PEDIATRIC PEDIATRIC PEDIATRIC HEALTH HEALTH HEALTH
Nurturing Young Lives: News of Pediatric Health
By Oluwapelumi Solagbade
TABLE OF CONTENTS
06 Sports and Children’ s Health
“Did you know that children who participate in sports from a young age are more likely to develop lifelong habits that enhance their health and wellness? “
07
Beyond Brain Injury
“Early identification of CP is vital, as prompt recognition enables clinicians to harness the brain’s neuroplasticity.”
A Journey of Resilience
“Linda and Simon eagerly awaited Melvin’s birth, but complications arose when his shoulders became lodged against Linda’s pelvis.”
09 Cholera Infection in Children
“Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.”
How Screen Time Affects Children ' s Development
“The world is evolving and children's early exposure to media has become almost inevitable.”
TABLE OF CONTENTS
11
Evolution of Health and Wellness Promotion in Child and Paediatric Health
“Besides homes, schools play significant roles in imparting or shaping health behaviors among children. “
12 Resource Corner
A list of excellent books for understanding and deepening your knowledge regarding pediatric health.
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PROFESSOR HENRY MULENGA STOKES
Professor Henry Mulenga Stokes currently serves as a full-time Senior Lecturer at Copperbelt University School of Medicine, specializing in Paediatrics and Medical Education. He earned his medical degree from the University of Zambia (UNZA) and completed a Master of Medicine in Paediatrics at UNZA in 1985. Furthering his expertise, he trained in Paediatric Gastroenterology at the Children’s Hospital, University of Birmingham, from 1986 to 1989. In 1988, he became a Member of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) and was awarded a Diploma in Child Health from the University of London. He achieved the status of Fellow of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (FRCPCH) in 1995 and was later nominated as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ireland (FRCPI). His academic journey continued with a Master of Education from the University of Sheffield in 1999 and a Doctor of Professional Studies from Sheffield Hallam University in 2013. His professional career includes an appointment as Consultant Paediatrician at Doncaster and Bassetlaw Teaching Hospital Foundation in 1994 and as an Honorary Senior Lecturer at Sheffield University until 2006.
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PROFESSOR HENRY MULENGA STOKES
Professor Stokes completed his secondary education at Chingola and Mporokoso Secondary Schools during a time when the field of medicine was highly competitive. He achieved the necessary qualifications to pursue a medical degree, thanks to a scholarship from the Zambian government. He began his medical studies at UNZA in 1972 and completed them in 1978.
He was the first to earn
a Master of Medicine in Paediatrics from
UNZA in 1985.
During his studies, Professor Stokes developed a keen interest in research, particularly in pediatric malnutrition and measles, with a focus on vaccinations and zinc supplementation for affected children. He was the first to earn a Master of Medicine in Paediatrics from UNZA in 1985. In 1986, he moved to the United Kingdom under a British Council Scholarship to pursue training in Paediatric Gastroenterology at the University of Birmingham. Upon passing his MRCP, he was appointed as a consultant, where he realized the extensive expectations placed on consultants, including roles as managers, researchers, and educators.
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PROFESSOR HENRY MULENGA STOKES
Upon returning to Zambia, Professor Stokes worked as a Senior Pediatric Consultant at Konkola Copper Mines for eight years. In 2015, he began working as a part-time lecturer at Copperbelt University. In December 2021, he returned to his family and home in England and was recently appointed as a full-time Senior Lecturer at Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine (MCS SOM). His goal at MCS SOM is to establish an academic Department of Pediatric Clinical Medicine at a Teaching Hospital and to establish the Department of Medical Education at MCS SOM, ultimately achieving the position of Professor of Paediatrics and Medical Education.
"One of the major challenges I faced in medical school was overcoming my own misconceptions. I initially thought medicine was not a serious science, but the reality was quite different. Medicine demands a great deal from those who choose to pursue it, and many students are unprepared for the transition from secondary school to medical school.
I was fortunate to have taken Latin in secondary school, which enhanced my thinking skills, but even I struggled to adapt to the drastic shift. Many students adopt a superficial learning style, focused on memorization. As an educator, I now emphasize the need for student doctors to adopt deep learning strategies. Medicine as a profession requires more from individuals than any other science. Medicine involves dealing with patients and colleagues, all of whom have emotions that must be considered. This makes it a unique and demanding field. Another challenge for many medical students is adjusting to the competitiveness and brilliance of their peers, which can make it difficult to ask for help due to pride."
