hnIk\hpw kp每nc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
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hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw: tIcfØnse sNdpInS kwcw`I {]h¿Ø\߃ -
2
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw: tIcfØnse sNdpInS kwcw`I {]h¿Ø\߃ -
ISBN: 978-81-908155-3-6 © 2010, Edition - first
Published by
TM
Prakruthi
ISO 9001:2008 Certified Organisation
43, 2nd Cross, Ramaya Layout St. Thomas Town Post Kammanahalli Bangalore 560 084, India www.prakruthi.org
Compiled and Edited by V A Augustine, Prakruthi Design and Layout by Rajesh M V Printed at National Printing Press, Bangalore 3
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
DffS°w
apJhpc
5
Biw-k
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BapJw
9
tXbn-e-bpsS Ncn{Xw
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C¥ybn¬ tXbne Bcw`hpw hym]-\hpw
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hSs° hb-\m-´nse tXbn-e- Ir-jnhym]\w
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C¥ybpsS kºØv hyhÿ-bn¬ tXbn-e-bpsS ]¶v
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hb\mSv At{Km aqhvsa‚v So Iº\nbpsS cq]n-I-c-Whpw {]h¿Ø\ßfpw
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{]Ir-Xn, tkmfn-Um-cn-UmUv kao-]-\ßfpw {]h¿Ø\ßfpw
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D‰vkv So t{]mPIvSn-s‚ hnI-k\ kao-]\w
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hb\mSv At{Km aqhvsa‚v So Iº-\n-bn¬ D‰vkv So t{]mPIvSns‚ Bcw`-hpw {]h¿Ø\ßfpw
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GIXm˛D‰vkv So t{]mP-IvSns‚ {][m\ e£yßfpw, {]-h¿Ø\ taJ-e-bpw
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D‰vkv So t{]mP-IvSn-s‚ t\´-߃
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KpW-\n-c-hm-c-ap≈ Nmb D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ So t_m¿Uns‚ \n¿t±-i-߃ 41 4
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
43, 2nd Cross, Ramaya Layout St. Thomas Town Post Kammanahalli Bangalore 560 084, India www.prakruthi.org
apJhpc
Bhm-kh - y-hÿ - b - psS \ne-\nev∏pw XpS¿kwc-£W - hpw, Pew, aÆv, ssPhk-ºØv, XpS-ßnb ASn-ÿm\ hn`-h-ß-tfmSp≈ ka-tbm-Pn-X-amb a\p-jys‚ Btcm- K y- ] - c hpw imkv { Xo- b - h p- a mb CS- s ]- S - e p- I - f pw, \ap°pw hcpw Xeapdbv°pw th≠n-bp≈ ssIam-‰-hp-am-Wv bYm¿∞ hnI-k\w. A-Sn-ÿm\ hn-`-h-ß-fpsS kzm`-m-hnI DZv]m-Z\£aX h¿≤n∏n®v, _mlyLS-I-ß-fpsS \nb-{¥n-X- D]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS KpW-ta∑ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw, Dev∏-∂-߃°v kpÿnc hn]Wn Is≠Øn kmº-ØnI {Z-Xbpw, `-£y-kp-c-£bpw, ka-{K-hnI-k-\hpw, Dd∏phcp-Øp-hm-\p≈ hnI-k\ kao-]-\-amWv kzoI-cn-t°-≠Xv. C∂v KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ Dev∏-∂-߃°v tZiob A¥¿tZ-iob hn]-Wn-bn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ aq√ym-[n-jvSn-Xhpw kmaqly {]Xn-_-‘-Xbpw Dd∏p hcp-Øn-bm¬ am{Xta Ign-bq. AXv hgn ]pØ≥ kao-]\ - ß - fpw _Z¬ hmWnPy kwkv°m-chpw cq]-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu kwkv°m-c-Øn-s‚ hnπ-hm-fl-I-amb hf¿®-bn¬ Irjn-bp-sS ka{K hf¿®-sb-°p-dn-®pw, hn`h-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-KsØ-°p-dn-®pw, imkv{Xob ]T-\-ßfpw kpÿn-chpw, B-tcm-Ky-]-c-hp-amb {]h¿Ø\ß-fpw, \S-tØ-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. CXn-s‚ `-mK-ambn ]›n-a-L-´Øn-s‚ `-mKhpw ssPh-k-º-Øp-sIm≠v A\p-{K-lo-X-hp-amb hb-\m-´n¬, hb-\mSv At{Km aqhn-sa‚v So Iº\n Icn-am\nbpambn kl-I-cn®v tXbne taJ-e-bn¬ D‰vkv So s{]mPIvSv \S-∏n-em°n hcp-∂p.- Kp-W-ta-∑-bp≈, km-aq-ly- {]-Xn-_-‘-X-bp≈ Nmb-bn-eqsS sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cp-sS-bpw, sXm-gnem-fn-I-fp-sS-bpw, CXc KpW-t`-m-‡m-°-fp-sS-bpw, ka{KhnI-k-\-amWv e£yw. Cu s{]m-PIvSv \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Rßsf klm-bn-°p∂ Icn-am\n hmw So Iº-\n-sbbpw tkmfn-Um-cn-Um-Un-s\-bpw,- k-lI - m-cn-Is- f-bpw,- kvt\-lt- ØmsS 5
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
kvacn-°p-∂p.- Z-£n-tW¥ybn¬ tXbn-e-bpsS hym]-\-sØ-∏-‰n-bpw,- sN-dpInS tXbne I¿j-I-cpsS temI-Ønse BZysØ kwcw-`-amb D‰vkv So s{]m-P-IvSns\-∏-‰nbpw Adnhv \evIp-hm≥ hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw F∂ ]pkvXIw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-™-Xn¬ {]IrXn°v Gsd kt¥m-jhpw Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-hp-ap-≠v. Cu ]pkvXIw Gh¿°pw KpW-{]-Z-am-bn-Øo-cs´ F∂m-iw-kn-°p-∂p. kvt\l-]q¿Δw, {]tamZv tPm¨ FIvknIyq´ohv UbcIvS¿ {]IrXn
6
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw Rev. Dr. James Purathail CST Managing Director WAM Tea Co. Ltd. Karimani, Wayand Dsit. Kerala
Biw-k
]c-kv]c- - _‘ap≈ kw`h-߃ Dd-™p-Iq-Sn-bX - mWv Ncn-{Xw. Ncn-{X-Øn\v aÆns‚ aWhpw \nd-hp-ap-≠v. hnb¿∏ns‚ Dujva-f-X-bp-ap-≠v. krjvSm-hmb ssZhw krjv S n I¿ΩØn¬ ]q¿ÆX shfnhm°n- s °m- ≠ ncn°p- ∂ p. AhnSpsØ A\p-Icn-°p-Ibpw ]≤-Xn-bn¬ ]¶p-]-‰p-Ibpw sNøp∂ a\pjy\pw {]h¿Øn-bnepw ImgvN-∏m-Snepw ]q¿Æ-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww. a\p-jy≥ X\n°p e`n-®n-cn-°p∂ _p≤nbpw Ign-hp-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn®v NqjWw sNømsX `qansb kwc-£n-°-Ww. a\p-jy≥ Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-sb- A-h-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv hgn A\y-\m-IW - w. a\p-jy≥ X∂n-te°v Xncn™v hnNn-¥\w sNtø≠ ka-ba- m-bn. Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ D≠m-bn-´p≈ Dƒ°m-gvNbpw \qX-\m-hn-jv°m-c-ßfpw F√m- I¿j-I-cn-te°pw {]IrXn kvt\ln-I-fn-te°pw FtØ-≠-Xm-Wv. Icn-am\n hmw So Iº-\n-°p-th-≠n-bp≈ D‰vkv (UTZ) k¿´n^n-t°-j≥ F∂Xv ]T-\-Øn-t‚bpw ]cnioe\-Øn-t‚bpw \o≠ {]{Inb Bbn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ \n¿Δ-lW GP≥kn {]IrXnbmWv. ^mIvS-dn-bp-sSbpw, Im¿jn-Ikw-Ka- Ø - n-eqsSbpap-≈ kwhm-Zß - f- n-eq-sSbpamWv e£y-Øn¬ FØn-t®¿∂Xv \ne-\n¬∏p≈ KpW-\n-e-hmcw (Sustainable quality) F∂Xm-bn-cp∂p e£y-an-´X - v. tXbne sNSn-Iƒ Im¿jnI kμ¿i\ ]T\ ]cn-]m-e-\-bn-eqsS Btcm-Kyap-≈Xpw D¬∏m-Z-\-tijnbp≈Xpam-I-Ww. \√ sImfpØv ^mIvS-dn-bn-seØ-Ww. ^mIvdn kwhn-[m-\ß - f- n¬ tPmen-°m¿°pw, sajo-\p-Iƒ°pw G‰hpw KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈Xpw hio-I-cn-°p∂ kuμ-cyhpw BI¿j-I-amb \nd-ap≈ tXbne D¬∏m- Z n- ∏ n- ° p- h m≥ X°- h Æw £a- X bpw ss\]p- W yhpw 7
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xpw \nc-¥-c-hp-amb KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw KpW\n¿Æ-bhpw hgn D¬∏-∂Ø - n\v am¿°‰v ]nSn-®p-]‰- m\pw D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v kwXr]vXnbpw \¬Ip-hm≥ km[n-°-Ww. kmaqly {]Xn- _ - ‘ X B]v X - h m- I y- a m- ° n- b n- c n- ° p∂ {]IrXn F∂ {]ÿm\w G‰hpw \√ ^ew Df-hm-°p-hm≥ {]h¿Ø\ \nc-Xhpw {]Xn-PvRm_-‘-hp-am-Wv. hmw So Iº\nsb∂ Iq´mbva Bflm¿∞-ambpw. KpW-\n-e-hmc-ap≈ tXbne D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-\mbn bXv\n-°p∂ I¿j-I¿ F√m {]Xn-Iqe kml-N-cy-ß-sfbpw AXn-Po-hn-®p-sIm≠v KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-∏m-°p-hm≥ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ KpW-\n-e-hmcw kpÿn-c-am-°p-hm≥ C\nbpw hfsc apt∂m´p t]mtI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. {]kvXpX e£y-Øn-se-Øp-hm≥ Cu ]pkvXIw \nd-™p-\n¬°p-∂Xv {]kvXm-hy-amb \n¿t±-i-ßfpw, A\p-`hpw, Adnhpw, Z¿i-\hpw Znim-hn-jv°cWhpam-Wv. Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Xmfp-Iƒ t]mse-bmWv CXn\p ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn-®-h-sc√mw {]tXy-In®v {]Ir-Xnsb kvt\ln-°p∂ {]Ir-Xn°v A`n-\-μ-\-߃.
