Disaster relief architecture - PRASAD KAMTE

DISASTER RELIEF ARCHITECTURE

PRASAD RAMCHANDRA KAMTE ARCHITECTURAL THEORY Instructor - Prof. Nora Wendl Wednesday, May 10, 2017.

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WHAT IS A DISASTER? A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.1

WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE? An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypo center, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.2

Interesting Fact: 60% world’s population is living inside this small circle than outside of it.

WHAT IS THE NEED? At the beginning of the new modern era, States, nations have been prone to disasters which cause extensive damage to life & property & it also shatters the financial as well as socio-political balance thus affecting the development of country or state. therefore a precise, a proactive, comprehensive & sustained approach to disaster is needed.

WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS? Architects can play a vital role as a activist but the problem is, If architects focused on resilience building, are not integrally involved with communities who are suffering with hazards and new buildings then “who will be in charge of rebuilding towns and villages destroyed by earthquakes? The answer is disquieting: no one is in charge.”Architectural designs should accommodate earthquake studies & considerations, urban design in populous areas should consider the need to prevent the spread of fires, diseases.

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake Disaster Relief Architecture

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INTRODUCTION “Disaster” and “architecture”, are seem to be distracted and unrelated however history shows the evidences. In the 1st century BC, a roman architect, Marcus Vitruvius Pollio,3 proposed theory of disaster relief architecture that a building should exhibit the three essential qualities of strength, usefulness, and beauty in his work De Architectura.

Disaster relief architecture can come in many shapes, sizes and it can imply anywhere in the world, As Over the decades, Disaster relief architecture has seen multiple changes because of the technological advancements and modern innovations.

As disaster relief architecture is becoming a need of the current era, cause there are many architects who have been working in this field of Humanitarian Architecture, but still their efforts will not be enough to nurture the victims of the earthquake disaster, so it is everyone’s responsibility to take a serious note & act accordingly.

In this paper, we will see the the hazards, problems, needs & solutions on the earthquake disaster, with the help of the case studies of the renowned & award winning architects work like Ar.Shigeru Ban4, Ar. Alejandro Aravena5.

ABSTRACT As the human being accelerating towards a new innovations and discoveries,regardless,considering the natural disasters and the consequences,indeed,the world is changing rapidly thus the scope & scale of global connectivity and related insecurities are increasing, as are the threats of contagion & exposure to natural disasters & social violent conflict. As the damage created by natural caused disasters increases every year, there is an urgent need to begin creating long term solutions.

ACTIVITIES An urge to design a marvelous & imaginative structures drives the designers to think more about the structures functionally as well as aesthetically more efficient. Often the structural system serves a wonderful design as it makes a fusion of the geometry, Shape & the orientation. However there is no assurance that these structures could survive in a major earthquakes, even if their structural systems carried out by considering the all possible hazards and the safety guidelines by a team of expert architects & structural engineers.

From last six decades, especially in Indian subcontinent, the constant vibrations and earthquakes has been observed and this is a serious concern as the 60% of world’s population lives on a very short landmass. It is an Architect’s responsibility to consider the possible natural calamities and come up with a precise solution identifying the structural configurations.

3.It becomes a standard manual for engineers and architects.c.1486 Roman Empire, Rome, Italy De architectura/On Architecture, a treatise on architecture written by 1st-century BC Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, is printed in Rome, Italy. Versions of the text were known throughout the Middle Age but the discovery of a superior manuscript in1414 renewed interest in classic architecture.

4.Shigeru Ban is a Japanese architect, known for his innovative work with paper, particularly recycled cardboard tubes used to quickly and efficiently house disaster victims. He was profiled by Time magazine in their projection of 21st century innovators in the field of architecture and design.

5.Alejandro Gastón Aravena Mori is a Chilean architect from Santiago. He is executive director of the firm Elemental S.A. He won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2016.

