in the hopper can be made back into a slurry and

piped off through a fixed discharge pipeline like a standard suction dredge.

However, the main purpose of the hopper dredge is to load and move the spoil. The solids settle and as much excess water as possible drains off. When the dredge hopper is full to its safe or legal capacity, usually by weight not volume, the dredge picks up the arm(s) and proceeds to a material pump out or disposal site.

It is important that the appraiser keep in mind that any dredge usually makes its money on the amount of material it moves from Point A to Point B in the shortest time possible. A hopper dredge moves this material in three steps. The first is loading the hopper, the second is transporting it, and the third disposal. Therefore part of the efficiency (read value) of a hopper dredge is its carrying capacity, given in cubic yards or meters, and its speed. Efficiency is often calculated by the cubic yards/meters per pump minute and/or cubic yards/meters per cycle minute. The cycle being total time to load, transit to disposal area, dispose of material, return, and start digging again.

Therefore dredges are often classed or compared by their cubic yard or cubic meter capacity.

When a hopper dredge gets to the disposal site the desire is to empty the hopper as quickly as possible. Recreating a slurry to pump off the spoil, or using mechanical forms of discharge, would be prohibitively expensive for standard projects. Therefore hopper dredges are made to dump the load. The exception to dumping is the aforementioned island building, beach renourishment, or upland disposal where the load has to be moved to a non-deep water site.

One dump system has the dredge with a number of sliding gates on both sides of the hopper or on the bottom. The gates are opened by hydraulic cylinders and the spoil falls out assisted if necessary by one or more deck mounted water cannons.

Buoyancy wing tanks in the vessel’s hull keep the vessel well afloat while the bottom is open.

The second main design is the split hull hopper dredge. As it is named, the hull of the ship is a giant clam shell with a forward and aft centerline hinge. Hydraulic cylinders

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Identification open and close the hull. On many of these dredges the machinery rooms and crew’s quarters are raised above the hull and hinged so that they are unaffected by the hull movement and angles. Some equipment that can’t be isolated is of a design that it can operate at steep angles off of the horizontal.

Valuing Hydraulic Dredges

Construction

All non-portable cutterhead dredges and hopper dredges are custom built and appraisals are generally based on the cost approach. Extensive research may find a few similar offerings, particularly for cutterhead dredges, that may be adjusted for a comparable sales approach. But there are generally so many variables in these “comparables” that the calculations may only be a sanity check on the cost approach calculations.

Restoration Repair • Highways

Also keep in mind that dredges fall under the Cabotage Laws of the Jones Act so that there is a different market for similar size and service dredges that are built and used in the United States or worldwide, and those that are foreign built that can be used worldwide but not in the United States.

• Bridges • Dams

Valuing portable dredges may be somewhat easier as there is more standardization with a handful of manufacturers having “production” models. Many of these will have similar utility so comparables and near comparables may be found. Because they are portable, any values other than “in use” will have to consider dismantling and trucking costs. In the past most portable dredges were simple mechanical machines. But there are now new generation models that make very efficient use of hydraulics and have operational systems where satellite navigation hardware and software interfaces with onboard computers and custom software so that the lever room no longer has a console of levers but one of toggle switches and computerized joysticks.

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The main points of market comparisons are dredge type and pump size. Of interest is the calendar age and effective age. On dredges the working parts such as drive engines, gears, pumps, and associated shafting and bearings, may get rebuilt repeatedly over the life of the dredge so it is important to learn engine hours and condition of the pump shell, impeller and related wear parts. Unfortunately, for many comparables, the only information on condition may be “recently rebuilt” or “just off job”. Digging depth is important as it can be a factor of ladder and spud length. But digging depth is also ruled by the laws of hydraulics and controlled by matters other than the dredge itself. These are factors such as the material being moved and the distance it needs to be moved through a discharge line. When pricing comparables of portable dredges the price is usually at its current location, as one unit or possibly partially or wholly disassembled. Depending on the purpose of the appraisal the subject dredge may be valued “in use” or for orderly liquidation value or forced sale with disassembly and removal costs considered. Just as there are usually comparables for standard design portable dredges, replacement costs for standard dredges can also be obtained. With a normal economic life of twenty years and a residual value consisting of the salvage value of the engines and pump, a cost approach value can be calculated.

For most of the dredges other than standard dredges, ranging from home made gravel pit units to trailing arm hopper dredges, replacement cost must often be calculated by assembling the dredge piece by piece or system by system. If one has good contacts with dredge operators there may be some (continued on Page 26)

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Identification information available on proposed equipment that these companies may have put out for budgeting bids. Since there has been very little new construction of large dredges in the United States in the last five or more years recent information is scarce.

Support Equipment There are a number of pieces of support equipment that you will find working with dredges. They are covered briefly below.

Anchor or A-Frame Barges

Bucket dredges or hydraulic dredges without a close spoil site have to load their material into a hopper barge or deck barge with a deck pen. In doing so this creates extra expense and loss of time as these barges have to be mechanically discharged. Dump scows are barges that, like hopper dredges, have a self-contained means of unloading. Older dump scows have cable operated bottom gates.

The more efficient design is the split hopper dump scow. A tugboat moves the dump scow to a disposal site and a self-contained hydraulic power unit opens the clam shell like hull dumping the spoil. Like hopper dredges these are compared by their cubic yard or cubic meter capacity.

These are usually 20’ or 30’ steel deck barges with an A-frame at one end and a mechanical or hydraulically operated winch. They are used for hoisting and moving the buoys and anchors that are associated with a hydraulic dredge swing and walking wire system.

Almost all of this associated equipment is custom or even shop made and is valued by the cost approach. Occasionally some comparables may be found for small tugs and A-frame barges. It is more likely to find comparables with the truckable dredge tenders as several manufacturers build various standardized models.

Dredge Tender

Conclusion

Dredge tenders are often a truckable small tugboat with one or two small diesel engines and a small operator’s shelter. If under 8 meters (26’) they may be driven by an unlicensed operator. For more open waters they may be larger model bow (V bow) tugs that could be 30’ or 40’ long and also set up for day or shift use. The large dredges use standard multi-purpose tugboats and pushboats.

Like appraising any machinery and equipment asset, one needs to know a little about the industry and the use of the dredge or dredge equipment being appraised. It must be remembered that dredge equipment in the United States falls under the Jones Act so foreign flag dredges cannot work in U.S. waters. So like other marine assets there is a 2-tier market, foreign and U.S. domestic.

Pipeline

Small portable dredges can be used wherever there is sheltered water, subject to many factors including the water depth, the material being moved, and how far it needs to be moved. Large dredges, both standard hydraulic and trailing arm hydraulic, are usually involved in large projects paid for by national or local governments. In the United States it is projects paid for or overseen by the United States Corps of Engineers or in the case of channel maintenance or beach re-nourishment a state, county or city government. Foreign projects are often conceived and paid for by similar governmental bodies. The use of large dredges is usually connected with a project bid process and/or the dredging process is just a part of other construction work that is going on. While it is easy to understand how large selfpropelled dredges are moved around the world, it is also possible to move large non-portable nonpropelled barges around. This can be done in some cases with the units being towed by tugs, or in more recent times for longer voyages the dredges are loaded onto semisubmersible ships or barges and “dry towed”.

Most dredges will be operated with a discharge line. It may be sunken or buoyant on floats. Diameters vary by the pump size and the pipeline material may vary from steel to various synthetic materials.

The pipeline is mostly sold by the foot. Pipelines floats may be metal, synthetic or foam. Larger diameter discharge line will also have a number of ball joint assemblies made up of a bell (female) ball (male) and a locking ring which allows for pipeline flexibility. These assemblies can be the most expensive units in a discharge pipeline.

Because of the abrasive nature of the slurry in dredge pipelines, and possible salt water use, determining the condition of the pipeline is very important.

Booster Barge When a dredge has a long distance for the dredge material to travel to the disposal site it may be necessary to install a booster pump along the discharge line. This is usually a barge mounted selfcontained dredge pump and prime mover, possibly also with a small generator set. A booster pump can be attached to the dredge, to an idler barge, or to a skid mounted unit on land.

Idler Barge An idler barge is a barge that is usually of a similar width to a matching dredge. One end of this barge is pinned to the aft end of the dredge at the spud wells. The aft end of the idler barge then has its own set of spud wells, spuds, winches, and spud controls.

Instead of a 200’ long dredge swinging an arc based on its 200’ long length, the addition of a 100’ idler barge allows the dredge to swing a digging arc based on a 300’ radius. Even with the usual 90° arc of swing this allows more efficient dredging in a wide channel.

Therefore marketing of a dredge asset is subject to matching the equipment to a use and value is subject to mobilization and demobilization costs.

There are several brokerage websites that post information on portable dredges and their associated equipment. Large nonportable dredges, particularly those operated under the American flag, are rarely traded in arms length transactions. There are also several international brokerage sites that may have information on foreign flag dredges mostly of the propelled and trailing arm type. u ❖ This article was written with the assistance of Mr. William Quick. (continued on Page 30

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Identification He has sailed as an Engineering Officer aboard U.S. flag vessels and holds a current U.S.C.G. Chief Engineer’s License for motor and gas turbine vessels of any horsepower. He also is a Certified Marine Surveyor (CMS) with the National Association of Marine Surveyors (NAMS) and an Accredited Marine Surveyor (AMS) with the Society of Accredited Marine Surveyors (SAMS). Bill Quick is the Principal of Q-Marine, Inc. a marine surveying and consulting company located in Florida. Mr. Quick is considered to be a leading expert in dredging machinery having spent many years in the industry including the position of maintenance superintendent for Great Lakes Dredge prior to starting his own consulting business.

Presently Mr. Quick travels the country and the world consulting on construction, maintenance and repair of all types of dredging equipment.

Association of Marine Surveyors (NAMS) in 1980. As a member of the American Society of Appraisers (ASA) he has held offices in the New Orleans chapter including president, and has previously written several articles and letters on marine equipment valuation for the ASA journal and for the NAMS newsletter. He wrote the current test for the ASA Commercial Marine appraisal specialty examination, an ASA course on valuing commercial and recreational marine equipment, and a new chapter on marine appraisal for the new edition of the ASA textbook, “Valuing Machinery and Equipment”.

Original article published in the M&TS Journal (Machinery & Technical Specialties) of the American Society of Appraisers, Volumes 23 and 24, Nos. 4 and 1, 2007/2008.The author is a principal with the marine surveying firm of Dufour, Laskay & Strouse, Inc. of New Orleans, LA. www.portlite.com.

Norman F. Laskay is a graduate of Maine Maritime Academy and has sailed as a deck officer on U.S. and foreign flag freighters. He has been an independent marine surveyor of hull and machinery for over 30 years, becoming a Certified Marine Surveyor with the National

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Hand & Power Tool Safety As a Marine Contractor, tools are such a common part of our lives it is difficult at times to remember, they may pose hazards. Tragically, a serious incident can occur before steps are taken to identify and avoid or eliminate tool-related hazards.

Employees who use hand and power tools and are exposed to the hazards of falling, flying, abrasive, and splashing objects, or to harmful dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases must be provided with the appropriate personal protective equipment. All electrical connections for these tools must be suitable for the type of tool and the working conditions (wet, dusty, flammable vapors). When a temporary power source is used for construction a ground-fault circuit interrupter should be used.

Employees should be trained in the proper use of all tools.

Workers should be able to recognize the hazards associated with the different types of tools and the safety precautions necessary.

mushroomed heads, the heads might shatter on impact, sending sharp fragments flying toward the user or other employees.

The employer is responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used by employees. Employers shall not issue or permit the use of unsafe hand tools. Employees should be trained in the proper use and handling of tools and equipment.

Employees, when using saw blades, knives, or other tools, should direct the tools away from aisle areas and away from other employees working in close proximity. Knives and scissors must be sharp; dull tools can cause more hazards than sharp ones. Cracked saw blades must be removed from service.

Wrenches must not be used when jaws are sprung to the point that slippage occurs. Impact tools such as drift pins, wedges, and chisels (continued on Page 34)

Five basic safety rules can help prevent hazards associated with the use of hand and power tools: • Keep all tools in good condition with regular maintenance.

• Use the right tool for the job.

• Examine each tool for damage before use and do not use damaged tools.

• Operate tools according to the manufacturers’ instructions.

• Provide and use properly the right personal protective equipment.

Employees and employers should work together to establish safe working procedures. If a hazardous situation is encountered, it should be brought immediately to the attention of the proper individual for hazard abatement.

The following sections identify various types of hand and power tools and their potential hazards. They also identify ways to prevent worker injury through proper use of the tools and through the use of appropriate personal protective equipment.

What Are the Hazards of Hand Tools?

Hand tools are tools that are powered manually. Hand tools include anything from axes to wrenches. The greatest hazards posed by hand tools result from misuse and improper maintenance.

Some examples include the following: • If a chisel is used as a screwdriver, the tip of the chisel may break and fly off, hitting the user or other employees.

• If a wooden handle on a tool, such as a hammer or an axe, is loose, splintered, or cracked, the head of the tool may fly off and strike the user or other employees.

• If the jaws of a wrench are sprung, the wrench might slip.

• If impact tools such as chisels, wedges, or drift pins have 32

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• Never yank the cord or the hose to disconnect it from the receptacle.

Tool Safety

• Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges.

must be kept free of mushroomed heads. The wooden handles of tools must not be splintered.

Iron or steel hand tools may produce sparks that can be an ignition source around flammable substances. Where this hazard exists, spark-resistant tools made of non-ferrous materials should be used where flammable gases, highly volatile liquids, and other explosive substances are stored or used.

What Are the Dangers of Power Tools?

Appropriate personal protective equipment such as safety goggles and gloves must be worn to protect against hazards that may be encountered while using hand tools.

Workplace floors shall be kept as clean and dry as possible to prevent accidental slips with or around dangerous hand tools.

Power tools must be fitted with guards and safety switches; they are extremely hazardous when used improperly. The types of power tools are determined by their power source: electric, pneumatic, liquid fuel, hydraulic, and powder-actuated.

To prevent hazards associated with the use of power tools, workers should observe the following general precautions:

• Disconnect tools when not using them, before servicing and cleaning them, and when changing accessories such as blades, bits, and cutters.

• Keep all people not involved with the work at a safe distance from the work area.

• Secure work with clamps or a vise, freeing both hands to operate the tool.

• Avoid accidental starting. Do not hold fingers on the switch button while carrying a plugged-in tool.

• Maintain tools with care; keep them sharp and clean for best performance.

• Follow instructions in the user’s manual for lubricating and changing accessories.

• Be sure to keep good footing and maintain good balance when operating power tools.

• Wear proper apparel for the task. Loose clothing, ties, or jewelry can become caught in moving parts.

• Remove all damaged portable electric tools from use and tag them: “Do Not Use.”

• Never carry a tool by the cord or hose.

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Tool Safety Guards The exposed moving parts of power tools need to be safe- guarded.

Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, flywheels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating, or moving parts of equipment must be guarded.

Machine guards, as appropriate, must be provided to protect the operator and others from the following: • Point of operation.

• In-running nip points.

• Rotating parts.

• Flying chips and sparks.

Safety guards must never be removed when a tool is being used.

Portable circular saws having a blade greater than 2 inches (5.08 centimeters) in diameter must be equipped at all times with guards. An upper guard must cover the entire blade of the saw. A retract- able lower guard must cover the teeth of the saw, except where it makes contact with the work material. The lower guard must automatically return to the covering position when the tool is withdrawn from the work material.

Operating Controls and Switches The following hand-held power tools must be equipped with a constant-pressure switch or control that shuts off the power when

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pressure is released: drills; tappers; fastener drivers; horizontal, vertical, and angle grinders with wheels more than 2 inches (5.08 centimeters) in diameter; disc sanders with discs greater than 2 inches (5.08 centimeters); belt sanders; reciprocating saws; saber saws, scroll saws, and jigsaws with blade shanks greater than 1/4inch (0.63 centimeters) wide; and other similar tools. These tools also may be equipped with a “lock-on” control, if it allows the worker to also shut off the control in a single motion using the same finger or fingers. The following hand-held power tools must be equipped with either a positive “on-off” control switch, a constant pressure switch, or a “lock-on” control: disc sanders with discs 2 inches (5.08 centimeters) or less in diameter; grinders with wheels 2 inches (5.08 centimeters) or less in diameter; platen sanders, routers, planers, laminate trimmers, nibblers, shears, and scroll saws; and jigsaws, saber and scroll saws with blade shanks a nominal 1/4-inch (6.35 millimeters) or less in diameter. It is recommended that the constantpressure control switch be regarded as the preferred device.

Other hand-held power tools such as circular saws having a blade diameter greater than 2 inches (5.08 centimeters), chain saws, and percussion tools with no means of holding accessories securely must be equipped with a constant-pressure switch.

Electric Tools Employees using electric tools must be aware of several dangers.

Among the most serious hazards are electrical burns and shocks.

Electrical shocks, which can lead to injuries such as heart failure and burns, are among the major hazards associated with electric-

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

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• Do not use electric tools in damp or wet locations unless they are approved for that purpose.

Tool Safety

• Keep work areas well lighted when operating electric tools.

powered tools. Under certain conditions, even a small amount of electric current can result in fibrillation of the heart and death. An electric shock also can cause the user to fall off a ladder or other elevated work surface and be injured due to the fall.

To protect the user from shock and burns, electric tools must have a three-wire cord with a ground and be plugged into a grounded receptacle, be double insulated, or be powered by a low- voltage isolation transformer. Three-wire cords contain two currentcarrying conductors and a grounding conductor. Any time an adapter is used to accommodate a two-hole receptacle, the adapter wire must be attached to a known ground. The third prong must never be removed from the plug.

Double-insulated tools are available that provide protection against electrical shock without third-wire grounding. On double- insulated tools, an internal layer of protective insulation completely isolates the external housing of the tool.

The following general practices should be followed when using electric tools: • Operate electric tools within their design limitations.

• Use gloves and appropriate safety footwear when using electric tools.

• Store electric tools in a dry place when not in use.

• Ensure that cords from electric tools do not present a tripping hazard.

In the construction industry, employees who use electric tools must be protected by ground-fault circuit interrupters or an assured equipment-grounding conductor program.

Portable Abrasive Wheel Tools Portable abrasive grinding, cutting, polishing, and wire buffing wheels create special safety problems because they may throw off flying fragments. Abrasive wheel tools must be equipped with guards that: (1) cover the spindle end, nut, and flange projections; (2) maintain proper alignment with the wheel; and (3) do not exceed the strength of the fastenings.

Before an abrasive wheel is mounted, it must be inspected closely for damage and should be sound or ring tested to ensure that it is free from cracks or defects. To test, wheels should be tapped gently with a light, non-metallic instrument. If the wheels sound cracked or dead, they must not be used because they could fly apart in operation. A stable and undamaged wheel, when tapped, will give a clear metallic tone or “ring.”

To prevent an abrasive wheel from cracking, it must fit freely on the spindle. The spindle nut must be tightened enough to hold the wheel in place without distorting the flange. Always follow the manufacturer’s recommendations. Take care to ensure that the spindle speed of the machine will not exceed the maximum operating speed marked on the wheel.

An abrasive wheel may disintegrate or explode during start-up.

Allow the tool to come up to operating speed prior to grinding or cutting. The employee should never stand in the plane of rotation of the wheel as it accelerates to full operating speed. Portable grinding tools need to be equipped with safety guards to protect workers not only from the moving wheel surface, but also from flying fragments in case of wheel breakage.

When using a powered grinder: • Always use eye or face protection.

• Turn off the power when not in use.

• Never clamp a hand-held grinder in a vise.

Grinding and Abrasive Machinery With the exception of the following, abrasive wheels shall be used only on machines provided with safety guards: - Wheels used for internal work while within the work being ground; - Mounted wheels, 2 in (5 cm) and smaller in diameter, used in portable operations; - Types 16, 17, 18, 18R, and 19 cones and plugs and threaded hole pot balls where the work offers protection or where the size does not exceed 3 in (7.6 cm) in diameter by 5 in (12.7 cm) long; (continued on Page 42) 38

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- Blades of planers and jointers shall be fully guarded and have cylindrical heads with throats in the cylinder.

(Continued from Page 38)

Tool Safety - Type 1 wheels not larger than 2 in (5 cm) in diameter and not more than ½ in (1.2 cm) thick, operated at peripheral speeds less than 1800 surface-feet per minute (ft/min) (9.1 surface-m/s) when mounted in mandrels driven by portable drills; - Type 1 reinforced wheels not more than 3 in (7.6 mm) in diameter and ¼ in (6 mm) in thickness, operating at peripheral speeds not exceeding 9500 surface-ft/min (48.3 surface-m/s), if safety glasses and face shield protection are worn.

Tongue guards on bench/stand grinders shall be adjustable to within ¼ in (6 mm) of the constantly decreasing diameter of the wheel at the upper opening.

Grinders shall be supplied with power sufficient to maintain the spindle speed at safe levels under all conditions of normal operation.

- Band saw blades shall be fully enclosed except at the point of operation.

Automatic feeding devices shall be installed on machines whenever possible. Feeder attachments shall have the feed rolls or other moving parts covered or guarded so as to protect the operator from hazardous points.

The operating speed shall be permanently marked on circular saws more than 20 in (50.8 cm) in diameter or operating at over 10,000 peripheral ft/minute (min) (50.8 peripheral m/s).

- Any saw so marked shall not be operated at a speed other than that marked on the blade.

- When a marked saw is re-tensioned for a different speed, the marking shall be corrected to show the new speed.

Radial arm power saws shall be equipped with an automatic brake.

Work or tool rests shall not be adjusted while the grinding wheel is in motion.

The table of radial arm or swing saws shall extend beyond the leading edge of the saw blade.

Work/tool rests on power grinders shall not be more than 1/8 in (3 mm) distance from the wheel.

Radial arm power saws shall be installed in such a manner that the cutting head will return to the starting position when released by the operator. All swing cutoff and radial saws or similar machines that are drawn across a table shall be equipped with limit stops to prevent the leading edge of the tool from traveling beyond the edge of the table.

Abrasive wheels shall be closely inspected and ring-tested before mounting. Cracked or damaged grinding wheels shall be destroyed.

Grinding wheels shall not be operated in excess of their rated safe speed.

Floor stand and bench-mounted abrasive wheels used for external grinding shall be provided with safety guards (protective hoods).

The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and sides shall be not more than 90˚, except that when work requires contact with the wheel below the horizontal plane of the spindle the angular exposure shall not exceed 125˚; in either case, the exposure shall begin not more than 65˚ above the horizontal plane of the spindle.

Safety guards shall be strong enough to withstand the effect of a bursting wheel.

Power Saws and Woodworking Machinery Woodworking machinery shall be operated and maintained in accordance with ANSI 01.1.

Guarding - Circular saws shall be equipped with guards that automatically and completely enclose the cutting edges, splitters, and antikickback devices.

- Portable power-driven circular saws shall be equipped with guards above and below the base plate or shoe.

The upper and lower guards shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to permit the base to be tilted for bevel cuts and for the minimum arc required to allow proper retraction and contact with the work, respectively.

When the tool is withdrawn from the work, the lower guard shall automatically and instantly return to the covering position.

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Each hand-fed crosscut table saw and each hand-fed circular ripsaw shall have a spreader to prevent the material from squeezing the saw or being thrown back on the operator.

Operating procedures - Band saws and other machinery requiring warm-up for safe operation shall be permitted to warm up before being put into operation whenever the temperature is below 45˚F (7˚C).

A push-stick, block, or other safe means shall be used on all operations close to high-speed cutting edges - The use of cracked, bent, or otherwise defective parts such as saw blades, cutters, or knives is prohibited.

- A brush shall be provided for the removal of sawdust, chips, and shavings on all woodworking machinery.

- Power saws shall not be left running unattended.

Pneumatic Tools Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air and include chippers, drills, hammers, and sanders.

There are several dangers associated with the use of pneumatic tools. First and foremost is the danger of getting hit by one of the tool’s attachments or by some kind of fastener the worker is using with the tool.

Pneumatic tools must be checked to see that the tools are fastened securely to the air hose to prevent them from becoming disconnected. A short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool must also be used and will serve as an added

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(Continued from Page 38)

pulling the trigger until the safety device is manually released.

Tool Safety

Eye protection is required, and head and face protection is recommended for employees working with pneumatic tools.

safeguard.

Screens must also be set up to protect nearby workers from being struck by flying fragments around chippers, riveting guns, staplers, or air drills.

If an air hose is more than 1/2-inch (12.7 millimeters) in diameter, a safety excess flow valve must be installed at the source of the air supply to reduce pressure in case of hose failure.

In general, the same precautions should be taken with an air hose that are recommended for electric cords, because the hose is subject to the same kind of damage or accidental striking, and because it also presents tripping hazards.

When using pneumatic tools, a safety clip or retainer must be installed to prevent attachments such as chisels on a chipping hammer from being ejected during tool operation.

Pneumatic tools that shoot nails, rivets, staples, or similar fasteners and operate at pressures more than 100 pounds per square inch (6,890 kPa), must be equipped with a special device to keep fasteners from being ejected, unless the muzzle is pressed against the work surface.

Airless spray guns that atomize paints and fluids at pressures of 1,000 pounds or more per square inch (6,890 kPa) must be equipped with automatic or visible manual safety devices that will prevent

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Compressed air guns should never be pointed toward anyone.

Workers should never “dead-end” them against themselves or anyone else. A chip guard must be used when compressed air is used for cleaning.

Use of heavy jackhammers can cause fatigue and strains. Heavy rubber grips reduce these effects by providing a secure handhold.

Workers operating a jackhammer must wear safety glasses and safety shoes that protect them against injury if the jackhammer slips or falls. A face shield also should be used.

Noise is another hazard associated with pneumatic tools. Working with noisy tools such as jackhammers requires proper, effective use of appropriate hearing protection.

Safety clips or retainers shall be installed and maintained on pneumatic impact tools to prevent dies and tools from being accidentally expelled from the barrel. (continued on Page 44)

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

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GEOSTRUCTURAL SYSTEMS MANUAL

(Continued from Page 42)

Tool Safety Pressure shall be shut off and exhausted from the line before disconnecting the line from any tool or connection.

Safety lashing shall be provided at connections between tool and hose and at all quick makeup type connections.

Hoses shall not be used for hoisting or lowering tools.

Airless spray guns of the type which atomize paints and fluids at high pressures (1,000 lb (453.5 kg) or more) shall be equipped with automatic or visible manual safety devices that will prevent pulling of the trigger to prevent release of the paint or fluid until the safety device is manually released. In lieu of the above, a diffuser nut that will prevent high-pressure velocity release while the nozzle tip is removed plus a nozzle tip guard that will prevent the tip from coming into contact with the operator, or other equivalent protection may be provided.

Impact wrenches shall be provided with a locking device for retaining the socket.

Liquid Fuel Tools Fuel-powered tools are usually operated with gasoline. The most serious hazard associated with the use of fuel-powered tools comes from fuel vapors that can burn or explode and also give off dangerous exhaust fumes. The worker must be careful to handle, trans- port, and store gas or fuel only in approved flammable liquid containers, according to proper procedures for flammable liquids.

Before refilling a fuel-powered tool tank, the user must shut down the engine and allow it to cool to prevent accidental ignition of hazardous vapors. When a fuel-powered tool is used inside a closed area, effective ventilation and/or proper respirators such as atmosphere-supplying respirators must be utilized to avoid breathing carbon monoxide. Fire extinguishers must also be available in the area.

Powder-Actuated Tools Powder-actuated tools operate like a loaded gun and must be treated with extreme caution. In fact, they are so dangerous that they must be operated only by specially trained employees.

When using powder-actuated tools, an employee must wear suitable ear, eye, and face protection. The user must select a powder level— high or low velocity—that is appropriate for the powder-actuated tool and necessary to do the work without excessive force.

The muzzle end of the tool must have a protective shield or guard centered perpendicular to and concentric with the barrel to confine any fragments or particles that are projected when the tool is fired.

A tool containing a high-velocity load must be designed not to fire unless it has this kind of safety device.

To prevent the tool from firing accidentally, two separate motions are required for firing. The first motion is to bring the tool into the firing position, and the second motion is to pull the trigger. The tool must not be able to operate until it is pressed against the work surface with a force of at least 5 pounds (2.2 kg) greater than the total weight of the tool.

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If a powder-actuated tool misfires, the user must hold the tool in the operating position for at least 30 seconds before trying to fire it again. If it still will not fire, the user must hold the tool in the operating position for another 30 seconds and then carefully remove the load in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. This procedure will make the faulty cartridge less likely to explode. The bad cartridge should then be put in water immediately after removal.

If the tool develops a defect during use, it should be tagged and must be taken out of service immediately until it is properly repaired.

Safety precautions that must be followed when using powderactuated tools include the following: • Do not use a tool in an explosive or flammable atmosphere.

• Inspect the tool before using it to determine that it is clean, that all moving parts operate freely, and that the barrel is free from obstructions and has the proper shield, guard, and attachments recommended by the manufacturer.

• Do not load the tool unless it is to be used immediately.

• Do not leave a loaded tool unattended, especially where it would be available to unauthorized persons.

• Keep hands clear of the barrel end.

• Never point the tool at anyone.

Explosive-Actuated Tools Explosive-actuated (powder-actuated) tools shall meet the design requirements of ANSI A10.3.

Only qualified operators shall operate explosive-actuated tools. A qualified operator is one who has: - Been trained by an authorized instructor (one who has been trained, authorized, and provided an authorized instructor’s card by the tool manufacturer or by an authorized representative of the tool manufacturer); - Passed a written examination provided by the manufacturer of the tool; and - Possesses a qualified operator’s card supplied by the manufacturer and issued and signed by both the instructor and the operator.

