Guna Nilavaramulla Teyila by Pramod John

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

KpW-\n-eh - m-ca- p≈ tXbn-e A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

KpW-\n-eh - m-ca- p≈ tXbn-e:A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

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Prakruthi

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43, 2nd Cross, Ramaya Layout St. Thomas Town Post Kammanahalli Bangalore 560 084, India www.prakruthi.org

Compiled and Edited by : M A Subair, Advisory Officer, UPASI V A Augustine, Prakruthi Design and Layout by Rajesh M V Printed at National Printing Press, Bangalore 4

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

DffS°w

apJhpc

Biw-k

Ipdn∏v

tXbn-e-bpsS {]m[m\yw

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ G{]n¬, sabv, Pq¨ amk-ß-fn¬

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Ønt°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ Pqsse, BK-Ãv, sk]vXw-_¿, HIvtSm-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Ønt°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ \-hw-_¿, Unkw-_¿, P\p-hcn amk-ß-fn¬

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Ønt°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ s^{_p-h-cn, am¿®v amk-ß-fn¬

IoS\min\nIƒ kpc£nXambn ssIImcyw sNø¬

KpW-\n-c-hm-c-ap≈ Nmb D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ So t_m¿Uns‚ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ

aÆv kmºn-fp-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p∂ hn[w

D‰vkv So k¿´n-^n-t°-j≥

58 5

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

43, 2nd Cross, Ramaya Layout St. Thomas Town Post Kammanahalli Bangalore 560 084, India www.prakruthi.org

apJhpc

Im¿jnI taJ-e-bpsS ka-{K-hnI-k-\hpw Im¿jnI hyh-km-b-Øns‚ A\-¥-km-[y-X-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-hp-amWv C¥y-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øns‚ ImX-emb-`m-Kw. {Kma-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v DX-Ip-∂Xpw hntZ-i-\mWyw t\SnXcp-∂-Xp-amb Im¿jnI hrØn-If- psS hnI-k\ - h - pw, hym]-\h - pw, XpS¿kw-c£ - W - hpw \ap°v A\n-hm-cy-ta-Je - b - m-Wv. aqeym-[n-jvTn-Xh - pw, kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-_≤ - X - b - p-ap≈ Im¿jntIm¬∏-∂ß - ƒ°v tZiob A¥¿tZ-iob hn]-Wn-bn¬ apJy-ÿm-\a- p-≠v. KpW\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-hm≥ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS kwc-£Ww {][m-\-am-Wv. aÆpw, Pehpw, ssPh-k-ºØpw kwc-£n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ {Inbm-fl-I-amb Im¿jnI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ BWv \ΩpsS cmPy-Øn\v Bhiyw. AXn\v Irjn coXn-Is- f-°p-dn-®pw, aÆns‚ LS\, D]-tbm-Kw, _mly-LS- I - ß - f- psS D]-tbmKw F∂n-hs- b-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhv I¿j-Ic- n¬ FØn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CØcw Adnhv tXbne I¿j-I-cn¬ FØn-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp ssI]p-kvXIw {]kn-≤oIcn-°p-∂-Xn\v km[n-®-Xn\v "{]Ir-Xn°v' Gsd kt¥m-j-ap-≠v. tIc-f-Ønse {]tXyIn®pw hb-\m-ńse sNdp-InS tXbne I¿j-I¿°v th≠n Xøm-dm-°nb ]pkvXI-Øns‚ ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn® Fw. F. kpss_¿, D]m-kn, {]IrXn {]h¿ØI¿, XpS-ßn-b-hsc kvt\l-tØmsS Hm¿°p-∂p. Cu ]pkvXIw tXbne I¿j-I¿°v KpW-{]-Z-ambn Xocs´ F∂m-iw-kn-°p∂p. kvt\l-]q¿Δw, {]tamZv tPm¨ FIvknIyqóhv UbdIvS¿ {]IrXn 7

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ Rev. Dr. James Purathail CST Managing Director WAM Tea Co. Ltd. Karimani, Wayand Dsit. Kerala

Biw-k

sX∂n-¥y≥ tXbn-e-bpsS Ncn-{Xw kvt\l _‘-Øn-s‚bpw ]mc-kv]-cy-Xbp-sSbpw Bhn-jvIc- a- m-Wv. tXbneIrjn `mcX Ncn-{X-ah - p-ambn KmV-ambn _‘s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. kmº-Øn-Im-[n-]-Xy-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ A[ni i‡n-Ifpw kº∂ hn`mKhpw tXbnebpsS KpWhpw hnebpw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-hm≥ G¿s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-bv°p∂ {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ°-Xo-X-amb sNdp-InS I¿jIcpsS Iq´m-bva-bn-eqsS DS-se-SpØ Icn-am\n hmw So Iº\nbpw Cu Ncn-{X-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂ncn°p-∂p. CsXmcp kmaq-lnI kwcw`am-Wv. CXns‚ ]n∂n¬ \nc-∂p-sIm≠v So t_m¿Uv, D]m-kn, XpS-ßnb kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw {]Ir-Xn, tkmfn-Um-cn-Um-Uv XpS-ßnb kwL-S-\-Ifpw {]tNm-Z-\hpw Znim-t_m-[hpw Df-hm-°p-∂p-≠v. tXbne taJ-e-bn¬ F√m-h¿°p-ap≈ ]¶ns\ hy‡-am-°p∂Xpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw D¬∏m-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥ klm-b-I-amIp∂ Hcp sNdp]pkvXI - a- mWv (KpW-\n-eh - m-ca- p≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-coXn-Iƒ) {]Im-in-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv. CXns‚ ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn® {]Ir-Xn, D]mkn XpS-ßnbh¿°v Fs‚ A`n-\-μ-\-ßƒ!. kvt\l-]q¿Δw, ^m. Pbnwkv ]pd-Ø-bn¬ CST Fw.Un hmw So Iº\n

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ M.A. Subair Advisory Officer UPASI-Tea Research Foundation Regional Centre, Mepadi, Wayanad. Kerala Ph: 0-4939 282463

Ipdn∏v

tXbneIrjn-bn¬ amkw-tXmdpw A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Kth-jW ê-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n imkv{Xo-b-ap-d-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-SpØ tXbne Irjn∏Wn{]-tbm-K-ß-sf°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn- X-cp-hm≥ {io. hn. F AK-Ãn≥, {]-Ir-Xn Fs∂ kao-]n®t∏mƒ, efn-X-amb `mj-bn¬ I¿j-I¿°v Ffp-∏-Øn¬ a\- n-em-h-Ø° coXn-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-°p-hm≥ kabw Is≠-Ø-W-sa∂ {]m¿-XvY\- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p-. \n›- b n®Xpt]mse L´wL´- a mbn, Ime- Ø n- \ - \ p- k - c n®v Fs¥√mw sNø-W-sa∂v Hcp-h¿j-tØ-°p≈ tXbne Irjn-∏Wn-Isf°pdn®v FgpXnsIm-Sp-°m≥ Ign-™p. Bt\m-´p-Iƒ {]kvZo-I-cn®v ]I¿∏v F√m- I¿j-Icnepw FØn-°m\pff {]hr-Øn- {]-Ir-Xn F∂ kwL-S\ `wKn-bmbn \n¿h-ln°p-Ibpw sNøvXp. CØcw {]hr-Øn-I-fn¬ F\n°v A\p-hmZw X∂v hf-sc-tbsd t{]m’ml\w \¬Inb D]m-kn-bpsS UbcIvS¿ tUm. ]n taml≥ Ipam-dn-t\mSv \μn ]d-™p-sIm-≈-s´. kok-Wn¬ A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ tXbne Irjn ]Wn-Isf°pdn®v Fgp-XnX∂ t\m´p-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ Hcp ssI]p-kvX-I-am°n {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂-Xn\v {]-Ir-Xn ap≥ssI FSp-Ø-Xn¬ {]-Ir-XnbpsS FIvknIyqóhv UbcIvS¿ {io. {]tamZv tPmWn\pw {]h¿Ø-I¿°pw \μn Adn-bn-°p-∂-sXm-sSm∏w, Cu ]pkvXIw {]tXy-Ia- mbn hb-\m-ń-ep≈ sNdp-InS tXbne I¿jI¿°pw AXpt]mse a‰p kwÿm\ß-n-¬ NnX-dn-In-S-°p∂ F√m tXbne I¿j-I¿°pw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-sa∂v {]Xo-£n°p∂p. 11

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

F√m h¿jhpw D]mkn ]pdØp sIm≠p-h-cp-∂ Kth-jW ê-ßsf Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]pXp-°p-hm\pw ]pXnb \n¿t±-i-ßfpw Adn-hp-Ifpw ê-ß-fpw imkv{Xob Irjn- coXnIfpw I¿j-I-cn¬ FØn-°p-hm≥ {]IrXn F∂ kwL-S\ {ian-°p-sa∂v ]q¿Æ-ambn hniz-kn-®p-sIm-≈-s´. Imem-h-ÿ-bnepw aÆns‚ Btcm-Ky-L-S-I-ß-fnepw hyXym-k-ßƒ D≈Xv sIm≠v, Irjn-]Wn {]tbm-K-Øn¬ am‰w hcmw. AXp-t]mse `mj-bnepw, hymI-c-W-Ønepw D≠m-tb-°m-hp∂ sX‰p-Iƒ am\y-hm-b-\-°m¿ kZbw £an-°p-sa∂v Icp-X-s´. kvt\l-]q¿Δw, Fw. F. kpss_¿ AUvsshkdn Hmô-k¿ D]m-kn, ta∏mSn, tIcfw.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

tXbn-e-bpsS {]m[m\yw

C¥ybpsS Im¿jnI hyh-kmb taJ-e-I-fn¬ hfscb[n-Iw sXmgn¬ {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xpw, hntZi \mWyw t\Sn-X-cp-∂-Xp-amb tXm´-hn-f-bmWv tXbn-e. {_n´ojv `c-W-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v tXbn-ebv°v {]m[m\yw hcn-Ibpw hym]m-cm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ h≥InS tXm´ßfpw sNdp-InS tXm´ßfpw D≠m-hpIbpw A¥¿t±iob hmWnPy kwcw`-ßƒ Bcw`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 19˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw`-tØmsS km[m-cW - ° - m-cpsS CjvS] - m-\o-ba- mbn tXbn-e amdn. C∂v 40 Hmfw cmPy-ßfn¬ Nmb hym]-Im-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ Irjn-sNbvXphcp∂p. C¥y, ssN\, {ioe-¶, sI\n-b, Xp¿°n, Ct‚m-t\jy XpS-ßnb cmPy-ßƒ ap≥\nc-bn-em-Wv. Z£nW ]q¿tΔ-jy-bnepw Ata-cn-°b - nepw, DjvWt- a-Jem {]tZi-ß-fnepw, Dt]mjvW-ta-Jem {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ 30 kky-hw-iß-fpsS IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Xotbkn IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Ita-enb hwi-Øn¬s∏´ H∂mWv tXbn-e-. (China : C. sineniss, (L) O. Kuntze, Assam : C. assamica (Masters Wight), C. assamica ssp. losiocalyx)