Icn-am\n 20.09.2010
8
^m. Pbnwkv ]pd-Ø-bn¬ CST
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
BapJw
]›n-a-L´ Bhm-khyhÿ-bpsS `mK-ambn kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw 3500˛4000 ASn Db-c-Øn¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ `q{]-tZ-i-amWv hb-\mSv Pn√. tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw D¬`-hn®v Ing-t°m´v HgpIn _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en¬ ]Xn-°p∂ I_\n \Zn-bp-sSbpw t]mj-I-\-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw \Zo-X-S-kw-kv°m-camWv hb-\m-Sn-\p-≈X - v. ssPh-kwºpjvSamb hb-\m´n¬ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v apºv Xs∂ a\pjyhmk-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂Xmbn Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ssP\ Aº-e-߃, F-S-°¬ Kpl, Sn-∏phns‚ ]S-tbm´w, ho-c-]-g-»n-bpsS NcnXw, Ip-Sn-tb‰ I¿j-I-cpsS Ncn-{Xw, ]pcm-X\ Aº-e-߃, ]≈n-Iƒ, h≈nbq¿°mhv D¬k-h߃,- P∑n˛IpSn-bm≥, A-Sna°-®hS k{º-Zm-bw, Xncp-s\√n ]m]-\min\n, ]p¬∏≈n koXm-tZhn t£{Xw, tImtdmw,- _m-h-en,hm-cmw-º‰ ap…nw ]≈n-Iƒ, ]-≈n-°p∂v, Np≠, am\-¥-hmSn, {InkvXy≥ ]≈n-Iƒ XpSßn-bh hb-\mSns‚ kwkv°m-cs- Øbpw X\n-as- bbpw kqNn∏n°p-∂p. hnimeamb s\¬∏m-S-ßfpw, N-Xp-∏v\n-e-ßfpw, sN-dp]pgIfpw, tXm-Sp-Ifpw, ]q-t°mSv XSmIw XpS-ßn-b-hbpw hb-\m-Sn-s‚ ssPh -B-hm-k hyhÿ-sbbpw ^e-]p-jvSn-sbbpw kwc-£n®p t]mcp-∂p. hb¬\m-SmWv ]n∂oSv hb-\m-Smbn amdn-b-Xv. Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, a™ƒ, Im∏n XpS-ßnb Irjnbpw kpK‘ hyRvP\ßfpw hb-\m-´n¬ kpe-`-am-bn-cp-∂p. Irjn-bp-ambn _‘s∏´v \nc-h[n BNm-cm-\p-jvSm-\-ßfpw kmwkv°m-cnI \mS≥ Iem-cq-]-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. shfn-b≥, K-‘-I-im-e,- tNm-am-e,- sXm≠n XpS-ßnb s\¬hnØp-Iƒ P\-{]oXn t\Sn-bn-cp∂p. H°¬ ]m´p-Iƒ, Imh¬ ]m´p-Iƒ Ch-bn¬ {][m-\-ß-fm-Wv hb-\m-´n¬, Ipdp-a¿, ASn-b¿, ]Wn-b¿, Ipdn®y¿ XpS-ßn- ]-{¥-t≠m-fw BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-߃ D≠v. ]p¬∏≈n-bn¬ hm¬aoIn 9
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
[ym\n-®n-cp∂ ÿew, koXm-tZhn Hfn-®p-Xm-a-kn-®n-cp∂ ÿew D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xmbn ]g-a-°m¿ ]d-bp-∂p. `t£ymXv∏∂-Øn\v ap≥Xq°w sImSpØv Irjnsb I≠n-cp∂ Imew D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]mc-ºcy˛sshZy≥amcpw Bbp¿tΔZ NnIn¬km˛co-Xn-Ifpw BtcmKytaJ-ebv°v DW¿Δpw kwc-£-Whpw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. {_n´ojv `c-W-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v \mWyhnf-Iƒ°v {]m[m\yw hcn-Ibpw Im∏n,- tX-bne, XpS-ßnb Irjn-Iƒ hy]Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw, hmWnPy kwcw-`-߃ XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xe-t»cn, tIm-gn-t°mSv, Ip‰ym-Sn {]tZ-iß - f- n¬ \n∂pw hb-\m-´n-¬ h∂v I®-hS- ß - ƒ \S-Øp∂ coXnbmbn-cp∂p Bcw-`Im-eØv. C∂pw AXn-s‚ ]n≥Xe-ap-d-°m¿ hb-\m-´n¬ D≠v. hS°v Ing°v sNcn™v InS-°p∂ sU°m≥ ]oT`q-an-tbmSv kam-\-amb hb- \ m- ´ n¬, Im∏n, tXbne Irjn- I ƒ°v A\¥km[yXIƒ D- s ≠∂v a\- n-em-°nb A∂sØ `cWIqShpw, I¿j-Icpw hym]-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Irjn Bcw-`n-®p. 1889˛¬ tXbne hb-\m-´n¬ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw h≥InS tXm´-߃ D≠m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
hb-\mSv Geography `qan-imkv{X]cw {]tXyIX hnkvXo¿Æw h\`qan Irjn`qan P\-km-{μX kv{Xo/]pcp A\p-]mXw {]Xn-io¿j hcp-am\w P\-kwJy ]m¿e-sa‚v aWvUew \nb-a-k`m aWvUew ap≥kn∏m-en‰n ]©m-bØv kap{Z\nc-∏n¬ \n∂pw Dbcw ag 10
: : : : : : : : : : : : : :
hS°v Ing°v sNcnhv (]›n-a-L´w) 2131 (N.-In.ao‰¿) 37% (787N.-In.-ao-‰¿) 53% (1143.N.-In.-ao-‰¿) 315 966 5263 (1992˛93 sk≥k-kv) 672128 (1999˛se sk≥k-kv) hb-\mSv (H-∂v) hSs° hb-\mSv, _-tØcn, I¬∏‰ I¬∏‰ Ccp-]-Øn-\mev 700˛900 msl 4903.6 mm
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
hSs° hb-\mSv (hb-\mSv At{Km-aq-hvsa‚v So Iº\n {]h¿Ø\ taJe) Geography `qan-imkv{X]cw {]tXyIX
: hS°v Ing°v sNcnhv
GI-tZi sNcnhv
: 11047’˛30" and 110 49’30"
hS°v em‰n‰yqUv
: 75051
Ing°v em‰n‰yqUv
: 75053
ka-p{Z \nc-∏n¬ \n∂pw Dbcw
: 700˛900 mþ(msl)
Xmgvhmcw/\o¿®m¬ sNcnhv
: 3˛10% : sN¶pØmb Ip∂p-Iƒ (75 to 100 cm)
aÆv
: Nph-∏p-I-e¿∂ Ifn aÆv NpÆm-ºpw,- I-fn-aÆpw Ie¿∂ t{S aÆv
ag
: 4903.6 mm
\nb-a-k`m aWvUew
: H∂v
]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ
: Ggv
11
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
1
tXbn-e-bpsS Ncn{Xw
kuØv CuÃv Gjy≥ cmPyßfn-emWv tXbne BZyambn Bcw`n-®Xv. ssN-\-bn¬ BC 2737 ImeØv tXbne Irjn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn kqN-\-Iƒ D≠v. acp-∂n\p th≠n tXbne Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. Atambv (amoy) `mj-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv Nmb F∂ ]Z-ap-≠m-bXv. AD 1598˛emWv {_n´o-jp-Im¿ tXbn-eb - psS D]-tbm-Ks- Ø°pdn-®d- n-™Xv.
Xp- S ¿∂v 1660˛¬ t]m¿´pKokp- I mcpw tXbne D]- t bm- K - s Ø- ° p- d n®v Adn-bp-Ibpw tXbne Irjn-bn-tebv°v Xm¬∏cytØmsS IS-∂p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp.1660˛\v tijw U®p-Im-cpsS tXbne taJ-eb - n-te°p≈ IS-∂p-hchv Nmbsb km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS CjvS-]m-\n-b-ambn temIØn\v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. 1610˛¬ BZyambn U®p-Im¿ tXbn-e-°v temI hn]Wn Xpd∂v sImSp-Øp.Xp-S¿∂v 1618˛¬- djy°mcpw 1648˛¬ {^©p-Imcpw, 17mw \q‰m-≠n-s‚ ]IpXn-bn¬ Atacn-°° - mcpw, Nmb-bpsS D]-tbmKw Ad-nbp-Ibpw, hmWnPycwKØv Ah-cp-sS-Xmb ÿm\w Dd-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1650˛¬ ]q¿Δ˛-bqtdm]y≥ cmPy߃ tXbn-esb DØ-a-]m-\n-b-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n-s‚ Bcw`-tØm-Sp-IqSn {_n´\pw djybpw tXbn-e-bpsS {][m\ D]-t`m-‡m-°-fm-bn amdn. C∂v hnI-kn-X,- A-hn-I-kn-X, hn-I-kzc cmPyßfn¬ km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS CjvS ]m\n-b-ambn Nmb hf¿∂p. temI-Øn¬ 40˛Hmfw cmPyßfn¬ Nmb- hym]-ImSn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Irjn sNbvXp- h-cp-∂p-≠v. C¥y, ssN\, -{io-e-¶,- sI\nb, Xp¿°n, C≥tUm-t\jy, XpS-ßnb cmPy߃ ap≥ \nc-bn-emWv. DZv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ C¥y°v temI-Øn¬ c≠mw ÿm\-am-Wp≈Xv. 12
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
2005˛¬ temI-Øn¬ BsI DZv]m-Z\w 3419.58 an√y¨ Intem-{Km-am-Wv. CXn-s‚ 27.14%927.98 an√y¨ Intem{Kmw C¥ybn¬ \n∂m-Wv DZv]m-Zn-∏n-®-Xv. ap≥]-¥n-bn-ep≈ ssN\-sb-°mƒ 6.88 an√y¨ Intem- (0.20%) BWv hyXymkw. c≠v an√y¨ P\-߃°v sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ßfpw tZiob kmº-ØnI taJ-e-bn¬ \n¿Æmb-I- kzm[o-\hpw tXbn-e°v t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ km[n-®p. 500˛apX¬ 2000˛tØmfw G°¿ hnkvXo¿Æ-ap≈ tXbne tXm´-ßfpw, 25 sk‚v apX¬ 25 G°¿ (10.12 slIvS¿) hsc-bp≈ sNdp-InS tXbne I¿j-Icpw C¥y bnep-≠v. 2005 ¬ C¥ybnse BsI tXbne hnkvXo¿Æ-Øn-s‚ 14.5% Dw DZv]m-Z-\-Øn-s‚ 11.1% Dw sNdp-InS tXbne I¿j-I-cpsS kw`m-h-\-bm-bncp-∂p. F∂m¬ 2009˛¬ CXv 27%˛ambn hf¿® t\Sp-hm≥ Ign-™p.
]g-samgn ]q¿Δn-I¿ ]md-∏p-dØv sh≈w Xnf-∏n-®n-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ ASp-Øp-\n∂ ac-Øn¬ \n∂pw Ce sh≈-Øn¬ hoWpsh∂pw, I-f¿ amdnb sh≈w IpSn® Ah¿°v Zmlhpw, hn-i∏pw amdn, IcpØpw, Dt∑-jhpw, D≠mbn F∂pw ]d-b-s∏Sp-∂p. A∂p apX¬ Ce hoW acsØ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh∂pw Ce ]dn-°p-hm-\p≈ kuIcyØn\v IhmØv sNbvXv Ip‰n sNSn-bm°n, XpS¿ kwc-£Ww \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p-sh∂pw tXbn-esb Ipdn®v A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.
13
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
2
C¥ybn¬ tXbne Bcw`hpw hym]-\hpw
{_n´ojv CuÃv C¥ym Iº-\n-bpsS XmXv]cy{]Im-c-amWv C¥ybn¬ tXbn-e- Irjn Bcw`n-®Xv. 1780˛¬ Kh¿Æ¿ P\-d¬ hmd¬ tlmÃnwkv ssN\-bn¬ \n∂pw tXbne sNSn-If- psS hnØv tiJ-cn-®p. ]n∂oSv kkyimkv{X DZym\-Øn¬ hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v tIW¬ tdm_¿´v InUv {iaw \S-Øn. 1823˛¬ taP¿ tdm_¿´v {_qkv {_“-]p-{X-bpsS Xoc-ß-fn¬ tXbne sNSn-Iƒ Is≠Øn- b n- c p- ∂ p. AtXmsS C¥ybn¬ tXbne Irjn°v XpS°w Ipdn- ® p. 1834˛temSp IqSn tXbne Irjn hym]-I-am-bn. 1838˛¬ C¥ybn¬ \n∂pw 350 ]u≠v tXbne e≠-\n-te°v Ab-°p-Ibpw 1839˛¬ P\p-hcn 10\v \S∂ tee-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSnb hne°v hn¬°p-hm\pw Ign-™p. 1905˛¬ Cw•-≠n¬ D]-tbm-Kn® tXbn-e-bpsS 98% C¥ybn¬ \n∂pw Cd-°p-aXn sNbvX-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