Each tool shall be provided with the following: - A lockable container with the words “POWDER- ACTUATED TOOL” in plain sight on the outside and a notice reading “WARNING POWDER-ACTUATED TOOL TO BE USED ONLY BY A QUALIFIED OPERATOR AND KEPT UNDER LOCK AND KEY WHEN NOT IN USE” on the inside; - Operator’s instruction and service manual; - Power load and fastener charts; - Tool inspection record; and - Service tools and accessories.

Inspection and testing - Daily inspection, cleaning, and testing shall be performed as

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(Continued from Page 44

shall be of the insulating type.

Tool Safety

The manufacturer’s recommended safe operating pressure for hoses, valves, pipes, filters, and other fittings must not be exceeded.

recommended by the manufacturer.

- Explosive-actuated tools shall be tested, in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommended procedure, each day before loading to see that safety devices are in proper working condition.

- Explosive-actuated tools shall be inspected, thoroughly cleaned, and tested after each 1,000 fastenings.

Explosive-actuated tools and the charges shall be secured at all times to prevent unauthorized possession or use.

All jacks—including lever and ratchet jacks, screw jacks, and hydraulic jacks—must have a stop indicator, and the stop limit must not be exceeded. Also, the manufacturer’s load limit must be permanently marked in a prominent place on the jack, and the load limit must not be exceeded.

A jack should never be used to support a lifted load. Once the load has been lifted, it must immediately be blocked up. Put a block under the base of the jack when the foundation is not firm, and place a block between the jack cap and load if the cap might slip.

Explosive-actuated tools shall not be loaded until just before the intended firing time. Neither loaded nor empty tools are to be pointed at any employees. Hands shall be kept clear of the open barrel end.

To set up a jack, make certain of the following:

The use of explosive-actuated tools is prohibited in explosive or flammable atmospheres.

• The jack head bears against a level surface; and

Fasteners shall not be driven:

Proper maintenance of jacks is essential for safety. All jacks must be lubricated regularly. In addition, each jack must be inspected according to the following schedule: (1) for jacks used continuously or intermittently at one site—inspected at least once every 6 months, (2) for jacks sent out of the shop for special work— inspected when sent out and inspected when returned, and (3) for jacks subjected to abnormal loads or shock—inspected before use and immediately thereafter.

- Into soft or easily penetrable materials unless they are backed by a material that will prevent the fastener from passing through to the other side; - Into very hard or brittle material, such as cast iron, hardened steel, glazed or hollow tile, glass block, brick, or rock; - Into concrete unless the material thickness is at least three times the penetration of the fastener shank; or - Into spalled concrete.

The tool operator shall wear safety goggles or other face and eye protection.

When using powder-actuated tools to apply fasteners, several additional procedures must be followed: • Do not fire fasteners into material that would allow the fasteners to pass through to the other side.

• Do not drive fasteners into very hard or brittle material that might chip or splatter or make the fasteners ricochet.

• Always use an alignment guide when shooting fasteners into existing holes.

• When using a high-velocity tool, do not drive fasteners more than 3 inches (7.62 centimeters) from an unsupported edge or corner of material such as brick or concrete.

• When using a high velocity tool, do not place fasteners in steel any closer than 1/2-inch (1.27 centimeters) from an unsupported corner edge unless a special guard, fixture, or jig is used.

Hydraulic Power Tools The fluid used in hydraulic power tools must be an approved fireresistant fluid and must retain its operating characteristics at the most extreme temperatures to which it will be exposed. The exception to fire-resistant fluid involves all hydraulic fluids used for the insulated sections of derrick trucks, aerial lifts, and hydraulic tools that are used on or around energized lines. This hydraulic fluid 46

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• The base of the jack rests on a firm, level surface; • The jack is correctly centered; • The lift force is applied evenly.

Chain Saws - Chain saws shall have an automatic chain brake or kickback device.

- The idle speed shall be adjusted so that the chain does not move when the engine is idling.

- Operators will wear proper PPE. Eye, ear, hand, foot (safety shoes), and leg protection are required as a minimum.

- Chain saws will not be fueled while running, while hot, or near an open flame. Saws will not be started within 10 ft (3 m) of a fuel container.

- The operator will hold the saw with both hands during all cutting operations.

- A chain saw must never be used to cut above the operators’ shoulder height.

Power-Driven Nailers and Staplers This section applies to hand-held electric, combustion or pneumatically driven nailers, staplers, and other similar equipment (heretofore referred to as “nailers” in this section) which operate by ejecting a fastener into the material to be fastened when a trigger, lever, or other manual device is actuated. This does not apply to common spring-loaded “staple guns”.

- Nailers shall have a safety device on the muzzle to prevent the tool from ejecting fasteners unless the muzzle is in contact with

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BOAT WORKS

PUSH-BOATS & BARGES

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(Continued from Page 46

- Throwing tools or materials from one location to another or from one person to another, or dropping them to lower levels, shall not be permitted.

Tool Safety the work surface. The contact trip device or trigger shall not be secured in an “on” position.

- Only non-sparking tools shall be used in locations where sources of ignition may cause a fire or explosion.

- Nailers shall be operated in a way to minimize the danger to others and the operator from ricochets, air-firing, and firing through materials being fastened.

- Tools requiring heat treating or redressing shall be tempered, formed, dressed, and sharpened by personnel who are experienced in these operations.

- Except when used for attaching sheet goods (sheathing, subflooring, plywood, etc.) or roofing products, nailers shall be operated with a sequential trigger system that requires the surface contact trip device to be depressed before the firing trigger can be activated and that limits ejection to one nail per trigger pull before resetting.

- The use of cranks on hand-powered winches or hoists is prohibited unless the hoists or winches are provided with positive self-locking dogs. Hand wheels with exposed spokes, projecting pins, or knobs shall not be used.

- When used for sheet goods and roofing materials, nailers may be operated in the contact trip mode (bump or bounce- nailing) only as allowed by the manufacturer. This mode may only be used when the operator has secure footing, such as on a work platform, floor or deck, and shall not be used when the operator is on a ladder, beam, or similar situations where the operator’s balance and/ or reach may be unstable.

- Hydraulic fluid used in powered tools shall retain its operating characteristics at the most extreme temperatures to which it will be exposed.

- Manufacturers’ safe operating pressures for hydraulic hoses, valves, pipes, filters and other fittings shall not be exceeded.

- All hydraulic or pneumatic tools that are used on or around energized lines or equipment shall have non-conducting hoses of adequate strength for the normal operating pressures. u

Lastly - When work is being performed overhead, tools not in use shall be secured or placed in holders.

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Repair of Marine Wood and Timber Structures Outside of the housing market, one of the most common uses of wood and timber is in marine timber structures. The uses are many. However, after years of service in some of nature’s harshest environments, repairs can be inevitable and in many cases, ongoing.

Obviously there are exemptions. There are many tropical wood species available today that can offer years of service with little or no maintenance issues. With this in mind, the following article is directed more towards the repair and maintenance of existing marine structures in need of repair. These waterfront structures involve various facilities including: • Older piers, wharves, bulkheads, and quay-walls constructed from dimension lumber, beams and stringers, and round timber piles.

• Fender systems constructed from beams and stringers and round timber piles • Pile dolphins constructed from round timber piles.

PLANNING THE REPAIRS. Repairing timber structures will be controlled by the availability of skilled personnel and equipment. In many cases structural repairs, particularly those involving bearing and sheet piling, will be done by contract.

Reviewing Inspection Reports. The initial planning step must involve a review of prior inspection reports to determine the scope and rate of damage or deterioration, and specific operational constraints placed on the facilities because of the deterioration. Once the scope of repair requirements (including priorities) is established, determining how to do the repairs (whether in-house or by contract) must be determined.

Engineering Considerations. Any repair of structural members will require experienced design professionals with knowledge of local tidal conditions, building codes, materials, substrate analysis, and construction practices.

• Groins constructed from beams and stringers and round timber piles.

Special Skill Requirements. Surface repairs covering pier decking, string pieces, stringers, pile caps, braces, and fender piles require skills common to the wharf-building trade. Underwater repairs, however, require special skill levels that may not be available with in-house forces. This includes how to remove marine growth, jetting or air lifting procedures, underwater cutting and drilling techniques, and jacketing and wrapping materials used in underwater construction.

With the exception of fender systems, floats and camels, most systems have been installed for several decades, in many cases dating back to World War II.

Equipment Requirements. Surface repairs to the pier superstructure and fender system require equipment common to in-house shop forces.

The need to conduct an effective repair program for these facilities is essential if the facilities will continue to be used and if escalating costs of repairs are to be avoided. Postponing the repairs, particularly for bearing piles, can lead to costly replacement or downgrading of the structural capacity of the facility.

Equipment for underwater repairs, however, may include:

Repair Methods. Repair methods for wood and timber structures are generally directed at correcting one or more of the following problem areas: fungal decay, insect damage, marine borer deterioration, abrasion, and overload.

• Hydraulic power unit

The repair methods to be used must consider the following elements.

• Jetting pump and hose

• Facility mission and required life.

• Rigging equipment

• Extent of damage and deterioration.

• Float stage and scaffolding

• Estimated life expectancy with and without repairs.

• Clamping template for cutting piles

• Projected load capacities

• Special clamping equipment

• Problems associated with mobilization of equipment, personnel, and materials to accomplish repairs/maintenance.

• Crane

• Log floats and camels, glued and laminated wood, and miscellaneous forms.

• Degaussing facilities that require using nonmagnetic construction materials.

• Economic trade-offs.

• High-pressure water blaster • Hydraulic grinders with barnacle buster attachment • Hydraulic drill with bits • Hydraulic chain saw • Concrete pump with hosing

REPAIR PROCEDURES. Every effort should be made in rafting and handling to prevent damage to treated piles and timbers, particularly (continued on Page 52)

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Offering routine drilling & grouting solutions to the nation’s

Marine Contractors

everyday drilling problems

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(Continued from Page 50)

Marine Wood in portions of the work exposed to marine borer attack. Care should also be taken in driving piles to prevent checking or splitting of the treated wood, and butts shall be trimmed and headed so that the hammer will strike only untreated wood. Piles and timbers should be inspected before and during the time they are driven or placed.

Where the protective preservative shell is broken or damaged in any way, the holes or crevices should be repaired by drilling, and neatly and tightly plugged in accordance with AWPA Standard M4.

Where abrasions or other damages cannot be sealed against marine borers, other protection must be provided in an approved manner.

All piles shall be handled in accordance with AWPA Standard M4.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS. Federal environmental regulations allow the use of certain treated wood products in the marine environment. A possible exception is the sheen created when creosoted piling is driven but this can be mitigated. Wood preservatives are EPA-registered pesticides and treated wood products for the marine environment will be widely available for the foreseeable future. In some cases, where there is cause for environmental concern, conduct a site-specific risk assessment before starting on a project that involves installing a large amount of treated wood in the marine environment.

The handling of treated wood removed from service should be considered as an important part of any repair project. Discarded

treated wood may generally be disposed at municipal landfills approved to receive the material by the state or local authorities.

Some non-hazardous waste landfills, however, may classify treated wood as a “special waste” and require documentation of its status.

Reuse of treated wood is a preferred option and is not currently regulated by Federal law, provided such reuse is consistent with the intended end use.

Examples of reuse include fence posts, retaining walls, landscaping, decking, bulkheads, general construction, etc. Energy recovery may be an option if there is a facility relatively near that uses treated wood waste as a fuel. Bioremediation is another option that is encouraged, but is not yet widely available. Since potential restrictions can vary widely with locale and can change, contact your Environmental Office before using, recycling, or dispersing of treated wood.

QUALITY ASSURANCE CONCERNS. In the past, Marine Structures may have been constructed and used treated wood products that did not meet industry standards. This has resulted in poor performance and costly premature failure of waterfront wood structures and the perception that wood products are inappropriate for modern facilities. It is imperative that industry best management practices (BMP) be used to avoid receiving unacceptable treated wood products. These BMP include: • Specify the appropriate material in terms of performance as defined in the American Wood-Preservers’ Association (continued on Page 56)

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For information on becoming a Hi-Tide Boat Lift dealer in your area please contact: Hi-Tide Sales, Inc. 4050 Selvitz Road, Ft. Pierce, FL. 34981 Phone: 800-544-0735 • Fax: 772-461-2298 Email: sales@hi-tide.com Website: www.hi-tide.com 52

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

GREENHEART IPE LUMBER & DECKING GREENHEART PILING & LUMBER MORA & PURPLEHEART ANGELIQUE & TIGERWOOD DOUGLAS FIR & YELLOW PINE TREATED & UNTREATED LUMBER

TIMBER, LUMBER & PILING DECKING RAILROAD TIES UTILITY POLES WALLABA SHINGLES NO PRESERVATIVE/TREATING REQUIRED MARINE BORER RESISTANT VIRTUALLY MAINTANENCE FREE We are a “true” Guyana based firm with U.S. stocking locations at numerous U.S. Ports.

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, f e f n

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(Continued from Page 52) used below Wood the waterline is treated at higher retention levMarine els). In addition, these salts in combination with creosote (dual treatment) in preventing marine Standards.

Specifyare thatmore woodeffective treatments and handling methods borer damage than industry any single treatment. Other water-borne comply with current BMP. preservatives for use above the waterline include acid cop-

• Specify that treated wood be inspected by an independent per chromate (ACC), ammoniacal copper citrate (CC), and agency certified by the American Lumber Standards Committee. ammoniacal copper quat (ACQ)-Type B. Specify an on-site inspection before installation to assure proper Negative Aspects ~ All preservative treatments have lumber grades, moisture contents, and treatment standards have drawbacks that should be considered. Metallic salts, for been met. For environmental reasons, if the treated wood does example, will seriously embrittle wood. More importantly, not appear clean and dry, i.e., no surface deposits, it should be these toxic chemicals present environmental and personnel rejected.

timber or other suitable material when its top surface becomes uneven, hazardous, or worn to a point of possible failure. Spacing between decking planks is normally provided for ventilation and drainage. Blacktopping of decking may not provide a completely protective cover against rain wetting beneath it because cracks often develop in the material. Limit washing decks with freshwater as this promotes wood decay.

safety concerns. All treated wood should be supplied with

a Consumer Information Sheet that provides use, handling, REPAIRING TIMBER PIER SUPERSTRUCTURE and disposal precautions. Proper safety procedures should

Problem: Wood components are damaged and no longer fully serve be carefully followed. Plans for handling pressure-treated intended purpose or present a safety risk. wood removed from service should be carefully considered,

Description especiallyofinRepair: areas where the disposal of treated wood may

be restricted.

Alternatives landfilling include reuse as landDecking.