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• • • • • • • • • • • • •

AIM 6 Establishing necessary system, structures, programs, resources, capabilities & guiding principles for reducing disaster risks.

Preparing for & responding to disaster & threats of disasters.

Saves life & property, avoid disruption of economic activity & damage to environment.

To ensure continuity & sustainability of development.

GOALS 7,8 Sustainable reduction in natural disaster risk.

Environmental building, education, awareness programs, strengthening the capacity for natural disaster and sustainable recovery.

Multi-hazard preparedness, response and mitigation plan at state, district, block and village levels.

Networking knowledge on effective approaches, methods and tools for natural disaster risk management, developing and promoting policy frame works.

To start the disaster risk management plan at all the levels and form disaster management teams to implement the plans.

Develop effective risk management campaign strategy like : Rallies, Mass meetings, Various competitions (Essay, Debate, Painting), Wall Paintings, Posters To impart specialized training – to trainers at all the levels, studies and research, workshops at national levels, training manuals, documentations.

To prepare multi-hazard risk management plans, mock drills, by trained volunteers all levels, the architects who have been intensively working in the field of humanitarian architecture, find out the feasibility of the plan to ensure greater role clarity.

Earthquakes do not kill people but buildings do.

OBJECTIVES • To assess risks vulnerabilities associated with various disasters.

• To develop appropriate disaster prevention & mitigation strategies, arrangements for accessing resources, supplies, equipment, funding etc.

• To provide clarity on roles & responsibilities for all concerned stakeholders.

• To ensure arrangement are in place to mobilize the resources & capable for relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction & recovery from disasters.

• To provide awareness & preparedness.

• To provide advice & training to agencies involved.

• To ensure co-ordination with agencies related to Disaster Management at all levels.

• To ensure relief through assistance to the affecting without any discrimination.

6. http://gujaratindia.gujarat.gov.in/Policies/Policy2.pdf 7. http://bhadrak.nic.in/emergency.htm?

8. http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter11_Disaster%20Management.pdf?

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ARCHITECT AS A CULTURAL ACTIVIST The concept “cultural activism” does not necessarily refer to action in the field of party-politics. Rather, it strengthens the importance of getting involved and to take active part in social processes, and to add them as a natural part of architectural practice.

As a cultural activist, the architect should be aware of the basic essential needs of the people who are suffering with starvation, diseases, and transportation issues after a disaster. He should always look for minority people who have been undergoing through these particular problems because it takes a lot of time to get an aid or any kind of help from the government, NGO’s or the U.N organizations.

An architectural process can be a primary contributor to a disaster but also can provide meaningful solutions and significantly impact the overall effectiveness of aid relief. Architectural involvement and representation throughout a community are essential elements for the optimal utilization of incoming aid and well planned, sustainable rebuilding.

Further, architectural planning provides forethought of needs, project management, sustainable development and a wider vision for an area, which inspires both efficiency as well as hope within a community.

Post disaster management is not limited with just providing a temporary shelter, but it is all about the engagement & involvement of the communities & the local people who have been suffering with constant change in nature & uncertainty.

It should be an architect’s responsibility to rehabilitate the victims as well as rebuild the infrastructure as early as possible and also think to try best to alleviate future risk mitigation in the design.

WHAT SHOULD BE AN ARCHITECT’S ROLE? After 1950, as high-rise buildings & skyscrapers has become statements of style & necessity where population and its density was a major concern & thus horizontal expansion was merely impossible. “Earthquakes do not kill but buildings do” cause people who are not in collapsing structures can survive their lives. No building can be a complete earthquake, collapse or resistant proof, Architects therefore need to study & analyze past data like soil conditions, context, and climatic conditions before executing the building The architect’s role in humanitarian architecture is to manage an entire project, although surrounded by multiple problems & issues but should have quality of a team leader, rather than being a lone genius, is very important cause it becomes very crucial to tackle with all the problems, at a time, also to deal with the different expertise & the local people.