sXs° C¥ybn¬ cmPysØ BsI DZv∏m-Z-\-Øn-s‚ 25% sXs° C¥ybn¬ \n∂m-Wv. Im∏n°v D≠mb eo^v dÃv F∂ tcmKw I¿j-Isc, hneØI¿®-bn-te°pw, Ir-jn-˛\miØnte°pw FØn-®p. 1840˛¬ cq£-amb {]Xn-k-‘n-bp-≠m-bn. Cu kml-NcyØn¬ 1832˛emWv tUm.- {InÃn (christi) \oe-Kn-cn-bn¬ ]co-£Wm¿∞-Øn¬ tXbn-e-Irjn Bcw`n-®-Xv. ]n∂oSv 1834˛¬ I¬°-´-bnse tXbne kan-Xn-bpsS klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn IpS-Inepw, \o-e-Kn-cn-bnepw, hn√yw _‚nwKv {]`p 2000˛¬∏cw sNSn-Iƒ \´p. \oe-Kn-cn-bn¬ \√ hf¿® Is≠Øp-Ibpw Im∏n-tØm-´-ß-fn¬ CS-hn-f-bmbn Irjn Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ip∂q-cn¬ BZytXbne tXm´w D≠m-°n-bXv am≥ F∂ bqtdm]y\mWv. XpS¿∂v 1859˛69 ImeØv {_n´o-jp-Im¿ ssN\-bn¬ \n∂p sI≠p h∂ bp≤-X-S-hp14
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
Imsc D]-tbm-Kn®v \oe-Kn-cn-bn¬ XmbvtNme, U¨ km‚¬ F∂o FtÃ-‰pIƒ XpS-ßn.- tI-cf-Øn¬ 1875˛¬ ]ocp-ta-´n¬ Irjn Bcw-`n-®p. IÆ≥ tZh≥ ae-I-fn¬ A.H. jm¿∏v F∂ kmbv∏v BWv tXm´w D≠m-°n-bXv. 1897˛¬ B\-a-e-bnepw, hb-\m-´nepw tXbn-e-tØm-´-߃ D≠m-bn. 1900˛tØmSp IqSn 12,670 slIvS¿ tXbn-e-tØm´w sXs° C¥ybn¬ D≠m-bn. C≥Uybnse DZv]m-Z-\-Øn-s‚ 27% sNdp-In-S- tXm-´-ß-fp-sSbpw sNdp-InS tXbn-e -I¿j-Icp-sSbpw kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. 1908˛1920 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ C B‚v Fkv Iº\n (Cw-•ojv & kvt°m´njv Iº\n) bpsS `mK-ambn hb-\m-´n¬ h≥InS tXbn-etØm-´ß - ƒ D≠m-°n. XpS¿∂v tXbne Irjn hb-\m-´n¬ hym]-Ia- m-bn. C∂sØ H M L, ]m-cn-k¨ XpS-ßn-b-h tXm´-ß-fpsS Bcw`w A∂m-Wt-{X. XpS¿∂v C≥Uybn¬ tXbne hyhkmb taJ-e-bnepw, Ir-jn-bnepw, hym]-I-amb Kth-j-Wß-fpw, ]-co-£-W-ßfpw, \-S-Øp-Ibpw, k¿°m¿˛ C-Xc GP≥kn-Iƒ kPo-ha- m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. t\m¿Øv C≥Uybnepw kuØv C≥Uybnepw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw Kth-j-W- ÿm-]-\-ßfpw kwL-S-\-Ifpw D≠m-bn. 1893˛¬ D]mkn cq]n-I-cn-®p {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-®p. (bp-ss\-‰Uv πm≥t‚-j≥kv & Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ kuØv C≥Uy) UPASI Bcw-`n®
h¿jw
D]mkn
: 1893-˛¬
imkv{X Kth-jW hn`mKw
: 1903
tXbne Kth-jW tI{μw tZh¿tjme
: 1926
AÆm-a-e-bn¬ Bcw`w (hmƒ]m-d)
: 1964
So dntk¿®v ^ut≠-j≥
: 1999
do-PnbnW¬ sk‚¿ sk‚d¬ {Smh≥Iq¿ (-h≠n s]cn-bm¿)
: 1964
ssltd©v (aq-∂m¿)
: 1968
hb-\mSv (ta∏mSn)
: 1971
\o¬Kncn (Ip∂q-cv)
: 1970
\o¬Kn-cn,- h-b-\m-Sv,- Kq-U-√q¿
: 1980
AÆm-a-e (-hmƒ]m-d)
: 1971
I¿Æm-SI (Nn-°-aw-•q¿)
: 1986 15
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
3
hSs° hb-\m-´nse tXbn-e- Ir-jnhym]\w
hb-\m-´nse ]c-º-cm-KX Irjn coXn-Ifpw aÆn-s‚ kqjvaXe DZv]m-Z-\£-a-Xbpw \in-®-Xns\ XpS¿∂v Irjn taJ-e°v {]tXyIn®pw Im∏n,- Ip-cp-apfIv XpS-ßnb Irjn-bpsS ]cm-P-b-hp-am-Wv, hSs° hb-\m-´n¬ tXbn-eIr-jnsb sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cn-te°v FØn-°p-hm≥ Imc-W-am-bXv. Irjn `h-\p-I-fp-sSbpw, Gem Hm^okp-I-fp-sSbpw, {]h¿Ø\-ßfpw cmk-Io-S-\min-\n-I-fp-sSbpw, cm-k-h-f-ß-fp-sSbpw, A\n-b-{¥nX D]-tbm-Khpw aÆnse Pohs\ \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw, Irjn taJ-esb XI¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. DZv]m-Z-\°p-dhpw hne-X-I¿®bpw I¿j-Isc sh´n-em-°n. 1980 Ifn¬ hSs° hb-\m-´n¬ tXbne Irjnsb kw_-‘n® im‡o-I-cW hym]\ {]h¿Ø\߃ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ^m.- tPm-k^v Ipt∂¬ CMI- s‚ t\Xr-XØn-ep≈ sNdp-InS tXbne I¿j-Ic- psS Iq´m-bvabpw GtIm-]\ {]h¿Ø\-ßf- p-amWv XpS°w. hb-\mSv tkmjy¬ k¿Δokv tkmssk-‰n tXbn-e-Irjn hym]\ {]h¿Ø\-ß-fn¬ H∏w ]¶m-fn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. hb-\m-Sn-s‚ {]tXyIX-Ifpw, `q{]-Ir-Xnbpw, NmbIrjn°v A\p-tbmPyLS-I-ßfm-Wv. XmXv∏cyap≈ 120 I¿j-Isc kwLSn-∏ n®psIm≠v ^m.-t Pm-k ^v Ipt∂¬ A≤y£\mbn hb-\mSv sNdp-InS tXbne I¿jI kanXn cq]n-I-cn-®p. 11 AwK IΩn‰nbpw {]h¿Ø\ cwKØv kPo-h-am-bn-cp-∂p. kanXn-bpsS {]h¿Ø\^-e-ambn tXbn-e -Irjn Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]\-acw `q]Wb _m¶n¬ \n∂pw hmbv] A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw, ]Øv I¿j-I¿°v Xhn-™m¬ {Kma]©m-b-Øn-s‚ kl-Ic- W - t- ØmsS Xe-∏pg Kh.bp]n kvIqfn¬ \S∂ s]mXp ktΩ-f\ - Ø - n¬ tIcf kwÿm\ hyhkmb hIp∏v a{¥n _lp.]n kn Nmt°m hmbv∏ hnX-cWw sNbvXp. 1980 tabv amk-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu al-Ømb kwcw-`Ø - n\v XpS-°w. 16
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
Ip™n- c m- a ≥ (- h n- a p‡`S≥) h¿Kokv ]mØmS≥, M C tUhnUv , cm-aI - r-jvW≥ \mb¿ ]p√mw- s]m-bvIb - n¬,- am-[h - ≥ \mb¿ ]p√mw- s]m-bvIbn¬, ]mdp ]pØ≥ ]p-cbn¬, amWn IWn-bmw- ]-dº - n¬, De-l∂ - m≥ Ipgn-I≠ - Ø - n¬, tPmbn \nc-t∏¬ F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p XpS-°-°m¿. 1990˛I-fn¬ Xhn-™m¬ k¿Δokv kl-I-cW _m¶v hmbv∏ sImSp-°p-Ibpw Xhn-™m¬, sXm≠¿ \mSv, ]©m-bØ - p-Ifn¬ tXbne Irjn hym]-Ia- m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1980˛Ifn¬ sImfp¥n\v e`n® Db¿∂ hne 1990 Ifn¬ XI-cp-Ibpw sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿ cq£-amb {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-te°v hogp-Ibpw sNbvXp. hn]-Wn-bpsS A`mhw, hn-e-X-I¿®, sXmgnem-fn-I-fpsS A`mhw, Irjn hmbv∏ XpS-ßnb {]-iv\-߃ sNdp- I nS tXbne I¿j- I ¿°v sh√p- h n- f n- b mbn- Ø o¿∂p. 90˛IfpsS Ah-km-\-tØmSpIqSn So t_m¿Uv, P\-Iob kwL-S-\-Iƒ, k-lm-b-ÿm-]-\߃, Ir-jn-°m-cpsS kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂n-h-tbmSv tN¿∂v D¬∏m-Z\ hn]-W\ irwJ-e-bn¬ sa®-s∏-´Xpw \ne-\n¬°p∂-Xp-amb hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø\-߃ Bcw-`n-®p.- C-Øcw {]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS So t_m¿Un-s‚bpw k¿°mcns‚bpw \b-ß-fnepw Bkq-{XW {]h¿Ø\ taJ-e-I-fnepw {Inbm¬a-I-amb am‰w hcp-Øm≥ Ign-™p. kΩ¿± i‡n-bmbn sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿°v hf-cphm≥ km[n-®p. x1˛mw ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-bn¬ sNdp-InS tXbne I¿jI¿°v GI-tZiw 1200 tImSn cq] hI-bncp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-™p. sNdp-InS tXbne I¿j-I¿ So t_mUn¬ tXm´w cPn-ÿ sNøphm\pw kwL-߃ cq]n-I-cn-°p-hm\pw Bcw-`n-®p. C∂v 2009˛¬ 50Hmfw SHG Iƒ (skm-ssk-‰n-Iƒ) hb-\m-´n¬ cPn-ÿ sNbvXv {]h¿Øn°p-∂p-≠v. Ah¿°v t\XrXzw sImSp°p-∂-Xn\v, Fw_-h¿ tIcf So Gcn-bmkv, t\m¿Øv hb\mSv tÃmƒ So t{Kmthgvkv skm-ssk-‰n,- So-tIm]vkv, h-b-\mSv tÃmƒ So t{Kmthgvkv Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ F∂o kwL-S-\-Iƒ hb-\m-´n¬ {]h¿Øn®p-h-cp-∂p.
kkyimkv{Xw Z£nW ]q¿tΔjybnepw, A-ta-cn-°-bnepw, D-jvW-ta-Je {]tZi-ß-fnepw Dt]mjvW taJe {]tZi-ß-fnepw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ 30 kkyhwi-ß-fpsS IpSpw- _ - Ø n¬ (sS≥kv t {Sman- t b- k n) Xotbkn IpSpw- _ - Ø n¬ hcp∂ Ita-enb hwi-Øn¬s∏´ 82 kkyPmXn-I-fn¬ H∂mWv tXbn-e-sN-Sn.
imkv{X \ma-߃: (1) ssN\m C\w: Ita-enb ssks\≥knkv (China: C.sineniss) (2) A w C\w Ita-enb A m-an° Assam: C.assamica (master wight) 17
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
(3) Iwt]mSv AYh Ct¥m ssN\m C\w Ita-enb A m-an° emkntbm Imen-Ivkv (c.assamica ssp.lasiocaly)
BtcmKy ]m\nbw Is^-bn¬: c‡-ip≤n hcp-Øp-∂p. \mUohyqlw kwc-£n-°p-∂p. am\-kn-Im-tcmKyw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ^vfthmt\m-bnUvkv (Flavonoids)
: :- a\pjytImi-ßsf kwc-£n-°p∂p. Iym≥k¿ {]Xn-tcm-[-i‡n h¿≤n∏n°p∂p. lr-Z-bm-Lm-XsØ Ipd°p-∂p. N¿Ω-ßsf Aƒ{S-ssh-e‰v civan-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-°p-∂p.- B‚n_mIvSo-cn-b¬GP‚mbn {]h¿Øn°p-∂p.
ssh‰an≥kv/an\-d¬k v:- ]e {][m\ t]mj-I-ß-sfbpw {]Zm\w sNøp∂p. amwK-\okv, kn-¶v,- ssh-‰-an≥ B, C, K. ^vfqtdm-bnUv
18
:- ]√p-I-fp-sSbpw, tamW-I-fp-sSbpw kwc-£-Whpw, hf¿®°pw klm-bn-°p-∂p.
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
4
C¥ybpsS kºØv hyhÿ-bn¬ tXbn-e-bpsS ]¶v
1. hntZi hn\n-abw Ib-‰p-aXn C\-Øn¬ 600 tImSn-bn¬∏cw hntZi-\mWyw e`n-°p-∂p.hn-tZi \mWyØns‚ 1/12 `mKw tXbn-e-bn¬ \n∂mWv ({]Xnh¿jw1738 tImSn cq]) e`n°p∂Xv.
2. B`y¥c hcp-am\w hnhn[ C\w \nIp-Xn-Iƒ, FIvsskkv, hmWnPy \nIpXn, `q\n-IpXn, BZm-b-\n-Ip-Xn,- sXmgn¬ \nIp-Xn, tXbn-e-tØm-´-ß-fpsS hcp-am-\-Ønse Hcp cq]bn¬ \n∂pw 33 ss]km- {]-Imcw k¿°mcn-te°v \nIp-Xn F∂nh B`y¥c hcp-am\w h¿Zv[n∏n°p∂p.
3. sXmgne-h-k-c-߃ Ccp-]Xv e£w sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ, kv{XoIƒ, IqSpX¬ b{¥ kma-{Kn-Iƒ, D¬∏-∂-߃, t]m-fn-Øo≥, cmk-h-fw,- Io-S-\m-in-\n, -I¬°-cn, -kn-a‚v, s]t{Sm-fnbw D¬∏-∂-߃, -I-b¿, ]mbv, -tX-bne-s∏-´n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sXmgne-h-k-c-߃ e`n°p∂p.
4. \m´n≥ ]p-d-ß-fpsS/{Kma hnI-k\w ae-s©-cn-hp-Iƒ, tdm-Up-Iƒ,- sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ, kmº-ØnI hcpam\hpw hn\ntbmKhpw, ]m¿∏nS߃, sshZyklmbw, Bkv]{Xn, sshZypXn, -ip-≤PehnXcWw, hnt\mZtI{μ߃. kmwkv°m-cnI {]h¿Ø\߃ F∂n-h {Kma hnI-k\sØ klmbn°p∂p
19
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
5. Pe aÆv˛]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£Ww ta¬a-Æns\ Bh-c-W-ambn kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ tXbne sNSn-Iƒ°v km[n-°p-∂p. ssPhmh-ÿ-\n-e-\n¿Øp∂p. ]cn-ÿnXn kwXp-en-Xm-hÿ \ne-\n¿Øp∂p.
6. hn-dIv inJn-c-߃ Km¿lnI D]-tbm-K-Øn\v \√-Xm-Wv.