Replace decking to with properly treated quarter-sawn scape timbers, recycled as fuel, etc. Wood treated with CCA continued from page 26

y t d f e y e n s t -

continued on page 18

Pile Caps. Replace decayed or damaged pile caps with properly treated wood (including glulam) or other suitable material.

Replacement caps should be the same size and length as the original caps unless redesigned.

, r e s e e e -

Curbs, Chocks, and Wales. Replace these members with properly treated lumber (including glulam) or other suitable material when decay or other damage renders them unfit for service. Make butttype joints, not lap-type joints, in connecting wood curbs and wales to reduce decay damage potential. Replacement sections should be long enough to reach a minimum of two bents.

Place new preservative-treated wood blocks or other suitable material, 5 to 8 cm (2 to 3 inches) thick, under each curb (upper string piece) replacement section at intervals of about 1 meter (3.3 feet) to provide for drainage.

d s e d

Braces. Replace diagonal braces that are broken or attacked by (continued on Page 56) 54

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Marine

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(Continued from Page 52)

PROTECTING TIMBER PILES WITH POLYVINYL CHLORIDE OR POLYETHYLENE WRAPPING

Marine Wood fungi or marine borers with wood or other suitable material. Place pressure-treated wood braces well above high water and treat all bolt holes with a preservative.

An alternative to using pretreated wood is plastic barriers, either polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride plastic wraps or polyurethane coatings. The braces, with bolt holes, can be fashioned to fit and the plastic applied before the braces are attached to the pier piling.

Where braces are fastened to a piling, the pile should not be cut or dapped to obtain a flush fit. Where decking has been removed for repairs, it is often possible to drive diagonal brace piles to provide lateral stiffness. This procedure eliminates all bolt holes except those at the top of the structure immediately below the decking.

Stringers. Replace decayed or damaged short stringers with properly treated wood or other suitable material. Replace decayed or damaged areas of long stringers with new sections. Make connections between replacement and existing stringers directly over a pile cap and stringers. Tightly bolt or pin the stringers to the pile cap. Stagger the splices in adjacent stringers where possible.

Avoid checks and splits, which promote decay, when driving deck spikes by pre-drilling small holes.

Problem: Either a new pile or pile butt is being installed that requires a protective covering or marine borer deterioration has been discovered in an existing pile, and further damage needs to be prevented. This method can also be used to protect untreated piling from marine borer damage.

Description of Repairs: The following is summarized from Draft NFGS 02462, Wood Marine Piling Flexible Plastic Encasement. Clean the surface of the pile to remove all sharp or protruding objects that would penetrate or deform the plastic wrapping on the pile. “If a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wrap is used on a relatively new creosoted piling, first wrap a 1.0 mm (4-mil) polyethylene sheet around the pile to protect the PVC wrap from the creosote. Install the PVC or polyethylene (PE) wrap starting with the upper intertidal unit at least 30 cm (1 foot) above mean high water (MHW). The lower units then overlap the upper units and extend below the mud-line. Tighten the PVC wrap using wood poles and a ratchet wrench. Fasten the wrapper with aluminum alloy bands around the top and bottom and with aluminum alloy nails along the vertical joints.” Once the wrap is completed, backfill the area around the base of the pile.

Fire Curtain Walls. Wood fire curtain walls are usually made of two layers of planking that run diagonally to one another. Replace all deteriorated planks to restore the wall to its original condition - as watertight as possible. In addition, each side of the wall should be protected by automatic sprinklers or by nearby openings in the deck through which revolving nozzles or other devices can be used to form an effective water curtain.

Application: These methods are routinely used.

Future Inspection Requirements: Areas near replaced wood may be susceptible to similar damage and should receive special emphasis in future inspections.

REPAIR BY REPLACING TIMBER FENDER PILE AND DAMAGED CHOCKS AND WALES Problem: Fender pile broken or damaged and no longer functional.

Description of Repair: Pull and replace decayed, marine borer damaged, or broken fender piles with new piles. Consider using alternative materials instead of treated wood for the new piles.

Recommend installing a steel shoe on the outer surface of each wooden fender pile. Replace deteriorated chocks with tightly fitting chocks that are bolted to one string piece or to a wale below the deck. Wood treatment requirements will be locally determined.

Replace deteriorated or damaged wales with the same size and length as the original wales unless redesigned. Wood treatment requirements for the wales will be locally determined.

Application: This method is widely used for preventing or arresting marine borer attack. It is more economical than concrete encasement or pile repair or replacement. Plastic wraps have been placed on creosoted piling in California to prevent the migration of creosote into the water, thus avoiding any environmental restrictions. Using a 3.8 mm (150-mil) polyethylene wrap in the intertidal area can provide protection against abrasion.

Future Inspection Requirement: Look for punctures or tears in the plastic wrap; any damage to wraps over untreated piles can result in rapid borer damage.

PARTIAL POSTING OF DAMAGED PILE WITH NEW PILE BUTT

Application: Repair by replacement is applicable to virtually all timber fender systems.

Problem: Top of pile has rotted or has major insect damage. No other major detectable deterioration of piling found.

Future Inspection Requirement: Inspections should be based on historical records of fender pile damage.

(continued on Page 60)

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

Only want to install your pilings once?

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horeline Plastics has developed the ultimate in marine piling protection, the DuroSleeve.

The DuroSleeve is made from highlydurable, shrinkable PVC that completely encases the wooden piling or timber in a PVC shell that is impervious to the elements. Unlike conventional piling wrap, the DuroSleeve has no joints or seams to compromise the integrity of the piling protection. The DuroSleeve will keep CCA chemical contaminants from leaching from the piling into the water, as well as prevent wood boring organisms from attacking your piling.

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(Continued from Page 56)

Marine Wood Description of Repairs: Cut the pile below the damaged, rotted, or insect infested area.

Cut the pile butt to length and shape head to fit pile cap (if required). Make the joint with two pretreated timber fishplates bolted to existing pile and pile butt using 2.55 mm (100 mil) galvanized bolts. Treat the ends of all cuts with creosote. Treat bolt holes with the same wood preservative as used for the pile butt. Place shims between new pile butt head and pile cap. Bolt pile or fishplates, depending on the method selected, to pile cap.

When adjacent timber piles have been repaired using either posting or fish-plating techniques, it is necessary to provide some resistance to lateral loads imposed on the structure. This can be done by installing X-bracing between piles. Treated timbers are fastened high on one pile and low on the adjacent pile, forming an X pattern. Where X-bracing crosses, a timber spacer should be bolted between the bracing pieces to shorten the unsupported length of span.

Application: This method works well where not many piles need repair. This method may be more expensive than replacing the pile. The cause of damage, e.g., water entrapment, must be remedied before using this method.

place a 15- by 15-cm (6- by 6-inch) reinforcing mesh around the pile, using spacers to maintain clearance between pile, reinforcing, and fabric form. The fabric form should be placed around the pile.

For the flexible form, the zipper should be closed, and the form secured to the pile at top and bottom with mechanical fasteners.

For the fiberboard form, straps are installed and secured every 30 cm (1 foot). Maintain a minimum of 40 mm (1 9/16 inch) spacing between pile and reinforcing and between reinforcing and form. The space between pile and form is then filled to overflowing with concrete grout. Use a tube or hose extended to the lowest point of the form.

The form is left in place and the base is backfilled to above the concrete.

Application: This method can be used as a repair or as protection against marine borer attack and abrasion, and may be more expensive than replacing one or more timber piles. Economics will dictate decision.

Future Inspection Requirement: Increased inspections may be required to detect signs of ripped fabric forms, unzipped or locked form seams, or abrasion and failure of concrete encasement.

REPAIR OR RETROFIT TIMBER PILES WITH AN UNDERWATER CURING EPOXY AND

FIBER-REINFORCED WRAP Problem: Pile deterioration by marine borers has occurred. Load requirements preclude resolving the problem by using PVC or PE wraps or an increase in strength (retrofitting) of intact piles is desired. In either case, deterioration cannot be so extensive as to require replacing the pile.

Description of Repair: Remove rotted or damaged wood and all sharp or protruding objects that could penetrate or deform the fiber wrap of the pile to be repaired or retrofitted. Fill in any holes and gaps with material recommended by the system manufacturer. Saturate the wrap with the underwater curing epoxy before applying.

Apply vertical layers of the fiber wrap with a 15-cm (6-inch) overlap. In most cases, it is advisable to wrap the fabric around the pile from below the mud-line to above the high water mark. Apply horizontal layers of the fiber wrap with a 15-cm (6-inch) overlap.

Additional vertical and horizontal wraps are applied as required for sufficient strength and as recommended by the manufacturer.

Application: This technology is designed to increase pile strength characteristics, but may be limited by cost and confidence levels. In most cases, PE or PVC wraps or pile replacement will be more cost effective (continued on Page 62)

Future Inspection Requirement: Even with X-bracing, weak joints will exist where column buckling may occur. All splices and holes below MHW may be subject to accelerated marine borer attack. This may be offset by adding a PVC wrap around the splice. Above MHW these areas are subject to accelerated fungal attack.

REPAIRING TIMBER PILES WITH CONCRETE ENCASEMENT Problem: Approximately 10 to 50 percent of the cross-sectional area has been lost as a result of marine borer attack.

Description of Repairs: Clean the timber pile thoroughly from below the mud-line to above MHW. Two types of forms are available: • Flexible forms • Split fiberboard forms After piles have been thoroughly cleaned,

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Marine Wood for damaged piles. In addition, because this is a relatively new technology option, long-term performance has not yet been demonstrated. Environmental issues related to the use of underwater curing epoxies must be considered.

Future Inspection Requirement: Basically the same as for a PVC-wrapped pile.

Any damage to the fiber wrap, however, could reduce the pile’s load bearing capacity.

REPLACING DAMAGED PILE WITH NEW TIMBER PILE UNDER TIMBER PIER DECK Problem: Physical damage or severe pile deterioration has been experienced below mud-line, and/or a number of piles with severe deterioration (above mud-line) is too extensive to maintain structural integrity

with partial pile replacement.

Description of Repair: Cut an opening in the timber pier deck adjacent to the damaged pile. Drive the new pile and cut to fit under the pile cap. Spring the pile into place. Place shims between the pile and pile cap, then fasten pile to pile cap with a 22-mm (7/8inch) diameter drift pin.

Application: Limited mainly by cost. If fixed structures are on deck, this method may not be cost effective. If damage to the original pile(s) is due to marine borers, remove old pile(s) so that it does not provide bait to attract and nourish more borers. This application can also be used to replace damaged concrete or steel piles.

Future Inspection Requirement: Basically the same as for a new pretreated pile.

REPLACING DAMAGED PILE WITH NEW CONCRETE PILE UNDER CONCRETE DECK Problem: Pile deterioration or damage has

been experienced to significantly reduce the structural integrity of the section of pier.

Concrete pile cap and decking precludes replacing with timber pile.

Description of Repair: Cut a hole in the concrete deck between timber pile bents.

Drive new concrete pile. Cut the pile below the top of the concrete deck. Form the capital under the deck, on top of the new pile. Cast the capital and the new section of concrete deck including splicing in new reinforcing bars. Epoxy coat bars where possible.

Application: Limited, mainly due to cost.

If fixed structures are on deck, or if deterioration is wide spread, this approach may not be practical.

Future Inspection Requirement: Same as with new concrete piles and concrete deck areas.

REINFORCING TIE-BACK SYSTEM FOR TIMBER SHEET PILING WALL Problem: Light to moderate movement of the top of the timber sheet-piling wall has occurred due to tie-back failure or excessive loading behind the wall. The area behind the wall is accessible to perform repairs.

Description of Repairs: Install a new wale slightly above the existing wale.

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inspection for further signs of continued deflection or timber member failure.

(Continued from Page 62)

Marine Wood Locate the new dead-man anchors based on engineering calculations. Trench the area for the tie rods between the wall and the dead-man anchors. Place the tie rods through the wale and sheet piles and secure in place to the dead-man anchors. Install zinc or magnesium packaged anodes to prevent further corrosion of the rods. Replacing an existing tie-back system may involve replacing any or all of the existing components, depending on the amount of deterioration that has taken place.

Sheet pile wall movement can also be arrested by changing the soil load acting on the wall. For example, stone riprap dumped against the exterior toe of the wall will add resistance to the movement of the toe. Alternatively, or in addition, backfill can be removed from behind the wall and replaced with lightweight granular fill. This type of fill frees drains, which reduces the hydrostatic pressure behind the wall and allows the water level on both sides to balance.

Application: Reinforcing or replacing the tie-back system may be restricted to correct slight to moderate wall deflection. Excessive deflection may require replacing the wall or major restoration. With timber construction, it is unlikely that excavation and pulling the wall back into position can be done without high risk of failure of the timber members.

Future Inspection Requirement: Pay careful attention to wall

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

Width

Height

Thickness

Pile Weight

Wall Weight

Section Modulus

Moment of Inertia

in

in

in

lb/ft

lb/ft2

in3/ft

in4/ft

NZ 14-770

30.31

13.39

0.375

55

21.77

25.65

171.7

NZ 19

27.56

16.14

0.375

55

24.05

35.08

283.1

NZ 20

27.56

16.16

0.394

57

24.82

36.24

292.8

NZ 21

27.56

16.20

0.433

61

26.56

38.69

313.4

NZ 26

27.56

17.32

0.500

71

30.99

48.50

419.9

NZ 28

27.56

17.38

0.560

78

33.96

52.62

457.4

Section

As a premier steel foundation supplier now offering NZ sheets in addition to our extensive product line, Skyline Steel is the ideal partner for your next project.

Visit www.skylinesteel.com/nz or call 888.450.4330. © 2017 Skyline Steel, LLC. Skyline Steel is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nucor Corporation, the largest producer of steel in the United States.

(Continued from Page 64)

Marine Wood INSTALLING A TIE-BACK SYSTEM ON THE TOP OF A TIMBER OR CONCRETE SHEET PILING WALL Problem: The top of the timber or concrete sheet-piling wall has moved, lightly to moderately, due to tie-back failure or excessive loading behind the wall. The area behind the wall is inaccessible for repairs.

Description of Repair: Cast a new concrete slab with extra reinforcing, from the face of the wall back behind the wall to the end of the existing slab. Tie the front edge of the new slab to wall through use of a steel angle.

Application: Limited. Additional restraint is limited to top of sheet-piling. If excessive loading or loss of regular tie-back anchors is experienced, further failure including shearing of sheet-piling tops, may occur.

Future Inspection Requirement: Pay careful attention to wall inspection for further signs of continued deflection or timber member failure.

INSTALLING A CONCRETE CAP/ FACE ON A TIMBER OR CONCRETE SHEET PILING WALL Problem: Large-scale deterioration of the

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timber sheet pile structure has occurred precluding the use of patches for repairs.

Description of Repairs: Excavate the soil from behind the wall to a level required for the new concrete cap or attachment of form ties for a concrete face. Remove all marine growth and deteriorated wood, and clean the surfaces.