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PROFESSOR HENRY MULENGA STOKES
I spent three years at Birmingham Hospital in clinical practice and realized later that I should have specialized in one particular part of Paediatric Gastro-enterology. While I could have pursued or gone deeper in gastroenterology, the need to settle down led to my appointment as a Consultant Paediatrician with an interest in gastroenterology. That switch ultimately led me to also specialize in medical education, which has been fulfilling.
Scholarships should be embraced by those in need. Failure is a normal part of medical training and life. I failed my MRCP exam the first time and had to retake it after six months. Failure can happen for various reasons, but it should be used as a stepping stone for growth. I worry when students become overly competitive and stress over minor setbacks. Professional development and personal growth are the most important aspects. Just like a soccer player learns from missing a penalty kick, students should learn from their failures and seek help when needed.
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PROFESSOR HENRY MULENGA STOKES
KEY
ADVICE
Medicine is a demanding profession that requires full commitment. Trying to juggle medicine with other business ventures is not feasible. I have seen students struggle to balance their studies with business activities, which ultimately hinders their progress. It's like trying to be a professional football player and a professional tennis player at the same time – it's simply not possible. The best advice is if medicine is not good for you, pursue something else as soon as possible. If you give the field of medicine your body and soul, there is no better profession! Medicine is a rewarding business, and I am not saying this lightly.
"Enjoy yourstudies"
DR. ADWOA KUMIWA ASARE DR. ADWOA KUMIWA ASARE AFRANE AFRANE SPOTLIGHT SPOTLIGHT
“When you have a holistic view, you see your patient not just as coming from home, but as coming from a household, from society, from a community," she explains. "Public health helps you think in systems, helps you think broader. It leads to pertinent questions—it makes you ask and wonder why, and to look for solutions."
Dr. Afrane is a passionate Ghanaian pediatrician, senior lecturer, and emerging research leader in infectious diseases. With over a decade of experience in managing general pediatric cases, she has developed a special focus on infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis. Her expertise has led her to collaborate closely with Ghana National AIDS Control Program (NACP) and the National TB Control Program (NTP) as a consultant, where she contributes to guideline development and policy formation.
As a senior lecturer at the Department of Child Health at the University of Ghana Medical School in Accra and as the immediate past postgraduate clinical coordinator at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, where she coordinated postgraduate training for the Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons
Dr Afrane has consistently nurtured the next generation of healthcare professionals.
Her research in HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria has been published in respected journals like BMC Infectious Diseases and the Pan African Medical Journal. Currently, she leads a study on lung function and quality of life in children with tuberculosis research funded by the prestigious Glasgow Smith-Klain award through the African Open Lab Award.
DR. ADWOA KUMIWA ASARE DR. ADWOA KUMIWA ASARE AFRANE AFRANE
“This work demands persistence. Children's conditions can be complex, and the path to diagnosis isn't always straightforward. You need excellent communication skills not just for explaining medical concepts to worried parents but also for connecting with children at their level. And perhaps most importantly," she adds, her voice softening, “genuine empathy is non-negotiable. When you truly understand the struggles families face the sleepless nights, the fear, the disruption to normal life you become not just their doctor but their advocate and partner. That connection is what transforms good pediatric care into exceptional care. "
When asked about a memorable experience, Dr. Afrane's expression softens, her professional demeanor giving way to evident emotion.
“Recently, we had a young boy in our ward with severe chronic lung impairment," she begins quietly. “He'd been on oxygen support for more than three months, and his family had exhausted all their financial resources. In Ghana, this situation is unfortunately common families often deplete their savings for medical care. "
She recounts how during morning rounds, the team discussed the case and someone suggested presenting it to the hospital CEO, who himself is a pediatrician.
DR. ADWOA KUMIWA ASARE DR. ADWOA KUMIWA ASARE AFRANE
A Moment of Hope A Moment of Hope
AFRANE
“What happened next was remarkable," she continues, her voice lifting. “The CEO connected with a donor who agreed to cover all the boy's outstanding medical bills. When we shared this news " she pauses, visibly moved by the memory. “The transformation in that family was profound. Despite his poor prognosis, knowing he could go home, that they wouldn't face financial ruin, brought them genuine peace. "
Dr. Afrane leans forward, her eyes reflecting both compassion and conviction. “These moments remind me why we do this work. It's about making a tangible difference in someone ' s darkest hour not just medically, but holistically. When I reflect on my career, I ask myself: 'Did I leave people feeling better than when I found them? Did I bring some light into their difficult journey?' That's the true measure of our impact."