An architect should be aware of the consequences after the disaster, judgment about the site context, an ability to make quick decisions with limited information about the site context, should be active, flexible, creative and should incorporate the entire community and aware them as well as engage them to recover from great loss due to earthquake and of course, should be energetic enough to handle the entire project at his own without any self benefits.

An architect must know about the local materials which could essentially help to reduce the cost of the building unit, he must have some basic conceptual designs & ideal sample modules prepared with him which could essentially lead him to relocate the people from one location to another. An architect’s major role in disaster relief architecture is to think more emotionally about the communities & people who are suffering with the multiple & complex problems. He should have a good understanding of development & humanitarian issues.

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WHAT SHOULD BE A QUICK APPROACH AFTER A DISASTER?

1. Assess traditional and contemporary vernacular housing 9 2. Consider availability of local resources, skills and labor 3. Conduct sensitization workshops with local community on safe and sustainable construction 4. Organize mason and contractor training workshops in appropriate technology 5. Construct a prototype of a locally appropriate, safe and sustainable shelter 6. Support the process of construction on a larger scale WHEN AN ARCHITECT SHOULD REFRAIN FROM PARTICIPATION? I, personally think that architects can do everything. Architects can become politicians too. An architect’s education is very compressive. After studying architecture, we can answer & respond to anything. By conceptualizing & designing social, cultural, political & economical process can lead architects and designers to contribute to the rethinking of new creation as well as urbanism.

An architectural process can be a primary contributor to a disaster but also can provide meaningful solutions and significantly impact the overall effectiveness of aid relief. In recent years, there have been multiple tragedies resulting from poorly built or under-supported structures. Bangladesh, Haiti, and China provide three different examples of how architecture destroyed by earthquakes and decay were primary contributors to the number of fatalities.

Architectural involvement and representation throughout a community are essential elements for the optimal utilization of incoming aid and well planned, sustainable rebuilding. Further, architectural planning provides forethought of needs, project management, sustainable development and a wider vision for an area, which inspires both efficiency as well as hope within a community.

9. http://gujaratindia.gujarat.gov.in/Policies/Policy2.pdf 10. http://bhadrak.nic.in/emergency.htm?

11.http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter11_Disaster%20Management.pdf?

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Structural safety is not the lone purpose of Architecture & cities they are designed to satiate everyday’s functions & to serve a better solution for living. As a cultural activist, the designer or an architect should comprehensively think about the site context, availability of local materials & then should start creating an ideal place considering the surrounding environment as well as safety. An architect should consider the consequences of earthquakes in such a comprehensive perspective cause people often forget the fact that the people who are victim of the an earthquake, their life still goes on even after disaster. It is clear that architecture and cities are more comprehensive, the only necessary thing is to see it from the views people’s lives.

Designers can help generate, design appropriate mitigation strategies for the communities & help them to aware about the humanitarian, also can guide them how to take a precaution if any earthquake happens in the future.9,10,11 First, they can work as advocates for sensible and prudent seismic safety programs.

Second,they can help address the needs of displaced residents for affordable housing or alternative commercial space.

Third, they can promote mitigation plans that respect & preserve the historic fabric of the community through architecturally sensitive retrofit designs.

Fourth,they can join in multidisciplinary research efforts to advance new technologies & directions in earthquake hazard mitigation activities.

SHIGERU BAN’S JAPANESE TRADITIONS INSPIRED HUMANITARIAN ARCHITECTURE & ITS SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PRACTICES (CASE STUDY)12 Shigeru Ban may be as well known for his innovative use of materials & low cost alternatives for the economical weaker section as for his compassionate approach to design. For a little over 30 years, he has intensively implied his extensive wisdom of recyclable materials, particularly paper and cardboard, to constructing high-quality, low-cost shelters for victims of disaster across the world - from Rwanda, to Haiti, to Turkey, Japan, and more.