F∂m¬ tXbn-e taJe C∂v cq£-amb {]Xn-k-‘nsb t\cn-Sp-I-bmWv h¿≤n® DZv∏m-Z-\-sN-e-hv, KpW-\n-e-hmc XI¿®, temI-hym-]mc kwL-S\m {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, Imem-hÿ F∂nh tXbn-e- hy-h-kmbsØ tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n®p. sNdp-InS tXm´-ß-fpsS ]cn-]m-e-\hpw kwc-£-Whpw DZv∏m-Z-\-£a-Xbpw h≥InS tXm´-ßsf At]-£n®v hfsc Ipd-hmbn ImW-∏-Sp-∂p. imkv{Xob Irjn-]-cn-]m-e-\hpw Irjn-co-Xnbpw A\p-h¿Øn®v DZv∏m-Z-\-£aX h¿≤n-∏n-®m¬ am{Xsa DZv∏m-Z-\- sNehv Ipd-°p-hm≥ km[n-°q. KpW\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbne s]mSn D≠m-°p-Ibpw DZv∏m-Z-\ -sNehv Ipd-°p-bpw 13

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

hgn am{Xta tXbn-e hyh-kmbw A`n-ap-Jn-cn-°p∂ {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ \n∂pw c£-s]-Sm-\m-hp. sNSn-bpsS kwc-£Ww hf-{]-tbm-Kw, If-IoS \nb-{¥-Ww, sImfp¥v \p≈¬, Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-ap-d-Iƒ, kmaq-ly-\o-Xn, Pew, aÆv kwc-£-Ww- F-∂n-hbv°v I¿j-I¿ {]m[m\yw \¬IWw. Nmb-bpsS hnI-k\-tØm-sSm∏w kaq-l-Øns‚ ka{K-hn-I-k-\hpw C∂sØ Ime-L-´-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-L-S-I-ß-fm-Wv. tZiob A¥¿t±-iob Xe-ß-fn-ep≈ hnI-k\ kwcw`ßfp-am-bp≈ GtIm-]n-X-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ IÆn-tN¿∂v ASn-ÿm-\hn`-hß - f- psS kwc-£W - hpw XpS¿ kwc-£W - hpw Dd∏phcpØn \ap°v hcpw Xe-ap-db - v°v ssIam-dp-Ibpw AXn-eqsS `£y-kp-c£ - bpw kmº-ØnI `{Z-Xbpw ssIh-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw.

C¥y-bpsS kºØv hyh-kvY-bn¬ tXbn-e-bpsS ]¶v z

hntZi hn\n-abw: Ib-‰paXn C\-Øn¬ 600 tImSn-bn¬∏cw hntZ-i-\mWyw e`n- ° p- ∂ p. hntZi\mWyØns‚ 1/12 `mKw tXbnebn¬ \n∂mWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv. B`y-¥-c-h-cpam\w: hnhn-[-bn\w \nIp-Xn-Iƒ, FIvssk-kv, hmWnPyw `q\n-Ip-Xn-, BZm-b -\n-Ip-Xn, sXmgn¬ \nIp-Xn. tXbn-e -tXm-´-ß-fpsS hcp-am-\-Ønse 1 cq]-bn¬ \n∂pw 33 ss]k k¿°m-cn-tebv°v \nIpXn C\-Øn¬ sImSp-°p-∂p.

sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ: Ccp-]-Xv e-£-Øn¬∏cw sXmgn-e-h-kc-ßƒ D≠v. kv{XoI-fpsS ]¶m-fnØw Dd∏v hcp-Øp-∂p. tXbn-e-bpsS A\p-_‘ taJ-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ a‰v sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ.

{Kmahn-Ik - \w: kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-Ka- \ - hpw {Kma-hn-Ik - \ - hpw kmwkvImcnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \S-°p-∂p.

aÆv Pe kwc-£Ww: ta¬a-Æns\ Bhc-Wa- mbn kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ tXbnesN-Sn°v Ign-bp-∂p. ssPhm-h-ÿ- \n-e-\n¿Øp-∂p. Km¿lnI D]-tbm-KØn\v hndIv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. temI DZv∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ 27% C¥y-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. C¥ybn¬ 79% A`y-¥c D]-tbm-Khpw 21% Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bp-amWv tXbn-e- ta-J-e-bn¬ D≈-Xv.

tXbne \√ BtcmKy ]m\o-b-am-Wv a\pjy ico-c-Ønse {]Xn-tcm-[-i‡n hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw kwc-£n-°p∂Xn\pw tXbne hgn km[n-°p-∂p. -Hcp DØa BtcmKy ]m\o-b-amWv CXv. {][m\ KpW-ßƒ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p. z

Is^-bn≥: c‡-ip-≤n-h-cp-Øp-∂p. \mUo-hyqlw kwc-£n-°p-∂p. am\-knIm-tcmKyw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. 14

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ z

^f-thm-t\m-bnUv: a\pjy tImißsf kwc-£n-°p-∂p. Iym≥k¿ {]Xntcm[- i‡n h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. lrZ-bm-Lm-XsØ Ipd-bv°p-∂p. N¿Ω-ßsf Aƒ{Sm-ssh-e‰v civan-If- n¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-°p-∂p. B‚n _mIvSo-cn-b¬ GP-‚mbn {]-h¿Øn-°p-∂p.- ]e {][m\ t]mj-I-ß-sfbpw {]Zm\w sNøp∂p. amwK\o-kv, kn¶v, ssh‰-an≥ _o, kn, sI, XpS-ßn-b-h.

^vfptdm-bnUv: ]√p-Is- fbpw tamW-Is- fbpw kwc-£W - Øn\pw hf¿®°pw klmbn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øn\v tXbne Hgn-®pIqSm\mhmØ ]m\o-b-am-sW∂v kwi-b-te-i-at\y sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂- km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ Atcm-Ky-ap≈ tXbn-e-bpsS DZv]m-Z\w Dd-∏m-t°-≠Xv Hmtcm I¿j-I-s‚bpw Hcp DØa ]uc-s‚bpw DØ-ch - m-Zn-Xzhpw IS-ab - p-am-sW-∂p≈ Xncn-®d- nhv D≠m-IW - w. sNSn-bpsS Hmtcm sNdnb hf¿®m ka-b-ß-fnepw I¿j-Is‚ {i≤bpw ]cn-N-c-Whpw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p.

Ce-\p-≈¬ tXbne Irjn-bn¬ G‰hpw {i≤bpw {][m-\yhpw A¿ln-°p∂ tPmenbmWv Ce\p≈¬ AYhm N∏v ]dnbv°¬. Nne- ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ CXns\ sImfp¥v \p≈¬ F∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. tXbnebpsS D¬∏m-Z-\hpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw Ce-\p-≈p∂ coXn-bn-em-{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw I¿j-I¿°v th≠{X Adnhpw {]m[m-\yhpw e`n-®n-´n-√. tXbne sNSn-bpsS Btcm-Ky-tØbpw DZv∏m-Z-\-sØbpw t\cn´v _‘-s∏-Sp∂p F∂XmWv sImfp¥v \p≈-ens‚ {]tXy-IX. [mcmfw tPmen-°m¿ Bh-iy-ambn hcp∂ tPmen-bm-Wn-Xv. km[m-c-W-bmbn Hcp apIp-fhpw hnS¿∂ aq∂v Ce-Ifpw tN¿∂ Xfn-cp-IfmWv sNSn-bn¬ \n∂pw ]dn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. Ce-\p-≈p-tºmƒ aq∂v Ce-Ifpw apIp-fhpw BImØ sNdnb Xfn-cp-Iƒ sNSn-Ifn¬ \n¿tØ≠-XmWv. Cßs\ \n¿Øp∂ Xfn-cp-Iƒ \n›nX ka-bØv aq∂v Ce-Ifpw Xncn-bp-am-hp-Ibpw Bk-a-bØv IrXy-ambn \p≈p-Ibpw thWw. Cßs\ IrXy-ambn CS-th-f-Ifn´v Ce \p≈n-bn-s√-¶n¬ sNSn-bn¬ Ce-Iƒ ap‰p-Ibpw AXv tXbne s]mSnbpsS KpW-ta-∑sb tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p-Ibpw sNbpw. Ce-Iƒ \p≈p∂Xv sNSn-bpsS Hcp \n›nX \nc-∏n≥ (a-´w) Bbn-cn-°Ww. bmsXm-cp- Im-c-W-h-imepw Cu \nc-∏n\v Xmsg \n∂pw Ce-Iƒ ]dn-s®-Sp-°cpXv. Nne Iƒj-I¿ IØn- D-]-tbm-Kn®v Acn-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv {i≤-bn¬s∏´n´p-≠v. Cßs\ sNbvXm¬ sNSn-bpsS \n›nX \nc∏v C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNSnbpsS hf¿®-tbbpw, DZv∏m-Z-\-sØbpw, KpW\n-e-hm-c-sØbpw tZmj-Ic-ambn _m[n-°pw. 15

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

tXbne sNSn-I-fn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn I≠p-h-cp∂ A{K-ap-Ipfw C√mØ Xfn-cp-I-sf-bmWv _©n F∂p hnfn-°p-∂pXv (Banji) sNSn-bpsS \n›nX \nc∏n¬ CØcw _©n-Iƒ \p≈n-am-t‰-≠-Xm-Wv.- Ir-Xy-k-a-bØv _©nIƒ \p≈n-am-‰n-bn-s√-¶n¬ DZv]m-Z-\hpw tXbne sNSn-bpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw Ipdbp-Ibpw sNøpw. tXbn-e-bpsS hf¿® \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v Imem-hÿ Hcp {][m\ ]¶v hln-°p-∂p. km[m-cW G{]n¬, sabv amk-ßf- nepw sk]v‰w-_¿, HIvtSm_¿ amkßfnepw Xfn-cp-I-fpsS hf¿® {ZpXK-Xn-bn-epw th\¬Im-eØpw, Imeh¿jk- a - b Øpw hf¿® aμ- K - X n- b n- e p- a m- W v . ]mI- a mb Xfn- c p- I ƒ \p≈ptºmƒ c≠v hnf-sh-Sp-∏p-Iƒ XΩ-ep≈ CSthfsb π°nwKv C‚¿sh¬ F∂p ]d-bp∂p. Xfn-cne {ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ hf-cp∂ amk-ß-fn¬ 8 apX¬ 10 Znhkw hscbpw, hf¿® Ipd™ amk-ß-fn¬ 12 apX¬ 15 Znh-kw-h-scbpw Cu ssZ¿Lyap≠m-Ip-∂p. Hcp slIvS¿ ÿeØv ÿnc-ambn c≠v sXmgn-emfnIƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ icn-bm-b- co-Xn-bn¬ hnf-sh-Sp∏v \S-Ømw. ta¬∏d™ coXn-bn¬ hnf-sh-Sp∏v \S-Øn-bm¬ KpW-ta∑ sa®-s∏-Sp-Ømhp-∂X - m-Wv. hcp-am-\hpw D¬∏m-Z\ - hpw h¿≤n-°pw. Xfn¿ sam´p-If- psS (Buds) hf¿® {ZpX-KX - n-bn-em-Ipw. ssIsIm≠p≈ hnf-sh-Sp∏v h¿j-Øn¬ 28 apX¬ 30 XhW hsc-bpw, I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn®v 22 apX¬ 24 XhW hscbpw sImfp¥v \p≈m≥ Ign-bpw.

hnc-ep-I-fm¬ \p≈p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw ssIhn-c-ep-Iƒ tN¿Øv hen-°p-tºmƒ: z

]mI-am-hmØ Xfn¿tam-´p-Iƒ AS¿∂p t]mcp-∂p

Ch°v Xq°w Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ BZmbw Ipd-bp-∂p.

sNSn-bpsS BtcmKysØ \ne-\n¿Øp∂, amXr Ce-Iƒ \jvS-am-Ip-∂p.