WISDOM
“'Did I leave people feeling better than when I found them? Did I bring some light into their difficult journey?' That's the true measure of our impact '"
Beyond her demanding roles as clinician, researcher, and educator, she maintains a rich personal life as a certified pianist who serves as her church's organist. At home, she embraces her most cherished role that of wife and mother to three energetic boys.
“Juggling these responsibilities requires intentionality. My day begins with quiet reflection and prayer a moment that centers me before the whirlwind starts. Then I approach what I call 'eating the frog' confronting the most challenging or important tasks first, before other demands crowd in. Each day, I identify just two or three critical priorities. Everything else either gets delegated or rescheduled. This focus prevents me from spreading myself too thin.
DR. ADWOA KUMIWA ASARE DR. ADWOA KUMIWA ASARE AFRANE AFRANE SPOTLIGHT SPOTLIGHT
A mentor can share mistakes they made, accelerate your learning, and open doors. You get so much guidance from unexpected sources once you have someone showing you the path."
Finally, she advocates for developing complementary skills: “If you ' re going to make an impact, you need to translate your knowledge effectively. Take courses in public speaking and writing. There are many medical professionals out there what will make you stand out is something unique about you. "
As our conversation ends, I'm struck by how Dr. Afrane embodies her own advice continually learning, intentionally balancing her many roles, and making a meaningful difference in countless lives.
In her journey from medical student to renowned specialist, she has remained true to what first drew her to pediatrics: the opportunity to impact a child's entire life, to prevent lifelong consequences through timely interventions, and to find fulfillment in healing that money simply cannot buy.
HIV is an RNA virus with two subtypes: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the more common and fasterprogressing type worldwide, likely originating from wild chimpanzees in Central Africa. The virus is transmitted through mucous membranes during unprotected sexual intercourse, intravenous drug use, blood transfusions, vertical transmission, or breastfeeding. Vertical transmission accounts for over 95% of pediatric HIV cases, with breastfeeding responsible for more than 50%. With the global implementation of maternal HIV screening, ART for pregnant women, and other preventative practices, the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) has dropped to below 5%. Yet, challenges like lack of access to therapy, late prenatal care, and nonadherence during pregnancy and breastfeeding continue to result in new infections [1, 2, 3].
The immature immune systems of infants may hold the key to an HIV cure. Early ART not only reduces latent viral reservoirs but also minimizes chronic immune activation, paving the way for introducing immunetherapeutic interventions. Despite the lack of HIVspecific immunity in infants treated early with ART, they maintain normal immune development and exhibit better thymus activity, suggesting potential for therapeutic vaccines to control latent or persistent reservoirs in the absence of ART. Additionally, infants may develop antibodies with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) capabilities, improving disease outcomes and mediating the clearance of infected cells. These findings provide a strong rationale for leveraging the unique characteristics of the early-life immune system in curative strategies [1,2,3].
Another area of research is epigenetic and provirustargeted therapies to address HIV latency. These approaches follow two strategies: "shock and kill" or "block and lock." The "shock and kill" strategy reactivates latent proviruses using latency reversal agents (LRAs) like Vorinostat, Panobinostat, and Romidepsin, which facilitate immune clearance of infected cells. However, challenges such as incomplete clearance, off-target effects, and limited pediatric research remain. The "block and lock" strategy, on the other hand, seeks to silence HIV by targeting the Tat protein essential for viral reactivation. Compounds like Didehydro-Cortistatin A (dCA) are under investigation for their potential to inhibit Tat and prevent latency reversal. While no therapies specifically targeting Tat are yet available, research indicates that combining these approaches with ART may prove more effective in eradicating reservoirs [2,3,4].
In 2024, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center's pediatric oncology program, MSK Kids, took tremendous leaps in child cancer research and treatment. It is the first hospital in New York City to have been approved for the administration of gene therapy against sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia in the form of exagamglogene autotemcel (exa-cel), a CRISPR drug. MSK Kids also expanded its Rare Tumor Program, dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of rare pediatric cancers, including desmoplastic small round cell tumors (DSRCT). Having expertise in genetic tumor testing, the program creates individualized treatment plans and drives research into innovative approaches to therapy.