Shigeru Ban Architects has released images of their first emergency shelter prototype designed for Nepal. Planned to be built by the end of August, the simple shelter is designed to be easily assembled by almost anyone. Using connecting modular wooden frames (3ft x 7ft or 90cm x 210cm), salvaged rubble bricks are used to infill the wall’s cavities while paper tube trussing supports the roof. As Shigeru Ban says, will allow for “quick erection & nearly immediate inhabitation.”

12.http://www.seismic.ca.gov/pub/CSSC_1991-10_ARCHREP_.pdf 13.http://www.archdaily.com/489255/the-humanitarian-works-of-shigeru-ban

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Shigeru ban is the only architect in the world who has been making the low cost buildings out of the paper since 1984, before people start worrying about the environmental issues. Dealing with a new materials is always a challenging and precarious task still Shigeru used a paper, the most delicate material, and started testing paper tubes in order to implement it as a building structure material. This material was very complex in nature however possessing the waterproof and fireproof characteristics.

Shigeru Ban has travelled to Ecuador to help with disaster relief, following a major earthquake that has caused the death of over 650 people. The 2016 Ecuador earthquake occurred on 16 April. Measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale, it was felt strongly in the capital Quito, and resulted in over 17,000 casualties. Ban was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 2014, partly in recognition of his pioneering use of cardboard and other low-cost materials for disaster relief architecture.

Shigeru Ban designed modular shelters for Nepal14 earthquake victims, featuring a cardboard roof truss system other projects include a temporary cardboard cathedral to replace the one destroyed in Christchurch, New Zealand, and timber and earth houses for the rehabilitation of a Sri Lankan fishing village.

14.https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/14/shigeru-ban-designs-modular-shelters-for-nepal-earthquake-victims-disaster-relief/

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WHAT SHOULD BE THE GUIDELINES FOR HOUSING IN EARTHQUAKE PRONE ZONES? On the subject of earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings, various standards, criteria, works and guidelines are already framed. The scope of these guidelines is to highlight the essential and most important of earthquake occurrence, its effect on habitat, principles of earthquake resistant design and construction which would achieve non collapse protection of buildings from the onslaught of maximum earth quakes as covered in the codes and guidelines.

OBJECTIVES The methodology adapted is to state the essential principles and make a reference as necessary to the relevant standard for detailed treatment.

ACTIVITIES There are certain features which if taken into consideration at the stage of architectural planning and design of building their performance during earth quake will be appreciable improved.

LIGHTNESS Since the earthquake force is a function of mass, building should be as light as possible consistent with structural safety and functional equipments, roofs and upper storage of buildings in particular, should be designed as light as possible.

Projecting and suspended parts: • Projecting parts like large cornices, facia stones, parapets etc should be avoided as far as possible otherwise they should be properly reinforced and firmly tied to the main structure.

• Ceiling plaster should preferable be avoided, otherwise it should be as thin as possible and applied with care to ensure good adhesion.

• Suspended ceiling should preferable be avoided where necessary, it should be light adequately framed and securely connected.

BUILDING CONFIGURATION: PLAN15 The building should have a simple rectangular plan and be symmetrical both with respect to mass and rigidity or center of mass and rigidity of the building should be made to coincide with each other. If symmetry of the structure is not possible in plan, elevation or mass distribution, provision must be made for torsion or other effects due to earthquake forces in the structural design. Also structurally, a cellular plan with floor space divided into separate rooms will be more resistant to resume forces than one large room with mobile partitions. Otherwise the long walls should be supported by reinforced cement columns and buttresses.

OPTIONAL SEISMIC DESIGNS The structure should be designed to have adequate strength against earthquake effects along both the horizontal axis. This can be achieved either by having columns of square sections or by orienting the major axis of the columns or shear walls along the two axis of the building.

