REOND KHUD BRIDGE A CASE STUDY ON STEEL TRUSSES

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HAMIRPUR

R_EOND KHUD BR_IDGE CASE STUDY ON STEEL TRUSSES

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTUR_E AR:-312 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERJAL R_OJECT GUIDE FCSANDEEP SHARMA (NITH) CONDUCTED BY VISHAL PRASHAR 196010, THIR_D YEAR

BACHELOR'.S OF ARCHITECTURE

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CONTENTS • SITE LOCATION &

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BRIDGE STRUCTURAL DETAILS

• INTRODUCTION TO ARCH BRIDGES • COMPONENTS OF STEEL TRUSS BRIDGES • PLAN & STRUCTURAL ERECTION DETAIL OF STEEL ARCH BR IOGE

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• DETAIL OF PLATE GIRDERS • DETAIL OF STEEL GIRDERS & FLANGE BEAM • DETAIL OF RIVETED JOINTS IN

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RAILWAY BRIDGE

• DETAIL OF GUSSET PLATE JOINIG STEEL MEMBERS • VIEWS OF

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STEEL ARCH BRIDGE

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• DOCUMENTATION PHOTOGRAPHS • SURROUNDINGS

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SITE LOCATION AND R_EOND KHUD STEEL ARCH BRJDGE DETAILS

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KANGRA, HlMACHAL PR ADESH BHAITl·I\\ A IT E & (IXl)I A) LTII.

This bridge was constructed for the 'Kangra Valley Railway' a 2ft 6in/762mm narrow gauge(NG) mountain railway branch of 'North Western Railway'(NWR), climbing from the Punjab plains up into hills of Mandi State . The Pathankot to Nagrota section, 68 miles(108 km) opened in 1927 and involved several engineering challenges including the Reond Khud Bridge.

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Just beyond Kangra station the line crosses the Reond Khud having a depth of more than 200 feet. The bridge (no 459) is unique in India.

Perhaps it is only steel bridge of its kind .

Main span is of 180 ft of three-pinned steel arch while the end spans are plate girders of 40 ft span, provided on eiVther side of the bridge.

Braithwaite and Construction Company fabricated the girder at their works in Mumbai . M/s . Rendel , Palmer and Tritton finalized design and drawing work.

The bridge is for narrow gauge line opened in 1927 for the Kangra Valley Railway. Main span of the bridge was constructed by projecting cantilever portion on either side of the bridge and then after connected in the center with the central pin.

To ensure safety of the workers, during the construction stage, cotton net was provided to give support to person accidentally falling down while erecting the girder. The whole erection work was completed in si x weeks time.

STEEL ARCH BRIDGE CONFIGURATIONS

INTRODUCTION TO BRIDGES Bridges are constructed in many different ways and are often identified by the materials they are constructed from and the designs constructed using these materials.

At the most simple level of engineering design, bridges come in three basic forms: Beam, Arch , and Suspension. From these three basic forms of bridge arise many different bridge types BR.IDGE PARTS

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Superstructure

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SPAN TYPES

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Cantilever Spans W ith Suspended Span

Types of construct ion material - steel. concrete. ti mber. prestressing. etc Struct ur al form - truss. beams. suspension. cantilever. etc.

Acco r ding to the pur pose of use - Road bridge. highway b1·idge. railway bridge. pedestrian. etc Acco r ding to span s of bri dges - culvert bridge. major span bl"idge. long -s pan bridge. etc

ARCH BRJDGES One of the oldest types of bridges can be identified as arch bridges. There are different types of bridges fallen into this category.

The load from the structure and the other applied loads are transferred to the Abutment through the arching action.

Most arch bridges function by thrusting the forces at an angle into the side of the abutments or piers at each end of the spans. As such. they often have angled bearings called Skewbacks.

AR.CH BRJDGE PAR_TS Ar ch Bri dge : whose deck is supported by suspenders attached lo an arch, which

exerts diagonal thrust against the lateral supports.

Trussed Arch : Arched girder consisting of two chords joined by a tr iangulated network of struts Thrus t : Point at which the arch is supported by the abutment Lower Chord : Lower lengthwise steel girder forming the metal arch Deck : Set of components making up the structure that carries the bridge's

traffic lanes Abutment : Base of the pier; it supports the arch's weight and thrust Pier : Solid concrete construction acting as counterwe ight to the thrust of the arch against the abutment

AR.CH BR.IDGE TYPES

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Column : Sturdy component forming a vertical support Portal Fr ame : Part of the deck's frame over firm ground, lying on columns Upper Chord : Upper lengthwise steel girder forming the metal arch.

Arch : Metal bow-shaped structure supporting the deck, whose load it transfers to the abutments

REOND KHUD STEEL ARCH BRIDGE : SPANDREL - BRACED WITH THREE - HINGED ARCH ON DECK

STEEL TRUSS BRJDGES

STRUCTURAL ERECTION DETAIL OF R_EOND ARCH BRJDGE

A truss is a structure that transfers the loads as axial forces. It does not subject to bending and shear actions.