7. 2005˛¬ temI D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-s‚ 27% C¥ybn¬ \n∂mWv. (928m kg out of 3376 m kg) 12%jn∏vsa‚v 8. C¥ybn¬ 79% B`y¥c D]-tbm-Khpw 21% Ib-‰p-a-Xnbpw. tXbne taJebn¬ D≠v
20
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
5
hb\mSv At{Km aqhvsa‚v So Iº\nbpsS cq]n-I-c-Whpw {]h¿Ø\ßfpw
1980-˛Ifn¬ hb-\m-´n¬ t\cn´ Im¿jn-I taJe-bpsS XI¿®bpw Imemhÿ hyXn-bm-\hpw. Im∏n,- Ip-cp-ap-fIv I¿j-Isc cq£-amb {]Xn-k-‘n-bnse-Øn-®p. A°m-eØv tXbne hyhkmbw ]ptcm-K-an-°p-Ibpw sImfp¥n\v hne Db-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Intembv°v GI-tZiw 20 cq] hsc hne Db¿∂p. CXv I¿j-Isc tXbne Irjn sNøp∂-Xn\v t{]-cn-∏n-®p. A\p-tbmPyamb Imemh-ÿbpw `q{]-Ir-Xnbpw tXbne Irjn°v hb-\m-´n¬ km≤yX h¿≤n∏n-®p. _m¶p-Iƒ hmbv∏ sISp-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXmSpIqSn Xmeq-°n¬ ]e `mKßfnepw tXbneIrjn Bcw-`n-®p.- X-hn-™m¬, sX≠m¿\mSv ]©m-b-ØpI-fmWv ap≥\n-c-bn-ep-≈-Xv. 1990˛Ifn¬ tXbn-e-bpsS hne IpØs\ CSn-bp-Ibpw sNdp-InS I¿jI¿ cq£-amb {]Xn-k-‘n-I-sfbpw sh√p-hn-fn-I-sfbpw t\cn-tS≠n h∂p.D-Zv∏m-Z\ - hpw, sXmgn¬ {]iv\ß - fpw hn]-Wn-bpsS A`m-hhpw, hne XI¿®bpw, {][m\ {]Xn-k-‘n-I-fm-Wv. \ma am{X-amb XpIbv°v sImfp¥v \n¿_‘ambn GP‚ v a m¿°pw kzImcy Iº- \ n- I ƒ°pw sImSpt°≠n h∂p. Cu kml-NcyØnemWv 1984˛¬ Icn-am-\n-bn¬ anj≥ {]h¿Ø\hp-ambn IS∂p - n-s‚ CS-s]-S¬ D≠m-bX - v. CXv tXbne I¿j-I¿°v h∂ CST k`m kaq-lØ ]pØ≥ DW¿Δv \¬In.- {KmahnI- k \w, kwtbm- P nX {]h¿Ø\߃, sXm-gne-h-k-c-߃,- Po-hnX \ne-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-ج, am\p-jnI Bflob aq√yßfpsS kwc-£-Whpw, XpS¿˛kwc-£-Whpw XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p CST k`m kaq-l-Øn-s‚ {][m\ {]h¿Ø\-߃. kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ IpSp-ßnb sNdp-InS I¿j-Isc imIvXo-I-cn°p-∂Xn\v ^m.-sP-bnwkv ]pd-Ø-bn¬, ^m.-tPm-k^v ]pfn¥m\w, F∂o sshZn-I-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ {]h¿Ø\amcw-`n-®p. 21
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
Icn-am\n tI{μoIcn®v I¿j-I-cpsS Iq´mbva D≠m-°p-Ibpw Irjn-Z¿i\ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ Icn-am\n F∂ t]cn¬ kwLw cq]n-I-cn-®v {]h¿Ø\amcw-`n-®p. Irjn coXn-Iƒ, \gvk-dn-Iƒ, I¿jI am-knI, F∂nh {][m\ {]h¿Ø\- ß fmbn- c p- ∂ p. XpS¿∂p≈ {]h¿Ø\- ß fpsS `mK- a mbn ^m. tXmakv apf-ßm-´n¬s‚ t\XrXzØn¬ So t{]mPIvSv Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿°v tXbn-essØ kuP\yambn hnX-cWw sNøpIbpw sNbvXp. 220 I¿j-I¿°v Cu B\p-Iq√yw e`n-°p-Ibpw, 110 G°¿ tXbn-e-tØm´w D≠m-°p-hm\pw km[n-®p. ÿnc-amb hn]Wn C√m-ØXpw, G-P‚p-am-cp-sSbpw, IpØI Iº-\n-I-fp-sSbpw Nqj-Whpw apJy {]iv\-ßfmbncp∂p. Ahbv°v ]cn-lmcw ImWp-hm-\p≈ {ia-Øn-emWv I¿j-I-cpsS kz¥w ^mIvSdn F∂ Bibw Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-Ibpw {]h¿Ø\-߃ Bcw-`n®Xpw. am\-¥h - mSn Xmeq-°nse tXbne I¿j-Ic- psS Hml-cn-Iƒ kam-lc- n®pw P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØm-Sp -IqSn hb\mSv At{Km aqhvsa‚v So Iº\n enan-‰Uv˛ Icn-am\n F∂ t]cn¬ Iº\n cq]n-I-cn®v {]h¿Ø\am-cw-`n-®p. 2003˛¬ Iº-\n-bpsS Iogn¬ tXbne ^mIvS-dn°v Xd-I-°√v C´p. en‰n¬ ^vfh¿ k`m k- a q- l - Ø n- s ‚ tImgn- t °mSv sk‚v t Xmakv t{]mhn≥kns‚bpw, ^m.-sP-bnwkv ]pd-Øb - n¬ CSI, P¿Ω-\n-bnse kl-Im-cn-Iƒ, F∂n-hc- p-sSbpw klm-b-tØm-sSm∏w 200¬∏cw I¿j-I-cpsS sjb-dp-Ifpw, [-\-Imcyÿm]\- ß - f n¬ \n∂pap≈ hmbv ∏ - I fpw, D]- t bm- K n- ® mWv \qX\kmt¶- X nI hnZyItfmSp IqSnb tXbne ^mIvSdn Bcw-`n-®Xv. 2006 BKÃv 22 \v ^mIvSdn-bpsS DZvLm-S\w \S-∂p. 650 kg Hcp aWn-°q-dn¬ Acbv-°p-hm≥ Ign-hp≈ 200 RC {]h¿Ø\-ti-jn-bp≈ CTC ^mIvSd- n-bmWv \ne-hn-ep-≈Xv. kv t amƒ kv s Ibn¬ C≥Ukv { Sn hn`m- K - Ø n¬ \n∂pw ^mIv S - d nsb Db¿Øp∂Xn\p≈ {]h¿Ø\-߃ Bcw-`n®p Ign-™p. ^mIvS-dn-bn¬ 8000 Intem apX¬ 22000 Intem hsc sImfp¥v Ac-bv°m-dp-≠v. sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cpsS ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmSp IqSnb Z£n-tW¥ybnse BZysØ Iº\n F∂ _lp-a-Xnbpw CXn-\p-≠v. hb-\m-´nse sNdp-InS I¿j-I-cpsS Iq´mb kwcw`w, ap-t∂‰w, k-a{K hnI-k\ kao-]\w XpS-ßnb A¿∞-߃ \¬Ip∂ t]cmWv. Iº\n Xnc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv. tXbne Irjn°v ]pdta F√m Im¿jnI taJ-ebv°pw Du∂¬ sImSpØv {]h¿Øn°p-hm-\p≈ I¿Ω]≤-Xn-I-fmWv e£yanSp-∂Xv. I¿j-I-cpsS kz¥w ^mIvSdn hb-\m-´n¬ tXbne taJ-e-bn¬ hnπ-hm-fl-I-amb am‰-߃ hcp-Øn. IpØI GP‚p-am-scbpw Iº-\n-I-sfbpw ISn-™m¨ CSp-hm\pw I¿j-I¿°v sa®-s∏´ hne hmßn-s°m-Sp-°p-hm\pw km[n-®p. cq£-am-bn-cp∂ Nqj-W-Øn\v Abhv hcp-Øp-hm\pw, sN-dpInS tXbne I¿j-I-tcm-Sp≈ at\m-`m-h-Øn\v am‰w hcp-Øp-hm\pw km[n-®p. sIfp-¥n-s‚ hne-bn¬ 50% 22
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
apX¬ 150% hsc h¿≤\hv D≠m-bn. CXn-s‚ ^ew Iº\n KpW-t`m-‡m°ƒ°p am{X-a√ Pn√-bnse a‰v tXbne I¿j-I¿°pw e`n-°p-hm≥ Imc-W-amhp-Ibpw PohnX \ne-hmchpw, kmº-ØnIhpw, h¿≤n°p-hm\pw Imc-Wam-bn. 2008˛¬ _mw•q¿ Bÿm-\a- m°n {]h¿Øn°p∂ {]IrXn F∂ kwLS\- b p- s Sbpw tkmfn- U m- c n- U m- U n- s ‚bpw kwtbm- P nX {]h¿Ø\߃ Bcw`n®tXm-Sp-IqSn D‰vkv So t{]mPIvSv Bcw`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw AXn-s‚ ^e-ambn WAM Tea Iº\n°v ]pXnb temIØnte°p≈ Znim-t_m[w \¬Ip-Ibpw, kpÿnc coXn-bn-te°v ssI]n-Sn®p sIm≠p t]mhp-Ibpw sNbv X p. C∂v Iº\n temI hym]mc irwJ- e - b n¬ ÿm\w ]nSn®p Ign™psh∂Xv A¤p-Xm-hl - a- mb hf¿®-bm-Wv.
`c-W-]cw, \b-]cw, {]h¿Ø\ coXn tXbne I¿j-I¿ AwK-ß-fm-bp≈ ]ªnIv enan-‰Uv Iº-\n-bmWv hb\mSv At{Km aqhvsa‚v So Iº\n enan-‰Uv Icn-am-\n. Hmlcn DS-a-I-fmb thm´-hImi AwK- ß - f n¬ \n∂pw sXc- s ™- S p- ° - s ∏´ `cW kan- X n- b mWv `c- W Np-a-Xe hln-°p-∂Xv. Iº-\n-bpsS P\-d¬ t_mUnbpw `c-W-k-an-Xnbpw cq]s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \b-ßfpw {]h¿Ø\ß-fp-amWv {][m\w. I-º\n emt`—bn-√msX {]h¿Øn°-pI F∂ \b-amWv kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. sNehv Ign™v XpI AwK-߃°v hnX-cWw sNøp∂ ]Xn-hm-Wp-≈-Xv. amt\-PnwKv Ub-d-IvS-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ i‡-amb AUvan-\n-kvt{S‰ohv Un∏m¿´vsa‚v {]h¿Øn°p-∂p. Iº\n sNb¿am≥ Ft∏mgpw sNdp-InS tXbne I¿j-I\ - m-bn-cn°pw. hm¿jnI P\-d¬ t_mUn ]≤-Xn-Ifpw, h-chv sNehv IW-°-pIfpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw, ]m m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp hcp-∂p. ]pjv]Kncn So F∂ te_-en¬ Iº\n hn]-Wn-bn¬ Nmb kpe-`-ambn hn¬°p-∂p. k¿°m¿ \b-߃°pw B\p-Im-enI kmºØnI \b-߃°pw tN¿∂v BtcmKy]c amb kpÿnc hnI-k-\-amWv e£yw.
23
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
6
{]Ir-Xn, tkmfn-Um-cn-UmUv kao-]-\ßfpw {]h¿Ø\ßfpw
_mw-•q¿ Bÿm-\-ambn {]h¿Øn°p∂ kwL-S-\-bmWv (NGO) {]IrXn. a\pjyt‚bpw {]Ir-Xn-bp-tSbpw hnI-k\ - hpw XpS¿kwc-£W - h - p-amWv {][m\ {]h¿Ø\߃. kmº-ØnI, Ak-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bpsS A¥cw Ipd®p sIm≠ph- c p- I bpw, a\pjy kaq- l - ß - f psS im‡o- I - c - W hpw Ahsc Ign-hp‰hcm-°p-I-bp-amWv e£yw. C¥ybnepw kuØv CuÃv Gjy≥ cmPyßfnepw {]h¿Øn°p∂ kmaqly {]Xn-_-‘-X-bp≈ tIm¿∏-td-‰vIƒ (NGO), k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Iƒ, CXc kwL-S-\-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂v kmº-ØnI \b-ßf- n-eq-∂nb hnIk {]h¿Ø\߃°v cq]w sImSpØv {]h¿Ø\߃ hne- b n- c p- Ø p- I bpw, t{]m’m- l n- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw, im‡o- I - c n- ° p- I bpw sNbvXpsIm≠v Ah-cpsS klmbI GP-≥kn-I-fmbn {]h¿Øn®p hcp-∂p. ASn-ÿm\ hn`-h-ßfpw {]Ir-Xnbpw kpÿn-c-X-bn-te°v, am\h hnI-k\w \ap°pw hcpw Xe-ap-d-bv°pw F∂ ap{Zm-hmIyØneq-∂nb {]h¿Ø\ßfmWv \SØn hcp-∂-Xv. s\X¿em≥Uv Bÿm-\-ambn {]h¿Øn°p∂ kwL-S-\-bm-Wv tkmfn-Umcn-UmUv. kzX{¥ `cW kwhn-[m-\-ap≈ bqWn-‰mWv U¬ln Bÿm-\-ambn {]h¿Øn°p-∂-Xv. Zmcn{Z \n¿Ωm¿÷\amWv e£yw. Ahn-I-knX, hn-Ikzc cmPyßfn¬ sNdp-InS I¿j-I-scbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-sfbpw tZinb, A¥¿ tZiob hn]-Wn-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n®p sIm≠v hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø\߃ \SØn hcp-∂p. hb\mSv At{Km aqhvsa‚v So Iº\nbn¬ D‰vkv So t{]mPIvSv \S-∏n-em°n hcp∂p. Cu t{]mPIvSns‚ \n¿Δ-lW GP≥kn {]Ir-Xn-bpw kmt¶XnI klm-bI GP≥kn- tkmfn-Um-cn-Um-UpamWv. 24
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
7
D‰vkv So t{]mPIvSn-s‚ hnI-k\ kao-]\w
hnj≥ aÆv, Pew, ssPhkºØv F∂n-hsb ka-{K-X-bn¬ kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v {]Ir-Xnbv°pw Bhmk hyhÿbv°pw A\p-kr-X-amb \ne-bn¬ A\ptbmPyamb kmt¶- X nI hnZyIfp- s Sbpw, hn- I - k \ hIp∏p- I - f p- s Sbpw, kmt¶-XnI hnZKv≤cp-sSbpw, K-th-jW ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw, k-∂≤ kwL-S\ - I - f- p-sSbpw, tIm¿∏-td‰v, ÿm]-\ß - f- p-sSbpw ]-¶m-fnØtØmSpIqSn \oXn-bn-e-[n-jvSn-X-amb D¬∏-∂-߃ D≠m°n tZiob A¥¿tZ-iob hn]-Wnbp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v P\-Io-b-hiy߃ kq£vaXe bmYm¿∞y߃ IW-°nse-SpØv kpÿn-c-ambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØmSpIqSn \S-∏n-em-°p∂ ]≤-Xn-bmWv hb\mSv At{Km aqhvsa‚v So Iº\n enan-‰Uv Icn-am\n D‰vkv So B`y¥c KpW-ta∑ kwhn-[m\w hb\mSv At{Km aqhvsa‚v So Iº\nbpsS Iogn¬ hcp∂ 426 sNdp-InS tXbne I¿j-I-cpw C T C ^mIvS-dnbpw, sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw ]≤-Xnbn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Corparate Social Responsibility (CSR) ‘A Project Based Integrated Devolepment for Resourse, Market and Management’
Im¿jnI taJ-e-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øn-s‚ ASn-ÿm\ kao-]-\-ß-fmbn aÆv , Pew, ssPh kºØv F∂n- h bpsS imkv { Xob D]- t `m- K sØ IW-°m-°p-∂p. AXp aqew kpÿnc hf¿®bpw D¬∏m-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw h¿≤n∏n-°p-hm≥ km[n°pw. F∂m¬ icn-bmb Zni-bn-ep≈ ]¶m-fn-Øm-Snÿm\ hnI-k\ amXr-Ib - psS A`mhw D≠v. Hcp {]tZ-iØn-s‚ ssPh `uXnI, km-º-ØnI hyhÿbv°v A\p-tbmPyamb D¬∏m-Z\ {]{Inb, km-aqly 25
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
\oXnbpw, Xp√y hnX-cW - hpw km[yam°p-hm≥ Ignbpw. am\p-jnI aq√y߃°v hne I¬∏n-°p∂ PohnX \nb-{¥-W-߃, ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-°-\p-tbmPyamb PohnX˛Irjn ssien-Iƒ, IqSp-X¬ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap≈ kaql˛krjvSn, XpS-ßn-b _lp-apJ Xe-߃°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p.