SEPARATION OF WINGS Large buildings having plans with shape like ‘L’ ‘C’ ‘T’ ‘E’ and ‘Y’ should preferable be separated into rectangular blocks by providing separation sections at appropriate places. Separation section is a gap of specified width between adjacent buildings or parts of the same building, either left uncovered or covered suitably to permit movement in order to avoidhammering due to earthquake. Complete section is separation section filed or covered with appropriate material which can crumple or fracture in an earthquake.

In case of frame constructing, members should be duplicated on either side of the separation or crumple section. As an expensive and not so alternative in certain cases, such duplication may not be provided. But the portion on either side designed to act as cantilever. Where separation is necessary, a complete separation of the parts should be made except below the plinth level. The plinth beams, foundation beams and footings may be continuous.

15. http://www.tn.gov.in/tsunami/digitallibrary/ebooks-web/29%20Earth_Quack_Tips.pdf?

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GUIDELINES Buildings must be designed like ductile chain. E.g. Like common urban residential apartment construction. The multi-Storied buildings may be made of reinforced concrete. It consists of horizontal and vertical members, namely beams and columns. The seismic inertia forces generated at its floor level are transferred though the various beams and columns to the ground. The correct building components need to be made ductile.

The failure of a column can affect the stability of the whole building. But the failure of a beam causes a localized affect.

Therefore it is better to make beams to be the ductile weaklings than columns. This method of designing reinforced concrete building is called the strong column weak beam design method.

SIZE OF THE BUILDING In tall buildings with large height to base size ratio, the horizontal movement of the floors during ground shaking is large.

In short but very long building the damaging effects during earthquake shaking are many. And, in buildings with large plan area like warehouses, the horizontal seismic forces can be excessive to be carried by columns & walls.

HORIZONTAL LAYOUT OF THE BUILDINGS In general buildings with simple geometry in plan have performed well during strong earthquakes. Buildings with re-entrant corners, like those U, V, H & + shaped have sustained significant damage. Many times, the bad effects of these interior corners in the plan of buildings are avoided by making the buildings in two parts.

VERTICAL LAYOUT OF THE BUILDINGS The earthquake forces developed at different floor levels in a building need to be brought down along the height to the ground by the shortest path, any deviation or discontinuity in this load transfer path results in poor performance of the Building. Building with vertical setbacks ( like the hotel buildings with a few storeys wider than the rest ) cause a sudden jump in earthquake forces at the level of discontinuity Building that have fewer columns or walls in a particular storey or with unusually tall storey, tend to damage or collapse which is initiated in that storey.

Many buildings with an open ground storey intended for parking collapsed or were severely damaged. Buildings on sloppy ground have unequal height columns along the slope, which causes ill effects like twisting & damage in shorter columns.

Buildings with columns that hang or float on beams at an intermediate storey & do not go all the way to the foundation have discontinuities in the load transfer path. Some buildings have reinforced concrete walls to carry the earthquake loads to the foundations. Building in which these walls do not go all the way to the ground but stop at an upper level, are liable to get severely damaged during earthquakes.

ADJACENCY OF BUILDINGS16 When two buildings are too close to each other, they may found on each other during strong shaking. With increase in building height, this collision may be greater problem. When building heights do not match the roof of the shorter building may found at the mid-height of the column of the taller one, this can be very dangerous.

Taking into consideration the above points one will continue to make buildings interesting rather than monotonous. However, this need not be alone at the cost of poor behavior & earthquake safety of buildings.

Architectural features that are determined to earthquake response of buildings should be avoided. If not they must be minimized when irregular features are included in Buildings, a considerably higher level of engineering effort is required in the structural design & yet the building may not be as good as one with simple architectural features.

Decisions made at the planning stage on building configuration are more important or are known to have made greater difference than accurate determination of wide specified design forces.