To repair a concrete cap -- Build forms, place reinforcing, and pour concrete at MLW. After curing, remove forms and backfill behind the wall.

To repair a concrete face -- Place and fasten blocking and low wale against existing sheet-piling. Drive the timber sheet pile wall about 30 cm (1 foot) in front of existing sheet-piling using the wale as a guide.

Attach outside wales to timber sheeting and place concrete by pumping or tremie. Leave timber sheet piling in place or remove as desired.

Application: Used to restore structural strength at the top of the wall (cap) or prevent further loss of soil through holes in the sheet-piling (face). Does not restore bending moment capacity in wall. Provides protection against further deterioration.

Future Inspection Requirement: Do an annual inspection of sheet-piling areas immediately under the pile cap, in order to ensure that fungi, insect, or marine borer damage is not weakening the support for the concrete cap.

REPLACING DAMAGED DOLPHIN PILE Problem: One or more timber piles are broken or damaged by marine borers and the dolphin can no longer fully serve its purpose.

Description of Repair: Before replacing any piles, the fastenings should be removed only as far as is necessary to release the damaged piles. Take care to drive new piles at an angle so that they will not have to be pulled too far to fit them in place. Carefully note the size of piles to be replaced, particularly at the head or intermediate point where they are fitted together with other piles. Trouble cutting and fitting replacement piles can be avoided by selecting piles with the proper size head. Replace and drive all piles before any are brought together.

After all the piles are driven, the center cluster should be brought together first, fitted, chocked, bolted, and pinned; when all rows have been properly fitted, etc., wrap with wire rope. All cuts in piles for fittings, bolts, and wrappings should be thoroughly field-treated with creosote. Avoid these cuts as much as possible because field treatment with creosote gives only marginal protection against marine borer attack. Wrapping the dolphin with PVC may provide protection.

Application: This method is routinely used.

Future Application Requirements: Remaining piles should receive special attention. u

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“Elevate Your Craft” “Elevate Your Craft”

We are presently looking for Dealers & Installers For information on becoming a Hi-Tide Boat Lift Dealer please contact:

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Sling Safety in Marine Construction

forINTRODUCTION Load Bearing or Critical The ability to handle materials, whether it be piling, marine timbers or sectional barges is critical on any jobsite. After all, materials must be moved. In short, without materials-handling capability, the marine construction industry would cease to exist.

Be Either Obtained From

Equipment Manufacturer.

All employees in marine construction take part in materials handling,

to varying degrees. As a result, some employees are injured. In fact, the mishandling of materials is the single largest cause of accidents and injuries in the workplace. Most of these accidents and injuries, as well as the pain and loss of salary and productivity

ms,

re

that often result, can be readily avoided. Whenever possible, mechanical means should be used to move materials in order to avoid employee injuries such as muscle pulls, strains, and sprains. In addition, many loads are too heavy and/ or bulky to be safely moved manually. Therefore, various types of equipment have been designed specifically to aid in the movement of materials.

They include: cranes, derricks, hoists, powered industrial trucks, and more.

Because cranes, derricks, and hoists rely upon slings to hold their suspended loads, slings are the most commonly used piece of materials-handling apparatus. This discussion will offer information on the proper selection, maintenance, and use of slings.

ols n, g,

IMPORTANCE OF THE OPERATOR The operator must exercise intelligence, care, and common sense in the selection and use of slings. Slings must be selected in accordance with their intended use, based upon the size and type of load and the environmental conditions of the workplace. All slings must be visually inspected before use to ensure that there is no obvious damage.

r’s

A well-trained operator can prolong the service life of equipment and reduce costs by avoiding the potentially hazardous effects of overloading equipment, operating it at excessive speeds, taking up slack with a sudden jerk, and suddenly accelerating or decelerating equipment. The operator can look for causes and seek corrections whenever a danger exists. He or she should cooperate with coworkers and supervisors and become a leader in carrying out safety measures - not merely for the good of the equipment and the production schedule, but, more importantly, for the safety of everyone concerned.

ng ns

cted el-

be all erly

SLING TYPES The dominant characteristics of a sling are determined by the components of that sling. For example, the strengths and weaknesses of a wire rope sling are essentially the same as the strengths and weaknesses of the wire rope of which it is made.

on

G, or ny

Slings are generally one of six types: chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural fiber rope, synthetic fiber rope, or synthetic web. In general, (continued on Page 70) 68

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NEWT MARINE

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manufacturer, and nicks and gouges. These are all indications that the sling may be unsafe and is to be removed from service.

(Continued from Page 68)

Sling Safety

225 Tons of Used Steel Sheet Pile

Wire Rope use and inspection procedures tend to place these slings into three A second type groups: chain, wire rope and mesh, and fiber rope web. Each type of sling is made has its own particular advantages and disadvantages. Factors that of wire rope. should be taken into consideration when choosing the best sling for Wire rope is the job include the size, weight, shape, temperature, and sensitivity composed ■ of the material to be moved, as well as the environmental conditions PS 27.5 and PS 31 in 18’ to 23’ of Lengths individualUncoated under which the sling will be used.

F.O.B. Kaukauna, Wisconsin ■ wires Available September-2013 that in have been twisted to form strands. The strands are then Chains twisted to form a wire rope. When wire rope has a fiber core, it is Chains are commonly used because of their strength and ability to usually more flexible but is less resistant to environmental damage. adapt to the shape of the load. Care should be taken, however, when Conversely, a core that is made of a wire rope strand tends to have using alloy chain slings because they are subject to damage by sudden greater strength and is more resistant to heat damage. shocks. Misuse of chain slings could damage the sling, resulting in Rope Lay sling failure and Wire rope may be further defined by the “lay.” The lay of a wire rope possible injury can mean any of three things: to an employee.

1. One complete wrap of a strand around the core: One rope lay is Chain slings are one complete wrap of a strand around the core. See figure below. your best choice for lifting materials that are very hot. They can be heated to temperatures of up to 1000oF; however, when alloy chain slings are consistently exposed to service temperatures in excess of 600oF, operators must reduce the working load limits Lu nin d aaccordance C on s t r u c t i o n C o m p a n y with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

■

Offered for Sale

920- 788- 5238

thoffman@lundaconstruction.com

All sling types must be visually inspected prior to use. When inspecting alloy steel chain slings, pay special attention to any stretching, wear in excess of the allowances made by the

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four characteristics to consider: strength, ability to bend without distortion, ability to withstand abrasive wear, and ability to withstand abuse.

Sling Safety 2. The direction the strands are wound around the core: Wire rope is referred to as right lay or left lay. A right lay rope is one in which the strands are wound in a right-hand direction like a conventional screw thread (see figure below). A left lay rope is just the opposite.

3. The direction the wires are wound in the strands in relation to the direction of the strands around the core: In regular lay rope, the wires in the strands are laid in one direction while the strands in the rope are laid in the opposite direction. In lang lay rope, the wires are twisted in the same direction as the strands. See figure below.

In regular lay ropes, the wires in the strands are laid in one direction, while the strands in the rope are laid in the opposite direction. The result is that the wire crown runs approximately parallel to the longitudinal axis of the rope. These ropes have good resistance to kinking and twisting and are easy to handle. They are also able to withstand considerable crushing and distortion due to the short length of exposed wires. This type of rope has the widest range of applications.

Lang lay (where the wires are twisted in the same direction as the strands) is recommended for many excavating, construction, and mining applications, including draglines, hoist lines, dredge lines, and other similar lines.

Lang lay ropes are more flexible and have greater wearing surface per wire than regular lay ropes. In addition, since the outside wires in lang lay ropes lie at an angle to the rope axis, internal stress due to bending over sheaves and drums is reduced causing lang lay ropes to be more resistant to bending fatigue.

A left lay rope is one in which the strands form a left-hand helix similar to the threads of a left-hand screw thread. Left lay rope has its greatest usage in oil fields on rod and tubing lines, blast hole rigs, and spudders where rotation of right lay would loosen couplings.

The rotation of a left lay rope tightens a standard coupling.

Wire Rope Sling Selection

1. Strength - The strength of a wire rope is a function of its size, grade, and construction. It must be sufficient to accommodate the maximum load that will be applied. The maximum load limit is determined by means of an appropriate multiplier. This multiplier is the number by which the ultimate strength of a wire rope is divided to determine the working load limit. Thus a wire rope sling with a strength of 10,000 pounds and a total working load of 2,000 pounds has a design factor (multiplier) of 5. New wire rope slings have a design factor of 5. As a sling suffers from the rigors of continued service, however, both the design factor and the sling’s ultimate strength are proportionately reduced. If a sling is loaded beyond its ultimate strength, it will fail. For this reason, older slings must be more rigorously inspected to ensure that rope conditions adversely affecting the strength of the sling are considered in determining whether or not a wire rope sling should be allowed to continue in service.

2.

Fatigue A wire rope must have the ability to withstand repeated bending without the failure of the wires from fatigue. Fatigue failure of the wires in a wire rope is the result of the development of small cracks under repeated applications of bending loads. It occurs when ropes make small radius bends. The best means of preventing fatigue failure of wire rope slings is to use blocking or padding to increase the radius of the bend.

3. Abrasive Wear - The ability of a wire rope to withstand abrasion is determined by the size, number of wires, and construction of the rope. Smaller wires bend more readily and therefore offer greater flexibility but are less able to withstand abrasive wear.

Conversely, the larger wires of less flexible ropes are better able to withstand abrasion than smaller wires of the more flexible ropes.

4. Abuse - All other factors being equal, misuse or abuse of wire rope will cause a wire rope sling to become unsafe long before any other factor. Abusing a wire rope sling can cause serious structural damage to the wire rope, such as kinking or bird caging which reduces the strength of the wire rope. (In bird caging, the wire rope strands are forcibly untwisted and become spread outward.) Therefore, in order to prolong the life of the sling and protect the lives of employees, the manufacturer’s suggestion for safe and proper use of wire rope slings must be strictly adhered to.

When selecting a wire rope sling to give the best service, there are 72

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(Continued from Page 72)

Sling Safety Wire Rope Life. Many operating conditions affect wire rope life.

They are bending, stresses, loading conditions, speed of load application (jerking), abrasion, corrosion, sling design, materials handled, environmental conditions, and history of previous usage.

In addition to the above operating conditions, the weight, size, and shape of the loads to be handled also affect the service life of a wire rope sling. Flexibility is also a factor. Generally, more flexible ropes are selected when smaller radius bending is required. Less flexible ropes should be used when the rope must move through or over abrasive materials.

Wire Rope Sling Inspection. Wire rope slings must be visually inspected before each use. The operator should check the twists or lay of the sling. If ten randomly distributed wires in one lay are broken, or five wires in one strand of a rope lay are damaged, the sling must not be used. It is not sufficient, however, to check only the condition of the wire rope. End fittings and other components should also be inspected for any damage that could make the sling unsafe.

To ensure safe sling usage between scheduled inspections, all workers must participate in a safety awareness program. Each operator must keep a close watch on those slings he or she is using. If any accident involving the movement of materials occurs, the operator must immediately shut down the equipment and report the accident to a supervisor. The cause of the accident must be determined and corrected before resuming operations.

Field Lubrication. Although every rope sling is lubricated during manufacture, to lengthen its useful service life it must also be lubricated “in the field.” There is no set rule on how much or how often this should be done. It depends on the conditions under which the sling is used. The heavier the loads, the greater the number of bends, or the more adverse the conditions under which the sling operates, the more frequently lubrication will be required.

Storage. Wire rope slings should be stored in a well ventilated, dry building or shed. Never store them on the ground or allow them to be continuously exposed to the elements because this will make them vulnerable to corrosion and rust. And, if it is necessary to store wire rope slings outside, make sure that they are set off the ground and protected.

Note: Using the sling several times a week, even at a light load, is a good practice. Records show that slings that are used frequently or continuously give useful service far longer than those that are idle.

Discarding Slings. Wire rope slings can provide a margin of safety by showing early signs of failure. Factors requiring that a wire sling be discarded include the following: • Severe corrosion, • Localized wear (shiny worn spots) on the outside, • A one-third reduction in outer wire diameter, • Damage or displacement of end fittings - hooks, rings, links, or collars - by overload or misapplication, • Distortion, kinking, bird caging, or other evidence of damage to 74

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the wire rope structure, or • Excessive broken wires.

Fiber Rope and Synthetic Web Fiber rope and synthetic web slings are used primarily for temporary work, such as construction and painting jobs, and in marine operations. They are also the best choice for use on expensive loads, highly finished parts, fragile parts, and delicate equipment.

Fiber Rope Fiber rope slings are preferred for some applications because they are pliant, they grip the load well and they do not mar the surface of the load. They should be used only on light loads, however, and must not be used on objects that have sharp edges capable of cutting the rope or in applications where the sling will be exposed to high temperatures, severe abrasion or acids.

The choice of rope type and size will depend upon the application, the weight to be lifted and the sling angle. Before lifting any load with a fiber rope sling be sure to inspect the sling carefully because they deteriorate far more rapidly than wire rope slings and their actual strength is very difficult to estimate.

When inspecting a fiber rope sling prior to using it, look first at its surface. Look for dry, brittle, scorched, or discolored fibers. If any of these conditions are found, the supervisor must be notified and a determination made regarding the safety of the sling. If the sling is found to be unsafe, it must be discarded.

Next, check the interior of the sling. It should be as clean as when the rope was new. A build-up of powder-like sawdust on the inside of the fiber rope indicates excessive internal wear and is an indication that the sling is unsafe.

Finally, scratch the fibers with a fingernail. If the fibers come apart easily, the fiber sling has suffered some kind of chemical damage and must be discarded.

Synthetic Web Slings Synthetic web slings offer a number of advantages for rigging purposes. The most commonly used synthetic web slings are made of nylon, dacron, and polyester. They have the following properties in common: • Strength - can handle load of up to 300,000 lbs. (continued on page 76)

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weight may be considered as concentrated. In order to make a level lift, the crane hook must be directly above this point. While slight variations are usually permissible, if the crane hook is too far to one side of the center of gravity, dangerous tilting will result causing unequal stresses in the different sling legs. This imbalance must be compensated for at once.

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Sling Safety • Convenience - can conform to any shape.

• Safety - will adjust to the load contour and hold it with a tight, non-slip grip.

Number of Legs and Angle with the Horizontal

• Load protection - will not mar, deface, or scratch highly polished or delicate surfaces.

As the angle formed by the sling leg and the horizontal line decreases, the rated capacity of the sling also decreases. In other words, the smaller the angle between the sling leg and the horizontal, the greater the stress on the sling leg and the smaller (lighter) the load the sling can safely support. Larger (heavier) loads can be safely moved if the weight of the load is distributed among more sling legs.

• Long life - are unaffected by mildew, rot, or bacteria; resist some chemical action; and have excellent abrasion resistance.

Rated Capacity of the Sling

• Economy - have low initial cost plus long service life.

• Shock absorbency - can absorb heavy shocks without damage.