MSK Kids has also been at the forefront of translating tumor evolution research to the clinic. The recent osteosarcoma research triggered a shift in treatment plans to attack the microscopic cancer cells that cause resistance and metastasis. This spurred the development of the Osteosarcoma Evolves (OstEvo) clinical trial. MSK Kids is also leading the way in immunotherapy, specifically CAR T cell therapy for leukemia. Current research aims to improve long-term rates of response, including a new CAR T cell treatment for AML and a global trial evaluating maximized lymphodepletion strategies. These efforts complement MSK Kids' emphasis on being at the forefront of treatment and improving outcomes for pediatric cancer patients.
Genomic and personalized medicine are becoming increasingly mainstream, uniting genetic, genomic, and environmental data to guide healthcare decisions. Technologies such as whole-genome sequencing and molecular profiling allow for accurate disease prediction and therapy, necessitating tools such as health risk assessments and clinical decision support. Already, genomebased therapies and diagnostics are revolutionizing the delivery of care, and the pace of technological change equips consumers to inform health decisions. But integration will require reforms in regulations, reimbursement, and privacy. In spite of these challenges, the robust scientific underpinnings of genomic medicine guarantee its ongoing progress, propelling a more accurate and efficient strategy for patient care.
Diabetes care for children has dramatically improved with advances in technology and novel treatments. Eric Tsay, MD, a pediatric endocrinologist at Loma Linda University Health Children's Hospital, explains how these advances have transformed care for young patients.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the pancreas is unable to produce insulin and needs lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is commonly associated with lifestyle issues such as diet and physical activity. Though more prevalent among adults, it is also becoming more common in children with growing obesity. Tsay has had patients as young as eight years old with Type 2 diabetes, saying that lifestyle modification, especially with the support of the family, can sometimes send the disease into remission.
Conclusion Conclusion
Pediatrics is a rapidly growing field, with more healthcare professionals dedicating their careers to improving children's health. As medical advancements continue to reshape pediatric care, breakthroughs in treatments, technology, and research are more crucial than ever. From innovative therapies for chronic illnesses to cutting-edge medical devices that enhance disease management, these developments are transforming the lives of young patients and their families.
With 2024 coming to a close, it’s exciting to reflect on the progress made in pediatric medicine this year and anticipate what new discoveries and advancements 2025 will bring. As research continues to evolve and technology integrates further into patient care, the future of pediatrics holds immense promise for even more effective treatments and improved health outcomes for children worldwide.
References
1 “Advancements in Pediatrics: Uses of Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health Diagnosis and Treatment ” American Medical Association, 9 Aug 2024, www ama-assn org/practice-management/digital/advancements-pediatrics-usesartificial-intelligence-mental-health
2 “A Pediatric Endocrinologist’s Perspective on Advancements in Diabetes Management | News ” Llu edu, 13 Nov 2024, news llu edu/health-wellness/pediatric-endocrinologists-perspective-advancements-diabetes-management
3. Ginsburg, Geoffrey S., and Huntington F. Willard. “Genomic and Personalized Medicine: Foundations and Applications.” Translational Research, vol 154, no 6, Dec 2009, pp 277–287, https://doi org/10 1016/j trsl 2009 09 005
4 “Stanford Medicine’s Top Scientific Advancements of 2024 ” Stanford edu, 2024, med stanford edu/news/allnews/2024/12/top-scientific-advancements.html.
5 “MSK Kids 2024: Highlights of Clinical and Research Advances for Pediatric Cancers ” Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 19 Dec 2024, www mskcc org/clinical-updates/msk-kids-2024-highlights-of-clinical-and-research-advancesfor-pediatric. Accessed 25 Feb. 2025.
HOW SPORTS HOW SPORTS
IIMPROVE MPROVE CHILDREN ’ S HEALTH CHILDREN ’ S HEALTH AND FOSTER AND FOSTER LIFELONG
WELLNESS LIFELONG WELLNESS
Did You Know? Did You Know?
Did you know that children who participate in sports from a young age are more likely to develop lifelong habits that enhance their health and wellness? While the benefits of sports for adults are well-documented, the profound impact on children who start early is often overlooked. By engaging in sports, children not only improve their physical health but also foster cognitive, emotional, and social development. This article advocates for early sports participation, highlighting how it shapes children's health, wellness, and future success. We will explore the multifaceted benefits of sports for young minds and bodies, emphasizing why encouraging children to start sports early is crucial for their overall wellbeing.