16.https://www.materialtree.com/blog/architectural-features-affect-buildings-during-earthquakes/

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SEISMIC SAFETY & ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES INTRODUCTION: The performance of building during & after extreme events is an important issue particularly in developing countries where building quality tends to be lower. Improving global building standards is an essential challenge to be met of we are to reduce the human & financial costs of extreme natural events. Modern building codes identify the need to raise design standards for public buildings. Better resistance to natural forms can be achieved by improving standard design & construction practice & learning from the well documented lessons of past experienced.

OBJECTIVES: Preserve the life & safety our employees & the public during a major Earthquakes. Protect the federal investment in buildings & human recourses.

ACTIVITIES: The essence of successful seismic design is three-fold. First, the design team must take a multi-hazard approach towards design that accounts for the potential impacts of seismic forces as well as all the major hazards to which an area is may exceed the minimum life safety requirements of current seismic codes, must be established to respond approximately to the threats and risks posed by natural hazards on the buildings mission & occupants. Third, & as important as the others, because earthquake forces are dynamic and each building responds according to its own design complexity, it is essential that the design team work collaboratively & have a common understanding of the terms & methods used in the seismic design process.

GUIDELINES: The principles & strategies of seismic design & construction are applied in a systematic approach that matches an appropriate response to specific conditions through the following major steps.

ANALISE THE SITE CONDITIONS 17,18 : It’s location & physical properties of the site are the primary influences the entire design process. The following question can serve as a checklist to identify seismic design objectives.

1. Where is the location of nearest fault?

2. Are there consolidated natural or man made fills present?

3. Is there a potential for landslide or liquefaction on or near the site?

4. Are there vulnerable transportation, communication &utilities connections?

5. Are there any hazardous materials on the site to be protected?

6. Is there potential for battering by adjacent buildings?

Consider mission critical or business continuity threats of seismicity on adjacent sites or elsewhere in the vicinity that may render the project site inaccessible or causes the loss of utilities, threats of fire or the release of toxic materials to the site. Conduct subsurface investigations to discover loose soils or uncontrolled fill that could increase ground motion. Hard dense soil remains more stable, while solid dense rock is the most predictable & seismically safe Building base.

Structural & architectural detailing & construction quality control is very important to ensure ductility & natural damping & to keep damages to a limited & repairable range. The prospect of structural & non-structural damage is not likely to be eliminated without the prudent use of energy dissipating devices.

The cost of adding energy-dispatching devices is in the range of 1-2% of the total structural cost.

This is not a large number, particularly when related to the life-cycle cost of the building within a 30-50 year life cycle the cost is negligible.

17.https://www.materialtree.com/blog/architectural-features-affect-buildings-during-earthquakes/

18.http://www.wbdg.org/resources/seismic-design-principles?r=public_library Disaster Relief Architecture

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WHY IS IT ESSENTIAL TO TEACH DISASTER RELIEF ARCHITECTURE IN THE SCHOOL? Disaster is a very unpredictable thing which is caused by the movements in the tectonic plates & it can be happened anywhere in the world. Scientists, researchers have discovered new technologies to predict the time, location & the intensity of the earthquake disaster, however they still are fighting how to design an ideal architectural module which would survive in any major earthquake.

Earthquake is a natural disaster and no one can avoid it however, by the use of new technologies, use of renewable materials we can design some sample models which could be very useful after disaster.

If the students study about the consequences, hazards, problems, solutions, necessity about this particular topic they can provide some valuable, useful innovations to the world where many people are struggling with major serious issues. A sustainable solutions should be taught in the school level so that the students can serve a better alternative for the low economical group whose daily income is less than $2. World’s 60% population lives on a very small landmass thus it becomes very complicated, sometimes merely impossible to reach the aids to the people due to the transportation issues, population density, extreme geographical conditions, which results in deaths of many people because of not getting a proper food, water, medication on time. And the number deaths after disaster are more than the number of deaths during the disaster.