kpÿn-cX (Sustainability) `mhn Xe- a pd°v AhcpsS Bhiy߃ \nd- t h- ‰ p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ kmlNcy߃°pw, Ign-hn\pw, tIm´w hcp-ØmsX C∂sØ Xe-ap-d-bpsS Bhiy߃t\Sp- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ hnI- k - \ - a mWv kpÿnc hnIk\w (sustainability). aÆns‚ ss\k¿KnI kz`mhw \ne-\n¿Øn kzm`m-hnI DZv∏mZ\ £aX IW-°m-°p-Ibpw ]cn-an-Xa- mb _mly\nt£] LS-Iß - f- psS (hf IoS \min\nIƒ-˛External inputs) klm-b-Ømepw kzm`mhnI DZv∏m-Z\ £aX°v tIm´w X´m-sX-bp≈ Im¿jnI ]cn-io-e-\-amWv GAP AYhm DØa Irjn coXn (Good Agricultural Practice) {]IrXn {]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂Xpw, ]≤-Xn-bn¬ hnh-£n-°p-∂Xpw ta¬∏-d™ DØa Irjn-co-Xn-bm-Wv. F√m hnI-k\ {]h¿Ø\ß-fp-sS-bpw ASn-ÿm\w DZv∏m-Z\ taJ-e-bpsS hnI-k-\-amWv. Ah-bn¬ {][m\w Im¿jnI taJ-e-bv°mWv. AXp sIm≠v Im¿jnI taJ-e-bnepw A\p-_‘taJ-e-I-fnepw \S-∏n-em-°p∂ Hmtcm ]cn-]m-Snbpw ÿmbo kz`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww A\p-tbmPyamb kmt¶-XnI hnZyIfpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v, ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v kzoImcyamb Im¿jnI coXn-Iƒ, apd-Iƒ, ssPh-h-f-Øn-s‚ D]-tbmKw cmk-Io-S-\m-in\n D]-tbmKw \nb-{¥n°-¬, A\p-Iqe \b-߃ A\p-h¿Øn®p-h-cp∂ P\-ß-fpsS at\m-`m-hØnepw, ioe-ß-fn-epw Bhiyamb Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ, hn´phogv®-Iƒ, P-\]-¶m-fn-Øw Dd-∏m-°¬, {]mtZ-inI kq£vaXe-ß-fpsS im‡o-I-cWw kwL-S\m˛kwhn-[m-\-߃ (SHG) hn`-h-ß-fpsS imkv{Xob ]cn-io-e\w Dd-∏m-°¬ XpS-ßnb _lp-ap-Jß - f- mb {]h¿Ø\ß-fn-eqsS am{Xta kpÿncX ssIhcn-°m-\mhpIbp≈p (sustainability) AXpsIm≠v Irjn°v ssPhmwiw \jvSs∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-hm\pw, XpS¿ hf¿®m km[yX Dd-∏v hcp-Øphm\pw Ign-bWw. AanX hf {]tbmKw/ IoS-\m-in\n D]-tbmKw hgn aÆn-s‚ kzm`m-hnI DZv∏m-Z-\-£-aX Xncn-s®Sp-°m-\m-hmØ hn[w \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-Xv. Aßs\ h∂m¬ _mlyLS-I-߃°v (External inputs -- hfw IoS-\m-in-\n) aÆn¬ H∂pw sNøphm≥ Ign-bn-√. _mlyLS-I-ßsf aÆv Xnc-kv°-cn-°pIbpw aÆv aW-embn amdp-Ibpw sNøpw. AXp-sIm≠v aÆn-s‚ kzm`m-hnI DZv∏m-Z-\-£-aX \ne-\n¿Øp-hm-\pw,- ss\-k¿KnI tijn Db¿Øp-hm\pw Ign-bp∂ coXn-Ifpw am¿K-ßfpw kzoI-cn-°-Ww. 26
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
kmaqly\oXnbpw Xp√yXbpw (Social Justice and Equity) ASn-ÿm\ Pohn-Xm-hiy߃ F√m-h¿°pw Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Ign-hn\pw, XmXv∏cy߃°p-a\ - p-kc- n®v {]h¿Øn°p-hm\pw, h-fc- p-hm-\p-ap≈ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-°pI F∂-XmWv {][m\w. D¬∏m-Z-\hpw, hn-`-h-kw-c-£Whpw (tX-bne) hn]-Wnbpw IqSp-Xe - mbn \S-°p-∂X - n-\m¬ Xp√yX Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ignbpw. AtXm-sSm∏w kmaqly-˛kmw-kv°m-cnI kmº-ØnI Nqj-W-ßfpw, CS-\n-e° - m-cpsS A\n-b{- ¥nX CS-s]-Se - p-Ifpw, \nb-{¥W hnt[-ba- m-°m-\p≈ I¿Ω ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°Ww.AØcw {]h¿Ø\-߃°v k¿°m¿ k¿°cnXc hnI-k\ GP-≥knIfp-ambn tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
P\]¶m-fnØw (People’s Participation) \oXn-bn-e-[n-jvSn-X-amb (CSR) Hcp ]≤-Xn-bpsS \n¿Δ-lWØn\v F√m L´-ß-fnepw P\ ]¶m-fnØw A\n-hmcyamWv. ]≤-Xn-bpsS cq]n-I-cWw, \-S-Øn∏v, hne-bn-cp-ج, XpS¿kw-c-£Ww XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fn-se√mw P\]¶m-fn-Øw Dd∏p hcp-Ø-p-hm≥ Ign-bWw. WAM Tea ICS Hcp sNdnb kaq-lØ - n¬ Bcw`n-®X - p-sIm≠v ]c-kv]c kl-Ic- Ww, Iq-´mbva, F-∂n-hbv°v IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw D≠v. tIhe]¶m-fnØ kz`m-h-Øn¬ \n∂pw amdn Hmtcm L´-ß-fnepw, {]-h¿Ø\ß-fnepw kzbw Gs‰-Sp-°p∂ kPoh ]¶m-fnØ \b-amWv kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv. {Inbm-flI kaq-l-sØ-bmWv hf¿tØ≠-Xv. D‰vkv So k¿´n^n-t°-j≥ ]≤-Xn°p th≠n cq]n-I-cn® AssUz-kdn IΩn‰n, A-{]q-h¬ IΩn‰n, ICS {]h¿ØI Sow, hnhn[ k_vIΩn-‰n-Iƒ, eoUv ^m¿tagvkv, I-º-\n-bpsS t_mUv Hm^v Ub-d-Ivt‰gvkv, P-\-d¬ t_mUn AwK- ß ƒ F∂n- h - c psS Iq´mb {]h¿Ø\- ß - f n- e qsS P\- ß - f psS {]mXn\n[yhpw CS-s]-S-ep-w Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ign-™n-´p-≠v. ]≤-Xn-bpsS s]m-Xphmb XmXv∏cyw kwc-£n-°-s∏-S-W-sa-¶n¬ aXn-bmb ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°ntb ]‰q. Hmtcm hy‡nbpw, ]u-c\pw Gs‰-Sp-t°≠ IS-a-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øzßfpw, {]-h¿Ø\ßfpw kaq-l-Øn\p th≠n am‰w hcp-tØ≠ hn´phogv®Ifpw XpS- ß nbh kw_- ‘ n®pw hy‡amb Adnhpw [mc- W - I - f pw D≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
]¶m-fnØ hnI-k\˛kao-]\w (Participatory Devolepment Approch) hb\mSv At{Km aqhvsa‚v So Iº\n˛D‰vkv So t{]mP- IvSns‚ Bkq-{XW-Ønepw \n¿ΔlWØnepw F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw, L-´-ß-fnepw hyXyÿ Xe-ß-fn-ep-≈-h¿°v ]¶m-fn-Øhpw DØ-c-hm-ZnØzhpw \¬Ip∂ ]¶m-fnØ hnI-k\ kao]\-amWv kzoI-cn®p \S-∏n-em°n hcp-∂-Xv. ]≤-Xn-bpsS cq]n-IcWw Bhiyamb ]T-\-߃, Xn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ, am‰-߃,- hn-i-I-e-\w,27
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
\-S-Øn∏v, ss]e‰v t{]mPIvSv, A-Xn-s‚ kwc-£Ww, XpS¿kwc-£Ww, Xp-S¿\S-Øn-∏v,- Xp-Sßn F√m Xe-ß-fnepw P\-]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°p-hm≥ {]Ir-Xnbv°p Ign-™p.
kpXmcyX (Transperency) P\]¶mfnØw, kpÿncX, Xp√yX XpSßnbh Dd∏m°Wsa¶n¬ ]≤XnIfpsS \SØn∏n¬ kpXmcyX AXymhiyLSIamWv . GXv ]≤XnIfmsW¶nepw P\-ßsf, I¿j-Isc, sXmgnem-fn-Isf hnizmk-Øn¬ sIm≠ph-cm-sX-bp≈ {]h¿Ø\߃°v \ne-\nev∏v C√. \ΩpsS ]≤-Xn-bn¬ hnI-k\ ]cn-]m-Sn-If- n¬ {]mtZ-inI kaq-lØ - n\v IqSp-X¬ Ah-kc- hpw, KpW]-c-amb CS-s]-Sepw, A\p-tbmPy kml-Ncyßfpw, D≠m-Ip-∂p. ^mIvS-dn, bqWn‰v XpS-ßn-bh kPo-h-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ kpXmcyX A\n-hmcyamWv. F¶n¬ am{Xta kpÿnc hnI-k-\hpw, \oXn-bn-e-[n-jvSnX D¬∏-∂-ßfpw, D≠m-°phm≥ Ign-bq.
F¥psIm≠v hb\mSv At{Km aqhvsa‚v So Iº-\n- I-cn-am-\n D‰vkv So t{]mPIvSn\v sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. kmaq-lnI \o[nbne[njvSnXamb Hcp ]≤Xn-bmWv (CSR) D‰vkv So t{]mPIvSv. tIm¿∏-td‰v irwJ-e-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Hcp {]tZiØns‚ ka-{Khpw, imkv{Xobhpw, Zo¿L-Im-e-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈Xpamb hnI-k\w ]cn-K-Wn-°Ww. AXm-bXv hnI-k-\-Øn-\p≈ ASn-ÿm\ {]h¿Ø\ bqWn‰v AYhm taJe Xocpam\nt°≠n hcp∂p. hnIk\Øns‚ {][m\ D]t`m-‡m-°ƒ a\pjycmb-Xn-\m¬ kaq-l-Øn-s‚ (ChnsS tXbne ^mIvSdnsb _‘n-∏n-°p∂ {]tZ-iØn-s‚) AYhm {]tZ-iØns‚ {]tXyIXbpw `q{]Ir-Xnbpw A\pkcn®mWv WAM Tea Co.sb ]≤Xn Gcnbbmbn sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv. ASn-ÿm\ hn`-h-ß-fmb aÆv, Pew, ssPh-k-ºØv, P\-߃, F∂n-hbpsS ka{K ]cn-]m-e\ - Ø - n-eqsS am{Xta ÿmbn-bmb {]h¿Ø\w km[yamhq. AXp-sIm≠v Ahsb IqSp-X¬ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ {]tZ-iß-sf-bmWv bqWn-‰mbn IW-°m-°p-Ibpw, sXc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂-Xv. hSt° hb-\m-´n¬ \n∂pw WAM Tea Co.°v sImfp¥v \¬Ip∂ I¿j-I-cpsS `q{]tZ-iamWv sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv. sNdp-InS tXbne I¿j-I¿ Hmlcn DS-a-I-fmbn P\-]¶ - m-fn-Øt- ØmSp IqSnb Iº\n F∂ _lp-aX - nbpw {][m\ Imc-WamWv. IqSmsX ]cn-ÿnXn, ssPh-k-ºØv, D¬∏m-Z\w, I¿j-I¿,- sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ, kwkv°-cWtIμw, hn-]Wn F∂nh ]c-kv]cw _‘nXhpw ]qc-I-hp-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Ne-\m-fl-I-amb bqWn-‰mWv WAM Tea ICS. \nehn-ep≈ 28
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
Im¿jnI (tX-bne) taJ-e-bpsS XI¿®bpw AXp-aq-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂ h≥ hn]Øpw G‰v hmßp-∂Xv IqSp-Xepw sNdp-InS I¿j-Icpw sXmgnem-fn-I-fpamWv. D‰vkv So t{]mPIvSns‚bpw, {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw, tkmfnUcnUmUns‚bpw, Imgv®∏mSpw e£yhpw, {]h¿Ø\ßfpw, a\pjys‚ ka{K hnI-k-\hpw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS XpS¿ kwc-£-W-hp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v I¿j-I¿, sXmgnem-fnIƒ, hmWnPytaJ-e-Iƒ, {]-IrXn/]cn-ÿnXn Ch-bpsS ka{K hnI-k-\hpw, kmaqly\oXnbpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-hm-\p≈ Xo{h-{i-a-Øn-emWv {]h¿Ø\߃ {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ASn-ÿm\ hn`-h-ß-fpsS ka-{K-X-bn-eq-∂nb hnI-k\ kao-]-\-amWv {]IrXn kzoI-cn-®Xpw \S-∏n-em°n hcp-∂-Xpw. \ne-hn-ep≈ Iº-\n-bpsS {]h¿Ø\ kwhn-[m-\ß - ƒ, P-\d- ¬ t_mUn, `cWkan-Xn, hnhn[ k_v IΩn-‰n-Iƒ, tIm¿Sow, ICS, SHGIƒ XpS-ßn-bh Iº-\n-bpsSbpw t{]mPIvSns‚bpw IqSp-X¬ ka-{K-Xbpw, G-tIm-]-\hpw sIm≠ph-cp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p-sh-∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv. 3000 In.-an. A[nIw ag e`n-°p∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ Pe-Zu¿_eyw cq£-ambn GI-tZiw 400c hsc NqSv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. `qK¿` Pet{kmX v {Iam-Xo-Xambn Ipd-bp-∂p. Pet{kmX pIƒ°pw aÆn\pw bmsXmcp ]cn-c-£bpw Imcyambn \¬Ip- ∂ n- √ . asÆm- e n∏v h¿≤n®p hcn- I bpw ssPhm- h ÿ Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Aim-kv{Xob Irjn-co-Xn-Ifpw aW¬ hmcepw, h-\-\-io-I-c-Whpw, cq£-amb {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-te°pw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Ak-¥pen-Xm-hÿbnte°pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. 75% sNcn-hp≈ hb-\m-´nse Ip∂pIfn¬ tXbn-e-sN-Snbv°v Hcm-h-c-Wambn ]S¿∂v Ip‰n sNSn-I-fmbn hf-cp-hm≥ km[n°p∂Xp-sIm≠v Pe aÆv kwc-£WØn\v tXbne Irjn A\ptbmPyamWv. CXp-aqew ÿe-]-cn-]m-e\w \S-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. \nXyhcpam-\-ap≈ sNSn F∂Xpw tXbn-e-bpsS {]tXyIX-bm-Wv.