_©n Ce-Iƒ \p≈n-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-∂p.

Xfn¿ Ce-I-fpsS X≠v sNSn-bn¬ Xs∂ \n¬°p∂p

Ce-Iƒ Xmsg hoWv \jvS-am-Ip-∂p.

[mcmfw apSn®n-Iƒ cq]w sIm≈p-∂p.

F¥p sIm≠v sNdp-InS sXm´-ß-fn¬ Ipd™ CS-th-f-bn¬ hnfsh-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√? z

Stripping

(hen®p ]dn-°¬): Hmtcm hnfshSp∏nepw ]mI-amb Ce-Iƒ am{Xw FSp-°msX samØ-Øn¬ hnen®p-]-dn-°¬ 16

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ z

t]mjW Ce-I-fpsS \jvSw: sNSn-bpsS Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn-\m-h-iyamb amXr Ce-Iƒ \jvS-am-hp-∂p. (\√ Btcm-Ky-ap≈ sNSn-bpsS \nc-∏n\v Xmsg 20 sk. an. Bg-Øn¬ Ce-Iƒ D≠m-tI-≠-Xm-Wv.)

t]mjW Ce-I-fpsS A`mhw ImcWw sNSn-bpsS apIƒ`mKw Iºpw tImepw \nd-bp-∂p.

Nne -tXm-´-ß-fn¬ a´-IØn D]-tbm-Kn®v Acn-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.

a´°Øn D]-tbm-Kn®pw tXbne sImfpØv Acns™Sp-°p-∂Xv hgn ]cnt]m-jW Ce-Ifpw tN¿∂v hcp-∂p. CXv hnf-hn-s\bpw sNSn-bpsS Btcm-Ky-sØbpw _m[n-°pw.

]cn-t]mjW Ce-Iƒ (Maintenance Foliage) sNSnIƒ Blmcw ]mIw sNøp∂ {]Imi kwt«-j-W-sa∂ {]{In-b°v ]cn-t]m-jW Ce-Iƒ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. CeIfneqsS \¬Ip∂ t]mjI-ßsf thcn-se-Øn-°p-Ibpw Btcm-Ky-ap≈ ]pXp-\m-ºp-Iƒ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°phm\pw ]cn-t]mjW Ce-Iƒ hfsc AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.

sNSnbpsS a´-`m-KØv \nd™p InS-t°≠ aqØ Ce-I-fm-Wv ]cn-t]mjW Ce-Iƒ GXm≠v Hcp h¿j-tØmfw {]Imikwt«-jW - {]{Inbbn¬ ]¶psIm≈p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Hmtcm h¿jhpw ]pXnb CeIƒ sNSnbn¬ \ne-\n¿tØ≠XmWv. P-\p-hcn apX¬ am¿®v hsc-bp≈ Ime-L´w A`n-Im-ayw.

]cn-t]mjW Ce-Iƒ \jvS-s∏-´m-ep-≠m-Ip∂ tZmj-ßƒ? z z z z

CS Xq¿∂ Ce-Iƒ°v ]Icw sNSn-bn¬ Iºpw tImepw \nd-bp-∂p ]pXnb apIp-f-ßƒ Xfn-cn-Sm≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-∂p sNSn-bpsS BtcmKyw {ItaW £bn-°p∂p D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hf-ßfpw kq£a t]mj-I-ßfpw sNSn Dƒs°m-≈msX hcp-∂p D¬]m-Z\w Ipd-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Irjn-sN-ehv h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw hcp-am-\-Øn¬ h≥Ip-dhv D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p

_©n: Dd-°m-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ apIpfw Imem-hÿ sNSn-IfpsS C\w, IhmØv Ign™ {]mbw, aÆnse aqeI-ß-fpsS Afhv Chsb B{i-bn®v G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-I-fn-≠m-Ip-∂p. _©nIsf Dd-°m-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ apIpfw F∂p-≤-cn-°m-\p≈ ImcWw _©nbn¬ \n∂pw ]pXnb apIp-f-ßƒ cq]-sa-Sp-°m≥ FI-tZiw 120 apX¬ 17

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

150 Znh-k-ßƒ (4 apX¬ 5 amk-ßƒ) FSp-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Hcp ]cn-t]mjW Ce-bn¬ \n∂pw \p≈m≥ Ign-bp∂ sImfpØv hf-cp-∂-Xn\v 60 apX¬ 90 hsc Znh-k-ßƒ FSp-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v _m©n-Isf ]dn-®p-am-‰n-bn-s√¶n¬ 12 apX¬ 20 iX-am\w hsc hnfhv Ipd-bp-sa∂v Kth-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS hy‡-am-bn-´p-≠v.

ka-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ _©n ]dn-®p-am-‰n-bn-s√-¶n¬ z

hnfhv Ipd-bm\pw sNSn-I-fn¬ ]pXnb apIp-f-ßƒ Xfn-cn-SmsX hcn-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

D¬∏m-Z-\-£-aX Ipd-bp-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.

kky hf¿®sb apc-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Nne tlm¿tam-Wp-If- psS {]h¿Ø-\Ø - m¬ sNSn-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hf-ßfpw a‰v t]mj-I-ßfpw {]tbm-P-\c-ln-X-am-Ip-∂p.

KpW-ta-∑sb tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p.

ap-Sn-®n-Iƒ hnfshSp-∏n\v tijhpw \n¿Øp∂ Iºp-Iƒ sNSn-bpsS a´-`m-KØv Xnßn\n-d™v Ah Hmtcm∂nepw ]pXnb apIp-f-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p. CØcw Xfn-cpIƒ icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ hf-cm≥ Ign-bmsX _©n-Iƒ cq]w sIm≈p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v CØcw Iºp-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ AXn¬ \Sp-hn-esØ Iºv ]®-\n-d-ap≈ Iºn¬ sh®v- H-Sn-®p -I-f-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.

I{XnI (Shear) D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ hnf-sh-Sp∏v sNdpInS tXbne I¿j-I-cpsS cq£-amb {]iv\-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv IrXy ka-b-ß-fn¬ tPmen-°msc In´m-\n-√mØ kml-Ncyw. sImfpØv FSp-°p-∂Xn\v {]m]vX-cmb Bfp-Iƒ Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ \n›n-X-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ hnf-sh-Sp°msX hcp-Ibpw KpW-ta-∑bpw hnf-\-jvShpw D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CØcw kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn®v sImfp-s¥-Sp°p∂-Xv hfsc {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Wv. I{Xn-I-bpsS imkv{Xob]c-amb D]-tbmKw A\p-h¿Ønt°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXp-aqew sXmgn¬ {]iv\w Hcp ]cn[n hsc ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw.

I{XnIbpsS {]tbm-P-\-ßƒ z

IrXy-k-a-bØv hnf-sh-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

ssIsIm≠v FSp-°p-∂X - n-t\-°mƒ DZv]m-Z\w 50˛100 iX-am\w IqSp-∂p.

sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS e`y-Xsb \nb-{¥n-°mw. 18

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ z

sNSn-I-fpsS a´w,- i-cn-bmbn ]cn-]m-en-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p≈ sNehv Ipd-bp-∂p.

KpW-ta∑ sa®-s∏-Sp-∂p.

I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hn[w z z

z z z

z z z z

z z

I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv IhmØv shńb tijw 18 amkw Ign-™n-cn-°W - w. km[m-cW G{]n¬, tabv amk-ß-fnepw sk]v‰w_¿, H-IvtSm-_¿ amk-ßfnepw Xfn-cp-I-fpsS hf¿® {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-em-Wv. Hmtcm {ZpX-K-Xn- hf¿®mka-bØpw Ipd-™Xv 3˛4 XhW XpS¿∂v I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn°mw. h¿jØn¬ 6 apX¬ 8 XhW D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw IrXy-amb a´w sNSn-bn¬ {Iao-I-cn-°pI Cu a´-Øn¬ am{Xw I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°pI sh´p∂ `mKw \nc-∏n¬ \n∂pw Xmgv∂v t]mIm-sX-bpw, \nc-∏n¬ \n∂pw Db¿∂p-t]m-ImsXbpw I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°pI. ]c∂- {]X-e-ap≈ I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°pI. I{XnI sh´p∂tXmsSm∏w Xs∂ _©n-Iƒ ssIsIm≠v \o°w sNøp-I. sh´p∂ `mKw Xfn-cp-I-fpsS ]®-\n-d-ap≈ X≠n¬ Xs∂-bm-Ip-hm≥ {i≤n°Ww. Hcn-°epw Nph∂ Imºn¬ I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°mXn-cn-°p-I. aq∂n-ebpw Xncnbpw F∂ Af-hn¬ IqSp-X¬ Ce hcmsX {i≤n-°p-I. Ce \p≈n-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ Nmep-Iƒ tXm´-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn-°p-I. I{XnIbpsS heXv ssI `mKw A\-°msX ]nSn®v, CSXv ssI `mKsØ tªUv sIm≠v am{Xw shń-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ ioen-°p-I. sh´p∂ ka-bØv ]cn-t]m-jW Ce-Iƒ \jvSs- ∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ {i≤n-°p-I. Ipd-™Xv 4 ap-X¬ 5 ASp°v ]cn-t]m-jW Ce-Iƒ sNSn-bn¬ D≠m-bncn°-Ww. 800 {Kman¬ Ipd-hp≈ I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. km[m-cW 15˛16 Znhkw CS-hn´v I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn®v Ce-Iƒ shń-sbSp°p-I.

IhmØv sh´¬ (Pruning) -IhmØv sNøp-∂-Xns‚ {][m\ Dt±iw ]pXn-b-Xmb c≠mw X´pw aq∂mw X´pw D≠m°n FSpØv sNSn- b psS Btcm- K ysØ hos≠- S pØv 19

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

kq£n-°p-Ib - m-Wv. sNSn-Iƒ \n›nX Db-cØ - n¬ sh´n sNSnsb Hcp°n FSp°p∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. sNSn-Iƒ \´v A©p h¿jw XnI-™-Xn-\p-tijw 20˛22 C©v Db-c-Øn¬ BZy IhmØv \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXn\m¬ \nb-{¥-Wm-[o\-amb Hcp Db-cØn¬ sh´n icn-bmb hmXp-Iƒ CS-Xq¿∂v hf¿Øn AXn¬ \n∂pw ]pXnb Btcm-Ky-ap≈ hmXp-Iƒ kwc-£n-°epw, sa®-amb hnf-hn\v IW°m°n a´w Hcp-°-ep-am-Wv Ihm-Øns‚ e£yw (I-hmØv sNøp-∂-XpsIm-≠p≈ \∑-Iƒ ˛ Ihm-Øn\v ap≥]pw tijhpw {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ F∂nh XpS¿∂p hcp∂ A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

IhmØv N{Iw Zo¿Ln-∏n-°p∂XpsIm-≠p≈ tZmj-^-e-ßƒ z

A©mw h¿jw apX¬ tXbne D¬∏m-Z\w Ipd-bp∂p.

