The CoEx Project

THE CO EX PROJECT

Pratik Borse

THE CO EX PROJECT The Co-Ex Project “Thesis presented to obtain the qualification of Master Degree from the Institute of Advanced Architecture of Catalonia�.

Barcelona, 23rd September 2020

Author: Pratik Borse Advisors: Marcos Cruz and Kunaljit Chadha Fabrication Support: Ricardo Mayor Masters in Advanced Architecture - 2018/20 Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia

ABSTRACT In increasingly limited spaces, shrinking biodiversity had led to the weakening of the ecological resilience of a city and has driven fauna to enter the built environment in search of food and shelter, leading to an undesired chaotic Coexistence. The existing architectural design processes and techniques, however, exhibit little integration between material systems and habitable spaces to address this subject.

This research proposes a framework and a material driven design intervention to assist coexistence between mankind and fauna which interact with the built environment in proximity to the city edges. The work-flow consists of mapping and assessing different habitats to gauge impact and behavioural studies that inform the design and material decisions. It creates a link with diverse functional fibre reinforced biocomposite systems to strengthen local ecological resilience in addition to providing regulatory and supporting ecosystem services. The research methodology involves the use of robotically manufactured and mechanically wound bio-composite fragments using plant-based fibres (Hemp) and microbial cellulose (Kombucha Scoby). It’s embedded with a computational work-flow to achieve material and structural optimization with the aid of genetic algorithms. Modular, reusable and reconfigurable components are 3D printed to operate as scaffolds to achieve numerous design outcomes. The tubular system with insulation, chromatic, adaptive and ecological properties will be a replacement for non-load bearing external walls contributing to strengthening the resilience and establishing walls as habitable and gradual transitional spaces from indoor to the outdoor. The ecosystem creates an opportunity for a participatory design platform for various edge conditions, level of impact and user requirement.

Keywords : Coexistence, Fibre-reinforced bio-composite, Ecological resilience, Hemp, Kombucha, Adaptive systems, Microbial-cellulose, Mechanical Winding, Tubular systems

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my family, friends and my flatmates for their constant support and motivation throughout the pandemic.

A special thanks to: Marcos Cruz Kunaljit Chadha Ricardo Mayor Mathilde Marengo Gonzalo Delacรกmara Arpith Mathew

CONTENTS ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION

13

1

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STATE OF THE ART

1.1 Scale Urban Scale

1. Coexisting with Sea Otters - Defenders of Wildlife

2. Protecting bats in waterside development - WaterSpace Design

Architectural Scale

1.Monarch Sanctuary: Integrated Biodiversity Facade - Terraform 1

2.Hidden In Plain Sight - Nerea Feliz

Material Scale

1.Hemp Chair - BioMat

2.Biocouture - Suzzane Lee

1.2 Fabrication Techniques

1. BUGA Fibre Pavilion - ICD/ITKE University of Stuttgart

2. Toroidal Winding Machine

2

METHODOLOGY

2.1 Study Case - Barcelona

2.2 Mapping - Species | Anthropic Edge

2.3 Analysis - Area of Study

30 32 36 38 42 43 46 48

51 52 61 72

3

MATERIAL TESTING & FABRICATION

3.1 Material Derivation

3.2 Natural Fibres

3.3 Microbial Cellulose

3.4 Preliminary Tests

3.5 Tool Development

3.6 Robotic Fabrication

4

INTERVENTION

4.1 Orthodoxy of Design Elements

4.2 Production and Assembly

4.2 Proposal

CONCLUSION FIGURES BIBLIOGRAPHY

77 78 79 79 80 84 90

97 98 101 102

INTRODUCTION

Fig 1. Mannahatta, (Sanderson, 2009)

‘Manhattan archetype of the 21st-century island providing food, shelter, water, meaning to millions of people. Contrary to this same island then called Mannahatta, 1609 by Henry Hudson is an Archetype of nature - nature in all its diversity, abundance, and robust interconnections - also supported the human population of 300 to 1200 strong. (Fig 1)Here, the contrast of space is shown and brought to light which acts as the basis of the initial idea of moving into settlements and disrupting biodiversity. Replacement of extraordinary cultural diversity to extraordinary biodiversity’(Sanderson, 2009).

The relationship between mankind and other species has existed before recorded history. It has been traced back to the early hominids and their cave illustrations indicating the coexistence between them. Throughout our history, this relationship has changed depending on needs and the rise of man to become the Dominant predator. This relationship has always existed in a way or another from companion to the source of food. With increased urbanization, the Human-wildlife conflict is in a steep ascent. The selection of allowable species to

reside peacefully in the cities is done based on the possible domestication of the particular species or sometimes even their appearance. The “unwanted species” are collectively considered as urban wildlife and are the focus of this research. Over time these species have adapted to the cities and even show a change in the genetics through rapid evolution due to the conditions in cities.

‘Urban environments have the potential to influence the evolution of species in numerous ways. Some of these effects are non-adaptive and are largely driven by changes in gene flow between populations. But others result from selection pressures that are unique to cities, such as greater nighttime illumination and more-extreme temperatures than rural areas’(Offord, 2018). Fragmentation of habitats plays a vital role in ‘HIREC or Human-Induced Rapid Environmental Change(Sih, Ferrari and Harris, 2011)’. ‘Habitat loss (habitat degradation, fragmentation) including urbanization/suburbanization, deforestation and conversion of wild-lands to agriculture is likely the most important cause of species declines and extinctions’(Pimm and Raven, 2000). |15

Interactions are maximum in transition zones.

The two type of transition zones considered are - Ecotones and Anthropic edges.(Fig 2) An ecotone is a transition area between two biological communities, where two communities meet and integrate. It may be narrow or wide, and it may be local (the zone between a field and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and grassland ecosystems) whereas Anthropic edges are man-made divisions with the natural habitats(forests) and ‘are associated with disturbances, with abrupt changes in temperature, humidity, luminosity and wind incidence towards the forest interior’(Lourenço et al., 2019).

‘With rates of urbanization increasing globally, there is a pressing need to understand the type and nature of human-wildlife interactions within urban environments, to help manage, mitigate or Fig 2. Tulsa World, Deer Collision

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even promote these interactions Human-wildlife conflicts in terms of disease transmission, physical attack and property damage. These are important topics to understand. Equally, the benefits of humanwildlife interactions are becoming increasingly recognized, despite being harder to quantify and generalize’(Soulsbury and White, 2015).

‘There is considerable diversity in how these animals use the urban environment. Landscape usage by THE wildlife follows a continuum of “contact”, ranging from use that is concentrated outside the urban area but occasionally includes the urban fringe to use that spans the entirety of the urban space. How wildlife species use urban areas and the ways in which they utilize the resources available have profound impacts on human-wildlife interactions’(Soulsbury and White, 2015).

Shark

Severe

IMPACT

Elephant

Rare

A INTERACTION

Negative

CY

Positive

EN

U EQ

FR

Deer

m Common Fig 3. A model for conceptualizing different types of human–wildlife conflict. The x-axis represents a range of interactions or outcomes from negative (e.g., crop damage) to positive (e.g., income from tourism or cultural or religious benefits). The y-axis represents impact on a continuum from minor (e.g., nuisance interactions between people and birds in an urban park) to severe (e.g., loss of life or severe injuries). The z-axis represents frequency of occurrence from common to rare. (Soulsbury and White, 2015)

Minor

Peacock

Goose

‘The amelioration and mitigation of this conflict are central to the conservation and restoration of many species, and debates over how and whether to coexist with other animals drive social, economic, and political conflict within and among human communities. The challenges of human-wildlife conflict are older than recorded history but an interdisciplinary field of study focused on humanwildlife conflict and coexistence, although still relatively’(Rabinowitz, Woodroffe and Thirgood, 2005). ‘Due to the dissolution of habitats, there is an increase in movements of species that lead to increased conflicts. These interactions may escalate due to climate change causing alterations in territories as species relocate and diffuse to new territories.

Wildlife interactions are usually considered as unfavourable even though there are advantages in recreation, psychology, education, ecological resilience and ecosystem services. Subsequently, in recent times the expression ‘Human-Wildlife Conflict’ has raised a series of problems, opportunities and solutions’(Nyhus, 2016).

Human-Wildlife interactions vary constantly depending on the type of species, for instance, apex predators like sharks and tigers pose a threat to life, whereas species of birds like goose and peacock, are more nuisance to the public. Other driving parameters are the type of interaction humans have with these species, positive or negative and the frequency of these interactions. It’s important to understand this in order to assess and take calculated action.(Fig 3). |17

(Khan, 2012)

‘Many social and ecological factors influence conflict risk at various scales. Some of the most important underlying drivers of conflict include growing human populations and associated increases in agriculture, land and resource use, technology, transportation, and energy. Proximate drivers include a range of biological, ecological, and behavioural factors that increase the probability of wildlife conflict with people. Human-wildlife conflict typically does not occur at random, but patterns of conflict can be difficult to identify because of the complexity inherent in wildlife behaviour and ecology, human behaviour, and changes in seasonality, cropping and husbandry behaviour, and resource availability’(Nyhus, 2016).

Ecosystem services play an important role in resolving these conflicts by understanding what services a local ecosystem can provide and services that can be extracted. Ecosystem services are grouped

into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and oxygen production; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits.