Students also can make some iterations, suggestions & essential changes in government bye-laws, rules and regulations which would ultimately help people from losing their lives and houses in earthquake prone zone. The primary goal is to reach a disaster area quickly and efficiently,establish necessary shelter and infrastructure for the poor people.

ability to make quick decisions with limited information

creativity

community engagement good understaning of development & humanitarian issues humanity cultural activist flexibility

ARCHITECT AS A TEAM LEADER

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While Hazards Are Inevitable, Each Hazard Need Not Convert Into A Disaster‌ As What Comes In Between Is The Culture of Safety And Prevention

Let us Work Together to Build a Culture of Prevention !

CONCLUSION The best way to achieve long term resilience is through development phases that create needed resources and establish sustainable construction techniques in disaster areas. The goal is to reach a disaster area and, quickly and efficiently, establish necessary shelter and infrastructure.

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REFERENCE: 01. World-architects eMagazine - The Materials of Shigeru Ban http://www.world-architects.com/pages/insight/materials-shigeru-ban 02. Shigeru Ban to Help With Disaster Relief Following Ecuador Earthquake April 26,2016 http://www.archdaily.com/tag/disaster-relief 03. Mud and straw homes could be answer for earthquake regions By Marlene Dodinval, Friends of Lotan,May 26,2015 https://www.israel21c.org/mud-and-straw-homes-could-be-answer-for-earthquake-regions/ 04. Disaster Management http://www.disastermgmt.org/type/earthquake.html 05. Why is india experiencing so many earthquakes? https://www.quora.com/Why-is-india-experiencing-so-many-earthquakes 06. Shigeru Ban designs modular shelters for Nepal earthquake victims Amy Frearson | 14 August 2015 https://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/14/shigeru-ban-designs-modular-shelters-for-nepal-earthquake-victims-disaster-relief/ 07. The Humanitarian Works of Shigeru Ban 01:00 - 24 March, 2014 by AD Editorial Team http://www.archdaily.com/489255/the-humanitarian-works-of-shigeru-ban 08. Help Shigeru Ban Provide Emergency Shelter to Nepal 13:05 - 7 May, 2015 by Karissa Rosenfield http://www.archdaily.com/628632/help-shigeru-ban-provide-emergency-shelter-to-nepal 09. 12 Disaster Relief Projects by Shigeru Ban Architects The architect’s use of simple materials to alleviate suffering led jurors to award him the 2014 Pritzker Prize winner. By KRISTON CAPPS http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/12-disaster-relief-projects-by-shigeru-ban-architects_o 10. Shigeru Ban joins disaster relief effort following Ecuador earthquake Amy Frearson | 27 April 2016 https://www.dezeen.com/2016/04/27/shigeru-ban-joins-disaster-relief-effort-ecuador-earthquake/ 11. In The Face Of Disaster, Pritzker Winner Shigeru Ban Designs Solutions March 24, 20144:38 PM ET http://www.npr.org/2014/03/24/292420643/pritzker-winner-shigeru-ban-designs-solutions-in-the-face-of-disaster 12.10 groundbreaking designs by Shigeru Ban that changed our ideas about architecture http://inhabitat.com/8-top-projects-by-2014-pritzker-prize-laureate-shigeru-ban/ 13. Famed architect Shigeru Ban builds quake-proof homes from rubble in Nepal CREDIT RSS | Mon Dec 28, 2015 | 9:19pm EST http://www.reuters.com/article/nepal-quake-architecture-idUSKBN0UC05820151229 14. BEAUTY ISN’T TEMPORARY Shigeru Ban, architect of sublime cardboard buildings, creates a permanent legacy https://qz.com/431520/shigeru-ban-architect-of-sublime-cardboard-buildings-creates-a-permanent-legacy/ 15.The Materials of Shigeru Ban https://www.world-architects.com/en/pages/insight/materials-shigeru-ban 16. Relief Architecture: 27 Amazing Projects from Around the World https://www.buildabroad.org/2016/06/20/relief-architecture/ Disaster Relief Architecture