Xfn¿ sam´p-I-fpsS hf¿® apc-Sn-°p-∂p.

Ce \p≈p-∂-Xn-\p≈ sNehv IqSp-Ibpw IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Isf tPmen°v D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xmbpw hcp-∂p.

Ce \p≈p-∂ Afhv Ipd-bpw.

_©n D¬∏m-Z\w IqSp-Ibpw sNSn-I-fn¬ ]qhpw, Imbpw IqSp-Ibpw sNøpw.

KpW-ta∑ \nb-{¥n-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-∂p.

hcƒ® {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\p≈ i‡n sNSn-Iƒ°v Ipd-bp-∂p.

sNSn-I-fpsS Dbcw \nb-{¥Wm[o-X-am-hp-∂p.

hfßfpw a‰v t]mj-Iß - fpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - n¬ \n∂pw {]Xo-£n-°p∂ ^ew In´msX hcp-∂p. (a´w HSn-°¬ ˛ XpS¿∂v hcp∂ A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v).

hf {]tbm-Kw aÆns‚ D¬∏m-Z\£aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\pw, tXbnetØm´-ß-fpsS D¬∏mZ\£aX IqSp- h m\pw KpW- \ n- e - h m- c - a p≈ Nmb D≠m- ° m\pw hf{]tbmKw {][m\ ]¶v hln-°p-∂p. sX∂n-¥y-bnse an° tXbnetØm´ßfpw ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv ssPhmwiw Ipd™ ]p¬ta-Sp-I-fn-emWv. Bb-Xn\m¬ tXm´-Øn¬ \n∂pw \√ D¬∏m-Z\w e`n-°p-hm≥ cmk-hf- {- ]-tbmKw AXymh-iy-amWv.-sN-dp-In-S- I¿jI¿, NmW-I-s∏m-Sn, ItºmÃv apX-em-bh tXm´-ßfn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv ssPhmwiw h¿≤n∏n°m≥ km[n-°pw. Ihm-Øn\p tijw CeIfpw X≠pw tXm´-Øn¬ Xs∂ \nt£-]n-°-Ww. tXm´-ß-fnse cmk-h-f-{]-tbm-Kßƒ imkv{Xob coXn-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww \S-tØ-≠-Xv. Bb-Xn\m¬ imkv { Xobamb kwtbm- P nX cmk- h f {]tbm- K sØ°pdn®v 20

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

sN-dp-In-SI¿jI¿°v a\- n-em-Ip∂ hn[-Øn¬ XpS¿∂v hcp∂ A≤ym-b-ßfn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. D]mkn, So t_mUv XpS-ßnb Hut±ym-KnI GP≥knI-fpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°m-hp∂-Xm-Wv.

kkyt]mj-I-ßƒ apJy t]mj-I-ßƒ

ZznXob t]mj-I-ßƒ

eLp t]mj-I-ßƒ

Im¿_¨

a·ojyw

kn¶v

sl{U-P≥

Im¬kyw

amwK-\okv

HmIvkn-P≥

kƒ^¿

t_mtdm¨

ss\{S-P≥

Ab¨

s]m-- ´mkyw

tIm∏¿

t^mkv^-dkv

t¢mdn≥

t]mj-I-ß-fpsS {]m[m\yw ss\{S-P≥

t^mkv^-dkv

Ce-Iƒ hf-c-p-∂Xn\v

thcp ]Sew

s]m´mkyw BtcmKy-ap≈ inJn-c-ßƒ

A-∂hpw,- t{]m-´o≥ ChbpsS \n¿ΩmWw

tImi hn`-P\w

sh≈-Øns‚ k¥p-e\w

B¬°-tembnUv a‰v {][m\ aqe-I-ß-fpsS BKn-c-Ww (-C-h-bpsS Ipdhv hm¬ hnf-dnb ]®-\n-dw, D¬∏m-Z\ Ipdhv F∂nh hcmw)

ATD – e - ADP

IoSßsf-bpw, (C-h-bpsS Ipdhv hcƒ®-tbbpw hcptºmƒ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\p≈ Ce-I-fpsS Xnf°w i‡n (C-h-bpsS Ipdhv aßp-Ibpw hcƒ® hcptºƒ Ce-Iƒ Icnapc-Sn-°p-Ibpw bp-Ibpw s]mgnbpIbpw sNøp-∂p) sNøp-∂p.- D¬∏m-Z\w Ipd-bp-∂p)

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ G{]n¬, sabv, Pq¨ amk-ß-fn¬

1. tXbne- \So¬ aÆv Aæ-Kp-W-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]n.-F-®v. 5.0 \v apI-fn¬ t]mh-cp-Xv. Ipgn-sb-Sp-°¬ z 30 sk.-an. hoXnbpw 45 sk.-an. Bg-hp-ap≈ Ipgn-I-fn-emWv sNSn-Iƒ \tS-≠-Xv. CS-hn´ InS-ßp-Iƒ z Hmtcm Cc-´-hcn tXbn-e- sN-Sn-Iƒ°pw CS-bn¬ 2 ao‰¿ \ofhpw 30 sk.an. hoXnbpw 45 sk.-an. Bg-hp-ap≈ InS-ßp-Iƒ c≠p ao‰¿ CS-hn´v Ipgn-°-Ww. ssXIƒ \Sp∂ coXn-Iƒ z 135 x 75 x 75 sk.-an. AI-e-Øn¬ {XntImWm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \Sp-∂-Xn\v G°-dn-te°v 5300 ssXIƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. tXbne \Sp-∂-Xns‚ kabw z Pq¨ amkw. ssXIƒ°p≈ cmk-h-f-{]-tbmKw c≠p-amkw Ign-bp-tºmƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßmw. XW¬ z tXbne \Sp∂ ^o¬Up-I-fn¬ s{Khn-enb tdm_Ã F∂ imkv{X-\m-aap≈ kn¬h¿ Hm°p-ssX-Iƒ '20 x 20' F∂ {Ia-Øn¬ \tS-≠-Xm-Wv.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

2. A[nI hnf-hp-Imew G{]n¬ apX¬ Unkw-_¿ hsc \nc-∏n¬ \p≈n FSp-°p∂ coXn-bm-WnXv. sImfp¥v \p≈p-tºmƒ h´-bn-etbm "ao≥' Ce-tbm, ievI-]-{Xtam XpS¿®bmbn \ne-\n¿Øp∂ Cu coXn kzoI-cn-®m¬ sNSn-bpsS Dbcw h¿≤n-°p-Ibn-√. sImfp-s¥-Sp-°¬ XΩn-ep≈ CS-thf 8˛10 Znh-k-am-Wv. I{XnI (jn-b¿) D]-tbm-Kn-°¬ z A[nI hnf-hp-Im-eØv am{Xta jnb¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ km≤y-am-hp-I -bp-≈q. Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ Btdm, Gtgm XhW jnb¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v CesbSp-°m¬ ]‰pw. \nc∂ I{Xn-I-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xv. IqSmsX CSbv°p≈ _m©n-Iƒ ssIsIm≠v FSpØv If-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. I{XnI sIm≠v FSp-°p-tºmƒ sImfp-¥p-Iƒ FSp-t°≠ CS-thf 14 apX¬ 16 hsc Znh-k-am-Wv. cmk-hf- {- ]-tbmKw z aÆn¬ hf-{]-tbmKw XpS-tß-≠Xv 2''˛3'' (C-©v) ag Hcm-gvN-bv°p-≈n¬ In´n-b-tijw am{X-am-Wv. Ipd-™Xv 4, 5 Xh-W-sb-¶nepw h¿j-Øn¬ hf{]-tbmKw sNøWw.

3. cmk-h-f- {]-tbm-K-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\ -X-Øz-ßƒ icn-bmb Afhp \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ Irjn-ÿ-esØ DXv]m-Z\w aÆnse ssPhmw-i-Øns‚ Af-hv, tXbn-e-bpsS C\w apX-em-bh IW-°n-se-Sp-t°≠-Xp-≠v. h¿j-Øn¬ BZysØ hf-{]-tbmKw \¬tI-≠Xv Atam-Wnbw kƒt^‰v tN¿Øm-Wv. AYhm Atam-Wnbw kƒt^‰v \¬Im≥ Ign-bmsX h∂m¬ bqdnb tN¿Øp≈ hf-an-{in-X-ßƒ Xmsg ]´n-I-{]-Imcw tN¿Øv sImSp-°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv. hf-an-{in-X-ßƒ Iq´p-∂-sX-ßs\? z BZyw (N) ss\{S-P≥ (K) s]m´mjv c≠pw \√-t]mse Cf°n Ie¿Øp-I. tdm°vt^m-kvt^‰v 33 Intem-bn¬ \n∂pw 5 Intem-hsc X\n-®p- am-‰n-bt- ijw AXn-t\mSv tN¿Øv 120 {Kmw kn{Sn°v BknUv \√-t]mse Ie¿Øp-I. ]n∂oSv _m°n-bp≈ 28 Intem tdm°v t^mkvt^-‰ns‚ IqsS ho≠pw \√t]mse Ie¿Øp-I. AXn-\p-tijw ss\{S-P≥, s]m´mjv an{in-X-Øns‚ IqsS tdm°vt^m-kvt^‰v kn{Sn°v BknSv an{inXw C´v Cu \mep Iq´pwtN¿Øv \∂mbn Cf-°n-b- tijw tXbn-e°v {]mb-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v hfw \¬Ip-I. GI-tZiw 25 {Kmw apX¬ 30 {Kmw hsc Hcp sNSn°v A©ph-b-kp -{]m-bw- hsc F∂ tXmXn¬ \¬Imw. 23

N ss\{S-P≥ Fw.- Hm.- ]n. 29 Intem.

K s]m´mjv

tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v 33 Intem.

tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v

A\p-]mZw 1 : 1

bqdnb 38 Intem.

4000 Intem apX¬ 5000 Intem Atam-Wnbw kƒt^‰v hsc h¿j-Øn¬ Ce-sb-Sp-°p∂ 96 Intem. tXm´-ßƒ°v

3000 Intem apX¬ 4000 Intem hsc Ce-sb-Sp-°p∂ tXm´-ßƒ°v i(-h¿j-Øn¬) Fw.- Hm.- ]n. 32 Intem.

Fw.- Hm.- ]n. 29 Intem.

tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v 33 Intem.

AYhm Atam-Wnbw kƒt^‰v In´msX/ \¬Im≥ Ign-bmsX t]mbm¬

3000 Intem apX¬ 4000 Intem Atam-Wnbw kƒt^‰v hsc h¿j-Øn¬ Ce-sb-Sp-°p∂ 86 Intem. tXm´-ßƒ°v

DXv]m-Z\w ]®- Ce/ G°-dn\v/ h¿j-Øn¬

kn{Sn°v BknUv

kn{Sn°v BknUv 120 {Kmw.

Ce -]-dn-°p∂ tXbne tXm´-ßƒ°p≈ cmk-h-f-ß-fpsS Xq°w, G°-dn\v G{]n¬/ sabv/ Pq¨ amk-Øn¬

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

bqdnb 42 Intem.

Fw.- Hm.- ]n. 37 Intem.