Application of strategies and implementation of solutions at both global and urban scales have proven successful. With regards to the Architectural scale, there have been projects that have strived to integrate habitable spaces for certain targeted species but they are limited either to the particular species, the number or the scale. Through this research integration into Architectural elements thresholds and barriers is explored. Extending this concept into an urban scale where it promotes cohabitation. Additionally, a biodegradable , Fibre reinforced bio-composite material system has been tested. As cities become urban heat islands, the use of bio-materials is slowly gaining traction. |19

HYPOTHESIS With urban sprawl increasing at a faster rate than before, the removal of natural habitat to make way for human settlements in inevitable. This leads to shrinking of habitats of the species native to the area in question, leading to a rise in urban wildlife and developing a risk of drastic reduction in population and increase in the number of human wildlife conflicts.

How can humans and wildlife coexist in progressively finite spaces?

To facilitate coexistence/cohabitation strategies have been established at different scales by creating green spaces at an urban level, while eco-friendly materials are being used. Is there a possible how the built environment can further aid this ,by investigating the design of thresholds and barriers between the outside and inside of buildings?

Is there a possibility where the species not only contribute to the process if construction, but also become the cohabitants?

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FRAMEWORK

1.

Barcelona Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity Plan 2020 Goals : ‘1. Preserving and enhancing the natural heritage of the city and preventing species and habitats from disappearing.

2. Achieving the maximum amount of green infrastructure and ensuring its connectivity.

3. Obtaining the maximum number of social and environmental services from green infrastructure and biodiversity.

4. Making the city more resilient in the face of future challenges such as climate

change.’(Puigdollers et al., 2013) 2. European Union Biodiversity Strategy 2020 Target 2 - Maintain and restore ecosystems and their services - The second target focuses on maintaining and enhancing ecosystem services, and restoring degraded ecosystems across the EU, in line with the global goal set in 2010 to restore at least 15% of degraded ecosystems.

3. Sustainability Development Goals This thesis operates within the framework of the SDG’s 11 & 15 , which relate to creating resilient cities and protecting natural habitats and species , respectively.

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AIM To develop threshold designs which is materialized through a Bio-composite system that is designed to facilitate occupancy of different species and creating a catalogue of forms which can be digitally fabricated.

OBJECTIVES 1. To determine geographical area of study and analyse interactions and presence of species.

2. To create a fibre reinforced bio-composite system and a fabrication strategy.

3. To create design solution catalogue.

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THESIS STATEMENT The CoEx Project are design interventions to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts along the Anthropic edges by stimulating a mutually benefiting relationship between mankind and the edge species which interact with the urban built environment. The design adopts fibre reinforced bio-composite system to generate cohabiting spaces.

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HUMANS I S S U E S

COEXISTENCE SPECIES

REDUCED BIODIVERSITY LACK OF INTERACTION SOLUTION FOR COHABITATION PROVISION OF SPACE IN CITY

DOMESTICATED

BARCELONA

WILD

NATIVE MIGRATED C A S E

S T U D Y

INVASIVE

AVIFAUNA MAMMALS ANTHROPODS AMPHIBIANS

MAKING OWN HABITATS

HABITATS

P U R P O S E

M A T E R I A L S

PARASITIC

SELF MADE FIBRES WOOD - PULP SHELLS STONES MUD / CLAY LEAVES TWIGS HAY

NESTING

INHERENT GEOMETRY

RESTING PROTECTION FOR OFF-SPRING

SCAFFOLD

EVOLUTIONARY DESIGN FOR GEOMETRY COMPUTATIONAL PROTOCOLS

BACTERIAL CELLULOSE

BINDER

KOMBUCHA SCOBY

2-3 WEEKS GROWTH PERIOD FOR 1CM THICK SCOBY

D R Y I N G

Fig 4. Research Map

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SUN DRIED 1-2 DAYS

PRODUCTION

FAN DRIED 8 HOURS

OVEN DRIED 15 MINUTES

ASSEMBLY

CONTEXT

CICES MAES

DESIGN FABRICATION INFORMATION / DATA INPUT

MAPPING SPECIES AND ECOSYSTEM

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

INTERACTION PROXIMITY NECESSITY

HEMP SELF PROCESSED NATURALLY OCCURING

T Y P E S

NATURAL FIBRES

PLANT BASED ANIMAL BASED MINERAL

T Y P E S

FLAX PROCESSED ROPE WOVEN FABRIC

REMOVABLE SHRINKABLE

WEAVING

SOLUBLE

KNITTING

SCREW AND UNSCREW

ENTWINING WINDING

M E T H O D S

MECHANICAL :

ROBOTIC ARM

FABRICATION

MANUAL :

MOULDING & CASTING

STAND-ALONE COMPONENTS TUBULAR SYSTEMS MINIMAL PRODUCTION TIME

FACADE SYSTEMS

MODULAR COMPONENTS

WALLS COMPONENTS

INTERLOCKING INTERLOCKING PIECES AGGREGATION

PICK AND PLACE

STRENGTH AND LONGETIVITY GEOMETRIC VARIATIONS INTERACTION WITH SPECIES

T E S T I N G

FIBRE-REINFORCED BIO-COMPOSITE OUTDOOR SETUP:

VALLDAURA LABS Barcelona |25 The CoEx Project | PRATIK BORSE

OUTLINE

Chapter 1 The Chapter unfolds by introducing three scales at which the State of the Arts are investigated. The selection of state of the art has been done through rigorous analysis and critical study with respect to the framework of this thesis. The references have been narrowed down to two for every scale. At Urban scale, the reference projects address a global or regional goal, by relinking habitats through removal certain barriers or by planting trees. At Architectural scale, the projects explore a more design based solution, for the target species. Here, the size of the species drastically reduce and a certain amount of control is noticed in the environments. At material scale, the focus is on natural fibres and binders to create the bio-composite. The references also, show various fabrication techniques. As the focus is to create a robotically fabricated solution, the references states, as in the domain of using fibrous material and the robotic arm in a completely automated process. By inferring a need for a holistic design solution in the built environment related to the Architecture scale along with the use of bio-materials, a city needs to be studied to understand the human-wildlife conflicts and encounters , as well as the species that inhabit the city.

Chapter 2 The chapter is the Methodology adopted at every scale to further create a line of research. Considering Barcelona(Spain) as the study case is a choice based on accessibility and amount of existing data which would help to carry out the studies. From the understanding of Conflicts and where they are maximum, the city fringe of Barcelona(Anthropic edge) is mapped. With the help of data sets from the Barcelona city council, breeding and nesting areas of Birds species and Wild boar are mapped along this fringe. Once, the list of species that are present in the area of study, their habitats are analysed, which gives leads to the use of material used by these species. The dependency of the species on built environment is one of the main factor for the consideration of species as the goal is to create solutions for the built environment.

The naturally occurring material used by these species are similar to the State of the art natural fibres. This leads to the study of composites and binders to create a bio-composite that would become possible scaffolds for these species to build their own habitats.

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Chapter 3 While analyzing of the habitats has led to the understanding of the materials used, the state of the art brings to light the existing developments with the materials. Natural fibres are used, as they are biodegradable as well as close to the materials used by the species to make their habitats. Microbial Cellulose was taken up as the binder as it could be grown, which opened up more possibilities for the composite. The experimentation with the kind of composite that has been created is limited. The experiments test the binding capacity of the two materials. With the first set of results, the binding proportion was determined. To take this further, a winding tool is developed taking inspiration from a Toroidal winding machine. With the tool tested, robotic simulations are done with multiple scenarios to find the most optimized fabrication technique with the tool and materials. Different winding strategies were adapted, eventually, the winding pattern was determined by varying the speed of the robot and maintaining constant speed of the winding tool. Adjusting the strategies after initial tests for the final prototype, that used interlocking-mould system to demould the prototype once it dried. The components is part of a modular design system, which is driven by aggregation based design. The limitations of the system is considered during the design process.

Chapter 4 The design process is a dialogue between the potential of the tool and the limits of the material composite. Furthermore, it challenges the notion of existing design elements mainly walls and barriers.

Constraints for the design are generated from the heat maps, the target species and the study of proxemics. Aggregation based design strategy is adopted with the help of which the desired design outcome is made of modular components which can be rapidly fabricated. An array of design iterations with different constraints can be generated, the final design elements can be fabricated based on its quantities.

For assembly, augmented reality is used so as to join elements at the right orientation and position. The proposal is a rethought narrative of the Architectural thresholds, for existing building it is a plug in or an add-on and for the new construction, it serves as a framework for the integration of these design principles.Also, an urban level proposal that shows the adaptability of the design principles to a wider scale and area. These scales exhibits the flexibility of the design, adaptability to different constraints, such as - location, target species and structure and the potential of the rapid fabrication strategy. As urban sprawls continue to grow and the urban population increases, the fringe of the city constantly shifts further into the habitats, this is when the architectural interventions will create a link on an urban scale in the longer run and hence relinking the ecological resilience of the city as well as the habitats of the species are not entirely lost with urbanization. These fragments will play an important role when the amount of urban wildlife increases due to natural habitat loss. |27

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1 STATE OF THE ART The following chapter consists of state of the Art that contains two main parts - SCALE and FABRICATION TECHNIQUES. Three different scale with two projects each and two different fabrication techniques are investigated. Urban scale investigation helps visualize habitats and re-link them through small scale interventions along the path of the habitat. It also, gives a deeper understanding of the impact of habitat depletion and the absence of certain species would have on the ecological cycle of the region.