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RESEARCH BOOKS: 17. Building Configuration and Seismic Design The Architecture of Earthquake Resistance, INFORMATION RESOURCES NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION https://nehrpsearch.nist.gov/static/files/NSF/PB82158569.pdf 18. National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) National Disaster Management Authority Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India May 2016 http://ndma.gov.in/images/policyplan/dmplan/National%20Disaster%20Management%20Plan%20May%202016.pdf 19. The Role of Architecture Education in Natural Disaster Mitigation Proceedings of 2016 2nd International Conference on Architecture, Structure and Civil Engineering (ICASCE’16) London (UK), March 26-27, 2016 http://urst.org/siteadmin/upload/4198U0316305.pdf 20. ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS A Report of the Committee on the Architect’s Role in Earthquake Hazard Mitigation http://www.seismic.ca.gov/pub/CSSC_1991-10_ARCHREP_.pdf This report was prepared to explore roles for architects in seismic design and post-earthquake response, and to consider the kinds of relationships between architects, structural engineers, clients and others that can promote good seismic design and satisfactory building performance.

21.Earthquake-resistant Design for Architects Edited by the Japan Institute of Architects and Japan Aseismic Safety Organization, Shokokusha http://www.uia-architectes.org/sites/default/files/earthquake_resistant_SM.pdf 22.Architect’s role in building’s seismic performance SKC Varthi K and DR DK Paul, building science https://www.coa.gov.in/show_img.php?fid=149 23.National Disaster Management Guidelines, Management of Earthquakes, India. April 2007.

National Disaster Management Authority, Government of India.

24.Architecture for Disasters: Utilizing Architecture to Effectively Provide Disaster Relief: A case study on Poverty in the Dominican Republic Bachelor of Architecture Fall 2014 25.Elementary Seismology CT.Lakshmanan, Assistant Professor (Selection Grade) School of Architecture & Interior Design, SRM University 26.REDUCING RISK AND PROMOTING SUSTAINABILITY IN THE FOOTHILLS OF THE HIMALAYAS A Pedagogy for Teaching and Practicing Sustainable Development International Journal of Architectural Research, ArchNet iJAR Sarah Ernst and Andrew Edwards This paper considers the role of a workshop as an educational approach and as a catalyst for positive change in the context of vulnerability and risk in the foothills of the Himalayas in the region of Uttarakhand, northern India.

27.Guidelines for earthquake resistant design, construction & retrofitting of buildings in Afghanistan ,June 2003 Ministry of urban development & housing (MUDH) Government of Afghanistan

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28.SEISMIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES http://www.wbdg.org/resources/seismic-design-principles?r=public_library

by Gabor Lorant, FAIA Lorant Group, Inc. / Gabor Lorant Architects, Inc. Updated: 11-10-2016 This resource page provides an introduction to the concepts and principles of seismic design, including strategies for designing earthquake-resistant buildings to ensure the health, safety, and security of building occupants and assets.

29.Asian Disaster Management News Vol.10 – No.1 October – December 2004 How architectural features affect buildings during earthquakes & importance of Architectural Features 30.Earthquake tips Learning Earthquake Design and Construction, Part -1 Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council Ministry of Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation Government of India http://www.tn.gov.in/tsunami/digitallibrary/ebooks-web/29%20Earth_Quack_Tips.pdf?

31.Know all about how Architectural features affect buildings during Earthquakes? https://www.materialtree.com/blog/architectural-features-affect-buildings-during-earthquakes/ Feb 29, 2016 2:39:55 PM By Chethan BS 32.EARTHQUAKE SAFETY CONSTRUCTION: FROM GUIDELINES TO PRACTICE Experiences from School Earthquake Safety Initiative Project http://www.preventionweb.net/files/20080_20080schoolretrofits1.pdf 33.Chapter XI DISASTER MANAGEMENT http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter11_Disaster%20Management.pdf

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