Fw.- Hm.- ]n. 32 Intem.

tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v 33 Intem.

5000 Intem apX¬ 6000 Intem hsc h¿j-Øn¬ Ce-sb-Sp-°p∂ tXm´-ßƒ°v bqdnb 48 Intem.

Fw.- Hm.- ]n. 37 Intem.

tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v 33 Intem.

AYhm Atam-Wnbw kƒt^‰v In´msX/ \¬Im≥ Ign-bmsX h∂m¬

5000 Intem apX¬ 6000 Intem Atam-Wnbw kƒt^‰v hsc h¿j-Øn¬ Ce-sb-Sp-°p∂ 110 Intem. tXm´-ßƒ°v

4000 Intem apX¬ 5000 Intem hsc h¿j-Øn¬ Ce-sb-Sp-°p∂ tXm´-ßƒ°v

AYhm Atam-Wnbw kƒt^‰v In´msX/ \¬Im≥ Ign-bmsX h∂m¬

kn{Sn°v BknUv 120 {Kmw.

kn{Sn°v BknUv 120 {Kmw. KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

sabv, Pq¨ amk-ß-fn¬ Ihm-Øp-sh-´p∂ tXbne ImSp-Iƒ°v BKÃv amk-Øn¬ hfw \¬In-bm¬ aXn. IhmØv tXm´-Øn-te-°p≈ hf-Iq´v ASpØ e°-Øn¬ hnh-cn®v Xcp-∂-Xm-Wv.

4. tXbne sNSn-Iƒ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°¬ XmbvX-≠p-ap-dn-°¬ (sk‚-dn-ßv) z sk‚-dnßv sNøp-tºmƒ XmbvX≠v F{X-tØmfw XmgvØn apdn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°ptam A{X-tØmfw XmgvØn-sh-´W - w. Cßs\ sNøp-tºmƒ Ft´m, ]tØm Ce-I-fpsS H∂p c≠p sNdp-Nn-√-Iƒ sNSn-bn¬ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ {i≤n-°-Ww. sNdp-Nn-√-Iƒ C√mØ sNSn-I-fn¬ Ft´m, ]tØm Ce-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øn XmbvX≠p apdn-°-Ww. sNSn-Iƒ \´v 4 amkw Ign™v am{Xta sk‚-dnßv \S-Øm-hq. Ign™ h¿jw \´ tXbn-e-sN-Sn-Iƒ sk‚-dnßv sNøm-Øh Cu h¿j-Øn¬ G{]n¬ / sabv amk-ß-fn¬ tase hnh-cn®Xp-t]mse sh´mw. sk‚-dnwKv Ign™v a´w HSn-°¬ z BZysØ {]mhiyw a´w HSn-t°-≠Xv Xd-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw 35 sk.ao Db-c-Øn-em-Wv. c≠m-aXv 50 sk.- an. Db-c-Øn-epw. a´w HSn-®p-I-gn™ tijw sImfp¥v FSp-°p-∂-hn[w z a´w HSn-®-tijw Hcp h¿jwhsc Xmbv-Ce sh®v sImfp¥v \p≈mw. AXn-\p-tijw ]pXnb \nc-∏n¬ sImfp¥v \p≈m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

5. IhmØv sh´¬:˛ sabv / Pq¨ amkw tXbne \´- t ijw BZysØ IhmØn\v A©p-h¿jw Ign-b-Ww. CXns\ \Sp-I-hmØv F∂v hnti-jn∏n-°p-∂p. Xd-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw imJIƒ apdn-°p∂ Dbcw 20''-˛22'' (50 ˛ 55 sk.-an) BWv. AXn\v tijw F√m \mep-h¿j-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬ XpS¿∂v IhmØp sNø- W w. a´w HSn- ° ¬ IhmØv sh´nb Db-c-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Af-hn\v B{i-bn-®m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

6. IhmØv sNøp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v D≠m-hp∂ \∑-Iƒ z

IhmØv sh´p-hm≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb amk-ßƒ G{]n¬/ sabv, Pq¨ As√-¶n¬ BK-Ãv, sk]v‰w-_¿ /HIvtSm-_¿ BWv. Cu amk-ßf- n¬ A[nIhpw Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ ag, iotXm-jvW\ - n-e, aÆnse Cu¿∏w F∂nh D≠mbn-cn-°pw. CØcw Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ sh´p∂ sNSn-Iƒ sh´p∂ Db-c-a-\p26

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

k-cn®v A[n-Ihpw 2 As√-¶n¬ 3 amk-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ a´w HSn-s®Sp-°m≥ Xøm-dm-Ipw. z

IhmØv F∂p ]d-™m-ep-S≥ ]ecpw Ipd™ Db-c-Øn¬ (10-˛16 C©v Db-c-Øn¬) sh´p-∂-Xm-sW∂v Icp-Xn-bmWv sNSn-Isf sh´p-∂-Xv. IqsS-Xs∂ XmgvØn sh´n-bm¬ \√ Dd-∏p≈ inJ-c-ß-fp-≠m-hp-I-bp≈p F∂ sX‰mb tXm∂¬ ImcWw hfsc \jvSß - f- p-≠m-hp-∂Xv Adn-bp-∂n-√. IhmØv sNøp-∂-Xns‚ {][m\ Dt±iw ]pXn-b-Xmb c≠mw X´pw, aq∂mw X´pw D≠m-°n-sb-SpØv B sNSn-bpsS Btcm-KysØ hos≠-SpØv kq£n°p-Ib - m-Wv. F∂m¬ am{Xta {]Xo-£n-°p∂ hnf-hpw, Bh-iy-Øn\p th≠ (Productive Branches) inJ-c-ßfpw D≠m-hp-I-bp-≈p. AXp-Im-cWw \Sp-Øc IhmØv (20-˛24 C©v Db-cw) As√-¶n¬ ta¬ IhmØv (24-˛26 C©v Db-cw) sh´p-∂-XmWv G‰hpw \√-Xv. CØcw DbcØn¬ IhmØv sNø-W-sa-¶n¬ icn-bmb Db-c-Øn¬ (28 C©v Db-cØn¬) BZyta a´w HSn-®n-cn-°-Ww. CXpt]mse IhmØv sNømsX hn´m¬, ]® tXbn-e-bpsS KpW-ta-∑sb _m[n-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ \n∂pw D≠m-Ip∂ tXbn-e-s]m-Sn-bpsS KpW \nehm-c-tØbpw hf-sc-b-[nIw _m[n-°pw. hn]-Wnsb XI¿°p∂p. CXpsIm≠v KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ sImfp-¥p-I-fp-≠m-hm≥ IhmØv {]tbmKw tXbne-bn¬ Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ Ign-bmØ Hcp {][m\ ]cn-N-c-W-ap-d-bm-Wv. IhmØv sNøm≥ G‰hpw \√ amk-ßƒ G{]n¬ / sabv, Pq¨ As√¶n¬, BKÃv / sk]v‰w-_¿, HIvtSm-_¿ amk-ß-fm-Wv. tXbne sNSn-Iƒ \n›-bn-°-s∏´ Ime-Øn-\p-≈n¬ IhmØv sNøm-Xn-cp∂m¬ ]qhpw, ImbvIfpw IqSp-X¬ D≠m-hpw. CXp-Im-cWw hnfhv Ipdbpw. CXns\ Hgn-hm-°m-\pw, Cfw Xfn¿ sImfp-¥p-I-fpsS FÆw A[n-I-ap≠m-hm\pw IhmØv {]tbmKw Bh-iy-am-Wv. IhmØv Zo¿Ln-∏n-®m¬ sImfp-¥ns‚ hf¿®-bpw, Xq°hpw Ipd-bp-∂tXm-sSm∏w, h©n-I-fpsS FÆhpw IqSpw. CXn-\m¬ Ce-sb-Sp-°p∂ icmicn Afhv Ipd-bp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v hnf-sh-Sp-°m-\p≈ Nnehpw h¿≤n°p-∂p. AsXm-sIm≠v Ce FSp-°m-\p≈ Nnehv \nb-{¥n-°m≥ icn-bmb CS-th-f-I-fn¬ IhmØv sNtø-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv.

7. IhmØv sNøp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ z

aÆns‚ KpW-\n-eh - m-cØ - n-\\ - p-kc- n®v hnfhv In´p-∂X - p-sIm≠v BZyw aÆp ]cn-tim-[\ \√-Xm-Wv. XpS-- ¿∂v hnfsh-Sp-°p-XvsIm≠v aÆn¬ \n∂pw saKv\ojyw, I¬kyw, XpS-ßnb a‰v LS-I-ß-fpsS Afhpw Ipd-bp-∂p. 27

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ z

XpS¿∂v ]e h¿j-ß-fmbn \¬In h∂ hf-ß-fm¬ aÆns‚ ]n.-F-®v. hfsc Ipd™p t]mhm-\p≈ km≤yX hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. CXv aÆns‚ Btcm-KysØ hf-sc-b-[nIw _m[n-®n-´p-≠v. h¿jw-tXmdpw \¬Ip∂ hfßƒ sNSn-Iƒ°v th≠-Xp-t]mse {Kln-°m≥ Ign-bmsX ]mgm-bnt]m-hm≥ km[y-X-Iƒ IqSp-X-em-Wv.

AXpsIm≠v aÆns‚ Ipd-™p-t]mb ]n.-F-®v. Db¿Øm≥ tSmtfm-ssa‰v aÆn¬ \¬tI-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.

tSmtfm-ssa‰v IhmØv sNøp-∂-Xn\v 2 amkw ap≥]v \√-t]mse ]cØn C´p-sIm-Sp-°-Ww.

aÆnse ]n.-F® - v. \v A\p-kc- n®v tSmtfm-ssa-‰ns‚ Af-hnepw hyXym-kß - ƒ D≈-Xp-sIm-≠v, a¨ ]cn-tim-[\ F√m-hn-[-Ønepw \√-Xm-Wv. a¨ ]cntim[-\bpw tUmtfm-ssa‰v ]cn-tim-[\ - bpw Ip∂q¿, hmƒ]md, KqU-√q¿, D]mkn tI{μß-fn¬ ]cn-tim-[-\°v sImSp-°mw.

8. IhmØv sNbvX-tijw {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ z

IhmØv shń-°-gn-™-Xn\v tijw Iń-Iq-Snb sImºp-Iƒ Hgn-hm°n sNdnb sImºp-Np-≈n-Ifpw Cebpw tN¿Øv InS-ßp-Iƒ FSpØv AXn¬ \nd-®n´v aqSn-bn-Sp-∂Xv \√-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ aÆnse ssPhmwiw IqSp-∂-XpsIm≠v hnfhv h¿≤n-°pw. CXp-t]mse sNøm≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿI - fn¬, s]≥kn¬ (Pencil) hÆ-Øn¬ sNdnb Iºp-Isf IjvW-ß-fm°n shń, InS-ßp-Iƒ°v ]I-cw, tXm´-Øn¬ \nc-Øn-bn-Sp-∂Xpw \√-Xm-Wv.

IhmØv sh´nb sNSn-bpsS sh´p-ap-J-Øn¬ tIm∏¿ HmIvkn t¢mssdUv + en≥koSv Hmbn¬ (NW FÆ) 1:1 F∂ tXmXn¬ Ie¿Øn sh´p-ap-JØn¬ ]pc-´n-bm¬, sNSn-bpsS inJ-c-ßƒ°v _m[n-°p∂ DW-°-tcm-Kw, X≠v Agp-I¬ tcmKw F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂pw sNSn-Isf c£-s]-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.