On the other hand in the Architecture scale, the projects move into integration with building facade and human interaction with the stand alone co-habitable structure, through creating curiosity, colour and awareness. The material studies are mainly with natural fibres, which help understand the limits and potentials of the material in question. With material study, there is a need for novel fabrication methods to be developed. In this chapter, we see robotic weaving and Toroidal winding.

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URBAN - Coexisting with Sea Otters - Defenders of Wildlife

(Richard Estler, 2016)

Defenders of Wildlife is an US based national conservation organisation founded in 1947, committed towards conserving and restoring habitats and protecting species in the region of North America. With expertise in science, legal and policy making and a experience in wildlife management they strive towards transforming policies, regulations with the innovative solutions.

‘Defenders of Wildlife envisions a future where diverse wildlife populations in North America are secure and thriving, sustained by a network of healthy lands and waters by examining 1.Diverse wildlife populations 2.Secure and thriving 3.Network of healthy lands and waters’ (Defenders of Wildlife, 2020) ‘Sea otters are a keystone species, meaning their role in their environment has a greater effect than other species. As top predators, sea otters are critical to maintaining the balance of nearshore ecosystems, such as kelp forests, embayments and estuaries.

Without sea otters, sea urchins can overpopulate the sea floor and devour the kelp forests that provide cover and food for many other marine animals.

By maintaining healthy kelp forests, sea otters also indirectly help to reduce levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a prevalent greenhouse gas, as kelp absorbs and sequesters carbon.’ (Garibaldi, 2020).

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Grizzly Bearand Florida Panther Bisonfor Redincreased Wolf Orca Birds of Prey ortalities make room

Mexican Gray Wolf Sea Otter Gray Wolf Manatee cceptance for grizzly bears across the Celebrating Coexistence

pe.

Defenders of Wildlife (https://defenders.org/)  Polar Bear Grizzly Bear Florida Panther Bison Red Wolf Orca Birds of Prey Mexican Gray Wolf Sea Otter Gray Wolf Manatee Polar Bear

Fig 5. Sea Otter habitats along California Coast, (Defenders of Wildlife, 2020)

Defenders of Wildlife (https://defenders.org/) 

Fig 6. Sear Urchin population, (Defenders of Wildlife, 2020)

USGS The National Map: National Boundaries

The role of Defenders is to spread awareness and inculcate responsibility towards the sea otters and their habitats, along the coast of California(Fig 5), to achieve this they collaborate with Sea Otter Savvy program which is an outreach program. An annual census is a primary tool to quantify the health of the regional and range wide health of the otter population, which is done during the month of May. ‘Urchin Barrens - Regions swamped with urchins are known as “urchin barrens.” Sea urchins are herbivores and feed on seaweeds like kelp. Their range extends from Alaska down to Mexico on the Pacific Coast (seen here outlined in purple). When urchins are uncontrolled by predators they grow

USGS The National Map: National Boundaries

bigger and become more abundant, feeding on kelp until little remains’(The Year of Coexistence, 2020).

(Fig 6) As keystone species the presence of Otter habitats has a large impact on the health of the adjoining ecosystem. A robust forest habitat is generally found where there is a presence of otters. Sea otters regulate the growth of sea urchins, which helps flourish kelp population. ‘A Trophic cascade is created between the predator(sea otter), herbivore(urchin) and plant (kelp)’(The Year of Coexistence, 2020).

Sea otters contribute to a much larger concern of sequestering carbon from the atmosphere and the large population of sea grass and kelp, proving that their contribution is an ecosystem service that helps in mitigating the impacts of climate change.

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URBAN - Protecting bats in waterside development - WaterSpace Design

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District Boundary Avon River Kennet & Avon Canal Major Roads

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Fig 7. Bath Ecological Zone to which Guidance applices, (WaterSpace Guidance,2018)

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Enterpriseand Zone Two to which The document Figure 3 Bath’s establishes guidelines main the factors associated with the planning and guidance specifically applies consideration for urban planners and real-estate development that play a key role are developers working along the River Avon and 2 Kennet and Avon Canal(Fig 7)-guidance which covers A.‘Increased This generally applies tonigh all time artificial illumination and 1 2 06 waterside development areas over 98 hectares of land under regeneration and light spills.

A3 within Bath, Keynsham, Saltford and effects – leading to increased energy restoration. The supporting habitats for the Bath a)Barrier surrounds within the WaterSpace and Bradford on Avon BatSAC are recognized expenditure finding new routes or the degradation 3 (as shown project area in Figure 2). The through this waterway. abandonment principles will also be and relevant in other of flight paths altogether. This may supporting lead to reduced breeding success or increased situations where Bat SAC ‘The key principle of the projecthabitat is that the Bats and winter mortality as seasonal movements are is confirmed. lighting must be thoroughly considered as part of the impeded.

It specifically applies to the River Avon planning process. Use of this guidance be aBath’s key Enterprise b)ReducedArea foraging opportunities - increased corridorwill within requirement within all new waterside development environmental using certain – 98 hectares of land on or close to the illumination the River which is focus proposals. The principles will banks also beofrelevant forAvon, wavelengths can draw a proportion of invertebrates for to regeneration and development. other habitat features considered be supporting from unlit areas, thereby reducing wood abundance habitat for the Bat Special Areas Conservation. forBath light-sensitive TheofEnterprise Zone in has beenbats such as horseshoe bats. focustoof bat surveys and The River Avon corridor of Baththe is home 12extensive of the c)Delayed emergence - bats tend to emerge from research (as shown in Figure 3).

18 Bat species in the UK’ (WaterSpace Guidance - roosts within the first 90 minutes after sunset Protecting Bats in waterside development, 2018) whereupon foraging is typically a priority. Higher which makes Bath an important case to study. The environmental light levels in proximity to roost sites seasonal variation has an effect on the way the bats have been shown to delay the onset of emergence use these corridors along the river, notably the use leading to reduced time available for foraging, of the corridor by Horseshoe bat is high during the reducing overall fitness. autumn and spring months.

B.Habitat Change or removal a)Reduced habitat connectivity – impeding seasonal migration and nocturnal navigation. b)Reduced foraging habitat extent - affecting foraging success and overall fitness. c)Reduced screening and light attenuation - tall and/or dense vegetation can provide significant benefits of screening glare and attenuating light’ (WaterSpace Guidance - Protecting Bats in (Bath and North waterside development, 2018) Somerset Council) A36

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2 Design Guidance

2 Design Guidance

Fig 8. Lighting concepts unmitigated and mitigated scenerios, (WaterSpace Guidance,2018)

Figure 14 Lighting concepts unmitigated and mitigated scenarios

Fig 9. Physical Barries to light and set back from river, (WaterSpace Guidance,2018) Figure 15 Physical barriers to light & set-back from riverbank zone.

Design Solutions that can be incorporated to mitigate these impacts vary from controlling the lux levels of the lighting fixture to varying the heights of the light columns. Use of barrier for light fixtures to reduce light spill, increase in vegetation curbs the artificial lighting illumination when places with respect to the guidelines. One sided bollard luminaries, as opposed to tradiational unfocused bollards, reduces light spill.

Fig 10. Lighting solution to minisise light spill, (WaterSpace Guidance,2018)

Incorporating setbacks in planning drastically shrinks the extent of light spill. ‘The use of balconies and louvered windows can reduce light spill into the Lighting Zones. Tight optical control must be applied to any luminaire within 1.5m of glazing.

This includes the use of, for example, ‘darklight’ type downlights with deep-recessed light sources and focused beams. Diffuse fluorescent type luminaires should be avoided alongside glazing’(WaterSpace Guidance - Protecting Bats in waterside development, 2018)(Fig 8)(Fig 9)(Fig 10) |33

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INFERENCES The otter population still faces difficulty reaching the coastal habitats due to oil spills, tourism and shark attacks, the Defenders are at the moment working on strategies to improve the health of the existing coastal ecosystem that would potentially increase the otter population.

This brings to light the relationship and the richness of the transition zone concerning species and interaction. Here, the conflict arises between, the actions of mankind and the sea urchins which are the main driving factors for the rise or depletion of the sea otter population.

It brings to light the importance of resolving the issues at these zones are a priority and it creates a chain reaction through the restoring the trophic cascade and restoring the ecosystem. Employing policies and strategies that benefit a project of this scale is important.

Policymaking and guidance play a pivotal role in relinking, restoring and preservation of habitats. Shifting from policymaking to urban interventions through passive solutions in the waterside development opens up the impact of how urban design decisions play in the restoration and strengthening of habitats. With smarter lighting solutions and use of urban elements as diffusers, light spills can be curbed leading to better corridors for the target species. While these solutions are targeting the urban landscape, to achieve greater impact it is important to investigate solutions that can be integrated into the buildings, therefore making some part of the building habitable for these species.

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ARCHITECTURE - Monarch Sanctuary , Terraform One

Fig 11. Monarch sanctuary /Elevation , (Terraform One,2020)

Terraform 1 is a Non profit Organisation for Philanthropic Architecture, Urban + Ecological Design. Monarch Butterfly is one of the high risk species in North America, this Sanctuary also called as Lepidoptera Terrarium is a 8 story high commercial complex in Nolita, New York City.