Truss bridges are a form of a beam bridge, where a triangular framework of members and chords form a structure that functions as a large beam. Truss bridges are described according to the arrangement of the trusses: deck trusses (below the roadway}, pony trusses (above the roadway, but without overhead bracing), and through trusses (above the roadway, with overhead bracing).

Lateral (wind) bracing

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Portal strut and bracing

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SOURCE RECENT PRACTICE IN GIRDER ERECTION ON THE NORTH WESTERN RAILWAY BY MAJOR C F. CARSON, MC. R.E. The Reond Arch on the Kangra Valley Railway The Reond steel arch bridges a deep precipitous nallah with almost vertical sides rising to about 200 feet above the river bed, and spans, with the two forty-feet approach spans, an opening of 260 feet

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The arch is of the three pin spandrel braced type, 180 feet centre to centre of bearings, having a rise of 31 feet to the crown and is designed for a single line metre gauge loading although the floor system is arranged at present to suit the 2'-6" gauge of the line. An interesting and notable feature is that this arch is believed to be the first of its type to be constructed in India .

PLAN OF REOND ARC H BR.IDGE

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REOND STEEL ARCHED BRIDGE ELEVATION

TOPOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF REOND STEEL ARCHED BRIDGE THREE HINGED ARCH BRIDGE ERECTED OVER A NALLAH. STEEP SLOPE MOUNTAIN AND RIVER FLOWING BENEATH. ERECTED BRIDGE IN NEAR TO THE KANGRA RAILWAY STATION.

The bridge (no. 459) Depth of more than 200 feet Main span is of 180 ft of three-pinned steel arch End spans are plate girders of 40 ft span Weight of steelwork in Arch 259 tons Main span of the bridge was constructed by projecting cantilever portion on either side of the bridge and then after connected in the center with the central pin.

Braithwaite and Construction Company fabricated the girder at their works in Mumbai.

SPANDREL BRACINGS WITHOUT DECK JOINED WITH UPPER CHORD AND LOWER CHORD

HORIZONTAL MEMBER

Reond Steel arch bridge having a third hinge at the crown (mid-span). making it a three-hinged arch bridge. .

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DETAIL OF PLATE GIRDERS A plate girder is a built up I-beam section, used to carry heavy loads which cannot be carried economically by rolled I-sections. It is made by riveting or welding the steel plates in I-beam shape.

PLATE GIRDERS IN REOND ARCH BRIDGE I

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COMPONENTS OF PLATE GIRDER

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1. Web The deep central vertical plate is called as a web in plate girder. It separates the two flange plates by a required distance. Web is responsible to resist shear developed in the plate girder.

2. Flanges Flanges or flange plates are horizontal elements of plate girder which are provided at the top and bottom and they are separated by the web. The main purpose of flange plates is to resist the bending moment acting on the girder.

End spans are plate girders of 40 ft span , provided on either side of the bridge.

RIVETED JOINTS used to join the plate girders Generally, 90% of the shear is carried by the web.

Connection of the web and the flange is stabilized by the angel sections reverted to the flange. Reverts need to be designed for the horizontal shear.

PLATE GIRDER DETAILS

3. Stiffeners Vertical stiffeners are provided at right angles to the flanges and they are also called as transverse stiffeners. These are again classified into two types namely end stiffeners and intermediate stiffeners based on their position in the plate girder.

Flange platn B•ting stithnor

Horizontal stiffeners are provided in parallel to the flange plates. They are also called as longitudinal stiffeners. These stiffeners will improve the buckling strength of the web portion. Horizontal stiffeners are either continuous or discontinuous.

Pack ing plate

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Angle sections are used as web stiffness in revert girders.

DETAIL OF STEEL GIRDER_ & FLANGE BEAM

DETAIL OF R_IVETED JOINTS

A girder bridge is a bridge that uses girders as the means of supporting its deck The two most common types of modern steel girder bridges are plate and box.

Rivets are bolt-like devices made up of ductile metals, which are inserted through parallel holes drilled across the joining members and punched from the other side to produce perfect and permanent firm locking joints.

The term "girder" is often used interchangeably w ith "beam" in reference to bridge design.

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PLATE GIRDER

Lap Joint

BOX GIRDER

Butt Joint

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Chain Riveted Joint

Zig Zag Ri veted Joint

Single Riveted Joint

Wide flange beam girder

Double Riveted Joint

VER_TJCAL & HOR_IZONTAL STEEL MEMBER_

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Testing rivet for looseness

Rivet connection with cross bracing & stiffeners.

4CM Ri veted Joint used in Reond Arch Bridge

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Diamond Riveted Joint

DETAIL OF GUSSET PLATE JOINING STEEL MEMBER_S

DOCUMENTATION

SURROUNDINGS KANGRA RAILWAY STATION