IhmØv sh´nb tXm´-ßf- n-ep≈ Imen-ÿe - ß - sf sNSn-sh®v ]nSn-∏n-°m≥ 12 apX¬ 15 amkw-hsc {]mb-amb ssXIƒ \Sp-∂-Xm-Wv G‰hpw \√-Xv.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Ønt°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ Pqsse, BK-Ãv, sk]vXw-_¿, HIvtSm-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬ tXbn-esb _m[n-°p∂ t]mf≥ tcmKw ^wKkv _m[-aqew (-Ip-anƒ tcmK-ßƒ) tXbn-e-bpsS Ce-bnepw X≠pI-fnepw tcmK-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂p.

t]mf≥ tcmKw (_vfn-Ã¿ _vssf‰v tcmKw) FIvtkm-t_-kn-Unbw shIvk≥kv F∂ ^wK-kmWv Cu tcmK-Øn-\p≈ Imc-Ww. tXbn-e-bpsS tcmK-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏-´Xpw hf-sc-b-[nIw kmº-ØnI \jvSw hcp-Øp-∂-Xp-amWv t]mf≥tcm-Kw. Xfn-cn-e-I-sfbpw X≠p-I-sf-bp-amWv Cu tcmKw Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. t]mf≥ tcmK-Øn-s\-Xnsc \S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-Øn-s√-¶n¬ Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ GI-tZiw 43% apX¬ 50% \jvSs∏-Sp-sa∂v IW-°m-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

t]mf≥ tcmK-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw B man¬ \n∂pw 1868-˛¬ Xs∂ t]mf≥tcm-Ks- Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-cß - ƒ e`n-s®-¶n-epw, tcmK-Im-cWw I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ign-™Xv 1895-˛¬ am{X-am-Wv. 1908-˛¬ Um¿Pn-en-ßnepw 1912 \pw 1922 \pw CSbv°v t^m¿tam-k-bnepw P∏m-\nepw Cu tcmKw {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. sXt° C¥y-bn¬ Cu tcmKw BZy-ambn dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXXv 1946 BKÃv amk-Øn-em-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse ap≠-°-b-Øp\n-∂pw, ]n∂oSv ]ocp-ta-Sv, B\-a-e, ssltd©v F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw tcmKw {]Xy£-s∏-´p. AtX-h¿jw Unkw-_¿ amkm-cw-`-Øn¬ \oe-Kncn Pn√-bnse tIm´Kncn `mKØpw Cu tcmK-Øns‚ B{I-aWw Zriy-am-bn. 1947-˛¬ {ioe-¶bnepw 1949-˛¬ Ct¥m-t\-jy-bnepw Cu tcmKw ]S¿∂p ]nSn-®p.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

tcmK-Im-cWw z

km[mc-W-bmbn ag-°m-e-ØmWv t]mf≥ tcmKw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv

taLm-hr-X-amb A¥-co-£w IqSmsX

kqcy-{]-Imiw BgvN-bn¬ 2 apX¬ 10 aWn-°q¿ t\cw D≈-t∏mƒ

Db¿∂ Bt]-£nI B¿{ZX 60-˛100%

Ce-I-fn¬ 8 apX¬ 12 aWn-°q¿ hsc Cu¿∏-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I

ag-bpsS Afhv Hcp BgvN-bn¬ 2 apX¬ 10 sk.-ao. hsc s]øp-tºmƒ

17-˛230 C˛ bn¬ Ipd™ Dujvamhv F∂nh Cu ^wK-kns‚ hf¿®bv°v hfsc A\p-Iq-e-am-Wv

IqSp-X¬ XW-ep≈ ^oƒUp-I-fnepw \oscm-gp-°p-Iƒ ISpØp≈ sNSnI-fnepw t]mf≥ tcmK-Øns‚ B{I-aWw cq£-am-bn-cn-°pw

tcmK-e-£-W-ßƒ BZyta kqNn-∏n-®X - p-t]mse Xfn-cn-eI - s- fbpw Cfw X≠n-s\-bp-amWv t]mf≥ tcmKw _m[n-°p-∂X - v. IhmØv sh´n-bt- ijw Xfn¿Øp-hc- p∂ ^o¬Up-Ifn¬ tcmK-_m[ cq£-am-bn-cn-°pw. ^wK-kns‚ kvt]mdp-Iƒ Ce-If- n¬ hoW-bpSs\ apf-bv°p-hm≥ Bcw-`n-°p-∂p. BZyw Cfw a™ \nd-Øn¬ an\p-ka- p≈ sNdnb ]p≈n-Iƒ Ce-I-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch ]n∂oSv 6˛12 an.-an. hymk-Ønep≈ hrØ-ß-fmbn hnI-kn-°p-∂p. {ItaW Ch Ce-bpsS apI-fn¬ Ipan-fI-fmbn amdp-∂p. CXp-sIm-≠mWv CXns\ t]mf≥ (ªn-Ã¿) tcmKw F∂p hnfn°p-∂X - v. Ipan-fI - f- psS Ipgn-™h - iw an\p- a- p-≈X - m-Wv. ]cp-]c- pØ s]m¥nb ASn-`mKw BZyw a™-bmbpw ]n∂oSv Nmc-\n-d-ambpw Ah-km\w Sm¬°w ]uU¿ XqIn-b-Xp-t]mse sh≈-\n-d-Øn-ep-am-Ip-∂p. Cu ^wK-kns‚ Pohn-XN{Iw 11 apX¬ 28 Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂p. Hcp NXpc sk.-ao. D≈ Ipan-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw kpam¿ 24 aWn-°q¿sIm≠v 15 e£w ^wK-kns‚ hnØpIƒ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p.

\nhm-cW am¿§-ßƒ tcmK \nhm-c-W-Øn\v ]e Imcy-ßfpw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. Ah Hmtcm-∂mbn Xmsg hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

1. \ng-ens‚ km{μX Ipd-bv°¬ XW¬ ac-ßƒ IqSp-X-ep≈ ^o¬Uns‚ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Bt]-£nX B¿{ZX 80 iX- a m- \ - Ø n- e - [ nIw D≈- t ∏mƒ t]mf≥ tcmK- a p- ≠ m- ° p∂ ^wKkns‚ kvt]mdp-Iƒ thKw apf-bv°p-Ibpw hym]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. 30

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

AXp-sIm≠v ag-°mew XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v \ng¬ ac-ß-fpsS ]m¿izin-Jc-ßƒ apdn®p-am‰n \ng-ens‚ km{μX Ipd-bvt°-≠-Xm-Wv. \ng¬ ac-ßƒ ]pXp-Xmbn \´p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p∂ tXm´-Øn¬ G°-dn\v 110 ac-ß-fpw, c≠m-asØ Ihm-Øns‚ ka-bØv 55 ac-ßfpw (40x20 ASn) F∂ tXmXn¬ \ne-\n¿Ønbm¬ IqSp-X¬ kqcy-{]-Imiw sNSn-I-fpsS ta¬ ]Xn-°p-∂p. CXp-aqew tcmKØns‚ ImTn\yw Ipd-bp-∂p.

2. IhmØp sNbvX tXm´-Ønse If-\n-b-{¥Ww IhmØv shńb ô¬Up-If- n¬ If-Iƒ hf-cm-\p≈ km≤yX IqSp-Xe - mWv. tXbne sNSn-I-fpsS ta¬]c-∏n-ep≈ kq£va-Im-em-hÿ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn¬ If-Iƒ°pw ]¶p-≠v. If-I-fpsS B[nIyw aqew B¿{ZX h¿≤n-°p-∂p. tcmKIm-cn-bmb ^wK-kns‚ kvt]mdp-Iƒ [mcm-f-ambn apf-bv°p-hm≥ CXp klm-bn-°p∂p. ]p√pw, sNSn-Ifpw IqSp-X¬ hf-cp∂ ô¬Unse tXbn-ebn-e-Iƒ am{X-a-√ Cfw-X-≠p-Ifpw t]mf≥ tcmK-Øns‚ cq£-amb B{I-a-WØn-\n-c-bm-Ip-∂p. If-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn-eqsS t]mf≥ tcmK-Øns‚ cq£X Ipd-bv°mw.

3. IhmØv sNtø≠ kabw hb-\m-´nse Imem-h-ÿ-bv°pw, `p{]-Ir-Xn-bn-°p-a-\p-k-cn®v sabv / Pq¨ As√-¶n¬ HmKÃv / sk]v‰w-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬ IhmØv sh´p-∂Xv A\p-tbmPy-am-Wv. F∂m¬ sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿ ]ecpw \hw-_¿, Unkw-_¿, P\p-hcn amk-ß-fn¬ IhmØv sNøp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. Cu ka-bØv IpanƒtcmKw A[nIw _m[n-°p-Ibpw 50 iX-am\w hoXw hnfhv Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. AXp-sIm≠v X°-k-a-bØv IhmØv sNbvXm¬ Cu tcmK-Øns‚ cq£X Ipd-bv°mw.

4. \o≠ \mfp-I-fpsS CS-th-f-bn¬ Ce-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v tcmK-i-a\w A[n-I-cn-°pw \o≠ \mfp-I-fpsS CS-th-f-bn¬ Ce FSp-°p-tºmƒ ]pXnb Cfw Hcp Ce Acn-ºp-If- n¬ tcmKw A[nIw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ Ipanƒ\min\n Xfn-°p-tºmƒ hf¿∂ Ce-I-fn¬ am{X-ta-s]-Sp-∂p-≈p. sNdnb Cfw Acn-ºpI-fn¬ s]Sp-∂n-√. IqSmsX iotXm£vW \nebpw amdp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Ipdn∏n´ icn-bmb Ime CS-th-f-I-fn¬ Ce ]dn-°p-∂Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.