• Temperature resistance - are unaffected by temperatures up to 180˚F. Each synthetic material has its own unique properties. Nylon must be used wherever alkaline or greasy conditions exist. It is also preferable when neutral conditions prevail and when resistance to chemicals and solvents is important.

Dacron must be used where high concentrations of acid solutions - such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, and formic acids - and where high-temperature bleach solutions are prevalent. (Nylon will deteriorate under these conditions.) Do not use dacron in alkaline conditions because it will deteriorate; use nylon or polypropylene instead. Polyester must be used where acids or bleaching agents are present and is also ideal for applications where a minimum of stretching is important.

Possible Defects. Synthetic web slings must be removed from service if any of the following defects exist: • Acid or caustic burns, • Melting or charring of any part of the surface,

The rated capacity of a sling varies depending upon the type of sling, the size of the sling, and the type of hitch. Operators must know the capacity of the sling. Charts or tables that contain this information generally are available from sling manufacturers. The values given are for new slings. Older slings must be used with additional caution.

Under no circumstances shall a sling’s rated capacity be exceeded.

History of Care and Usage The mishandling and misuse of slings are the leading causes of accidents involving their use. The majority of injuries and accidents, however, can be avoided by becoming familiar with the essentials of proper sling care and usage.

Proper care and usage are essential for maximum service and safety. Slings must be protected from sharp bends and cutting edges by means of cover saddles, burlap padding, or wood blocking, as well as from unsafe lifting procedures such as overloading.

Before making a lift, check to be certain that the sling is properly secured around the load and that the weight and balance of the load have been accurately determined. If the load is on the ground, do not allow the load to drag along the ground. This could damage the sling. If the load is already resting on the sling, ensure that there is no sling damage prior to making the lift.

Next, position the hook directly over the load and seat the sling squarely within the hook bowl. This gives the operator maximum lifting efficiency without bending the hook or overstressing the sling.

• Snags, punctures, tears, or cuts, • Broken or worn stitches, • Wear or elongation exceeding the amount recommended by the manufacturer, or • Distortion of fittings.

SAFE LIFTING PRACTICES Now that the sling has been selected (based upon the characteristics of the load and the environmental conditions surrounding the lift) and inspected prior to use, the next step is learning how to use it safely. There are four primary factors to take into consideration when safely lifting a load. They are (1) the size, weight, and center of gravity of the load; (2) the number of legs and the angle the sling makes with the horizontal line; (3) the rated capacity of the sling; and (4) the history of the care and usage of the sling.

Wire rope slings are also subject to damage resulting from contact with sharp edges of the loads being lifted. These edges can be blocked or padded to minimize damage to the sling.

After the sling is properly attached to the load, there are a number of good lifting techniques that are common to all slings: • Make sure that the load is not lagged, clamped, or bolted to the floor.

• Guard against shock loading by taking up the slack in the sling slowly. Apply power cautiously so as to prevent jerking at the beginning of the lift, and accelerate or decelerate slowly.

• Check the tension on the sling. Raise the load a few inches, stop, and check for proper balance and that all items are clear of the

Size, Weight, and Center of Gravity of the Load The center of gravity of an object is that point at which the entire 76

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(continued on Page 78) ISSUE #2 - 2017

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(Continued from Page 74)

Sling Safety path of travel. Never allow anyone to ride on the hood or load.

• Keep all personnel clear while the load is being raised, moved, or lowered. Crane or hoist operators should watch the load at all times when it is in motion.

• Finally, obey the following “nevers:” Never allow more than one person to control a lift or give signals to a crane or hoist operator except to warn of a hazardous situation. Never raise the load more than necessary. Never leave the load suspended in the air. Never work under a suspended load or allow anyone else to.

Once the lift has been completed, clean the sling, check it for damage, and store it in a clean, dry airy place. It is best to hang it on a rack or wall.

Remember, damaged slings cannot lift as much as new or well-cared for older slings.

Safe and proper use and storage of slings will increase their service life.

MAINTENANCE OF SLINGS

compared with the manufacturer’s minimum allowable safe dimensions. When in doubt, or in borderline situations, do not use the sling. In addition, never attempt to repair the welded components on a sling. If the sling needs repair of this nature, the supervisor must be notified.

Wire Rope Wire rope slings, like chain slings, must be cleaned prior to each inspection because they are also subject to damage hidden by dirt or oil. In addition, they must be lubricated according to manufacturer’s instructions.

Lubrication prevents or reduces corrosion and wear due to friction and abrasion.

Before applying any lubricant, however, the sling user should make certain that the sling is dry. Applying lubricant to a wet or damp sling traps moisture against the metal and hastens corrosion.

Corrosion deteriorates wire rope. It may be indicated by pitting, but it is sometimes hard to detect. Therefore, if a wire rope sling shows any sign of significant deterioration, that sling must be removed until it can be examined by a person who is qualified to determine the extent of the damage.

By following the above guidelines to proper sling use and maintenance, and by the avoidance of kinking, it is possible to greatly extend a wire rope sling’s useful service life.

Fiber Ropes and Synthetic Webs Fiber ropes and synthetic webs are generally discarded rather than serviced or repaired. Operators must always follow manufacturer’s recommendations.

SUMMARY There are good practices to follow to protect yourself while using slings to move materials. First, learn as much as you can about the materials with which you will be working. Slings come in many different types, one of which is right for your purpose.

Second, analyze the load to be moved - in terms of size, weight, shape, temperature, and sensitivity - then choose the sling which best meets those needs. Third, always inspect all the equipment before and after a move. Always be sure to give equipment whatever “in service” maintenance it may need. Fourth, use safe lifting practices. Use the proper lifting technique for the type of sling and the type of load. u

Chains Chain slings must be cleaned prior to each inspection, as dirt or oil may hide damage.

The operator must be certain to inspect the total length of the sling, periodically looking for stretching, binding, wear, or nicks and gouges. If a sling has stretched so that it is now more than three percent longer than it was when new, it is unsafe and must be discarded.

Binding is the term used to describe the condition that exists when a sling has become deformed to the extent that its individual links cannot move within each other freely. It is also an indication that the sling is unsafe. Generally, wear occurs on the load-bearing inside ends of the links.

Pushing links together so that the inside surface becomes clearly visible is the best way to check for this type of wear. Wear may also occur, however, on the outside of links when the chain is dragged along abrasive surfaces or pulled out from under heavy loads. Either type of wear weakens slings and makes accidents more likely.

Heavy nicks and/or gouges must be filed smooth, measured with calipers, then 78

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Quality steel sheet pile solutions

855-JD-FIELDS

Eight Hazards Common to Cranes Copyright 2017, J.J. Smith & Company As a Marine Contractor, working with cranes is common place. Unfortunately what comes with this is the potential for dangerous situations to arise. The following is a brief but hopefully useful synopsis on eight hazards common to various cranes.

Each analysis includes a definition, description, potential risks presented by the hazard, reasons why the hazard may occur and suggested preventive measures.

One should note: The lack of qualifications on the part of crane operators figures prominently into these hazards. The crane owner and job supervisor must ensure that their crane operators are qualified and competent, not only in machine operations but in load capacity calculations as well.

Power Line Contact Definition Power line contact is the inadvertent contact of any metal part of a crane with a high-voltage power line.

Description Most power line contacts occur when a crane is moving materials adjacent to or under energized power lines and the hoist line or boom touches a power line.

Contact also frequently occurs during pick-and-carry operations when loads are being transported under energized power lines. On or off-loading a barge is a perfect

example while even a more precarious condition is the construction or repair of a dock, pier or seawall where power lines are present along with large amounts of trees and vegetation; whereby, obstructing the crane operators view.

Sometimes the person who is electrocuted is touching the crane or getting on or off of it when the hoist line or boom inadvertently comes into contact with an energized power line.

In some circumstances, when a crane comes into contact with a power line and sufficient ground fault is created, the electric utility’s distribution system is automatically (continued on Page 82)

Figure 1 Power Lines Properly Guarded to Prevent Contact With a Crane

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Eight Hazards Figure 2 Danger Zone for Cranes and Lifting Personnel Near Electrical Transmission Line

de-energized by a re-closure switch to avoid the blowing of intervening fuses. Many times people assume that the power line is de-energized when the sparks stop at the point of contact. But this can be very misleading, because the circuit is automatically reenergized several seconds later, so there usually is not enough time given by this type of de-energization to keep someone from being shocked again. The best hazard prevention method to avoid such an occurrence is to position the crane to keep a 10-foot clearance so the boom or hoist line cannot reach the power lines.

Risks Presented by Power Line Contact Power line contact is the greatest risk to be found in craning operations. A single contact can result in multiple deaths and/ or crippling injuries. Each year approximately 150 to 160 people are killed by power line contact, and about three times that number are seriously injured. On an average, eight out of 10 of the victims were guiding the load at the time of contact.

Why Crane Power Line Contacts Occur Power line contact usually occurs because no one considered the need for specific hazard prevention measures to avoid using cranes near power lines. All too often no pre-job safety planning is done, so when the crane arrives at the worksite, the workers are placed in a hurried set of circumstances that burdens them with unreasonably dangerous tasks.

Preventive Measures The key to avoiding power line contact is pre-job safety planning.

Planning is one of the greatest accident deterrents available in the workplace. Because of the large number of employers involved in controlling the workplace landowner, construction management, prime contractor, subcontractors crane rental firms, electric utilities - planning is necessary to establish the person in charge.

A single individual should have overall supervision and coordination of the project and must initiate (continued on Page 84) 82

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(Continued from Page 82)

Table 1

Eight Hazards

Safe Working Distances From Power Lines

positive direction to ensure that pre-job safety planning is done before any cranes arrive at the worksite.

Cranes and power lines should not occupy the same work area. In too many instances, work areas encompass existing power lines that have clearances acceptable for normal roadway traffic but not for cranes.

The crane operator, those guiding the load and those closely involved in the particular craning operation need visual guidance from the ground so they are made aware of the danger zone and can conduct all of their work outside of this dangerous area. The area within a radius of 10 feet in any direction from power lines is an unsafe work area and must be clearly marked off on the ground by marker tape, fences, barriers, etc. That way, everyone at the worksite has the visual clues to ensure that the crane is positioned so that the boom and hoist line cannot intrude into the danger zone created by the power lines. Figure 1 shows how to map this danger zone surrounding power lines so it is impossible for the boom in any position or the hoist line to come closer than 10 feet and intrude into the danger zone. If the danger zone can be penetrated by a crane boom, the electric utility must be notified to deenergize, relocate, bury or insulate the lines while the crane is operating in that location.

It is extremely difficult for a crane operator to:

•

Judge accurately clearances between a crane and power lines simply through the use of vision.

•

See more than one visual target at a time.

•

Overcome the camouflaging characteristics that trees, buildings and other objects have upon power lines.

Sometimes a crane operator cannot judge the clearance of the boom from the power Line because the boom blocks the operator’s view to the right. Sole reliance upon the performance of crane operators, riggers and signalers, without any planning to separate cranes from power lines has resulted in many deaths.

Pick-and-carry operations with mobile cranes often result in power line contact, even though the same route had been taken previously.

Cage-type boom guards, insulated links and proximity warning devices provide safety backups for operators, but such devices are not substitutes for maintaining the 10-foot clearance, which is most important. Use of 84

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these devices must be consistent with the product manufacturer’s recommendations.

Truck-mounted trolleys or articulated crane booms that utilize an electrical remote control system to load or unload bricks, cement block, trusses and other building supplies have also caused many injuries and deaths. In the event the boom contacts a power line, the individual holding the control box at the end of the electrical control cable is usually electrocuted instantly.

Such equipment should never be used near power lines. A safer purchase choice would be non-conductive, pneumatic-powered or remote radio control systems.

Controls for cranes that are located where they can be operated by an individual standing on the ground (e.g. driving sheet piling for a potential bulkhead/seawall project from the landward side) leaves the operator vulnerable to the initial fault current path in the event the boom strikes a power line.

Table 1 shows the safe working distance from power lines. Figure 2 illustrates the prohibited zone around a power line.

lifted and maneuvered, resulting in upset or structural failure.

Description Cranes can easily upset from overloading.

On some models the weight of a boom without a load can create an imbalance and cause some high-reach hydraulic cranes to upset when the boom is positioned at a low angle. This has occurred even with outriggers extended.

Today’s crane operator is confronted with a number of variables that affect lifting capacity:

1. The ability to lower a boom increases the radius and reduces its capacity.

2. The ability to extend a hydraulic boom increases the radius and reduces lifting capacity.

3. The ability to lower a boom while

extending a boom quickly reduces lifting capacity.

4. The crane’s tipping capacity can vary

Overloading Definition Overloading occurs when the rated capacity of a crane is exceeded while a load is being www.marineconstructionmagazine.com

when the boom is positioned at the various points of the compass or clock in relation to its particular carrier frame. (continued on Page 86) ISSUE #2 - 2017

These are deteriorated dock pilings

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(Continued from Page 84)

Eight Hazards 5. The operator may neglect to extend the outriggers and affect the crane’s stability.

6. The operator may mistakenly

rely upon perception, instinct or experience to determine whether the load is too heavy and may not respond fast enough when the crane begins to feel light.

(Fundamental to a lift are pre-lift determinations of the weight of the load and the net capacity of the crane.

7. All of these variables create conditions that lead to operators inadvertently exceeding the rated capacity, tipping the load and upsetting the crane. The variables may also lead to structural failure of the crane. That is, under certain loads and at particular configurations, the crane may break before it tips.

Risks Presented by Overloading

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It is estimated that one crane upset occurs during every 10,000 hours of crane use. Approximately 3 percent of upsets result in death, 8 percent in lost time, and 20 percent in damage to property other than the crane. Nearly 80 percent of these upsets can be attributed to predictable human error when the operator inadvertently exceeds the crane’s lifting capacity. This is why employers must ensure their operators’ competence (see table 2).

Table 2 Analysis of 1,000 Crane Upset Occurrences During a 20-Year Period Approximately 15% 39% 15% 14% 6% 7% 4%

In travel mode Making swing with outriggers retracted Making a pick with outriggers retracted Making a pick or swing with outriggers extended Making a pick or swing; use of outriggers unknown Outrigger failure Other activity

Also reported: 3% Deaths 8%

Lost-time injuries

20%

Significant property damage other than the crane (continued on Page 88)

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However, such charts are complex. Optimally, formal training should be provided for all crane operators, to ensure a working knowledge of crane load charts. However, on-the-job training can be adequate if the trainer is qualified.

(Continued from Page 86)

Eight Hazards Why Overloading Occurs Overloading occurs when poorly trained personnel are allowed to operate cranes. The operator must always know the weight of the load.

Preventive Measures During the last 30 years much progress has been made in the availability of systems to prevent crane upset due to over- loading.

Crane operation is no longer a “seat-of-the-pants” skill but requires both planning and training in the use of the latest technologies such as load-measuring systems.