(Fig 11) The building will comprise of mainly office spaces and commercial spaces , yet the main role is to facilitate a semi-porous breeding habitat for the monarch butterflies. ‘ It is a pioneering building – one that aims to be ecologically generous, weaving butterfly conservation strategies into its design through the integration of open monarch habitat in its facades, roof, and atrium. Not just a building envelope, the edifice is a new biome of coexistence for people, plants and butterflies’( Joachim, 2020).

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Fig 12. Monarch sanctuary / Section , (Terraform One,2020)

Fig 13. Panel Details , (Terraform One,2020)

The sanctuary is an integration of a open garden with a double skin facade which provides habitats.

(Fig 12) Two strategies have been employed to aid this - ‘open planting of milkweed and nectar flowers in the roof and rear gardens, and terrace will provide breeding ground and stopover habitat for wild monarchs, while semi-enclosed colonies in the atrium and street side double-skin facade will foster monarch population growth. The insects will have fluid open access to join the wild population, enhancing overall species population numbers’ ( Joachim, 2020).

The projects location is also strategic, as it required community awareness and it would help build this through education. It aims to diversify the existing

Architectural language in the neighbourhood. The 3 feet wide and 7 stories high sanctuary covered

by ETFE foil ‘pillows’ like structures in the inside and glass diagrid infills on the outside create the ideal microclimate and incubator for the Monarch butterflies to thrive all year long. ‘It contains suspended milkweed vines and flowering plants to nourish the butterflies at each stage of their life cycle. Hydrogel bubbles on the ETFE help maintain optimal humidity levels, and sacs of algae help purify the air and the building waste-water.

Solar panels on the roof provide renewable energy to assist in the powering the facilities. Butterflies can come and go as they need from inside the building skin system and roof ’’( Joachim, 2020).

(Fig 13) |37

ARCHITECTURE - Hidden In Plain Sight. Neres Feliz Studio Commissioned by Matadero Madrid and elii Architecture Office in 2019.(Fig 15) in collaboration with various Artists to develop proposal for the outdoor areas of Matadero as their “Cyborg garden” project. Hidden in Plain sight that aims to heighten awareness towards various urban wildlife, in a series of Urban furniture by the means of ‘visual, tactile and ecological means’(Hwang and Feliz, 2020). It is curated to provide an environment for cohabitation between mankind and other species.screening and small scale concerts(Hwang and Feliz, 2020).

Fig 14. Species catalogue ,(Hidden In Plain Sight, Nerea Feliz)

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The project looks at 3 aspects - (Fig 14) Human Experience - It aims to enhance the experience of what we conceive as urban space.

To make the users interact with the project, it has incorporated a series of urban furnishing elements that range from shading to seating. ‘This family of prototypes operates between and across scales – from the scale of humans to the scale of the insect.

They are composed as a series of urban rooms, walls, and furniture that can function as individual units or in aggregation – setting the stage for public programming, for screening and small scale concerts(Hwang and Feliz, 2020).

Multi-Species Coexistence - The projects, aims to bring to foreground the insects population that are an important part of urban environment, mainly by enhancing their existence in shared spaces of cities. ‘Insects are a significant part of our ecosystem, serving as pollinators, seed dispersers, decomposers, and as a food source for other species such as bats and birds. Various insect species are also bioindicators, or “living barometers” of environmental conditions. According to a recent study, 40% of insect species are in danger of extinction in the coming decades due to the extensive use of pesticides and climate change....The urban prototypes incorporate planting scenarios to accommodate both caterpillars and butterflies; mesh-enclosed planters protect caterpillars from predators, while open planting beds house brightly-colored wildflowers for nectar-seeking butterflies’(Hwang and Feliz, 2020).

Fig 15. Model Presented at Exhibition in Madrid,(Hidden In Plain Sight, Nerea Feliz)

Mutualism in the Urban Environment - New experiences through the proposed design, creates curiosity among humans and promotes living environments for insects. Care has been taken to provide colors, textures and lights to aid both mankind and other species. For instance, to create a camouflage for butterflies, patterns have been placed strategically along the curved walls. ‘ To promote habitability by birds, bats, bees, and other insects, distinct ‘pods’ are fabricated and inserted into the upper portions of the prototype walls, adding a textural and volumetric dimension to the prototypes’ undulating surfaces. At night, the design uses “positive phototaxis” and ultraviolet black light to attract insects, a phenomenon that can be video-recorded and projected as a form of spectacle’(Hwang and Feliz, 2020). |39

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INFERENCES Habitat loss due to urbanization is becoming a critical issue, rapid urban sprawling has led to the depletion of ecological habitats which reflect on the reduction in the number of species in urban environments. Urban environments are complex and have an array of factors which effects their microclimate. There is a need to revisit some existing notions to achieve a better, more livable environment for us and other species. Noise, being one of the most linked urban disturbance needs to be mediated and strategies need to be incorporated in future construction. Ecosystem services can be obtained from urban wildlife, for instance, their presence can be considered as an added insulation for certain spaces which can possibly reduce the cost of insulation and reduction in material use.

Through these projects, it is evident that it is necessary to redesign the building envelope so that it provides comfort inside as well as outside.

The threshold, between the inside and the outside, might comprise of multiple layers moving forward, where a window does not only look to the outside but in between the layers of existence as well. The design of thresholds will play an important role in creating cohabiting spaces for mankind and other species by integration them in the building construction. Cities are concrete jungles, which create a hostile environment for other species, to make its habitable, building construction materials have to account for reduced emissions as well as biodegradability and resist decay that will be caused by the inhabiting animal population.

Bio-composites, in recent years, have been researched upon and different composites have been created to find sustainable material solutions.

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MATERIAL - Hemp Chair, BioMat

Fig 16. Hemp Chair (BioMat,2019) Sachin Gupta and Andre Kauffman

Fig 17. Hemp Chair (BioMat,2019) Sachin Gupta and Andre Kauffman

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A project developed by Sachin Gupta and Andre Kauffman, BioMat ITKE/University of Stuttgart in the Design Studio: Material and structure, SS 16.(Fig 16) Materials used - Hemp lignocellulosic fibres with bio-polymers and binder as Epoxy Resin.

‘Stretched between nails fixed in a wooden board, having the silhouette of the chair cross-section, in a process known as “coreless filament winding”The fibres were first tested mechanically; then, the resulted E-Modulus (ca. 5 GPa) was used to adjust the best form of the chair reaching the optimum equilibrium state. Structural simulations and buckling mode analysis took place through finite element methods for beam elements using the Grasshopper plugin Karamba and the software Sofistik.’(Dahy, 2019).

The impregnated fibres are tensioned using anchor points and the composite is left to solidify.

The fabrication was done through manual weaving and passed through a resin bath which combined longitudinal profiles and the sheets.

The directionality if fibres is studied to obtain the required geometries to compensate structural performance. The resultant chair, could carry 23 times its own weight.(Fig 17)

MATERIAL - Biocouture, Suzzane Lee

Fig 18. Biocouture,Suzzane Lee

Biocouture is a concept where bacteria are used to produce materials that can be used to manufacture clothes. It is also the name of a Tech start-up company founded by Suzanne Lee, the first person to develop this idea.(Fig 18) Microbial Cellulose, also known as Kombucha Leather/Vegan Leather , is a cellulose matrix obtained by fermenting sweet tea mixture with a starter scoby liquid. SCOBY - Symbiotic mixture of Bacteria and Yeast. The start up aims at creating textiles out of bacterial cellulose.(Fig 19) The material allows for change in chromatic appearance and with further treatment with oils is made water proof. It is then used as any other fabric to make the desired textiles. Biodegradibilty of the material and its ability to withstand external conditions is being tested.

Fig 19. Microbial Cellulose,Green Lab

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INFERENCES The use of winding technique works well in planar sections of designs as it offers more tension, the design also incorporated sheets that are then merged with the winding longitudinal parts. The epoxy resin used is toxic and non-biodegradable, hence there is a need to explore automated fabrication process and a biodegradable binder.

For this, bacterial cellulose is studied, studies show that the cellulose sheets have the tendency to bind with each other and create an inseparable result as it dries. This property is explored further to create fibre reinforced bio-composite using hemp fibres which show great tensile strength and microbial cellulose as the binder. Automating this process is primarily for the rapid prototyping aim of the project.

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FABRICATION - BUGA Pavilion, ITKE/ICD

Fig 20. BUGA Pavilion,ICD/ ITKE(2019)

BUGA Fibre Pavilion - ICD/ITKE University of Stuttgart(Fig 20) Bundesgartenschau, Heillbronn, 2019 The pavilion demonstrates how combining cutting-edge computational technologies with constructional principles found in nature enable the development of truly novel and genuinely digital building systems. The pavilion’s load-bearing structure is robotically produced from advanced fiber composites only(ICD,2019)

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The project takes inspiration from biology, analyzing that most load-bearing structures are fiber composites. ‘Man-made composites, such as the glass- or carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics that were used for this building, are ideally suited for such an approach because they share their fundamental characteristics with natural composites’(ICD,2019).