Role of Sports in Childhood Development
Childhood is a period of immense growth and development, where young minds and bodies are constantly evolving. In this journey of self-discovery, engaging in sports activities emerges as a powerful catalyst for their development.
Beyond the realm of competition, sports play a vital role in shaping children’s character. It enhances their cognitive abilities and fosters social, emotional growth, and helps them shape their better future slowly and unknowingly. Below we shall explore the different aspects that sports impacts in a child’s health and wellness.
Physical Development
Engaging in sports from a young age is crucial for children's physical development. Exercise acts as a potent physiological stimulus for growth hormone (GH) secretion, leading to significant increases in GH levels, which are essential for healthy growth and development. {I}
Participating in sports enhances both gross and fine motor skills, depending on the type of sport. For example, children who learn to play sports like baseball, basketball, or swimming at a young age improve their hand-eye coordination, muscle strength, and overall physical fitness. These activities strengthen muscles in areas used frequently, enhancing coordination and cardiovascular health, which leads to better blood circulation and overall health.
Regular sports engagement from a young age encourages physical health and develops active lifestyle habits that can last into adulthood. Sports assist youngsters in fighting unhealthy lifestyles, obesity, and related health conditions, laying the groundwork for lifetime health. By burning fat and increasing metabolism, sports help children maintain a healthy BMI, preventing both obesity and being underweight. This is particularly important as childhood obesity is a strong predictor of adult obesity, and regular physical activity can help break the cycle of inactivity and unhealthy lifestyle.
Moreover, sports provide a venue for learning and developing gross motor skills, which are essential for future participation in physical activities. Successful acquisition of a motor skill at a young age improves the likelihood of future participation in that activity in adulthood Physical activity also helps build and maintain healthy bones, muscles, and joints, contributing to overall physical wellbeing.
In addition to physical benefits, sports participation is linked to improved academic achievement and reduced risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and diabetes. By promoting regular physical activity, sports help children meet the recommended daily activity levels, which are crucial for maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Boosting Brain Growth and Power
Engaging in sports and physical activity has a profound impact on children's cognitive development. Exercise stimulates the production of endorphins, which enhance cognitive performance and promote brain function by increasing blood flow and oxygenation to the brain. This leads to improved memory, attention, and concentration. [2] Participating in sports helps children develop essential cognitive skills such as decision-making, flexibility, and problem-solving.
Psychosocial Development Psychosocial Development
Sports also facilitate emotional expression and resilience. Through interactions with coaches and teammates, children learn to communicate effectively and manage their emotions. Losing games, for instance, teaches children the value of effort and perseverance, helping them cope with disappointment and frustration. This process encourages children to be more vulnerable, understanding that it's okay to express emotions and set new goals for improvement. [3] & [4]
Moreover, sports have a profound impact on children's mental health. By promoting resilience and emotional stability, sports help children grow up with reduced stress and improved communication skills. This can prevent issues like depression by encouraging children to express their feelings openly rather than bottling them up.
Building Healthy Habits and lifestyle Building Healthy Habits and lifestyle
Engaging in sports profoundly influences how children develop their habits and lifestyle choices. Through sports, children learn the importance of regular exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep. They become aware of how their lifestyle decisions impact their performance and overall well-being. For instance, they understand that insufficient rest can lead to fatigue, affecting their ability to perform well in sports. Conversely, they experience improved energy and focus when they get enough rest, which is crucial for healthy growth and optimal brain function. [3]
References
1 Wideman, L , Weltman, J Y , Hartman, M L , Veldhuis, J D , & Weltman, A (2002) Growth hormone release during acute and chronic aerobic and resistance exercise: Recent findings Sports Medicine, 32(15), 987–1004 https://doi org/10 2165/00007256-200232150-00003
2 Owen, K (2024, February 5) Sticking with sport during school years linked to academic success. The University of Sydney. https://www sydney edu au/newsopinion/news/2024/02/05/sticking-with-sport-during-school-yearslinked-to-academic-succe.html
3 SportLoMo (2023, June 16) The role of sports in child development https://www sportlomo com/the-role-of-sports-in-childdevelopment/ HealthdirectAustralia (n d ) Developinglifeskillsthroughsports https://www healthdirect gov au/developing-life-skills-throughsports
Building Healthy Habits and lifestyle Building Healthy Habits and lifestyle
Participating in sports also teaches children valuable time management skills and a sense of responsibility. The dedication and discipline required to excel in sports help children develop routines and prioritize tasks effectively. By instilling these habits early on, sports lay the groundwork for a lifetime of physical and mental well-being, setting children up for success in all aspects of life. [3]
In conclusion, engaging in sports from a young age is a powerful way to enhance children's health, wellness, and future success. By fostering physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development, sports lay the foundation for lifelong habits that promote overall well-being. Encouraging children to participate in sports early on can have a profound impact on their lives, shaping them into healthier, more resilient, and successful individuals.