With the advent of solid-state micro-processing electronics, loadmeasuring systems evolved. Such systems can sense the actual load as related to boom angle and length, warn the operator as rated capacity is approached, and stop further movement. Loadmeasuring systems automatically prevent exceeding the rated capacity at any boom angle, length or radius. Today most U.S. crane manufacturers are promoting the sale of load-measuring systems as standard equipment on new cranes. There are after-market suppliers of these devices for older model cranes.

For years, the only control to avoid upset from overload has been reliance upon an operator’s performance and the use of load charts.

Failure to Use Outriggers; Soft Ground and Structural Failure Definition Crane upset can occur when an operator does not extend the outriggers or when a crane is positioned on soft ground.

Description As any coastal or marine contractor knows, working along any shoreline not only can one find oneself in some seriously confined areas, the soils can be extremely unstable, to say the least. That being said many cranes upset because the use of outriggers is left to the discretion of the operator. For example, sometimes an operator cannot extend the outriggers because of insufficient space or a work circumstance that arises when planning is not done. Or outrigger pads may be too small to support the crane even on hard ground. However, the use of outriggers is not voluntary. Load capacity charts are based either on the use of fully extended outriggers or on “rubber,” for rubber-tired cranes. If circumstances are such that outriggers cannot be fully extended, then capacities in the on-rubber (continued on Page 90)

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◆

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(Continued from Page 88)

Preventive Measures

Eight Hazards

Since such a high proportion of accidents occur when outriggers are not extended, design changes to overcome this hazard are needed. The surest way to avoid an accident is to make the machine inoperable until the operator activates necessary safeguards.

Some aerial basket designs include limit switches to prevent boom movement until outriggers are extended and in place to avert upset. The newer aerial basket trucks have hydraulic systems with interlocks that preclude boom operation until outriggers are fully extended and fully supporting the crane, with wheels completely off the ground.

Soil failure occurs because the ground is too soft or the outrigger pads are not big enough. Soils range from wet sand that can only support 2,000 pounds per square foot to dry hard clay that can support 4,000 pounds per square foot to well- cemented hardpan that can support as much as 10,000 pounds per square foot. When poor soil is encountered, or the out- riggers have inadequate floats or pads, well-designed blocking or cribbing is needed under the outriggers. On all types of cranes where floats are used OSHA requires that they be securely attached. It also requires that blocking used to support outriggers be strong enough to prevent crushing, be free of defects and be of sufficient width and length to prevent shifting or toppling under load.

chart must be used.

Outriggers have collapsed because they were overloaded, defective or located on inadequate foundation. (When outriggers are being used, carrier tires must not be supporting weight. They must be clear of the ground. Outrigger pads must be positively attached to the connecting cylinder.)

Risks Presented by the Failure to Use Outriggers An analysis of some 1,000 crane accidents (see table 2) has shown that half of the incidents involving outriggers occurred when the crane operator was either swinging the cab or extending or lowering a telescoping boom without out- riggers extended. These actions rapidly increase the lifting radius so upset occurs quickly.

Why Outriggers Are Not Used Supervisors and managers may unjustifiably rely upon their operators’ knowledge of the need for outriggers.Management should assure itself that every crane operator is competent.

Determining the load weight is generally viewed as the responsibility of the site supervisor, who must inform the operator before the lift is made. The operator must still be able to determine or estimate load weights, to evaluate and verify the weight provided. Based on the load weight, the operator knows if it is necessary to use outriggers.

Management may also fail to insist that equipment brought onto the project be equipped with available safeguards, such as interlocks to restrict boom movement when outriggers are retracted.

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Two-Blocking Definition Two-blocking occurs when the hoist block or hook assembly comes into contact with the boom tip, causing the hoist line to break and the hook and load to fall, endangering workers below.

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

BIGGER IS NOT ALWAYS BETTER DERRICKS: THE ALTERNATIVE LIFTING SOLUTION. A derrick is an engineered structure, attached to a foundation, powered by an independent hoist. Its geometric design offers a higher efficiency than a conventional crane. With a low gross weight and small footprint, a derrick is often a superior solution when compared to a significantly larger conventional crane. It is ideal for a variety of industries and jobsites such as bridge construction, rooftop material handling, tower crane dismantling, duty cycle applications, steel erection and power generation. Whether mounted on a tower, a barge, or on a movable sled to lift directly from a bridge deck, as shown above, a derrick offers a vast amount of versatility.

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(Continued from Page 90)

Eight Hazards Description Both latticework and hydraulic boom cranes are prone to two-blocking. When twoblocking occurs on latticework booms, the hoist line picks up the weight of the boom and lets the pendant guys go slack. Often a whip action is created when a crawler crane with a long boom without a load is “walking” and the headache ball and empty chokers can drift up to the boom tip. Ordinarily, while the operator is busy watching the pathway of travel to avoid any rough ground that can violently jerk the crane, he or she does not watch the boom tip. When a hoist line twoblocks, it assumes the weight of the boom and relieves the pin-up guys of the load.

Then, if the crane crawler goes over a rock or bump, the flypole action of a long boom is sufficient to break the hoist line. The weight of the load plus the weight of the boom on a latticework boom (when combined with a little extra stress when lifting a load) can cause the hoist line to break if two-blocking occurs.

The power of the hydraulic rams that extend hydraulic booms is often sufficient to break the hoist line if the line twoblocks. An operator can forget to release (pay out) the load line when extending the boom. When this occurs, the hoist line can be inadvertently broken. If the load line breaks while supporting a worker on a boatswain’s chair or several work- ers on a floating scaffold or a load above people, a catastrophe can result. When an operator must use two controls, one for the hoist and one for the hydraulic boom extension, the chance of error is increased.

In many circumstances, both latticework and hydraulic boom cranes will two-block when the hook is near the tip and the boom is lowered. Two-blocking incidents can also occur without resulting in actual failure, but causing damage which will result in failure at a later time.

Risks Presented by Two-Blocking Hundreds of deaths and crippling injuries have resulted from two-blocking occurrences. Over the years, there have probably been thousands of two-blocking occurrences that have broken the hoist line. Most occurrences probably went unrecorded because no one was injured when the hoist line failed and dropped the hook and/or load.

Why Two-Blocking Occurs Two-blocking occurs because the crane operator is often visually overtaxed. He or she is unable to watch the load and 92

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headache ball or hook simultaneously.

Preventive Measures Anti-two-blocking devices have long been available, but industry acceptance of these devices as a preventive measure has lagged. OSHA now requires an anti-twoblocking device or a two block damage prevention feature where cranes are used to hoist personnel.

There are several ways to prevent twoblocking:

1. An anti-two-blocking device can be used.

This device is a weighted ring around the hoist line that is suspended on a chain from a limit switch attached to the boom tip. When the hoist block or headache ball touches the suspended, weighted ring, the limit switch opens and an alarm warns the operator. It can also be wired to intercede and stop the hoisting. The circuitry is no more complex than an electric door bell.

2. On hydraulic cranes the hydraulic valving

can be sequenced to pay out the hoist line when the boom is being extended, thus avoiding two-blocking.

3. Adequate boom length can be ensured to accommodate both the boom angle and sufficient space for rigging, such as slings, spreader bars and straps. To avoid bringing the hook and headache ball into contact with the boom tip, a boom length of 150 percent of the intended lift is required for a boom angle of 45 degrees or more.

Anti-two-blocking devices should be standard equipment on all cranes. Currently, most new mobile hydraulic cranes are being equipped with these systems.

Pinchpoints Definition There are two types of crane pinchpoints:

1. Within the swinging radius of the rotating

superstructure of a crane in areas in which people may be working, is a pinchpoint where people can be crushed or squeezed between the carrier frame and the crane cab, or the crane cab and an adjacent wall or other structure.

2. Many unguarded gears, belts, rotating

shafts, etc., within the crane are pinchpoints to which employees may be exposed.

Description A pinchpoint is created by the narrow clearance between the rotating superstructure (cab) of a crane and the

stationary carrier frame. When a crane must be used in a confined space, another dangerous pinchpoint is the close clearance between the rotating cab/counterweight and a wall, post or other stationary object.

This hazard is inherent in rough terrain cranes, truck-mounted cranes, crawler cranes and other mobile cranes. Many people, especially oilers, have been crushed by such pinchpoints.

Analysis of such occurrences shows that the victims usually entered the danger zone to access:

• • • • •

the water jug the tool box the outrigger controls an area to perform maintenance

an area for storage of rigging materials In all of the known cases where someone entered the danger zone and was caught in a pinchpoint, the danger zone was outside the crane operator’s vision. Survivors have stated that they believed the crane operator was not going to rotate or slew the boom at that particular moment.

Many unguarded moving parts are found inside the crane cab, which serves as a shelter for the engine and hoist system.

Risks Presented by Pinchpoints Many deaths or serious injuries have been recorded as a result of being crushed between the cab and carrier frame.

Many amputations have been caused by unguarded moving parts within the crane.

Why Workers Are Crushed by the Rotating Cab Workers have been crushed by the rotating cab because management failed to ensure that the crane was adequately bar- ricaded and that all incentives to enter the swing zone were removed. Crane cabs are usually used for storage of lunch buckets, tools and supplies. The machinery that runs the crane requires oiling, adjustment and maintenance from time to time. Workers are, therefore, exposed to the hazard of the rotating cab and the hazard created by the many unguarded moving parts of the crane.

Preventive Measures The swing area of the crane cab and counterweight must be barricaded against entry into the danger zone.

The removal of water jugs, tool boxes and (continued on Page 94)

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

GEOTECH DRILLING BARGE SUPPORT SERVICES CALL FOR DETAILS: DARYN BALL DBALL@BOYERINC.COM 7133-46 466 6-53 395

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(Continued from Page 92)

Eight Hazards

Figure 3 Unsafe (Upper) and Safe (Lower) Way to Block a Boom Section

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(Continued from Page 94)

Eight Hazards rigging materials from crane cabs would reduce the incentive to enter the danger zone.

The installation of rear view mirrors for the crane operator provides an added safeguard so the operator can see into the turning area of the cab and counterweight.

Obstruction of Vision Definition Safe use of a crane is compromised when the vision of an operator, rigger or signaler is blocked, and employees cannot see what the others are doing.

Description There are two general categories for obstructions of operators’ vision:

• •

obstruction by the crane’s own bulk

obstruction by the work environment The crane size alone limits the operator’s range of vision and creates many blind spots, preventing the rigger, signaler, oiler and others affected by the crane’s movement from having direct eye contact with the crane operator. When a cab- controlled mobile crane is moved or travels back and forth, the operator must contend with many blind spots on the right side of the crane.

Many situations arise in craning activities that can almost instantaneously turn a simple lift into a life-taking catastrophe:

1. In many instances the work environment

requires that loads be lifted to or from an area that is outside of the view of the operator. The crane boom may obstruct the operator’s range of vision on the right side.

2. Often a load is lifted several stories high, and the crane operator must rely upon others to ensure safe movement of the load being handled.

3. Many people are affected by a crane s

movement. Welders with their hoods on, carpenters, ironworkers or other workers may be working in the immediate vicinity of a crane, preoccupied with their tasks and unaware of the activity of the crane.

They also may be out of the range of vision of the crane operator. Both the lack of awareness on the part of others and the obstructed vision of the crane operator contribute to craning accidents.

The key to a safe craning operation is the planning of all activities, starting with prejob conferences and continuing with daily planning to address any changes that need to be made.

To overcome the hazard of blind spots while loads are being lifted, the use of radios and telephones is much more effective than relying upon several signalers to relay messages by line of sight.

The use of automatic travel alarms is an effective way to warn those in the immediate vicinity of crane travel movement in pickand-carry functions.

It should also be recognized that OSHA requires the windows of cranes to be made of safety glass or the equivalent, which does not introduce visible distortion that will interfere with the safe operation of the crane.

Travel Upset in Mobile Hydraulic Cranes (RoughTerrain and Wheel-Mounted When operators, riggers, signalers, oilers Telescoping Boom) Risks Presented by Obstruction of Vision

and others cannot see each other or the suspended load, the risk of accident becomes very high.

Why People Are Injured by Movement of the Load or the Crane People are injured during craning when management fails to provide an effective communication system for the crane operator and signalers to ensure that all are aware of any changes in circumstances.

Often signalers have not been ade- quately trained to perform their important task.

Definition Because of a high center of gravity, a mobile hydraulic crane can easily upset and crush the operator between the boom and the ground.

Description This type of crane is easily overturned on road shoulders or other embankments during (continued on Page 98)

Figure 4 Sign to Be Attached on Each Boom Section

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(Continued from Page 98)

Eight Hazards travel from one location to another.

Risks Presented by Travel Upsets Numerous travel upsets have been recorded. When the mobile hydraulic crane upsets on the left side where the opera- tor’s cab is located, the lightweight sheet metal cab is easily crushed, usually trapping the operator before escape is possible. Crawler tractors can remain stable up to a 57 degree side slope. Mobile hydraulic cranes, however, are rarely stable on side slopes beyond 35 degrees. Because of their versatility with four-wheel drive and fourwheel steer, rough-terrain cranes do encounter slopes of over 35 degrees that could cause upset.

The lightweight sheet metal cab on almost all types of cranes is also vulnerable to crushing during upset from over- loading as discussed in “Overloading,” and the operator has no safe sanctuary in this type of cab to prevent serious injury.

Why Crane Operators Are Crushed When a Crane Upsets Crush-resistant cabs are not routinely installed on cranes.

Preventive Measures In the 1950s it was recognized that protective canopies that would resist the crushing effect of rollover could be designed and fabricated for heavy crawler-type bulldozers. Beginning in the late

1960s, rollover protection system (ROPS) standards were developed by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) for tractors (both crawler and wheel), loaders, graders, compactors, scrapers, water wagons, rear dumps, bottom dumps, fifth wheel attachments, and various other pieces of equipment. Death and crippling injuries from rollover and falling objects have been substantially reduced because of ROPS. The same technology could be applied to mobile hydraulic cranes so operators would have the protec- tion of a crush-resistant cab in the event of upset. The crane manufacturer or an after-market supplier should be contacted for installation of a crush-resistant cab and seatbelt.

Boom Disassembly on Latticework Boom Cranes Definition If a boom is not blocked, improper disassembly can cause it to collapse upon those who are removing pins under the boom while the boom is suspended.

Description Latticework booms are disassembled for shortening, lengthening or transporting. Boom collapse occurs on truck- or crawler-mounted cranes when the boom is lowered to a horizontal position and suspended from the boom tip with pen- dant guys, but the boom is not blocked. If the lower pins connecting boom sections are knocked out by workers who are under the boom, the boom can collapse upon them, resulting in death or serious injuries. (continued on Page 100)

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VESSELS FOR SALE ONE (1) SUPPLY VESSEL: “G-REA”

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CONTACT: Daryn Ball – Boyer, Inc. 8904 Fairbanks N. Houston, TX. 77064 Phone: 281-598-0378 E-Mail: dball@boyerinc.com Website:www.boyerinc.com

(Continued from Page 98)

Eight Hazards

lack of supervision to ensure that the manufacturer’s disassembly procedures are followed.