(Fig 21)

Fig 21. Fabrication Modules,ICD/ ITKE(2019)

The pavilion is made of two types of fibers spatially organized amounting to 150,00 meters of glass and carbon fibers. The design is broken down into families of components that are robotically fabricated using winding technique and during the process impregnated with resin. ‘The fiber arrangement, density, and orientation of each building component can be individually calibrated, structurally tuned, and architecturally articulated, while remaining directly producible’(ICD,2019).

The novel fabrication process involves two rotating scaffolds around which the fibers are robotically weaved, the end geometry is obtained by the way the fibers are tensioned. The process created almost no waste and was adaptable to different scales and sizes of the components.(Fig 22)

Fig 22. Robotic Winding,ICD/ ITKE(2019)

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FABRICATION - Toroidal Winding Machine

Fig 23. Toroidal Winding Machine, India Mart.

Toroidal winding is an industrial process mainly as the name states to wind cores of electronics. This is a larger scale, semi-automatic, rapid winding process of the material. The uses vary from copper winding to plastic winding for food preservation. It holds the potential of mass production of components. Here, the geometry is constantly rotating along the axis of the winding wheel. After every winding, the coil has to be rest manually and attached to the next geometry.

This is slightly labour intensive process, but the speed of manufacturing balances it out.

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INFERENCES With the robotic winding in the BUGA pavilion, the winding process is pattern is predetermined by testing load cases for the pavilion, whereas in the in Toroidal winding machine the scale of the component doesn’t play a role as these components are usually small and used inside electronics but the winding speed should be taken into consideration. The machine doesn’t allow for flexibility of form as it is made for a specific function. In robotic weaving, there is a high degree of freedom and the possibility of creating different geometries with the same setup. Taking these into consideration, along with the material Hemp and Microbial cellulose, a fabrication technique needs to be developed that would help achieve the required result. A winding tool has been developed and after initial material tests, a prototype is developed showing the potential of the process and creation of winding patterns by the tool rather than a predetermined pattern which can be further tested. The developed process results in a natural winding pattern which loosely resembles the nests made by some of the species which aligns with the fabrication research on machine-generated winding patterns and design intervention.

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2 METHODOLOGY This chapter navigates through Methodology adopted at every scale to further create a line of research. Considering Barcelona(Spain) as the study case is a choice based on accessibility and amount of existing data which would help to carry out the studies. From the understanding of Conflicts and where they are maximum, the city fringe of Barcelona(Anthropic edge) is mapped. With the help of data sets from the Barcelona city council, breeding and nesting areas of Birds species and Wild boar are mapped along this fringe.

Once, the list of species that are present in the area of study, their habitats are analysed, which gives leads to the use of material used by these species. The dependency of the species on the built environment is one of the main factors for the consideration of species as the goal is to create solutions for the built environment.

Heat maps are generated with an array of images that consolidate the interaction of these species on a typical facade. The naturally occurring material used by these species is similar to the State of the art natural fibres. This leads to the study of composites and binders to create a bio-composite that would become possible scaffolds for these species to build their habitats.

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BARCELONA BARCELONA is a coastal city in Catalunya, Spain with a population of 5.58 million in 2020 covering 101.9 kilometer square in area is one of the finest examples of Urban Planning and Gothic Architecture.

‘In major cities, biodiversity – especially that which is present in green spaces – is typically the only chance citizens have of coming into contact with nature and it fulfills vital environmental and social functions which help to improve quality of life and well-being. Barcelona Green infrastructure and Biodiversity Plan of Barcelona is envisioned as a strategic instrument which sets out the challenges, goals, and commitments of the local government when it comes to preserving green infrastructure and biological diversity and defining how people can discover their natural heritage and benefit from it whilst taking great care of it. The presence of flora

and fauna in the city provides many benefits to its inhabitants. Nonetheless, such heritage is subject to a host of factors and impacts making its survival by no means easy. The physical and environmental quality conditions of a city are not always the most suitable, especially when it comes to the availability of water and space, or air and ground quality, for instance. Similarly, urban pressures affect natural heritage: the city’s development, demand for leisure, and traffic are all activities which have an effect on biodiversity’ - Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity Plan 2020 (Puigdollers et al., 2013).

Fig 24. Historical Map Barcelona, Habitat Urba, 2012

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Fig 25. Flora of Barcelona, Habitat Urba, 2012

Barcelona is host to a variety of native species and invasive species that have migrated over time, due to shifts in ecological areas. The urban greens, that exists through out the city are mostly isolated and initiatives have been taken up to link these into one continuous greenscape to create an efficient ecological infrastructure that will boost the cities resilience.

‘Barcelona has an important natural heritage thanks to the magnitude of Collserola mountains, which limits the city (over 8,000 hectares) with a variety of habitats that provide a considerable richness of species. Rivers and the sea complete the natural surroundings of Barcelona. The city center includes parks and gardens, and some important areas: Montjuïc (its cliff is included in the Inventory of Geological Areas from the Government of Catalonia), Tres Turons, and Ciutadella park.

Private green areas, parks, gardens, and street trees complete the natural heritage. There are nearly 100 native species of invertebrates listed in the center of Barcelona.(Fig 26) The total number of common birds is 75. Many vertebrates in Barcelona are protected by law: 55 birds, 2 amphibians, 8 reptiles, and 7 mammals. It is in fact an important heritage for an urban area’(Fauna | Ecology. Urban Planning, Infrastructures and Mobility, 2020). There are over 1000 registered flora species in the area. (Fig 25)

Fig 26. Fauna of Barcelona, Habitat Urba, 2012

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It is important to understand the relationship between flora and fauna, the fauna is dependent on the flora for habitats provision. But, the relationship is intervened by mankind that has caused the removal or change of habitats of these species, which has lead to Human-Wildlife conflict.

By studying these conflicts, it is evident that the fringe of the city also called the anthropic edge is where these interceptions are higher in number.

The study in this case is initially along the La Ronda between Parc de Cerventes and Parc de La Trinitat Vella. The La Ronda is a highway that is in the north of Barcelona and is the most prominent man-made barrier between the city and the natural habitat that lies in the north. The study area includes equally proportionate parts on either side of the Highway.

There are many parameters that associated with these interactions along this man-made edge.(Fig 27)

Fig 27. Anthropic Edge Barcelona

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This part is further divided 9 chunks, given the time frame of the project only 1 chunk will be analysed in detail for the Intervention. These chunks are broken into proportionate parts and initially analysed for built vs green to determine the percentage. Furthermore, the selection of the region depends on the rate of interaction and the presence of species in it. Barcelona City Council has mapped all the breeding and nesting zones of the avifauna native to the region, there are 83 species that thrive in the metropolitan of Barcelona and the natural park that surrounds it. Wild boars have been a nuisance and a very common sight to this fringe of Barcelona.(Fig 28) Fig 28. 9 Study Chunks of the Edge, Barcelona

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MAPPING - Species | Anthropic Edge Mapping and assessing these species habitats is necessary to narrow down the scope of this research. The mapping has been done on the basis of the online data set available with the Barcelona city council, which maps avifauna and flora present in the city of Barcelona. Mapping fauna is relatively difficult as they don’t use the same habitat, but mapping interactions of these is possible.

The transition zones are usually rich in species population and these species are called edge species.

These species come here in search of shelter, food, thermal comfort, to rest and nest. Transition zones have high breeding rates.

Computational work-flow was used to map all the species of Barcelona against the Barcelona map once mapped the species were selected on the following criteria.

1. Dependency/Proximity on Man-made structures: It is important to select species that build their habitats along with the human habitats. This helps map the interaction of the species on the built environment which helps in generating heat maps of interaction with the building.

2. Presence along the city edge: The edge species have more interaction than the rest and hence important to consider them.

3. Invasive Species - These species have made Barcelona their breeding ground and now are spread wildly around the city, some of these are beneficial to the ecological diversity. |61

BARN SWALLOW

Fig 29. Swallow Bird nest, Google Images Fig 30. Heat Map of Interaction

The sole condition is that these habitats must be close to human structures in which it can build its nest. In Barcelona, it is found above all in open built-up areas that are near either natural (along the rivers Besòs and Llobregat and in Serra de Collserola Natural Park) or naturalised (Montjuïc, Els Tres Turons, Parc de la Ciutadella and along the coastline) open areas. It avoids densely built-up areas, as well as forested areas in Serra de Collserola Natural Park.(Fig 31) Nests are made of mud and lined with grass and feathers. The barn swallows gather mud and roll it into pellets and then carry it in their bills back to their nesting site. The cup-shaped nest is built in the rafters or eaves of buildings, on bridges, in mine shafts, or on other manmade structures.(Fig 29)(Fig 30) Fig 31. Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.

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BLACK CAP

Fig 32. Species Nest, Google Images Fig 33. Heat Map of Interaction

However, it will inhabit almost any wooded area, including parks and gardens.(Fig 32)(Fig 33) In Barcelona, its breeding population is mainly concentrated in Serra de Collserola Natural Park, where the highest densities are recorded in shady north-facing sites.(Fig 34) From Collserola, it spreads timidly into the city, mainly towards areas with large gardened spaces such as Pedralbes and Els Tres Turons. Likewise, abundant evidence of breeding has been found on MontjuĂŻc, where the high-resolution model suggests that this warbler is commonest in the most shaded areas on the northern side of this mountain.

Fig 34. Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.