29
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
8 hb\mSv At{Km aqhvsa‚v So Iº-\n-bn¬ D‰vkv So t{]mPIvSns‚ Bcw`-hpw {]h¿Ø\ßfpw (2007˛2010)
1990˛IfpsS Ah-km\w hb-\m-´nse sNdp-InS tXbne I¿j-Icpw, I-º-\nbpw cq£-amb sh√p-hn-fn-I-sfbpw `oj-WnI-sfbpw t\cn-tS≠n h∂p. hne XI¿®bpw, B`y¥c A¥¿tZ-iob hn]-Wnbpw, GP‚p-am-cp-sSbpw CS-Ø-´p-Im-cp-sSbpw A\n-b-{¥nX CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw, hn]-Wn-bnse IpØ-IIfpw, kmt¶-XnI hnhc˛hn⁄m\˛hym]I ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS A`m-hhpw, {][m\ {]iv\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kml-NcyØnemWv {]Ir-Xnbpw tkmfnUmcnUmUpw Icn-am-\n-bn¬ hcn-Ibpw hb-\m-´nse sNdp-InS ^mIvS-dn-IfpsSbpw I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw {]iv\-ßsf°pdn®v ]Tn-°p-hm\pw XpS¿ Kth-j W- ß ƒ \S- Ø p- h m\pw Bcw- ` n- ® - X v . ]pØ≥ kmº- Ø nI \b- ß - f psS `mK-ambn temIØv hf¿∂p h∂p-sIm≠ncn-°p∂ hmWnPytaJ-e-I-fnse tIm¿∏-td‰v kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw, ^mw apX¬ cmPy¥c am¿°‰v hsc, IrjnbnSØn¬ \n∂v hntZi am¿°‰nte°v KpW-ta-∑-bn-eqsS `£ykpc-£bpw, km-º-ØnI `{Z-Xbpw F∂ Bi-bsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n N¿®-Iƒ \S-ØpIbpw AXn-eqsS Dcp-Øn-cn™ sFIyZm¿VyXbpw, Bth-ihpw {]Xo-£-bpamWv GIXm D‰vkv So t{]mPIvSv Bcw`n°m\p≈ kmlNcyw. 2008- BKkvXv 1mw XnbXn apX¬ HutZymKnI-ambn t{]mPIvSv \ne-hn¬ h-∂p. R߃ Is≠-Ønb Iº-\nbpsS i‡nbpw, £-a-Xbpw, \n¿_‘nX LS-I-ßfpw sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw Xmsg tN¿°p∂p. WAM Tea Co. bpsS, \n¿_‘nX LS-I-߃/i‡n-Iƒ
sh√phn-fn-Iƒ Iº-\n-bpsS t\´-߃, i‡n, £-a-X z
30
Ipd™ \nc-°n-ep≈ cmkhf IoS-\m-in\n {]tbm-Khpw _lp-hnf k{º-Zm-bhpw
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw z
A\p-tbmPyamb Imem-h-ÿbpw `qan-bpsS {]tXyIX-Ifpw `q{]-Ir-Xnbpw tXbne Irjn°v A\p-tbmPyamb ]cn-ÿn-Xn.
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]®tXbne/sImfp¥n\v Xmc-Xtay\ sa®-s∏´ hne.
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kzm{ib kwLßfpsSbpw, kq£v a Xe kwhn[m\ßfpsSbpw, {]h¿Ø\ß-fpw, GtIm-]-\hpw.
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tXbne Irjn-bn-ep≈ hnizkvXX,- Xm-Xv∏cyw tXbne Irjn-bn-ep≈ ÿnc-X,- ]-cn-Wm-a- Ir-jn-tbm-Sp≈ Xm¬∏cy°pd-hv.
z
So t_mUv D]mkn, tI{μ˛k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-I-fp-am-bp≈ _‘-ß-fpw-˛Xp-S¿ kwc-£-Whpw GtIm-]-\-hpw.
^mIvSdn hn`mKw z
KpW- \ nehmcap≈ So ^mIv S dnbpw KpW- \ n- e hmcap≈ tXbne D¬∏-∂-ß-fpw.
z
tXbne D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn-s‚ _lp-`q-cn-`m-Khpw tee-tI{μØn¬ ÿnc-ambn hn¬°p-∂p.
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sNdp-InS tXbne I¿j-Ic- p-sSbpw, kl-Im-cn-If- p-sSbpw, Hmlcn hnlnXw sIm≠v Bcw-`n® ^mIvSdn sNdp-InS tXbne I¿j-I-cp-sS-Xmb Iº-\n,]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw {]Xo-£-bpw.
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icn-bmb Zni-bn-ep≈ amt\-Pvsa‚n-s‚bpw, I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw, ^e-{]-Z-amb {]h¿Ø\-߃.
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kpi-‡-amb sNdp-InS tXbne I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw, sXmgnem-fn-I-fp-sSbpw, ]n¥p-Wbpw, k-l-I-c-W-hpw.
hn]Wn z
{]mtZ-inI kwcw-`-ßfpw, ÿm-]-\-ßfpw, aX-ÿm]-\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ i‡-amb _‘-߃.
z
I¿j-I-cpsS X\n-a-bm¿∂ tXbne F∂ Bi-bhpw, hn-\n-a-bhpw, Xt±-itjm∏pIfpw, IpSpw_ßfpambp≈ ^e{]Zamb _‘- ß fpw, CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpw.
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So t_mUv, teesk‚¿ F∂n-h-cp-am-bp≈ \√ _‘-߃, AXp-hgn bYm-k-a-b-ß-fn-ep≈ tZio-b-˛-A-¥¿tZ-iob hn]Wn kw_-‘n® hnhc tiJ-c-Whpw hn\n-tbm-Khpw.
z
]pjv∏-Kncn {_m‚n-ep≈ D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS hym]\w. 31
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
Iº-\n-bpsS (WAM Tea Co.) -\n¿_‘nX LS-I-߃/ sh√phnfnIƒ (Constraints) sNdp-InS tXbne I¿j-Icpw ^mapw z
GIo-IrX tXbne Irjn coXn-I-fpsS A`mhw
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\ne-hn-ep≈ hn]Wn, hne \ne-hm-cw, -tX-bne-bpsS Unam‚v, F∂n-h-sb°p-dn-®p≈ Ipd™ Adnhv.
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A\p-tbmPyamb b{¥-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn-s‚ A`m-hw.
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sXmgnem-fn-I-fpsS A]cym]vX-bpw, Ip-dhpwaqew, -sImfp¥v tiJ-c-WØn-s‚ Ime-N-{I-Øn¬ h∂ am‰w. (plucking circle)
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KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ ]®-tX-bne-bpsS D¬∏m-Z-\-Ønepw, tiJ-c-W-Ønepw, Aÿn-c-X.
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kmt¶-XnI hn⁄m-\-Øn-s‚bpw, imkv{Xob Irjn-co-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw, KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ D¬∏m-∂-Øns‚bpw, Ahy‡Xbpw A-dn-hn-√m-bva-bpw.
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`qcn-`mKw I¿j-Icpw, sXmgnem-fn-If- pw, t_m[h¬°cWhpw, ]T\-ßfpw, \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.
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sImfp¥v kaml- I - c - W - Ø n\v ^e- {]- Z - a mb kw`cW Unt∏m- b psS (collection centere) A`mhw.
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I¿j-I¿°v bYm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ Irjn-bn-S-Øn-te°v Bhiyamb cmk-hf IoS-˛-If \min-\n-I-fpsS e`yX°pd-hv.- aq-e-[-\-Øn-s‚ A`m-hw.
So ^mIvSdn z
KpW-\n-e-hm-cw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw ÿncX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂Xn\pw \ne-hn¬ ^e-{]-Z-amb kwhn-[m-\-߃ C√.
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bYm k-a-b-ß-fn¬ I¿j-I-cn¬ hne \ne-hmcw, hn-]-Wn-bpsS A`mhw, Kp-W-\n-e-hmcw, F∂nh FØn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w C√.
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^mIvSdn Poh-\-°m¿°pw amt\-Pvsa‚n\pw Bhiyamb ]T\ ]cn-io-e-\߃ e`n-®n-´n-√.
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^mIvS-dn-bnse Poh-\-°m-cpsS ka-b-\njvT, bqWnt^mw XpS-ßnb \n¿_‘ambn ]men-°-s∏-tS≠ Imcy߃ ]men-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
32
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw z
A\m-tcmKy]chpw, ^e-{]-Zh - p-a√ - mØ kwhn-[m-\ß - ƒ, sImfp-¥n-s‚ XcwXn-cn-°¬, Afhv, Xq°w, Irjn, kw_‘n® \n¿t±iß-ƒ sISp-°p-∂Xn¬ kw`-hn-°p∂ ]cm-P-bhpw hogv®-bpw.
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KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e-bp-sSbpw, tXbne D¬∏-∂-ß-fp-sSbpw, hniz-kvX-Xbpw, D-d∏pw ÿnc-Xbpw, \ne-\n¿Øp∂-Xn\v km[n-°p-∂n-√.
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^o¬Uv seh¬ Irjn Akn-Âp-am-cp-sSbpw Irjn sUtam¨kv{S-‰vam-cpsSbpw Ipd-hv.
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Iqen,- iºfw, sImfp-¥n-s‚ hne XpS-ßnb-h-bpsS hnX-c-W-Ønse Ime Xmakw
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ASn-ÿm\ Ahiykwhn-[m-\-ß-fp≈ Hm^okv (I. T.) kwhn-[m-\-Øn-s‚ Ipd-hv.
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hn]-Wn-bnse kmt¶-XnI, A-{]-Xo-£nX {]iv\ß - ƒ ]cn-lc- n-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ ap≥I-cp-X¬ ]≤Xn-I-fpsS A`m-hw.
hn]Wn z
hn]Wn Is≠- Ø p- ∂ - X nepw \ne- \ n¿Øp∂- X nepw D≠m- b n- c n- t °≠ Hu]Nm-cn-I-X-bpsS Ipd-hv.
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{]mtZ-inI hn]-Wn-bpsS XpS¿kw-c-£W apd-I-fpsS A`m-hw.
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hn]WnbpsS/ D]-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS A`n-cp-Nn-°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ tXbne s]m-Sn-I-fpsS hnX-c-W-Øn-s‚ A`m-hw.
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Iº-\n-bpsS _‘-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ ktlm-Z-c-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw, kl-Im-cnI-fnepw, ^e-{]-Z-amb coXn-bn-ep≈ hn]Wn Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-ep≈ A`m-hw
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anI-hp‰ _‘-ß-fp-sS-bpw {]h¿ØIcp-sSbpw Ipd-hv.
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A]cym]vXamb aqe-[-\w.
33
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
9
GIXm˛D‰vkv So t{]mP-IvSns‚ {][m\ e£yßfpw, {]-h¿Ø\ taJ-e-bpw
z
kpÿn-chpw, imkv{Xo-b-hpamb hym]mc coXnbpw, hym]mc irwJ-ebpw, Ir-jnbpw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØv, Iº-\n-sbbpw, KpW-t`m-‡m-°-sfbpw, D]t`m‡m°- s fbpw, tZiob A¥¿tZ- i ob Xe- Ø n¬ _‘n- ∏ n®v \oXn-bn-e-[n-jvSnXamb D‰vkv So D¬∏-∂-߃ D≠m°n ka-{K-X-bn-se-Øn°p-hm-\p≈ I¿Ω ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXv \S-∏-n-em-°p-I.
z
klm-bI kwcw-`ß - sfbpw, kzm{ib kwL-ßsfbpw, kl-Im-cn-Is- fbpw, A\p-_‘ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw, tIm¿∏-td-‰p-I-sfbpw, hIp-∏p-I-sfbpw, GtIm-]n∏n®v im‡o-I-cW {]h¿Ø\-߃ \S-Øp-I.
hnZKv≤ sXmgn-em-fn-I-sfbpw, kmt¶-XnI hnZ-K-≤-cp-sS-bpw, Kth-j-I-cpsSbpw, k¿°m¿-˛k¿°mcn-Xc, GP≥kn-I-fp-sSbpw, klm-b-tØmsS ^e{]-Z-amb Ip‰-a‰ `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\hpw, \n¿ΔlW]m-S-hhpw, coXnbpw, hf¿Øn kpÿn-c-amb KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ tXbne D¬∏-∂-߃ D≠m-°p-I. bYm-k-a-bß-fn¬ D]-t`m-‡m-hn-s‚ A`n-cp-Nn-°\ - p-kc- n®v hnhn[ Xcw KpWhpw, cpNnbpw, KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ s]m-Sn-Iƒ hn]-Wn-bn-se-Øn-°pI. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°-\ptbmPyambn \oXn-bn-e[ - n-jvSn-Xa- mbn {]h¿Øn°p∂ ÿm]-\ß - s- fbpw, kwLS-\-I-sfbpw, kaq-l-ß-sfbpw, _‘n-∏n®v kpÿnc Irjnbpw, ka{K hnI-k\hpw, kmaqly]cn-c£, kmaqly \oXn, `£ykpc£, kpÿn-cX Dd-∏p-h-cpØphm≥ th≠ {]h¿Ø\߃ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXv \S-∏n-em-°p-I.
]≤Xn {][m-\a- mbpw 4 (\m-ev) taJ-eI - f- mbn Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-°p∂p z
ÿm]\w, kw-L-S-\m-Xew˛]-cn-jv°m-c-߃/{]h¿Ø\߃
z
sNdp- I nS I¿j- I - c psSbpw, sXm- g nem- f n- I - f p- s S- b pw, hnI- k - \ hpw, imIv-Xo-I-cW hn⁄m\ hym]\ {]h¿Ø\-߃.