Risks Presented by Boom Disassembly

Preventive Measures

There are at least three circumstances that lead to accidents when latticework boom sections are being dismantled:

1. Plan boom disassembly location and

1. Workers

2. Use blocking or cribbing on each boom

are

unfamiliar

with

the

2. A poor location is chosen for dismantling.

3. Not enough time is allotted to meet the

3. Use one of several types of pins that

task deadline.

Why Workers Are Crushed by Latticework Booms During Disassembly Workers are crushed during disassembly of latticework booms when there is a

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from inside facing out, and can only be removed by driving from the outside in. (See Dickie, D.E., Crane Handbook, figure 3.39 at 78.)

c. Welded lugs that prevent pins from

procedures which are consistent with the manufacturer’s instructions.

section. Figure 10 should be posted in the crane cab and figure 11 should be attached to each boom section.

equipment.

b. Step pins that can only be inserted

substantially reduce the risk of crushing, such as:

a. Double-ended pins that can be

removed while one is standing beside the boom by driving the pin in from the out- side. (See Dickie, D.E., Crane Handbook, figure 3.41 at 78.)

being entered the wrong way. This requires the pin to be inserted inside facing out, and can. only be removed by driving it from the outside in. (See Dickie, D.E., Crane Handbook, figure 3.40 at 78).

d. Screw pins with threads that insert or retract the pin.

4. Post warnings at pin connections. Be

sure that comprehensive text warning of this hazard and informing of ways to avoid it is contained in operators’ manuals. u

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

Some “Simple” Safety Guidelines

While in Marine Construction, the guidelines for “Safety” are many, at Marine Construction Magazine, we believe it never hurts to occasionally toss out a list or two of just some of the many suggestions one might want to follow to complete a work day… accident free. We recently ran across the following “simple” guidelines. So simple, we felt inclined to include them in this issue.

- Whenever you are involved in accident that results in personal injury or property damage, no matter how slight, the accident must be reported to your supervisor or other management personnel prior to the end of the work shift. Get first-aid promptly.

- Report any condition or practice you think might cause injury and/or damage to equipment immediately to your supervisor.

- Do not operate any equipment which, in your opinion, is not in a safe condition. Report immediately the condition that you believe is unsafe to your foreman.

safety and only when authorized. If you are not familiar with the safe way to use a particular tool or piece of equipment, ask your supervisor. When using your own tools on the job site, make sure all guards, ground pins, etc. are in place.

- Good housekeeping must always be practiced. Return all tools, equipment materials, etc. to their proper places when you are finished with them. Keep floors clean and passageways clear.

Poor housekeeping wastes time, energy and material, and often results in injury.

- The use of drugs and/or intoxicating beverages on the jobsite is forbidden. Being under the influence of alcohol or drugs when on the jobsite is inexcusable.

Immediate discharge for being under the influence and/or using drugs or alcohol may be instituted. Additional appropriate disciplinary action will be taken for the following offenses: a. Fighting - no matter what the cause.

- All prescribed safety equipment and personal protective equipment must be used when required and must be maintained in good working condition. It is your personal responsibility to use such equipment. The use of required personal protective equipment is a non-negotiable item.

b. Insubordinate conduct or refusal to follow directions c. False statements, such as injury claims d. Other inappropriate behavior including, but not limited to, failure to obey safety rules.

- Loose clothing and jewelry cannot be worn when operating machinery and equipment. Proper work shoes - Obey all safety rules, shall be worn at all jobsites. government regulations, Open toed shoes and sneakers signs, markings, and will not be permitted to be instructions. Be particularly Maybe Not What To Be Riding On? worn at any jobsite. If you are familiar with the rules and observed wearing open toed regulations that apply shoes or sneakers, you will not be permitted to work until you directly to you in the area in which you work. If you don’t know, return with proper footwear. ask your foreman.

- When lifting, use the approved lifting technique, i.e. bend your knees, grasp load firmly, keep load close to you, then raise the load keeping your back as straight as possible. Always get help with heavy or awkward loads.

- Do not engage in horse play; avoid distracting others; be courteous to fellow workers.

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- Do not handle chemicals unless you have been trained in the safe handling procedure.

- Hard hats and eye protection shall be worn at all times.

- Read, understand and follow the guidelines set forth in the material safety data sheets (MSDS) pertaining to your work.

- Compliance with safety and health rules and regulations is a condition of employment. u

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

MANITOWOC 2250 Series 3 300 TON SELF-ERECTING CRAWLER CRANE s/n 2251333 Location: North Florida

2015 LINK-BELT TCC 1100 TELESCOPIC CRAWLER CRANE s/n S1K54516 Location: Central Florida

KOBELCO CK1600-1F 160 TON SELF-ERECTING CRAWLER CRANE s/n: CN0302337 Location: Baton Rouge, LA

CK2500II- 250 Ton Crawler Crane- 200' Boom s/n -JD0402445 Location: Baton Rouge, LA

ALL EQUIPMENT FOR LEASE OR SALE UPON AVAILABILITY 2015 KOBELCO CK1100G 110 TON SELF-ERECTING CRAWLER CRANE s/n GH04-03385 Location: West Coast Florida

CONTACT: J. ASQUERI TEL: 954-317-8266 EMAIL: jasqueri@glfusa.com

Bryan Nicholls elected as President of the Association of Diving Contractors International U.S. Underwater Services, LLC, an offshore and inland commercial diving contractor based in Texas, is pleased to announce that Bryan Nicholls, President and COO, was elected President of the Association of Diving Contractors International (ADCI) at its annual conference.

The ADCI is a professional association that promotes best industry practice with respect to the health and safety of commercial divers and underwater operations.

improve upon the best industry practices that our association and its membership have already established.”

Phil Newsum, Executive Director of the ADCI stated, “Having served as 2nd Vice President for a number of years, I have no reservations in Bryan’s ability to fully complement the leadership of the Presidents that preceded him”.

“The ADCI Consensus Standards for Commercial Diving and Underwater Operations are recognized as best industry practice here in the U.S., and in many other parts of the world” says Nicholls.

U.S. Underwater Services, operating out of its 50,000 square foot facility in Mansfield, TX, provides a wide range of commercial diving, repair and maintenance services to industries such as oil and gas, shipping, municipal, power generation, defense and marine infrastructure.

U.S. Underwater Services joined the ADCI in 1996, and has since been involved with the ADCI for over 20 years.

For more information on U.S. Underwater Services, visit www. usunderwaterservices.com.

Mr. Nicholls has served on the board of the ADCI since 2009, and was Second Vice President and Chairman of the Safety Committee from 2014-2017. “It is truly an honor to have been elected as the ADCI’s President for 2017. I am proud to have served the ADCI for the past 8 years, and I will continue to contribute what I can to

For more information on Association of Diving Contractors International, visit www.adc-int.org.

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

“NEW” SPUD BARGE 120’ x 45’ x 7’

AVAILABLE FOR LEASE/RENTAL - New Construction - Built by Sterling Shipyard, Port Neches, TX - Inland Barge - Deck Plate – ½” - Sides and Bottom Plate – 3/8” - Deck Fittings • Four (4) 8” Double Bitts • Six (6) 36” Kevels • Two (2) Towing Pads • Eleven (11) 18” Diameter Flush Single Bolt • Manholes with Vertical Access Ladders Contact:

Galesville, MD. 20765 410-867-1818 www.smithbarge.com

Shibata Fender Team participates at Foire Internationale d’Alger

From 8 - 13 May 2017, ShibataFenderTeam took part at FIA in Algeria. The exhibition was the largest trade event of the country and has an important meaning for Algerian companies but also for foreign companies with business activities in Algeria. The universal exhibition for consumer and investment goods receives a lot of political attention which underlines its importance for the country.

ShibataFenderTeam was represented by our responsible sales person for the North African market and our new agent. Besides an extensive knowledge of fenders, they present a lot of promotion material and - fresh from the press - the new French Company Profile. u

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

ALL Purchases Package of Five Tower Cranes

Increased demand for tower crane rental drives fleet expansion To meet an increased demand for tower crane rental, the ALL Family of Companies announces its purchase of a package of five (5) new tower cranes. ALL’s diverse fleet of towers from Manitowoc/Potain and Terex now numbers approximately 100, with capacities ranging from 6 to 35 USt (approximately 5 to 32 mt).

The 5-crane package includes the following: (2) of the new Manitowoc/Potain CCS City Tower Cranes, model MDT 219 J10 (11 USt/10 mt), with a maximum hook reach of 213 feet (65 m) and a maximum hook height of 231 feet (70 m). Its innovative CCS (Crane Control System) provides fast, time-saving setup and outstanding lift performance. One MDT 219 is already in the ALL fleet and ready to work; the second is due to arrive in August.

(1) Manitowoc/Potain Igo T 130 (8.8 USt/8 mt), the largest selferecting tower crane from Potain, with a maximum hook reach of 164 feet (50 m) and a maximum hook height of 200 feet (61 m) when using an elevated jib. The new T 130 — the first one in the ALL tower fleet — has a greater capacity than others in its class, offering enormous flexibility with its multiple jib configurations, variable mast heights, and an offsettable jib. The T 130, available

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immediately, will be put into service by their Pittsburgh branch.

(2) Terex SK 415-20 hammerhead tower cranes (22 USt/20 mt) feature a maximum hook reach of 246 feet (75 m) and a maximum hook height of 214 feet (65 m). These workhorses are a popular staple in the ALL fleet, so the company chose to add two more that have the longer 263-foot (80 m) jib (versus 246 feet/75 m). The SK 415s are due for delivery in July.

“Tower crane rental rates continue to trend upward,” said Clay Thoreson, general manager of ALL’s Tower Crane division and 45-year veteran of the tower crane industry. “With the economic recovery in many markets, more buildings are going up on tight city sites that require tower cranes. We’ve been adding to our fleet in categories where we see growth; last year in luffing-boomed models, the year before in larger hammerheads. Now in 2017 we are filling some of our customers’ niche needs.”

ALL rents and sells a large variety of lifting equipment, including cranes, boom trucks, aerial lifts and material handlers. Learn more at www.allcrane.com. u

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

Your Single Source For Complete Marine Equipment System Supplies.

Shibata Fender Team is new PIANC Platinum Partner

Since February 2017, ‘The ShibataFenderTeam Group’ is a Platinum Partner of PIANC ‘The World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure’. SFT’s commitment to this partnership is fixed for the next four years, but we are looking forward to extending this partnership beyond that.

The support of sponsors is crucial for PIANC. It helps them to maintain and develop professional and, independent standards and to keep up the high quality and reputation of their publications and guidelines.

According to Mr. Dominique Polte, Board Member of ShibataFenderTeam and responsible for sales and marketing activities of the group, SFT considers the sponsorship as an excellent chance to further strengthen the relationship with the PIANC committee and support all stakeholders to establish efficient, independent and, updated guidelines for the industry.

ShibataFenderTeam looks forward to a successful cooperation and support provided to PIANC in future. u

Start off the Summer with a New Job EXPERIENCED DECK HAND/PILE DRIVER TO WORK ON A BARGE IN S.E. FLORIDA

Fort Lauderdale based Marine Construction company (Morrison Contractors, Inc.) seeks experienced deckhand or lead man to drive piling and other duties on a barge. Must have a working experience around and under a crane, pile driving, hand signal knowledge, how to be smart and safe, rigging, and being physically fit for this type of work is required. Non-negotiable required items to be considered will be a valid driver’s license, a car or reliable transportation, and you must speak English clearly.

The pay is approximately $20 per hour and will be based upon your knowledge, experience, and an interview.

There are no funds available for relocation to the area. This is a full time immediate employment opportunity with a successful 30 year old company.

Advancement is possible based upon your work ethic and ability.

Start the Summer with a new job!

Contact us immediately at 954-583-8500, ask for Jason about the Barge job.

If you have a resume or can send an email outlining your experience and knowledge send it to Mike@Morrisonbuilders.com internet site: www.morrisonbuilders.com. Thank you.

Michael Morrison • Morrison Contractors 3000 SW 26th Ter., Ft. Lauderdale, FL. 33312 • 954-583-8500 • 954-295-7700 mobile 110 |

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

MEEVER USA MAT ER FOR IALS S OR R ALE ENT !

Official US Distributor PILING PRODUCTS

SHEET PILES • PIPES • H-BEAMS T. +1 866 313 8770 E. info@meever.us

New York, NY (main office USA) New Orleans, LA (sales office) Oakland, CA (sales office)

WWW.MEEVER.US

Shipments of Southern Pine Lumber Up in 2016

The Southern Forest Products Association (SFPA) has announced that, for the seventh consecutive year, shipments of Southern Pine lumber recorded an increase from the previous year.

Shipments in 2016 totaled 17.34 billion board feet (Bbf), an increase of 4% over the volume shipped in 2015 (16.6 Bbf) and 47% above 2009 shipments (11.8 Bbf).

Tabulation of Southern Pine shipment totals is a cooperative effort with the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) and Timber Products Inspection (TP). u

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SFPA is a nonprofit trade association that has represented manufacturers of Southern Pine lumber since 1915.

Today, SFPA is the leading source of information about Southern Pine products for design-build professionals and consumers.

6660 Riverside Drive, Suite 212 Metairie, LA 70003 • 504/443-4464 • FAX: 504/443-6612 SouthernPine.com

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ISSUE #2 - 2017

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SALES & RENTALS AVAILABLE. CALL TODAY! LINK-BELT CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT COMPANY | www.linkbelt.com

info@poseidonbarge www.poseidonbarge

Coastal Pile Cutters, LLC. Saving You Time and Money Contractors

Ready for horizontal cuts

Heavy highway construction contractors are always looking for ways to cut cost and finish their project on time and within budget. View our website and see how we can cut days even weeks out of your bridge, dock and pier removal projects. Cutting piling, pile caps, and tie beams above and below the water line without the need for divers makes quick work of your removal process. Time is money. Let Coastal Pile Cutters, LLC show you how we can improve your bottom line.

A recent project involved the removal of the bridge support system on a major waterway.

The old steel structure was taken down leaving only the concrete support structures base.

Coastal’s ability to cut the pilings at mud line and then separate the bent into two sections by cutting the horizontal tie beams made quick work of the demolition process. The vertical and horizontal 90 second cuts at each bent freed the structures for a quick removal.

Call us for a quote on your next bridge, pier or dock project.

Bents are stacked on barge after being cut free.

The piling and Tie beams contained 16 1/4 rebar

Coastal Pile Cutters, LLC looks forward to bidding on your next bridge, dock, or pier removal project.

Pricing depends on size and quantity of the pilings. There is no project to big or to small.

Coastal Pile Cutters, LLC 281-339-9990

4115 Miller St. • PO Box 165 Bacliff, TX 77518

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