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COAL TIT

Fig 35. Species Bird nest, Google Images Fig 36. Heat Map of Interaction

These are only found in pine forests and in Barcelona, it is particularly abundant in the transition areas between Serra de Collserola Natural Park and the city, on Montjuïc and in Els Tres Turons, where stands of Aleppo pines are abundant. In Barcelona itself, the species has only been recorded in the neighbourhoods bordering on Serra de Collserola where, if there are sufficient green spaces, it may penetrate into the city (i.e. most of the districts of Sarrià-Sant Gervasi and Les Corts).(Fig 37) Outside these areas, it has only ever been recorded in some large isolated urban parks, usually where there are good numbers of coniferous trees. Unlike other tits, it is very scarce along the coast between Montjuïc and the Forum and is totally absent from Parc de la Ciutadella. Coal Tits nest in tree hollows or in mouse holes. (Fig 36)The nest is made from moss, wool, and spiders’ webs in a cup shape and lined with moss.

Fig 37. Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.

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EURASIAN COLLARED DOVE

Fig 38. Species Nest, Google Images

In Barcelona, as revealed by the absolute abundance map and the high-definition model, its greatest densities are in urban areas close to the large green spaces such as MontjuĂŻc, the coast and in Tres Turons, as well as in gardens in Pedralbes and Nou Barris.(Fig 40) This dual need for human structures and green areas are reflected in the low densities of this species in the Eixample and Ciutat Vella, where there is not enough plant growth, and in Serra de Collserola Natural Park, where human structures are lacking.(Fig 39)

Fig 39. Heat Map of Interaction

Fig 40. Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.

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EURASIAN WRYNECK

Fig 41. Species Bird nest, Google Images

Unlike other woodpeckers, the Eurasian Wryneck lives in open areas that are only partially wooded.

It also occupies, albeit in low densities, urban and suburban environments in many cities in the Mediterranean Basin. (Fig 41)This same pattern has been detected in Barcelona, where the species is scarce and has only been recorded in sic UTM 500x500 m squares in Serra de Collserola Natural Park between Les Planes and Tibidabo(Fig 43); here, it probably inhabits the contact areas between residential areas and forests(Fig 42)

Fig 42. Heat Map of Interaction

Fig 43. Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.

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RED BILLED LEIOTHRIX

Fig 44. Species Nest, Google Images Fig 45. Heat Map of Interaction

In Catalonia the Red-billed Leiothrix is considered to be an invasive species.(Fig 44) It originates from India, SE Asia and S China, where it inhabits forests with thick understorey, usually at high altitude. In Barcelona, this bird resides mainly in dense holmoak and pine forests in Serra de Collserola, where escaped birds from private collections,(Fig 45) it was a typical caged species up to a few years ago.

They began to settle at the beginning of the 1990s.

The presence of this species in what are probably the most mature ecological systems in Barcelona is remarkable given that invasive species tend to occupy degraded and anthropic environments rather than natural and well-preserved ones.(Fig 46) Fig 46. Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.

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GREAT TIT

Fig 47. Species Nest, Google Images

Fig 48. Heat Map of Interaction

Although essentially a forest species with a wide ecological range, the Great Tit is broadly distributed throughout Barcelona, being most abundant in transition areas between Serra de Collserola and the city. (Fig 49)Here, it seems to favor areas with tree cover, as well as some of the city’s most important green spaces such as Els Tres Turons, Montjuïc and Parc de la Ciutadella. It is also common in many parks regardless of their size. Inside true urban areas, its distribution is patchy and it is absent from much of Vila de Gràcia, Sagrera, Eixample and Zona Franca. Due to the noise of the city, urban birds are forced to sing at higher frequencies than forest birds and clutch size and breeding success are lower in the city. However, these differences go even further: Great Tits from Barcelona and Collserola differ genetically as the exchange of individuals between these two subpopulations is scarce. City Great Tits have narrower black stripes (or ‘ties’) on their chests than forest ones and are less afraid of new objects and unknown sites. Since differences in morphological and individual traits are genetically determined, natural selection can be said to have turned Barcelona’s Great Tits into true city-dweller.

(Fig 48)(Fig 47) It is a cavity nester.

Fig 49. Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.

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NORTHERN HOUSE MARTIN

Fig 50. Species nest, Google Images

Fig 51. Heat Map of Interaction

It chooses very similar habitats to the Barn Swallows and is likewise to be found in natural open areas lying between urban and rural environments.(Fig 50)Consequently, in Barcelona, it is observed above all on the outskirts of the city centre, as well as near the gardens on Montjuïc and along the coast. Here, it finds the structures it requires to build its nests,(Fig 51) along with open areas such as riverbeds or shrublands where it can feed on flying insects. In Barcelona, the highest densities of House Martins are on Montjuïc and in the most outlying areas of the districts of Sant Martí, Nou Barris, Horta-Guinardó, Sarrià-Sant Gervasi and Les Corts. It is totally absent from the city centre and from the forests in Serra de Collserola Natural Park.(Fig 52)The preferred habitat of the common house martin is open country with low vegetation, such as pasture, meadows and farmland, and preferably near water, although it is also found in mountains up to at least 2,200 m (7,200 ft) altitude.

It is much more urban than the barn swallow and will nest even in city centres if the air is clean enough. It is more likely to be found near trees than other Eurasian swallows since they provide insect food and also roosting sites.

Fig 52. Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.

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Barcelona is home to several fauna as well 1. Wild boar 2. Spiders 3. Squirrels 4. Gannets 5. Badgers 6. Hedgehogs 7. Rabbits 8. House Mouse 9. Great white-toothed shrew

As wild boar are have notably been notorious due to their scavenger instincts, they have had more interaction as they come in search of food from the mountains. They have been considered as the fauna species for study. Wild boars generally cause damage to farmlands and gardens and any open waste in the vicinity.

Fig 53. Mapping of Wild Boar Interactions or spotting in the city, Emmanuel Serrano (2017)

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The 8 extracted maps of avifauna and map of Wild boar interactions are overlaid with the 9 chunks which are previously analysed for built to open areas.(Fig 54)

The selected area of study is as shown below, the main criteria for consideration are 1. Continuous link between the city edge and the natural habitats.

2. High number of wild boar interaction 3. Presence of birds breeding and nesting colonies.

4. Land-use pattern, the area has floating population and doesn’t have a larger arena where loud events might take place, the CAIXA forum, acts as a food generator for the wild boar species.

5. The area does not have excessive traffic, which accounts to lower noise disturbance.

6. Building type - the mix of contemporary to classical buildings creates opportunities for variation in design to adapt to a different style.

As classical buildings as represented in the heat maps represent the current state of the interaction of species with the built environment.

Fig 54. Overlapping all species interaction

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Fig 55. Satellite Image of Selected Area

Fig 56. Biotic Spaces

Fig 57. Built Environment vs Biotic Spaces

Fig 58. Built Environment

Built area vs open area analysis to locate biotic spaces and their relation with the interactions of various species as mapped in (Fig 54).

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INFERENCES Urban level analysis and species habitat mapping give an understanding of the presence of the breeding and eating area of avifauna as well as encounters with fauna along the edge of the city. The fringes of the city are the starting point o mitigate this conflict. The heat maps generate as an accumulation of interaction points by the species with the building, these maps become the design parameters for the investigation of solutions. The area selected also is studied and mapped to gain a deeper understanding of the urban context. This contextual understanding determines where to strategically place the intervention at an urban level. These strategic points or possible interventions will then strengthen the ecological resilience of the city by linking the habitats in the city to the natural habits i.e., the forests as well as act as anchor points when the city fringe shifts over time, progressively creating links as it goes, that at urban level results in a continuum of habitats through the city and not just along the shifting edges.

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3 MATERIAL TESTS & FABRICATION While analyzing the habitats has led to the understanding of the materials used, the state of the art brings to light the existing developments with the materials. Natural fibres are used, as they are biodegradable as well as close to the materials used by the species to make their habitats. Microbial Cellulose was taken up as the binder as it could be grown, which opened up more possibilities for the composite. The experimentation with the kind of composite that has been created is limited. The experiments test the binding capacity of the two materials. With the first set of results, the binding proportion was determined. To take this further, a winding tool is developed taking inspiration from a Toroidal winding machine. With the tool tested, robotic simulations are done with multiple scenarios to find the most optimized fabrication technique with the tool and materials.

Different winding strategies were adapted, eventually, the winding pattern was determined by varying the speed of the robot and maintaining a constant speed of the winding tool. Adjusting the strategies after initial tests for the final prototype, that used the interlocking-mould system to demould the prototype once it dried. The components are part of a modular design system, which is driven by aggregation based design. The limitations of the system are considered during the design process.

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MATERIAL DERIVATION While analyzing the habitats of species in Barcelona, a general study of the materials used to make nests by the species was conducted. Most of the species use materials that they find in nature such as twigs, fibres, leaves, mud, and clay. Avifauna is one of the nature’s Architects, they’re nests are made by Baya weavers, through intricate weaving using just their beaks is truly a wonder. (Fig 59)Some species of birds use just placement of materials to make their habitats, whereas some use a binder to make their nests.

Fig 59. Baya Weaver, Pets Plane(2018)

Fig 60. Hemp FLax, Naturally Advanced Blog(2010)

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For instance, barn swallows make pellets out of the mud or clay they find and use the saliva they secrete as an adhesive to create their nests. These techniques inspire the idea of creating a fibre reinforced biocomposite. The aim was to imbibe properties of materials used by these species, in order to create a composite that has the essence of their habitat. There are many fibres that are available for use which is mainly classified as Synthetic Fibres and Natural Fibres.