BEYOND BRAIN INJURY: UNRAVELING BEYOND BRAIN INJURY: UNRAVELING
NEUROPLASTICITY AND TRANSFORMING NEUROPLASTICITY AND TRANSFORMING
CARE IN CEREBRAL PALSY CARE IN CEREBRAL PALSY
ABSTRACT ABSTRACT
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent, non-progressive disorders characterized by abnormal muscle tone, posture, and movement. These disturbances originate in the developing fetal or infant brain and are clinically classified based on the predominant motor impairment. As the most common cause of childhood disability, CP affects movement development and significantly limits activity. Its multifactorial etiology results in variations in the degree and type of motor impairment and corresponding functional capabilities. Moreover, CP is frequently associated with comorbidities such as epilepsy, musculoskeletal abnormalities, intellectual disability, feeding difficulties, and visual, auditory, and communication impairments. The complexity of these clinical features underscores the critical need for enhanced research, innovative treatment approaches, and comprehensive rehabilitation strategies. Once diagnosed, a holistic, interprofessional approach is essential to manage the condition effectively and maintain the quality of life for affected individuals.
Cerebral palsy represents the most common non-progressive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in motor and postural functions [1]. It manifests across a broad clinical spectrum, with subtypes such as spastic hemiplegia, spastic diplegia, spastic quadriplegia, and extrapyramidal (dyskinetic) forms determined by the predominant motor syndrome [1,2]. With an incidence of 2–3 per 1,000 live births, CP is a significant public health issue that challenges both clinicians and families alike.
A pproach Summar y
Managing CP requires a coordinated, interprofessional approach. Once a diagnosis is considered, referrals to specialists including pediatric neurologists, developmental pediatricians, ophthalmologists, and otologists are made to further assess the child's needs and develop an effective treatment plan [5,6,7]. This multidisciplinary collaboration ensures that every facet of a child’s condition is addressed through an integrated care pathway grounded in evidence-based practices and shared decision-making among healthcare providers [3]. Such a holistic strategy aims to optimize neuroplasticity, maximize functional improvement, and enhance the overall quality of life.
Prevention remains a crucial element in the battle against CP. Beyond refining diagnostic and treatment methods, significant efforts must be directed toward understanding and mitigating the risk factors associated with the disorder. Research has increasingly shown that the etiology of CP can differ based on gestational age namely, between preterm and termborn children and by clinical subtype. This understanding suggests that tailored primary preventive interventions, adjusted for different etiologies or causal factors, may significantly reduce the incidence and severity of CP through targeted public health measures and advocacy [8].
In summary, cerebral palsy is a complex, lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder marked by a wide spectrum of motor impairments and associated challenges. Its multifaceted etiology and capacity for neuroplastic adaptation underscore the necessity of early diagnosis, comprehensive evaluation, and a unified, interprofessional management strategy. Continued advancements in both therapeutic and preventive research are imperative to alleviate the burden of CP and support affected individuals in achieving the highest possible quality of life.
A Journey of A Journey of Resilience Resilience
MELVIN’S STORY OF MELVIN’S STORY OF TRIUMPH AND PROGRESS TRIUMPH AND PROGRESS
Three-year-old Melvin embodies both determination and playfulness. Living with his mum Linda and dad Simon, his journey is one of resilience, love, and breakthrough moments. Though his arrival into the world was met with unforeseen challenges, Melvin’s life today is a testament to his strength and the unwavering support of his family.
A Complicated Beginning
Linda and Simon eagerly awaited Melvin’s birth, but complications arose when his shoulders became lodged against Linda’s pelvis during delivery shoulder dystocia. This critical situation deprived Melvin of oxygen, leaving his health uncertain in the early days. By six months old, doctors confirmed that Melvin had sustained brain damage resulting in unspecified cerebral palsy, affecting nearly his entire body.