^wKkv \min-\n-I-fpsS {]tbmKw IhmØv sNbvX-tijw Xfn¿Øp-h-cp∂ tXm´-ß-fn¬ sImgp-∂p-I-fn¬ \o¿]Zw A[n-I-am-hp-I-bpw, Cf-b-Xp-am-b-Xp-Im-cWw B sImgp-∂p-I-fns‚ X≠p-Ifpw a‰pw Ce-Ifpw A[nI Af-hn\v Cu ^wK-kns‚ cq£-X-tbdpw 31

40 an√n + 36 an√n

50 an√n + 85 {Kmw 30 an√n + 30 an√n

slIvtkm-tIm-Wm-tkmƒ5 EC + ss{SUvtam¿^v AYhm

s{]m]n-tIm-Wm-tkmƒ 25 EC + tIm∏¿ HmIvkn-t¢m-ssdUv

s{]m]n-tIm-Wm-tkmƒ 25 EC + 5 ss{SUv tam¿^v

t\m¨ Atbm-Wn°v sh‰nßv GP‚v (]-i) acp-∂-Sn-°p∂ sh≈-Øn¬ tN¿t°-≠Xv 0.05%

80 an√n + 85 {Kmw

slIvtkm-tIm-Wm-tkmƒ 5 EC + tIm∏¿ HmIvkn-t¢m-ssdUv AYhm

^wKkv \min-\n-bpsS Af-hp-Iƒ G°-dn\v/ Hcp Xh-Wbv°v

acp-∂p-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ

^wKkv \min\n Xfnt°≠ Ime CS-thf

IhmØv sh´nb tXbn-e-tØm-´-ßƒ°v a´w HSn®v XpS¿®-bmmbn bn sImfp¥v FSp-°p-∂-Xp-hsc Xfn-t°≠ ^wKkv \min-\n-I-fpsS hnh-c-ßƒ

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

AXp-sIm≠v tXm´-ß-fn¬ Xfn-t°≠ ^wKkv \min-\n-I-fpsS Af-hp-Iƒ Xmsg-bp≈ Nm¿´n¬ sImSp-°p-∂p.

hym]mc (\m-a-ß-fn¬) t]cp-Iƒ slIvtkm-tIm-tWm-tkmƒ s{]m∏n-tIm-tWm-tkmƒ ss{SUvtam¿^v tIm∏¿ HmIvknt¢mssdUv

: : : :

tIm¨Sm-^v, I¨t{Smƒ, kn‰m-c, Sm_¿ ‰n¬´v Imen-Ivkn≥ ss^t‰m-em¨, ªqtIm-∏¿, _vssftSm-Ivkv, Ip{]m-tkmƒ, Ip{]nIv

t\m¨ Atbm-WnIv sh‰nßv GP‚v : C≥t{Km¨ A.E. IhmØv sNbvX-tXm-´-ß-fn¬ tcmK-_m[ cq£-am-hp-tºmƒ 4˛5 Znhkw CS-hn´v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. A√mØ ka-b-ß-fn¬ 7 Znh-k-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ Xfn°mw. a´w HSn-®p-I-gn-™m¬ ]n∂oSv Ce FSp-°p∂ tXm´-ß-fn¬ Xfn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse 7˛10 Znh-ksØ CS-hn´v Xfn-®m¬ aXn. Ce ]dn-°p∂ tXm´-ß-fnepw tase Nm¿ń¬ (]ńI) sImSpØ t]mse ^wKkv \min-\n-bpsS Afhp-{]-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. F∂m¬ IhmØv sNbvX tXm´-sØ-t]mse 4˛5 Znh-ksØ CS-th-fbv°v ]Icw 7˛10 Znh-ksØ CS-hn´v Xfn-®m¬ aXn-bm-hpw. tcmK-_m[ Ipd-bp∂Xn\-\p-k-cn®v Xfn-°p-∂Xns‚ Ime C-St- h-fsb \oń-sIm-≠p-t]m-hmw. IqSp-∂X - n-\\ - p-kc- n®v Znh-ksØ Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-XmWv.

^wKkv \min-\n-bpsS (tIm-∏¿ HmIvkn-t¢m-ssd-Un-s‚) KpW-\n-ehmcw tIm∏¿ HmIvkn-t¢m-ssdUv tIm∏-dns‚ Awiw kkvs]≥kn-_n-en‰n Akn-Un‰n as H2SO4 AYhm B¬°-en-\n‰n as NaoH tIm∏-dns‚ Hcp iX-am-\-Øns‚ PH kkvs]≥j≥ (W/v)

: 50 WD : 48.5 \pw 52.5% CSbv°v : 80 iX-am\w AXn-\p-ap-I-fn¬ : 0.2 iX-am\w G‰hpw A[nIw : 6.5 \p Xmsg

ssIsX-fn-∏m≥

kn^men kvt{]b¿ (hn-tZ-iw)

Position 4

1.5

1.0

AMN

tamt´m¿ kvt{]b¿

disc - 10

1.0

Rotatatory No.2

0.55

0.45

tamt´m¿ kvt{]b¿

hntZiw

(Knapsack)

NMD

NMD Co.45

ssIsX-fn-∏m≥

(Knapsack)

t\mkn¬

kvs{]b¿

UnkvNm¿Pv td‰v (en./\nan-jØn-¬)

20 -- 28

28 -- 36

24 -- 36 20 -- 24

28 -- 36

60 - -68

70 -- 100

IhmØv ImSv

24 -- 36

48 - -60

60- -- 70

sImgp-s\m-Sp°p∂ ImSv

Xfn-t°≠ sh≈-Øns‚ Afhv (en./G°¿)

100 -- 80

110 -- 70

60 -- 50

40 -- 35

100 -- 70

90 -- 70

50 -- 40

35 - -25

acp-∂-Sn-°p∂ Bfns‚ \S-°p∂ thK-X (en/\nan-j-Øn¬) sImgp-s\m-Sp- IhmØv °p∂ ImSv ImSv

{][m-\-ammbn bn {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ sh≈w, t\mkn¬, aanjy≥, njy≥, UnkvNm¿Pv td‰v \S-°p∂ thK-X, ASn-t°≠ \nc-Iƒ

4+4

2+2

1+1

\nc-Iƒ (c≠p-h-iw) KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

-2˛masØ hf{]tbmKw

63 Intem

72 Intem

4000 Intem apX¬ 5000 Intem hsc h¿j-Øn¬ Ce-sb-Sp-°p∂ tXm´-ßƒ°v

5000 Intem apX¬ 6000 Intem hsc h¿j-Øn¬ Ce-sb-Sp-°p∂ tXm´-ßƒ°v

55 Intem

48 Intem

80 Intem

Fw.-H.-]n. a·ojyw 43 kƒt^‰v Intem 40 Intem

72 Intem

63 Intem

bqdnb 56 Intem

a·ojyw ss\{S-P≥ kƒt^‰v

tdm°v kn{Sn°v t^mkvt^‰v BknUv

55 Intem

48 Intem

66 Intem

240 {Kmw

Fw.-H.-]n. tdm°v kn{Sn°v 43 t^mkvt^‰v BknUv Intem 33 Intem 120 {Kmw

s]m´mjv

72 Intem

63 Intem

bqdnb 56 Intem

55 Intem

48 Intem

Fw.-H.-]n. 43 Intem

ss\{S-P≥ s]m´mjv

80 Intem

a·ojyw kƒt^‰v 40 Intem

a·ojyw kƒt^‰v

hf-an-{in-X-ßƒ Iq´p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ: bqdn-bmbpsS IqsS a·ojyw kƒt^‰v (2-˛m-asØXpw 4˛masØ hf-{]-tbm-Kw) Ie¿Øp-tºmƒ, DS-s\-Xs∂ ^o¬Un¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°-Ww. bqdn-b-bpsS IqsS a·ojyw tN¿Øv Iq´p-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬ kabw sh®m¬ Aen™v sh≈-ambn t]mIpw.

bqdnb 56 Intem

ss\{S-P≥ s]m´mjv

Pq-¨ amk-Øn¬ 2˛masØ hfw. BK-Ãv, sk]v‰w-_¿, amk-Øn¬ 3˛-masØ hfw. sk]v‰w-_¿, HIvtSm-_¿ amk-Øn¬ A\p-]mZw ˛ 1 x 1 A\p-]mZw ˛ 1 x 1 4˛masØ hfw. A\p-]mZw ˛ 1 x 1

3000 Intem apX¬ 4000 Intem hsc h¿j-Øn¬ Ce-sb-Sp-°p∂ tXm´-ßƒ°v

DXv]m-Z\w ]® Ce/ G°-dn\v / h¿j-Øn¬

Ce ]dn-°p∂ tXm´-ßƒ°p≈ cmk-h-f-ß-fpsS Xq°w, G°-dn\v : BKÃv, sk]v‰w-_¿ & HIvtSm-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬

]´nI No.1.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

bqdnb 62 Intem

70 Intem

80 Intem

4000 Intem apX¬ 5000 Intem hsc h¿j-Øn¬ Ce-sb-Sp-°p∂ tXm´-ßƒ°v

5000 Intem apX¬ 6000 Intem hsc h¿j-Øn¬ Ce-sb-Sp-°p∂ tXm´-ßƒ°v

ss\{S-P≥

92 Intem

80 Intem

66 Intem

Fw.-H.-]n. tdm°v 72 t^mkvt^‰v Intem 33 Intem

tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v

BK-Ãv 1-˛masØ hfw A\p-]mZw ˛ 2 x 3

240 {Kmw

80 Intem

70 Intem

92 Intem

80 Intem

70 Intem

92 66 Intem Intem

80 66 Intem Intem

240 {Kmw

kn{Sn°v BknUv 120 {Kmw

kn{Sn°v BknUv

HIvtSm-_¿3˛masØ hfw A\p-]mZw ˛ 2 x 3

kn{Sn°v ss\{S-P≥ s]m´mjv a·ojyw ss\{S- s]m´mjv tdm°v BknUv kƒt^‰v P≥ t^mkv t^‰v kn{Sn°v bqdnb Fw.-H.]n. a·ojyw bqdnb Fw.-H.]n. tdm°v t^mkv BknUv 62 kƒt^‰v 62 72 72 120 {Kmw Intem Intem 40-Intem Intem Intem t^‰v 33 Intem

sk]v‰w-_¿ 2˛masØ hfw A\p-]mZw ˛ 2 x 3

sabv, Pq¨ amk-Øn¬ IhmØv sh´nb tXm´-ßƒ°p-≈ cmk-h-f-ß-fpsS Xq°w G°-dn\v: BK-Ãv, sk]v‰w_¿ & HIvtSm-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬

3000 Intem apX¬ 4000 Intem hsc h¿j-Øn¬ Ce-sb-Sp-°p∂ tXm´-ßƒ°v

DXv]m-Z\w ]® Ce/ G°-dn\v/ h¿j-Øn¬

]´nI No.2

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

Pqsse, BK- Ã v , sk]v ‰ w- _ ¿ amk- ß - f n¬ IhmØv sNbv X m¬, sk]v‰w_¿,HIvtSm-_¿, \hw-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬ hf-{]-tbmKw \S-Ømw. tasehn-hcn®Xpt]mse Xs∂ hfw \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IhmØv sNøp-∂-Xn-s\ °p-dn®-pw, sNbvXt- ijw {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßs- f-°p-dn®-pw Ign™ e°-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®Xv {i≤n-°p-I. sk]v‰w-_¿ amk-Øn¬ IhmØv sNbvX tXm´-ßƒ°v F{]n¬, sabv, Pq¨, \hw-_¿ amk-Øn¬ hf-{]-tbmKw \S-Øp-tºmƒ, `qanbnse (a-Æn-se) Pemw-iw, hf-{]tbmKw \S-Øn-b-tijw In´m-\p≈ ag- F∂nh F√mw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v thWw hfw \¬Im≥

]´nI No.3 Cu h¿jw ]pXp-Xmbn tXbn-e-Irjn sNbvX-h¿ 2 amkw-I-gn-™-tijw \¬tI≠ hf-ß-fpsS Xq°w G°-dn\v Xmsg hnh-cn-°p-∂p. A\p-]mXw ˛ 283 ss\{S-P≥ s]m´mjv tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v kn{SnIv BknUv bqdnb Fw.-Hm.-]n. tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v kn{SnIv BknUv 52 Intem 60 Intem 33 Intem 120 {Kmw Hcp sNSn°v GI-tZiw 24 {Kmw hoXw 9 C©v hn´v \¬Ip-I. 2˛mw h¿jw ssXIƒ°v 28 {Kmw hoXw 3˛mw h¿jw ssXIƒ°v 30 {Kmw hoXw 4˛mw h¿jw ssXIƒ°v 32 {Kmw hoXw 5˛mw h¿jw ssXIƒ°v 34 {Kmw hoXw BZy-hfw \¬Inbtijw c≠m-asØ hf-Øn-\p≈ CS-thf 21 Znh-ka- m-Wv. c≠m-asØ hfw sNøp-tºmƒ bqdn-bbpw + Fw.Hm.]n. bpw am{Xw \¬Inbm¬ aXn. 3˛masØ hfw BZysØ hf-{]-tbmKw t]mse \mepw tN¿Øv \¬IpI.