34
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw z
^mIvSd- n, b - q-Wn-‰v,- A-\p-_‘ ÿm]-\ß - fpsS hnI-k\w, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, amt\-Pvsa‚v, XpS-ßn-bh - c- psS imIvX - o-Ic- W hn⁄m\ hym]\ {]h¿Ø\߃. (ssh-ZKv≤y ]cn-io-e-\-߃).
z
kpÿnc hn]-Wn-bpsS Is≠-Øepw hym]-\-hpw hnI-k-\hpw.
]≤XnsIm≠v {]Xo-£n-°p∂ {][m\ ^e-ßfpw, t\´-ß-fpw z
kpÿnc IrjncoXn, Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ sImfp¥v, sIm-fp¥n\v sa®-s∏´ hne e`n-°-p∂ kml-Ncyw
z
ssh-ZKv≤yhnI-k-\w,- am-t\-Pvsa‚v,- tX-bne D¬∏-∂-߃,- ^m-IvS-dn-bn -se-bpw,- Irjn ^map-If- n-se-bpw,- sX-mgn¬ ]cn-io-e\ - h - pw,- sXm-gn¬ hnI-k\ - h - pw.
z
Irjn-sbbpw, ^m-IvS-dn-sb-bpw,- hn-]-Wn-sbbpw, GtIm-]n-∏n®v kpÿnc hnI-k\Øn\p th≠nbp≈ {]h¿Ø\-߃.
z
\√ KpW-\n-eh - mcw Dd-∏p-hc- p-Ønb tXbne D¬∏-∂ß - ƒ,- am-Xr-Im-]c- a- mb, Imcy£a-amb `cW kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpw, ^mIvSdnbpw, {]h¿Ø\-߃.
z
sNdp-InS I¿jIcpsS D‰vkv So D¬∏∂߃ A¥¿tZiob am¿°-‰n-seØp-∂p.
z
tZio-b-˛-A-¥¿ tZiob hym]mc irwJ-e-bpsS GtIm-]\ {]h¿Ø\ß-fpw,- ^-e-{]-Z-amb kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS XpS¿ kwc£-Whpw.
z
cmPy¥c, tXbne hym]mc irwJ-e-bn¬ aq√y[njvSnX, aq√yh¿≤nX tXbne hym]m-c-Øn-s‚bpw hym]mc irwJ-e-bn¬ ÿnc-Xbpw ]pØ≥ hym]mc kwkv°m-chpw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]h¿Ø\-ß-fpw.
{][m-\-s∏´ \n¿ΔlW Xe-߃ 1. kwL-S-\m-X-ew˛LS-\m-]cw hnhn-[-Xcw k_v IΩ-‰n-Iƒ \n¿ΔlW {]{In-b-bnse hnhn[ Xe-߃ 2. I¨kƒ´‚v k¿Δ-ok v Irjn/^mw kw_‘n®pw hn]Wn kw_‘n®h, ^mIvS-dn, k¿°m¿ ˛k¿°mcnXc GP≥knIƒ, _m¶v, [\Imcy ÿm]\߃, tIm¿∏-td-‰pIƒ,- Xp-S-ßn-bh kw_-‘n-®v. 3. IrXy\njv S - t bmSpw, {I- a ambpap≈ tbmK- ß ƒ, hnebncpØepIƒ,b-Ymk-a-b-ß-fn¬, Hmtcm Xeßfn-ep-ap≈ hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb tcJ-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°epw kq£n-°-epw.
35
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
10
D‰vkv So t{]mP-IvSn-s‚ t\´-߃
GIXm D‰vkv So t{]mP-IvSn-s‚ {]h¿Ø\-ßfpw t\´-ß-fpw,- hn-i-I-e\w sNbvXm¬ A¤p-Xm-h-l-amb am‰-߃ hcp-Øp-hm≥ km[n-®p-sh-∂Xv A`n-am\¿l-am-Wv. ^mIvS-dn-X-ew,- km-aq-ly-X-ew,- kmw-kv°m-cn-I-X-ew,- Im¿jn-I-X-ew, hn]-Wn-,- Xp-S-ßn-bh {][m\ taJ-e-I-fm-Wv. kmaqly Iq´mbva:-˛Hcp {]tZ-isØ P\-ß-fpsS hnhn[ kwkv°mc aq√y-ß-fpw,- B-Nm-c-\p-jvSm-\-ß-fpw,- Z¿i-\-ß-fpw,- Hcp IpS-°o-gn¬ hcp-Øp∂-Xn-\pw,- am-\p-jnI aqey-ß-fpw,- km-aq-ly-\o-Xnbpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw km[n-®p. Xmeq-°nse 6 ]©m-bØpIfn¬ \n∂p-ambn 426 I¿j-I¿°v H∂n-°p-hm\pw \qX\ Irjn coXn \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw km[n-®p. I¿jI¿°pw, tX-bne ^mIvS-dn°pw, Ah-cpsS Dev∏-∂-߃ sa®-s∏´ KpW-\n-ehm-c-tØmSp IqSn D≠m-°p-hm\pw a‰p Dev∏-∂-ß-fp-am-bn Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w \S-Øp-hm\pw km[n-®p. ]pØ≥ hn]-W\ km[y-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-hm-\p≈ Ah-kc- ß - ƒ D≠m-Ip-Ibpw tZinb A¥¿tZ-iob Xe-ßf- n-ep≈ hy‡n-Ifpw ÿm]-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ G¿s∏-SpØphm\pw Ign™p. {]IrXn, tkmfn-Um-cn-UmUv, C≥tUm-tk¿´v, So t_m¿Uv, D]mkn etc.
tkh-\-cw-K-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘w am\¥hmSn SuWn¬ Im¿jnI ]T-\-hn-\n-a-b-tI{μw Bcw-`n-®p. taevØcw KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ Im¿jnI D]-I-c-W-߃ I¿j-I¿°v \evIp-hm\pw, B-i-bhn- \ n- a - b - Ø n\v C‚¿s\‰v Is^ Bcw- ` n- ° p- h m\pw Ign- ™ p. GIXm t{]P-IvSn-s‚ `mK-ambn tI{μSn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Icn-am-\n-bn¬ Im¿jnI D]-I-cW-ß-fp-sSbpw, Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sSbpw, hn-ev∏\ sk‚¿ Bcw-`n-®p. tXbne I¿j- I ¿°v KpW- \ n- e - h m- c - a p≈ acp- ∂ p- I fpw bt{¥- ] - I - c - W - ß fpw 36
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
\evIn-b-Xp-hgn hn⁄m\ hym]mc]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmSp IqSn 40% tXbne Dev∏m-Z\w h¿≤n∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p. I¿j-Icpw Dev∏m-Z\ kwkv°cW taJ-e-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w h¿≤n∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p. Dev∏-∂Øn-s‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw, Dev∏m-Z\ kwkv°-cW {]{In-b-I-fnse Imcy-\n¿ΔlW tijnbpw, hn-]-W\ X{¥-ßfpw sa®s∏SpØp-hm≥ km[n-®p. ]pXnb hn]-W\ taJ-e-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. 138 tXbne I¿j-Isc KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fmbn Xnc-s™-SpØv Btcm-Ky-taJ-e-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øn-s‚ `mK-ambn BtcmKy C≥jp-d≥kv \S∏n-em-°n. 2009˛10 kmº-ØnI h¿j-Øn¬ 21 I¿j-I¿°v 1,35,000/- cq] C≥jpd≥kv C\Øn¬ hnXcWw sNbvXp. tI{μ k¿°mcns‚ {]h¿Ø\-ß-tfmSv kl-I-cn-°p-hm-\pw, So t_m¿Uv, D]mkn F∂n-h-bp-ambn \√_‘w krjvSn°p-hm\pw, \ne\n¿Øphm\pw km[n-®p. I¿j- I ¿°v 75%AUzm≥kv XpI \ev Ip- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ kwhn- [ m\w Bcw`-n-®p. 5 If£≥ sk‚¿ (hm-fm-Sv,- B-em-‰n¬, ]pXn-bn-Sw, Ccp-a-\-Øq¿, a°n-bm-Sv)- B-cw-`n-®p. If£≥ sk‚¿ aptJ\ sImfp¥n-s‚ hne hnX-cWw sNbvXp. ^mIvSdn hnebv°v Nmb-s∏m-Sn-Iƒ sk‚-dp-I-fn-eqsS I¿j-I¿°v hnX-cWw sNøphm≥ XpS-ßn. ^mIvS-dn-bnepw, I¿j-I-cnepw, B-tcm-Kykw-c-£Ww Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn. I¿j-I¿°v hn⁄m\ hym]\ eLp-te-J-Iƒ hnX-cWw sNøphm≥ XpS-ßn. Iº-\n-bpsS \b-ßfpw e£y-ß-fpw,- kw-_-‘n® hnh-c-߃ {]Z¿in-∏n°p-Ibpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Icn-am\n Iº-\nsb P\-a-≤y-Ønse-Øn-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p. sImfp¥n\v ss{Kbn-Un-wKv k{º-Zmbw sIm≠p h-cp-hm\pw sa®-s∏´ hne \evIp-hm\pw km[n-®p. I¿j-I¿°pw ^mIvSdn sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ°pw amt\Pvsa‚ n\pw \nehmcap≈ s{Sbn\nwKv \evIn. sImfp¥n-s‚ hne bYm amk-ß-fn¬ I¿j-I-cn¬ FØn-°p-hm\pw t\m´okv t_mUn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-hm\pw XpS-ßn. Iº-\nsb A]vs{Kbn-Uv sNøphm≥ Ign-™p. ICS (Internal Control System) B`y-¥c KpW-ta∑ kwhn-[m\w hf¿Øp-
∂-Xn\pw Imcy-£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw km[n-®p. AXp-aqew sImfp¥n\v Dev∏m\w h¿≤n®p. KpW-ta∑ h¿≤n®p.tXbn-es- ∏mSn \ne-hm-cØ - n-te°v Db¿∂p. teesk‚-dn¬ Iº-\n-bpsS X\na h¿≤n®p.Iº-\n°v Hcp Hm∏-td-‰nwKv am\p-h¬ D≠m-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p. ^mIvS-dn-bn¬ HACCP \S-∏n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p. ^mIvSdn \ho-I-cW {]h¿Ø\-߃ \S-Øn. Iº-\n-bnepw, ICS epw, I¿jI-cnepw \√ tUmIypsat‚j≥ kwhn-[m\w hf¿Øp-hm≥ Ign-™p. 2009˛10 kmº-ØnI h¿jw Iº-\n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbne 37
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
ssXIƒ sIm≠ph-cp-∂-Xn\pw aq∂v e£-tØmfw ssXIƒ I¿j-I¿°v hnX-cWw sNøphm\pw km[n-®p. Sot_m-Up-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn 42 I¿jI¿°v ]pXn-b- tX-bne-tØm-´-߃ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v k¿°mcn¬ \n∂pw [\k-lmbw t\Sp-∂X - n-\p≈ \S-]S- n-Iƒ ]q¿Ønbmbn. XpI hnX-cWw Bcw-`n®p. 30 I¿j-I¿°v ASn- I-hm-Øn-\p≈ At]£ \evIp-Ibpw XpI A\p-h-Zn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 2009˛10 kmº-ØnI h¿jw ]pXnb tXm´w D≠m-°p-∂Xn\v [\-k-lmbØn\v At]£ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\pw I¿j-I¿°vv At]£ hnX-cWw sNøp∂Xn\pw km[n-®p. 2009˛10 kmº-ØnI h¿jw GI-tZiw 200 G°¿ tXbn-e-tØm´w G A P eqsS Bcw-`n-°p-hm≥ km[n-®p. 56 I¿jI¿°v So t_mUn¬ tXbn-e-tØm´w cPn-ÿ sNøp∂Xn\v km[n-®p.