Melvin’s ability to speak, eat, and move independently is limited. He relies on a PEG tube for nutrition and assistive devices for mobility. Additionally, his breathing difficulties, exacerbated by excessive mucus in his airways, make life further challenging. Yet, Melvin confronts these obstacles daily with a spirit that inspires everyone around him.
The article is reproduced with permission from Made for Movement You can read the full article and watch the video with Melvin on Made for Movement’s Website
Discovering New Possibilities with Innowalk
When Melvin was a baby, Linda and Simon came across a motorized standing and walking aid called Innowalk. They believed it could unlock new possibilities for their son. By the time Melvin was two, the family had integrated this innovative device into his life. Their hope was simple: to help Melvin move his legs and experience the sensation of walking. What they discovered was far more profound.
What is Innowalk? Innowalk is a dynamic mobility aid that supports standing and walking for children who cannot do so independently. It promotes active movement in a standing position, offering numerous health benefits, including improved circulation and muscle engagement. Suitable for children over 80 cm in height, the device is ideal for those like Melvin, who spend much of their time sitting or lying down.
Small Steps, Big Changes
The impact of Innowalk was almost immediate. Within weeks, Melvin demonstrated better head control and began engaging his hands in new ways.
For a boy who once lay stationary, life took on an exciting dynamic: Melvin started scooting, exploring, and eventually attempting to crawl. Linda vividly recalls the day Melvin crawled off his mat for the first time. His determined look and triumphant smile marked a milestone that transformed the family's outlook. “It was as though the whole world had opened up for him,” she shares.
The Health Benefits of Movement
One of the most striking improvements came in Melvin’s respiratory health. Using the Innowalk facilitated the expulsion of mucus from his airways, significantly improving his breathing and energy levels. Linda observed a more active less fatigued boy, b enthusiasm.
Melvin now uses his Inn times a week, making routine. On days he difference is stark he mucus buildup, fatigue family, the device has b
A Bright
Melvin s progress has brought immense joy to Linda and Simon, who credits Innowalk for positively impacting their son ’ s physical and emotional wellbeing. They also emphasize the profound effect it has had on their own lives, making day-to-day challenges more manageable. As Linda reflects on their journey, she expresses deep gratitude for the partnership with Made for Movement Global, the creators of Innowalk, and the opportunity to share their story. The device has given Melvin a new lease on life, and the family looks forward to celebrating many more milestones to come.
Discover More: To learn about Innowalk and the work of Made for Movement, visit their website.
Written By Oluwapelumi Solagbade
CHILDREN
Cholera is a life-threatening diarrheal disease caused by contaminated food or water, with rising global cases. It severely affects children, especially in poor communities lacking clean water and sanitation. This article outlines its causes, symptoms, treatment, and simple prevention methods, emphasizing the need for early action.
Abstract Intro
Introduction
In recent years, cholera cases reported to the World Health Organization have continued to rise. In 2023 alone, 535,321 cases and 4007 deaths were reported across 45 countries [1,4]. Between January 1 to February 23 2025, a cumulative total of 70488 cholera cases and 808 deaths were reported from 23 countries [5]. These numbers are a stark reminder that cholera, though often overlooked, remains a serious threat if not properly prevented.
References
1 Cholera Annual Report (2023) Weekly Epidemiological Record, Vol 99 (36), (pp 481- 496)
https://cdn who int/media/docs/default-source/dco/wer 36 2024 cholera-annual-report-for2023bilingual-proof pdf?sfvrsn=86fb1faf 1
2 John Hopkins Health (2025) Cholera in children John Hopkins Medicine
https://www hopkinsmedicine org/health/conditions-and-diseases/cholera-in-children
3 UNICEF (2024 October 3) Cholera is endangering children globally UNICEF blog
https://www unicef org/stories/cholera-is-endangering-children-globally
4 World Health Organization (2024 December 5) Cholera World Health Organization
https://www who int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera
5 World Health Organization (2025 March 20) Multi-country cholera outbreak World Health
SSymptoms ymptoms & & Hygiene Hygiene
Organization https://www who int/publications/m/item/multi-country-cholera-outbreak--externalsituation-report--24--20-march-2025
Some children that get infected with the bacteria do not show any symptoms at all, while others might only experience a mild upset stomach. In severe cases, however, the infection can cause profuse watery diarrhea, leading to dehydration, shock, and even death if not treated immediately. Mild symptoms can be treated with an Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS), a simple yet effective mixture of salt and sugar [3]. Children with severe symptoms require immediate medical attention and more intensive treatment. To protect children from cholera, it is important to promote good hygiene practices– regular washing of hands, drinking safe water (either boiled or disinfected), and avoiding food from unsafe sources. For parents travelling to the U.S, it is worth noting that no cholera vaccine is available there, so early prevention and treatment is important [2].