Natural Fibres are further classified into Animal-Based, Plant-Based, and Mineral Based. Considering the State of the Art and the use of material by species, Plant-based Fibres are taken as the fiber base for the bio-composite. (Fig 60)For the binder, initially, a fabric hardener is used to make material tests, but being chemical based it is discontinued.

In search of the binder, the possibility of growing the binder is looked into. Microbial cellulose is one such material that is a matrix of cellulose closely bound among each other to create a continuous material.

NATURAL FIBRES Natural Fibres are biodegradable,plant-based, easily available(depending on the location), minimum CO2 emission for processing compared to the other fibres. There are 18 types of Plant-based natural fibres available, the most widely used is Hemp, Flax, Bamboo, and Abaca.

Hemp is the most widely used, because of its mechanical properties, high tensile strength, resistance to water, and its wide applicability. For the research, the hemp fibres used are unprocessed or unwoven hemp flax, they usually are golden brown and are available in lengths of 2 meters.(Fig 60)

MICROBIAL CELLULOSE Microbial Cellulose also known as Kombucha SCOBY( Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast) it is obtained by fermenting sweet tea over a couple of weeks. The culture can then be harvested, cleaned to remove odour, and any residual tea.(Fig 19) The process of making the cellulose is easy, the main ingredient is the starter Scoby and liquid. The material can be dried out and behaves like a textile and is malleable. The ease of production gives this material a unique value. It has high mechanical strength, high water absorption capacity, biodegradability, insoluble and high crystallinity.

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PRELIMINARY TESTS Preliminary tests conducted are to test the binding capability of hemp and bacterial cellulose. These tests are experimentation with the materials and test out some hypotheses. This test set consists of 4 tests where the first set informs the next.

Considerations for testing :

The microbial cellulose extracted for this test is grown for 3 weeks in a sweet bath of black tea with vinegar to break down components and acidify the tea. The thickness of the harvested sheet was 1.5cm and size of 3cm*25cm is considered. The tests were done to set baselines for -

1. In order to remove the odour from the microbial cellulose, washing thoroughly with detergent is necessary.

2. Drying can be done in various ways- air drying leads to the least amount of shrinkage, dehumidifier 1. Shrinkage after drying or oven can also be used depending on the type of re- 2. Binding with varying density of Hemp(Fig 63) sult that needs to be achieved.

(Fig 64) 3. Clamp the end within a wooden frame.

3. Binding test of two layers of SCOBY(Fig 62) SANDWICH LAYERS METHOD

MATERIAL TESTS

Fig 61. (Fig 61)Drying and Shrinkage

Sticky texture and Sun drying time - 5 days

ONE SIDED HEMP DID NOT BINDSTICKY WITH TEXTURE BINDING SUCCESSFUL AND STRONG INFERENCE DRYING METHOD - AIR DRY - 5 DAYS SCOBY COMPOSITE 80 |

DOUBLEFigLAYER 62. ShrinkageSCOBY , two layers

Air released while drying, creating blisters.

ONE AIRSIDED RELEASED HEMPWHILE DID NOT DRYING BIND WITH SCOBY CREATES BLISTERS

METHOD METHOD

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Fig 63. Low Fibre content binding test

Fig 64. High fibre content binding test

Single layer binding test failed, materials did not Binding Successful and resultant composite is bind. durable.

ONESIDED SIDEDHEMP HEMPDID DIDNOT NOTBIND BINDWITH WITH ONE SCOBY SCOBY

BINDINGSUCCESSFUL SUCCESSFULAND ANDSTRONG STRONG BINDING COMPOSITE COMPOSITE

DOUBLELAYER LAYERSCOB SCO DOUBLE

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INFERENCES Sun-drying took 5 days, with minimal shrinkage of the prototype.

There is minimal binding with only one layer of binder and hemp.

Whereas, with the sandwiching technique and low density and high-density hemp fibres, the binding result are successful. With a higher density of hemp fibres, the prototype shows increased stiffness.

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TOOL DEVELOPEMENT A new winding tool is developed which takes reference from a Toroidal winding machine but enables to use any kind of geometry to be wound using the tool.

(Fig 65) The tool development took about a month and a half. The beta version of the tool was tested and fine-tuned and later on the tool shown below is developed.(Fig 66) The tool consists of a gear system, driven by a DC motor, the spool is attached to the other gear and which is suspended between the top and bottom. The tool along with the motor weighs about - 5.6 kg.

Fig 65. Winding Tool

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Fig 66. Exploded View of Winding Tool

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PROTOTYPING WITH TOOL Setup - A preliminary test is done with the tool which is placed on a container(Fig 67)(Fig 68), to test the winding process. A geometry is placed beneath the SCOBY, and manually moved in the Z direction to replicate the movement of a robotic arm, the flax hemp fibres are not continuous and have to be bound together to create continuous material for winding.(Fig 69)  Time taken - 2 minutes.

Fig 67. Winding Setup

Fig 68. Winding Setup

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Fabrication Strategy - Geometry mounted on the robot or the tool mounted on the robotic arm.

Preliminary test of winding tool with the composite materrials.

Visit the following link to View the video - https://youtu.be/JcLepUYaTXk

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Fig 69. Initial Prototype

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INFERENCES Without continuous spool, the fabrication process lacks efficiency. The binding is partially successful as the fibres cover almost the whole base layer, leaving insufficient space for the two layers to bind as they dry. The prototype took a week to completely dry.

It lacks stiffness, hence can be easily pressed causing deformation.

The composite has a shape memory, after deformation, it is possible to bring it back to the original form. The geometry used needs to have positive curvature making it easy to extract the composite.

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ROBOTIC FABRICATION Fibre - Hemp Rope Binder - Microbial Cellulose Stiffener - Cornstarch (Cornstarch is used only as a stiffener to harden the fibres as the two layers of binders dry together).

Winding Geometry A simple geometry is prototyped, it is made of two main parts that individually have tapering form, that is connected through an interlocking system. The geometry is mounted on the robot as shown in the Figure. The geometry can be separated from the robot once the process is completed and the next one can be mounted. These parts are 3D printing using PLA. (Fig 70) Fig 70. Winding Geometry details

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The winding patterns are generated by controlling the speed and orientation of the robotic arm while keeping the speed of the winding tool constant. This exploration is attempted to study the type of patterns that can be generated by varying different parameters of the tool or the robotic arm. Unrolling the patterns on the surface gives the ratio of area cover by fibres and area for binding as in the previous test, the proportion of area for binding was extremely low.(Fig 71) Fig 71. Winding pattern generation

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Setup -(Fig 72) 1. To retain the position of the fibres, dowels are placed around the winding geometry.

2. The first layer of the binder is wrapped around the geometry.

3. Bio-plastic is prepared and the fibres are impregnated in it and wrapped around the spool.

4. The spool is placed in position and anchored to the based of the geometry. Â Test Parameter - 10mm/second is the speed of the Robot and the robot completes 4 oscillations along the Z-axis.

Visit the following link to View Digital Simulation - https://youtu.be/8oOqF0uu9vw

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Fig 72. Setup

Prototype after winding in complete.

Second Layer of Microbial cellulose is added.

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INFERENCES The test proves that the system is functional, the fibre winding lacks tension which is essential for the process.

Impregnation during the process is necessary.

The resultant prototype couldn’t be unmoulded in one piece, hence the interlocking system failed. The prototype itself has drastic improvements in binding and stiffness compared to the previous prototype. The time taken for the process is 3 minutes and with this numerous modules can be fabricated cutting down production time.Â

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4 INTERVENTION The design process is a dialogue between the potential of the tool and the limits of the material composite. Furthermore, it challenges the notion of existing design elements mainly walls and barriers. Constraints for the design are generated from the heat maps, the target species, and the study of proxemics. Aggregation based design strategy is adopted with the help of which the desired design outcome is made of modular components that can be rapidly fabricated. An array of design iterations with different constraints can be generated, the final design elements can be fabricated based on its quantities. For assembly, augmented reality is used so as to join elements at the right orientation and position. The proposal is a rethought narrative of the Architectural thresholds, for existing building it is a plugin or an add-on, and for the new construction, it serves as a framework for the integration of these design principles.

Also, an urban level proposal that shows the adaptability of the design principles to a wider scale and area. These scales exhibit the flexibility of the design, adaptability to different constraints, such as - location, target species and structure, and the potential of the rapid fabrication strategy. As urban sprawls continue to grow and the urban population increases, the fringe of the city constantly shifts further into the habitats, this is when the architectural interventions will create a link on an urban scale in the long run and hence relinking the ecological resilience of the city, as well as the habitats of the species, are not entirely lost with urbanization.

These fragments will play an important role when the number of urban wildlife increases due to natural habitat loss.

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THE ORTHODOXY OF ELEMENTS Throughout history, change in material has driven change in design and paradigm shift in Architecture.

From bricks to ETFE, the way the Architectural elements have been perceived has been the same, they serve the same function but vary in thickness or transparency depending on the material used.(Fig 73) Elements like walls and partitions are thresholds dividing the inside and the outside, cavity walls is one such exploration wherein the threshold is extended to incorporate services and insulate the building.