kmº-ØnI t{imX- p-I-fp-am-bp≈ _‘w ^≠v tiJ-cW am¿§-߃ Is≠-Øp-hm≥ klm-bn-°p-hm≥ km[n-®p. Sot_mUv, hyh-kmb hIp∏v, a‰v [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘w hf¿Øp-hm≥ km[n-®p. k¿°m¿ ]≤-Xn-bn-eqsS e`y-am-°m-hp∂ ]≤XnIsf°p-dn®v Ah-t_m[w hf¿Øp-hm≥ km[n-®p. \√ C\w tXbne ssXIfpw, km-t¶-XnI D]-Ic- W - ß - fpw, hn-Zy-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Dev∏m-Z\ h¿≤\hpw KpW\n-e-hm-c-hpw, ta∑bpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-™p. Dev∏m-Z\ sNehv 25% Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn\v km[n®p. s]mSnbpsS out turn Db¿Øp-hm≥ (20%) km[n-®p. hym]m-c-hy-h-kmb hnhc t{kmX- p-I-fp-am-bp≈ Bib hn\n-ab _‘-߃ D≠m-°p-hm\pw AXv aqew Dev∏m-Z\ hnX-cW irwJ-esb BtcmKy-]-c-ambn kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw (chain of custody) km[n-®p. ap≥Ime-ßsf At]-£n®v sImfp¥n-s‚ hne 10 cq]-bn-¬ XmgmsX ]nSn®p \n¿Øphm≥ Ign-™p. Adnhv, hnZym-`ymkw, hn-hc˛e`yX I¿j I¿°pw, D-ev∏m-Z-I¿°pw, Imem-\p-kr-X-ap≈ hnhc kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Ifn¬ A-dnhv \evIp-hm-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w Dd-∏p-hc- p-Øp-hm≥ Ign-™p. Irjn hn⁄m\tI{μw, Im¿jnI k¿Δ-Iem ime, D-]mkn, So-t_mUv, a‰v k∂≤ kwL-S-\Iƒ, k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-Iƒ, F∂n-h-cp-am-bp≈ ^e-{]-Z-amb _‘-ßfpw CS-s]-Se - p-If- pw, {][m\ {]h¿Ø\ß-fm-Wv. k¿´n^nt°-j≥ {]h¿Ø\ßfpsS `mKambn \√ Irjn- co-Xn-Ifpw {]h¿Ø\ß-fpw,- Xp-S¿˛kwc-£-W-ap-dI-fpw, kw_-‘n® hn⁄m\ hym]\ ]cn-]mSn \S-Øp-hm≥ Ign-™p. B`y-¥c KpW-ta∑ am\-ZW - vUß - ƒ, Kp-Wt- a∑ coXn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb k¿°pe¿ I¿j-I-cn¬ FØn-°p-∂-Xn\v km[n-®p. I¿j-I-cp-sS-Xmb Hcp {]kn-≤o-I-cW-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®p. s]mXphm-bpw,- kw-L-ß-fm-bpw,- sk-an-\m-dp-Iƒ \SØn bYm-k-a-b-ß-fn-ep≈ kq£va-Xe ]cn-tim-[-\-Ifpw klm-bI {]h¿Ø\ß-fpw, hgn KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-s‚ anIhv h¿≤n∏n-°p-hm\pw 38
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
]pØ≥ kao-]\ - ß - f- pw, at\m-`m-hh - pw, DW¿Δpw D≠m-°p-hm≥ Ign™p. Irjntbm-Sv,- sX-mgnen-t\mSv sshIm-cnI _‘w D≠m-°p-hm≥ Ign™p. ÿm]-\sØ kw_-‘n-®pw, k¿´n^nt°-js\ kw_-‘n®pw Dev∏-∂-ßsf kw_-‘n®pw Bfl-hnizmkw hf¿Ø-p-hm≥ Ign-™p. hn]-Wn-bn¬, {Km-a-ß-fn¬, WAM Tea s]mSn Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂, P\-߃ CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ tXbn-e-bmbn hf¿Øphm≥ Ign-™p. D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v aqey-X\ - na D≈Xpw D]-Im-c{- ]-Zhpw BtcmKy-kp-c-£-bp-≈-Xp-am-sW∂ tXm∂¬ hf¿Øp-hm-\pw,- \n-e-\n¿Øphm\pw Ign-™p. km[m-c-W-°m¿ tNmZn®v Icn-am-\n-s]mSn hmßp∂ kml-Ncyw D≠mbn. Hcp h¿j-°m-e-ambn ÿnc-ambn WAM Tea Iº-\n-bpsS Nmb-s∏mSn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Nmb-°-S-°m-c-t\mSv A`n-{]mbw Bcm-™-t∏mƒ At±lw {]Xn-I-cn-®Xv Cß-s\-bmWv Du‰v Ipd-™m-se¥m \√ Nmb In´p-at√m hniz-kn®v B¿°pw IpSn°mw hnjw D≠m-hn-√. WAM Tea tXbn-es- ∏m-Sn-bpsS KpW-ta-∑-sb- kw_‘n® Xncn-®-dnhv (Good will) D≠m-bn. Irjn cwKØv \√ sImfp¥v D≠m-°p-hm\pw Cu h¿jw (2009˛10) 40% h¿≤\hv ImWn°p-hm\pw Ign-™p. tZiob A¥¿˛tZiob Xe-ß-fn¬ \S-Ønb hmWnPy ]T-\,- hn-X-c-W,hn-]-W-\,- irw-J-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-hm-\pw, Dev∏m-Z-I¿, hn-X-c-W-°m¿, Ib-‰p-a-Xn-°m¿, hym]m-cn-Iƒ F∂n-h-cp-am-bp≈ _‘w krjvSn-°p-hm\pw Ign-™p. k¿°m¿ hnI-k\ hIp-∏p-I-fpw, Sot_mUv XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-am-bp≈ Bkq-{XW {]h¿Ø\-ß-fn-epw,- hn-⁄m-\-hym-]\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw CS-s]-Sphm\pw kl-I-cn®v {]h¿Øn°p-hm\pw Ign-™p. tPmen-°m-cpsS kz`m-hØnepw s]cp-am‰ coXn-If- n-epw,- a-t\m-`m-hß - f- nepw am‰w D≠m-°p-hm\pw BtcmKy-]-c-amb hnI-k-\-]-c-amb at\m-`mhw hf¿Øp-hm\pw Ign-™p. h¿≤n® am\-h-tijn D≠mbn am¿°-‰nwKv ent¶Pv D≠m-bn. \√ B[p-\nI k÷o-I-cW-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb C T C ^mIvS-dn,\√ I C S {]h¿ØI Sow, A-®-S-°-ap≈ sXmgnem-fn-I-fpw, amt\-Pvsa‚pw, -{]-Ir-Xn,- tkm-fn-Um-cn-UmUv, C≥tUm-tk¿´v XpS-ßnb NGOs Ifp-am-bp≈ _‘w hf¿Øp-hm-\pw, kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw Ign-™p. hn]-Wnbnse Ak-¥p-en-X-Iƒ ad-nI-S-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p.
A\pIqe k¿°m¿ \b-߃ ^mIvSdn-sb-bpw,- I¿j-I-sc-bpw,- k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂-Xn-\pw, tI{μ kwÿm\ k¿°mcpIfpsS \b-ß-fpw, {]h¿Ø\ßfpw klm-bn-®p. ]pXnb tXbn-e-tXm´w D≠m-°¬,- ^m-IvS-dn-bpsS \ho-I-cW {]h¿Ø\-߃ \nIpXn Cf-hp-Iƒ, Cd-°p-aXn Xocphm Cfhv, k_vko-UnIƒ,- hn-h-c- k-t¶-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS e`yX XpS-ßn-bh {][m-\-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv. t\´ßƒ C\nbpw [mcm-f-ap-≠v. 39
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
kwL-SnX i‡n, Iq-´m-bva,- Aw-Kß - f- psS ]n≥_-ew,- hn-`h kam-lc- W - hpw kwc-£-W-hpw,- kw-L-ß-fpsS s\‰vh¿°v, H∂n®p IqSp-hm-\p≈ ÿew, (-Hm-^o-kv) \√ t\Xr-Xzw, D‰vkv k¿´n^nt°-j≥ hgn Iº\n IqSp-X¬ i‡-cmbn F∂ t_m[yw,- t{]-PIvSv hgn I¿j-I-cpw,- sXmgnem-fn-Ifpw AkvXnXz-hpw,- Aw-Ko-Im-chpw t\Sn sImSpØpsh∂ tXm∂¬ hf¿Øp-hm≥ Ign™p. GIXm D‰vkv So t{]mPIvSv hgn Iº-\n°v [mcmfw Ah-k-c-ßfpw km[y-X-Ifpw Is≠-Øp-hm≥ Ign-™p. GIXm skmssk‰n cq]oIcn®v {]h¿Ø\w Bcw`n°pIbpw, sNdp-InS tXbne˛I¿j- I ¿°v sImfp¥v am¿°‰v sNøphm\p≈ kml- N cyhpw D≠m-bn. I¿j-I¿°pw, ^m-IvSdn sXmgnem-fn-Iƒ°pw imkv{Xo-b-amb Adnhv t\Sp-∂-Xn\v km[n-®p. km[y-X-Iƒ A\-¥-am-Wv. tI{μ k¿°mcnepw,So- t_mUnepw \nb-a-]-c-am-bp≈ cPn-kvt{S-j≥ \S-Øp-hm≥ Ign-™p. XpS¿∂pw _‘w \ne- \ n¿Øphm\p≈ kml- N cyw Dd- ∏ p- h - c p- Ø p- ∂ p. AwK-ßf- psS kmaq-ln-I,- ssh-⁄m-\nI hf¿® ]pXnb Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ - , _Z¬ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ, {]IrXn kwc-£Ww, hn`h kwc-£W taJ-e-bp-am-bp≈ kao-]-\-ßfpw {]h¿Ø\ß-fpw, ]pXnb {_m‚v Dev∏-∂-ß-fpw, Ib‰v aXn,hn-]-W-\-ti-jn,- hn-X-cW tijn,- hn-hn[ ÿe-ß-fnse I¿j-Icpw,- hn-]-Wn-bpam-bp≈ _‘w, KpW-ta-∑b - p≈ sImfp¥v, tXbn-es- ∏mSn, sXmgne-hk - c- ß - ƒ, Irjn-bn-epw,- kw-kv°-cW bqWn-‰nepw imkv{Xobamb ]T\w XpS-ßn-bh {][m-\-ß-fm-Wv.
_e-lo-\-X-Iƒ, -sh-√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Iº- \ n°v aqe- [ - \ - Ø n- s ‚ Ipd- h v , ssZ\w- Z n\ {]h¿ØsNe- h ns‚ h¿≤\hv, ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-I-fnse Aim-kv{Xo-bX, ]ecpw hy‡n-]-c-amb t\´w e£y-an-Sp-∂p. ]c-kv]-c-hn-izm-k-°p-d-hv,- Iº-\n kmº-Øn-I-ambn kzbw ]cym-]vXa√. `uXnI kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS A]-cym-]vXX hnZKvZ sXmgnem-fn-IfpsS e`y-X-°p-d-hv, h¿≤n® Dev∏m-Z\ sNe-hv, t\Xr-Xz-X-Øn-s‚ sISp-Im-cyÿ- X ,- X o- c p- a m- \ - ß ƒ \S- ∏ n- e m- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ Ime- X m- a - k w,- A - ] - I z- a mb t]mfn- k nbpw {]h¿Ø\ßfpw, k¿°mcns‚ amdn- h - c p∂ \b- ß - f pw,k-ao-]-\-ß-fpw,- hn-hc kmt¶-XnI (IT) taJ-e-bpsS D]-tbm-K-°p-d-hv, {]iv\ß-fn¬ Xo¿∏v Iev∏n-°m-\mhmØ kml-N-cyw, a‰v Iº-\n-I-fp-Ss-bpw, GP‚vam-cp-sS-bpw, A\m-tcm-Ky-]-c-amb CS-s]-S¬ sXmgn¬ {]iv\-߃, \ne-h-hmcw Ipd™ Dev∏m-Z\ D]m-[n-Iƒ, I¿j-I-sc-bpw,- a‰pw sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n°p∂ {]h¿Ø\-߃, Ip{]-Nm-c-Ww, ]Iz-amb Bkq-{X-W-Øn-s‚bpw \n¿ΔlWØns‚bpw Ip-dhv, BtKmfXm] hym]-\w˛Ak-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ Imem-h-ÿ, bm{Xm-ku-I-cy-Øn-s‚ Ipd-hv. ^e-{]-Z-amb hn]-Wn-bpsS Ipd-hv. 40
hnIk\hpw kpÿnc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
11
KpW-\n-c-hm-c-ap≈ Nmb D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ So t_m¿Uns‚ \n¿t±-i-߃
1. Xfn-cn-e-Iƒ am{Xw \p≈pI 2. aq∂v Cebpw Xncnbpw / c≠v Cebpw _m©nbpw am{Xw \p≈p-I. 3. hnc-ep-IƒsIm≠v sImfp¥v FSp-°p-I. 4. sNSn-bpsS apIƒ`m-KØv ImWp∂ apc-Sn® apIp-f-߃ (_m-©n-Iƒ) ka-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ \p≈n-F-Sp-°p-I. 5. sNSn-bpsS \nc∏v (a-´w) F√m-bvt∏mgpw ]cn-]m-en-°p-I. 6. a´-Øn¬ ImWp∂ {Xniq-em-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ sNdp-Nn-√-Iƒ (ap-Sn-®n) ka-bmk-a-b-ß-fn¬ HSn-®p-am-‰p-I. 7. sImfp¥v FSp-°p-∂-Xn\v IØn, Acn-hmƒ F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn°p-I. 8. sImfp¥v XW-eØv / sjUn¬ \nc-Øn-bn-Sp-I. 9. \ncØn C´n-cn-°p∂ sImfp-¥n¬, hfw, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, hnk¿Pyh-kvXp-°ƒ, arK-߃, ]£n-Iƒ ]S-cmsX kq£n-°p-I. a‰pa-c-ß-fpsS Iºp-Iƒ, Ce-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh s]dp°n am‰p-I. 10. hml-\-ß-fn¬ Ib-‰p-tºmƒ am{Xw sImfp¥v Nm°n¬ \nd-bv°p-I. 11. Nm°n¬ 25 Intembne-[nIw \nd-bv°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.
41
hnIk\hpw kp每nc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
List of Maximum Residue Limits Established in the Japanese General Food Law in the Tea Practises (UTZ Certified List of MRLS) Name of crop protection product (Active Ingredient)
MRL (PPM)
1.
1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (Agronact)
0.1
2.
Bromide (Methyl Bromide)
60
3.
Carbofuran (Thimat etc.)
1
4.
Chlorphyrifos
0.05
5.
Cypermethrin
0.05
6.
Deltamethrin, Tralomethrin (Intotal)
7.
Dichlorros
0.2
8.
Diuron (Weedicide etc.)
0.02
9.
Glyphosate Weed off round up)
42
2
1
hnIk\hpw kp每nc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
Important Address Prakruthi 43, 2nd Cross, Ramaya Layout St. Thomas Town Post Kammanahalli Bangalore - 560 084 Tel: +91 80 2543 8935/36 Fax: 080 4173 2338 www.prakruthi.org Solidaridad South and South East Asia A-5, 1st Floor, Shankar Garden, Main Najafgarh Road, Vikas Puri, New Delhi - 110 018 Tel: +91 11 2551 5122/ 23 www.solidaridad.in/nl Executive Director Tea Board, Govt. of India, Shelwood, Coonoor Club Road, Coonoor, Nilgiris Dist. Tamil Nadu - 643 101 Tel +91 423 2221 464/ 2231 638 Fax: 2232 332 Joint Controller of Licensing Tea Board Govt of India Indira Gandhi Road, Willingdon Island, Kochi - 682003, Kerala Tel: 0484 2666 523, 2668 481 Fax: 0484 2666 648
Tea Board Govt. of India College Road, Kottayam - 686 001 Tel: 0481 2567 391 Fax: 0481 2567 391 UPSAI & KVK Glenview, Coonoor, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu - 643 101 Tel: 0423 2230 772/ 2240 972 Director UPASI Tea Research Foundation Valparai, Tamil Nadu Advisory Officer UPSAI - Tea Research Foundation Regional Centre, Mepadi - Wayanad Tel: 04936 282463 Tea Board enlisted Soil Laboratories Kerala and Nilgiris UPSAI & KVK Coonoor - Nilgiris - Tamil Nadu UPSAI & KVK Calicut Road, Gudalloor Nilgiris - Tamil Nadu Kerala Agriculture - University Trichir & Ambalavayal, Kerala 43
hnIk\hpw kp每nc tXbne Ir-jnbpw
44