Conclusion Conclusion
Cholera may be a preventable and treatable disease, but its impact–especially on children in underserved communities–can be devastating. As caregivers and members of the society, we must remain proactive in ensuring our children have access to clean water, sanitation facilities and proper hygiene. Educating ourselves about cholera prevention, recognizing the signs early, and seeking timely medical care can save lives. No child should suffer or die from a disease we already know how to prevent.
HOW SCREEN HOW SCREEN TIME AFFECTS TIME AFFECTS
CHILDREN'S CHILDREN'S DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
AbstractTechnology has continued to advance, making screen time significant in children's daily lives. While digital devices can provide educational and informational benefits, excessive and unregulated screen exposure poses a risk in children's academic, language and emotional development. This review highlights the positive and negative impact of screen time in growing children while offering practical strategy for parents to promote balanced development in their children.
Introduction
Screen time plays a significant role in children's daily routines, often shaping how they learn, play and communicate. With the increase in the production of digital devices in homes and schools, understanding how screen exposure affects a child's development is essential. In this time and age, the concept of screen time has become more relevant, with the widespread increase in the use of electronic devices. Advancement in technology has increased screen-based technology usage among young people including children. In recent years, the age at which children get exposed to media has dropped from four years in 1970 to four months in the present day [3].
The world is evolving and
children ' s early exposure to media has become almost inevitable.
However, research has shown the negative impact of these exposures on a growing child’s academic performance, language development and cognitive abilities [1,3]. Academically, children who spend hours on the screen tend to suffer from poor attention span and reduced focus. This results from the fast paced digital world–full of constantly changing images, notifications, videos, and other flashy content–which makes it harder for such a child to focus on the slo -paced world of learning. Children learn language development from interaction with adults. Studies have highlighted the significance of human interaction in development of language skills. When a child is focused on screen, there's a reduction in such child's interaction with parents.
Screens are not entirely harmful; they can also have positive educational and informational benefits
Screen time has also been shown to decrease children's engagement with nature, which can negatively impact their mental health and overall well-being Research shows that children who spend more than two hours a day on screens experience behavioral problems such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared to those who spend less time [3]
Nevertheless, it is worth noting that screens are not entirely harmful; they can also have positive educational and informational benefits on children. From age two and above, high-quality television programs that are designed for specific educational purposes can serve as an additional means for early language and literacy development in children [2].
SConclusion Conclusion
creen time also allows children with disabilities to take advantage of technology to access information and participate in activities they might otherwise struggle with [1]. For example, audiobooks for children with visual impairment. Therefore, parents need to manage and monitor their children's screen exposure. These include ensuring that children below the age of two have no access to electronic devices, adopting the use of monitoring devices to restrict screen time, rule setting, using passwords to safeguard technical devices, and keeping screens out of children's bedrooms.
The world is evolving and children's early exposure to media has become almost inevitable While screen time has both its pros and cons, it is up to parents to regulate its use. Intentional efforts and proper boundaries by parents can protect their children from its negative effects, and support healthy, wellrounded development.
References
1 Adeoye O J (2025, February 17) Effects of screen time on child's development: How to strike a healthy balance. Future Child Development Clinic
https://www nurture-cdc com/post/effects-of-screen-time-on-child-developm ent-how-to-strike-a-healthy-balance
2 Jennifer Cross (2023, August 24) What does too much screen time do to children's brains Health Matters
https://healthmatters nyp org/what-does-too-much-screen-time-do-to-childre ns-brains/
3 Sudheer Kumar Muppalla, Sravya Vuppalapati, Apeksha Reddy Pulliahgaru, Himabindu Sreenivasulu (2023) Effects of excessive screen time on child development: An updated review and strategies for management National Library of Medicine, 15(6), 1-5.
https://pmc ncbi nlm nih gov/articles/PMC10353947/#:~:text=Research%20 has%20shown%20negative%20associations,%2C%20and%20anxiety%20% 5B17%5D
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