This intervention and geometrical studies explore integration of habitats into these thresholds by extending them which fulfills the primary function of a threshold as well as nurtures cohabitation of different species.

The integration of habitats is determined by the urban study and the part of the building most interacted with or would be interacted with, along with the study of proximics depending on the adjoining internal space that will be associated with the integrated habitats to not cause unwanted disturbances to the human occupants.

WALL AND WALL MATERIALS AND MATERIALS

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Fig 73. History of Material Development (Arch Daily)

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ASSEMBLY

PRODUCTION

Once all the part are produced, the assembly of the parts is done through Augmented Reality using Fologram for Rhino. This technique helps place aggregates in the right orientation and position.

(Fig 74) FORM FINDING

Through the Aggregation based design method, the components used can be produced based on how many of each are utilized in the final form.(Fig 75) The geometry has to be then broken down into fabrication parts, like the interlocking system to achieve the whole component.

STOC

PART A

FORM OPTIMISATION

DATA PROJECTION STOCHAISTIC AGGREGATION

CONSTRAINTS GENERATION

Fig 74. AR , SEED Studio

PART A

PART A > PART B PART A > PART C

PA

PA

PART B

AGGREGATION

STOCHAISTIC AGGREGATION

PART A > PART B PART A > PART C

TA

PART B PART C

PART B > PART A

PA

PART B > PART C

PA

PART B

PART C

PART B > PART A

PART C > PART A

PART B > PARTFigC75. Aggregation Components

PART C > PART B |101

PROPOSAL By the study of proximics and the heat maps generated, some constraints come into play based on the placement and the amount of integration that would be required to serve the current need and a need for the coming years. The aim is to achieve a threshold design that creates an inhabitable space for other species as well as retains the function.

The fabrication process also brings in its sets of constraints, mainly the size of the prototype, the geometry. Explorations can take place without these fabrication constraints as it provides more freedom in design. Â

The main design approach is Aggregation based design, which helps build a structure with modular components that can be mass-produced with the fabrication technique developed.

The proposed design is an intervention in the chunk that has been previously analysed and mapped for species interaction, breeding, and nesting areas.

The proposal is a contribution to the territorial strategy and helps in strengthening the ecological resilience by increasing the species population in the vicinity.

Fig 76. Design Process - Form exploration

To create more co habitable spaces, and interventions the amount wall surface exposed to the outside, has to be increased. This is done by linear arrangement of space, hierarchy is created in height for species that make habitats at a higher level. The structure is lifted above the ground to create space for species.(Fig 76) 102 |

25% COVERAGE ERAGE

BADGERS

60% COVERAGE ERAGE

ALPINE SWIFT

80% COVERAGE ERAGE

FRONT ELEVATION

Fig 77. Solar Analysis of geometry

Fig 78. Extent of Cohabitation Space integration

Certain environmental factor play an important role in the breeding zones of these species. Thermal comfort is one such parameter. The solar analysed geometry is used to predict possible breeding and nesting areas. (Fig 77)

Through analysis, it is evident that the complete structure does not need to be integrated with the solution. Depending on the location in the habitat and amount of interactions mapped in the vicinity, the degree is decided.(Fig 78)

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Design Iterations- High Density - 25% Coverage

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Design Iterations- Varying Density - 50% Coverage

Stand- Alone Structures

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106 |

Views of Proposal

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CONCLUSION During the course of development of this project, large amount of time has been spent on understanding the complex nature of the general theme that revolves around Coexistence. Providing a solution to a complex issue like this, calls for a collaborative approach to design. Integrating habitats with built environment will soon become a necessity to save the species from extinction. A large amount of time was directed towards exploring possible, techniques and developing a fabrication framework, from designing the tool to testing the fabrication process.

Design of such a system, is not explored much through this thesis and is a goal for the Phase 2 of the thesis which will be developed in the coming calender year. Failure to provide a design solution, or intervention provokes the designer to think beyond the unconventional.

Here is a mind map of the future development that will unfold in the coming phases of this project Fabrication - The next step would be to improve the fabrication strategy, develop a better tool and explore other fabrication techniques by controlling winding patterns and added tension in the process.

Material Composite - Microbial cellulose takes about 3 weeks to grow to a thickness that is usable, to make more tests, collaboration is necessary. Also, there is a consideration to test out different materials for binder to produce faster prototypes and results.

Design- The current proposal acts as a driver for change in urban and development strategies, as the Urban population grow inevitably, the fringe of the city is constantly change and shifting into the natural habitats, integrating these proposals moving forward will create a link that can tract back to the first intervention, thus providing a continuous corridor of habitats. The design process is also a very collaborative process, as it involves ecologists, urban policymakers, city councils, developing agencies, material scientists that can come together to provide consultation on design, material expertise, and policy making. The design is just a test of a few initial ideas, but involves further in depth research on colour, fragrance, tactility that will enhance the overall impact.

Testing Prototype - With the current process, modules can be prototyped and tested in urban environments to gauge the feasibility of the approach.

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FIGURES

Figure 1

Mannahatta, (Sanderson, 2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Figure 2

Tulsa World, Deer Collision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Figure 3

A model for conceptualizing different types of human–wildlife conflict. The x-axis represents a range of interactions or outcomes from negative (e.g., crop damage) to positive (e.g., income from tourism or cultural or religious benefits). The y-axis represents impact on a continuum from minor (e.g., nuisance interactions between people and birds in an urban park) to severe (e.g., loss of life or severe injuries). The z-axis represents frequency of occurrence from common to rare. (Soulsbury and White, 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Figure 4

Research Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Figure 5

Sea Otter habitats along California Coast, (Defenders of Wildlife, 2020) . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure 6

Sear Urchin population, (Defenders of Wildlife, 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure 7

Bath Ecological Zone to which Guidance applices, (WaterSpace Guidance,2018) . . . . . 32

Figure 8

Lighting solution to minisise light spill, (WaterSpace Guidance,2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Figure 9

Lighting concepts unmitigated and mitigated scenerios, (WaterSpace Guidance,2018). . 33

Figure 10 Physical Barries to light and set back from river, (WaterSpace Guidance,2018) . . . . . . . 33 Figure 11 Monarch sanctuary /Elevation , (Terraform One,2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Figure 12 Panel Details , (Terraform One,2020). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Figure 13 Monarch sanctuary / Section , (Terraform One,2020). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Figure 14 Species catalogue ,(Hidden In Plain Sight, Nerea Feliz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Figure 15 Model Presented at Exhibition in Madrid,(Hidden In Plain Sight, Nerea Feliz). . . . . . . 39 Figure 16 Hemp Chair (BioMat,2019) - Sachin Gupta and Andre Kauffman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Figure 17 Hemp Chair (BioMat,2019) - Sachin Gupta and Andre Kauffman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Figure 18 Biocouture,Suzzane Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Figure 19 Microbial Cellulose,Green Lab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Figure 20 BUGA Pavilion,ICD/ITKE(2019) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Figure 21 Fabrication Modules,ICD/ITKE(2019). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Figure 22 Robotic Winding,ICD/ITKE(2019). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Figure 23 Toroidal Winding Machine, India Mart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Figure 24 Historical Map Barcelona, Habitat Urba, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Figure 25 Flora of Barcelona, Habitat Urba, 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Figure 26 Fauna of Barcelona, Habitat Urba, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Figure 27 Anthropic Edge Barcelona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Figure 28 9 Study Chunks of the Edge, Barcelona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Figure 29 Swallow Bird nest, Google Images. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Figure 30 Heat Map of Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 114 |

Figure 31 Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Figure 32

Species Nest, Google Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Figure 33 Heat Map of Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Figure 34 Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Figure 35 Species Bird nest, Google Images. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Figure 36 Heat Map of Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Figure 37 Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Figure 38

Species Nest, Google Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Figure 39 Heat Map of Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Figure 40 Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Figure 41 Species Bird nest, Google Images. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Figure 42 Heat Map of Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Figure 43 Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Figure 44

Species Nest, Google Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Figure 45 Heat Map of Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Figure 46 Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Figure 47

Species Nest, Google Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Figure 48 Heat Map of Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Figure 49 Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Figure 50 Species nest, Google Images. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Figure 51 Heat Map of Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Figure 52 Mapping of Breeding and Nesting habitats.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Figure 53 Mapping of Wild Boar Interactions or spotting in the city, Emmanuel Serrano (2017). . 70 Figure 54 Overlapping all species interaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Figure 55 Satellite Image of Selected Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Figure 56 Built Environment vs Biotic Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Figure 57 Biotic Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Figure 58 Built Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Figure 59 Hemp FLax, Naturally Advanced Blog(2010). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Figure 60 Baya Weaver, Pets Plane(2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Figure 61 (Fig 61)Drying and Shrinkage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Figure 62 Shrinkage , two layers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Figure 63 Low Fibre content binding test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Figure 64 High fibre content binding test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 |115

Figure 65 Winding Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Figure 66 Exploded View of Winding Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Figure 67 Winding Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Figure 68 Winding Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Figure 69 Initial Prototype. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Figure 70 Winding Geometry details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Figure 71 Winding pattern generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Figure 72 Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Figure 73 History of Material Development (Arch Daily). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Figure 74 AR , SEED Studio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Figure 75 Aggregation Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Figure 76 Design Process - Form exploration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Figure 77 Solar Analysis of geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Figure 78 Extent of Cohabitation Space integration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

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