hf¿®bv°v kq£va-t]m-jIw kn¶v kƒt^-‰v z

kn¶v kƒt^-‰v kvt{] sNtø-≠Xv ImeØv sXfn™ Imem-h-ÿ-bp-≠mIp-tºmƒ am{X-am-Wv. Ipd-™Xv 2˛3 aWn-°q-sd-¶nepw kn¶v kƒt^-‰v kvt{] sNbvX-tijw ag D≠m-h-cp-Xv. A[nI hnf-hp-Im-eØv kn¶v kƒt^-‰vIqSp-X¬ Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xp-sIm≠v. A[n-Ih - n-fhp Ime-ßf- n¬ kn¶v kƒt^-‰vkvt{] sNøp-∂Xv ^e-{]-Za- mWv. Ipd-™Xv 5 Xh-W-sb-¶nepw h¿j-Øn¬ tXbn-ebv°v kvt{] sNøp-∂Xv ^e-{]-Z-am-Wv. 37

120 an√n

acp-∂ns‚ Afhv G°-dn\v 80 an√n

Xq°w 1 kg.. 1 kg.. 155 g. 55 g. 20 an√n

1750 {Kmw

100 en.

sh≈-Øns‚ Afhv

80 en‰¿

sh≈-Øns‚ Afhv 80 en‰¿

80 en‰¿ apX¬ 100 hsc

sh≈-Øns‚ Afhv

sXfn-t°≠ amk-ßƒ 1. G{]n¬ / sabv 2. Pq¨ 3. BKÃv / sk]v‰w-_¿ 4. HIvtSm-_¿ / \hw-_¿ 5. \hw-_¿

BKÃv / sk]v‰w-_¿ / HIvtSm-_¿

kok¨ / amkw

G{]n¬ / sabv /sk]v‰w-_¿ /HIvtSm-_¿ amk-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬, Pqsse amkw Hgn®v G{]n¬ apX¬ Unkw-_¿ hsc

kn¶v kƒt^‰v Xfn-°p-tºmƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fpsS Af-hv

acp-∂ns‚ Afhv G°-dn\v

ta¬hfw Xfn-°¬

(Di-Ammonium phosphate)

Un. G. ]n.

]´nI No.6

ItSm-Ãnaw ˛ 20

tlm¿tam¨ t^m¿ap-te-j≥ sskt‰msskw / _tbmsskw

Bh-iy-amb km[-\-ßƒ a. kn¶v kƒt^‰v b. a·ojyw kƒt^‰v c. amwK-\okv kƒt^‰v d. t_mdnIv ]uU¿ e. ^vfmt\m-^nIvkv / At{KmW

]´nI No.4

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

BZy-hfw \¬In-bt- ijw c≠m-asØ hf-Øn-\p≈ CS-thf 21˛Znh-ka- mWv. c≠m-asØ hfw-sN-øp-tºmƒ bqdn-bbpw + Fw. Hm. ]nbpw am{Xw \¬In-bm¬ aXn. 3˛masØ hfw BZysØ hf-{]-tbmKw t]mse \mepw tN¿Øv \¬IpI.

tXbne sNSn-Iƒ a´w HSn-°¬ IhmØv sNbvX tijw Xfn¿Øv hcp∂ X≠p-Isf BZy-ambn Hcp \n›nX Db-c-Øn¬ HSn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv a´w HSn-°¬ F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. a´w HSn-°p-tºmƒ, HSn-s®SpØ sImgp- ∂ n¬ sNdnb apIp- f hpw 3 As√-¶n¬ 4 Ce-Ifpw IqSnb `mK-amWv HSn-s®-Sp-t°-≠Xv. a´w HSn-°p-∂-Xns‚ {]m[m-\y-ßƒ z Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ kwc-£W/t]mjW Ce-Iƒ sNSn-bn¬ \ndp-Øn-bmWv a´w HSn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp ImcWw sNSn-bpsS Btcm-Ky-sØ-bpw, sImgp-∂ns‚ hf¿®bv°pw Du°w \¬Ipw. z

a´w HSn®v Ign-™m-ep-Ss\ ]m¿iz-ap-Ipf-ßƒ thKw hf¿∂p-h-cpw. Cfw Acnºp-Iƒ s]m´n hcp-∂-Xm-Wv.

a´w HSn-°p-∂-Xns‚ as‰mcp Dt±-iw, Btcm-Ky-ap≈ c≠mw-\n-e, aq∂mw \ne inJ-c-ßƒIqsS sNSn-bn¬ D≠m°n FSp-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. CØcw inJ-c-ßƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ am{Xta ASpØ Ihm-Øn-\m-h-iy-ap≈ inJ-c-ßƒ D≠m-hq. A[n-I-]£w sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿°v a´w HSn-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kw`-hn-°p∂ sX‰p-Iƒ z Ipd™ Db-c-Øn¬ a´w HSn-°p-∂-Xv. z

IØn/I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn®v sh´n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.

F√m A\m-h¿Øn sImgp-∂p-Ifpw A[nIw hf-cm≥ hn´-tijw sNs¶mºn\v Xma-kn®v Htc t\cØv HSn-s®-Sp-°p∂ {]hrØn

icn-bmb \nc∏v \ne-\n¿ØmsX ]dn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. Ipd™ Db-c-Øn¬ a´w HSn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-≠m-hp∂ tZmj-ßƒ z sNSn-Iƒ Dbcw Ipd™v s]m°-an-√msX hf-cpw. z

sNSn-If- psS ]pXnb imJ-Iƒ ]S-cm-sX-bpw, If-s®-Sn-Iƒ [mcmfw hf¿∂ph-cn-Ibpw sNøpw. 39

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ z

]pXnb imJ-Iƒ, c≠mw X´pw, aq∂mw X´n-ep-ap≈ Nn√-Iƒ C√m-Xm-hp-∂Xp-sIm≠v D¬∏m-Z\w Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

AXp-Im-cWw ASp-Øp-h-cp∂ IhmØpw Ipd™ Db-c-Øn¬ Xs∂ sht´≠n hcp-∂p.

ho≠pw D¬∏m-Z-\sØ hf-sc-b-[nIw _m[n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. a´w HSn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Dbcw z Bkmw C\ sNSn-Iƒ: IhmØv sNbvX Db-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw 6 C©v Dbcw AYhm Xd-bn¬ \n∂pw (from Ground Level) samØw 28 C©v Db-cw, CXp c≠n¬ GXmWv A[nI Db-c-sa-¶n¬ B Db-c-Øn¬ a´w HSn-°Ww. Ipd-™-]£w IhmØv I´°v apI-fn¬ aq∂v henb Ce-Iƒ \n¿Øp-Xv \√XmWv z

ssN\m C\w sNSn-Iƒ: IhmØv sNbvX Db-cØ - n¬ \n∂pw 4 C©v Dbcw AYhm Xd-bn¬ \n∂pw (from Ground Level) samØw 24 C©v Db-cw, CXp c≠n¬ GXmWv A[nI Db-cs- a-¶n¬ B Db-cØ - n¬ a´w HSn-°W - w. Ipd™ ]£w c≠v henb Ce-Iƒ \n¿Øp-Xv \√-XmWv.

a´w HSn-°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ z IØn D]-tbm-Kn-°-cp-Xv. ssIsIm≠v Xs∂ In≈n FSp-°-Ww. z

a´w HSn-°p∂ X≠p-Iƒ ]®-bm-bpw, A[nIw aqØp-t]m-hm-sXbpw D≠m-h-Ww. AXm-bXv sNs¶m-ºm-hmsX a´w HSn-°-Ww.

B mw C\ tXbn-es- N-Sn-Iƒ a´w HSn-°p-tºmƒ, HSn-s®-Sp-°p∂ sImgp∂pIƒ (Tipping Material) \mev Ce-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb Acnºpw D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. ssN\m C\ tXbn-e-sN-Sn-I-fm-sW-¶n¬ a´w HSn-°p-tºmƒ aq∂v CetbmSp-Iq-Snb Acnºv In≈n FSp-°-Ww.

sNSn-bn¬ kpam¿ 30 iX-am\w inJ-c-ßƒ (X-≠p-Iƒ) Xøm-dmb \ne-bn¬ D≈-t∏m-gmWv a´w HSn®v XpS-tß-≠X - v. a´w HSn®v XpS-ßn-bXp apX¬ ]ns∂ 7 As√-¶n¬ 8 As√-¶n¬ 9 Znh-ksØ CS-th-f-bn¬ a´w XpS¿∂v 3˛4 XhW HSn®v \nc∏v \ne-\n¿Øn, XpS¿∂v \nc-∏n¬ \n∂pw sImfp¥v ]dn®p XpS-ßmw. AXn-\vtijw 10 Znh-ksØ CS-th-f-bn¬ sImfp¥v FSp-°mw.

Dbcw Iq´n HSn-°p-∂-Xp-Im-c-Ww, sNSn-bn¬ Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ kwc-£W/ t]mjW Ce-Iƒ D≠m-hp-∂p. ]pjvSn-{]-Z-amb Blmcw Cu kwc-£W Ce-Iƒ aqew \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p.

Dbcw Iq´n a´w HSn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v inJ-c-ßƒ ]S¿∂v apIƒ]-c∏v aqSn In´p-∂p. 40

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ z

If-Iƒ D≠m-hp-∂-Xns\ hf-sc-b-[nIw XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Btcm-Ky-ap≈ (I-´n-Iq-Sn-b) ]pXnb inJ-cß - ƒ sNSn-bn¬ ho≠pw D≠m-hp-∂p.

ASpØ IhmØv sNøp-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬ inJ-c-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn, Dbcw Iq´n sh´m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. hnfhv AXp-t]mse A[n-I-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

icn-bmb Db-cØ - n¬ a´w HSn®v Btcm-Ky-ap-≈Xpw Dd-∏p-≈X - pamb ]pXnb inJc-ßsf D≠m-°-Ww.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Ønt°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ \-hw-_¿, Unkw-_¿, P\p-hcn amk-ß-fn¬ Ce]dn-°¬ AYhm sImfp¥v \p≈¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn HIvtSm-_¿ amkw \√ hf¿®-bp≈ Ime-amWv. Cu amkw 8 apX¬ 10 Znh-ksØ CS-th-f-bn¬ sImfp¥p ]dn°mw. Cfw Xfn¿ sImfp¥pIsf Hgn-hm-°n thWw ]dn-t°≠-Xv. 2/3 Cebpw Xncn-tbm-Sp-IqSnb sImfp¥pIsf am{Xw FSp-°p-I. F∂m¬ Unkw-_¿ amkm-h-km\w apX¬ Xmbv Ce-sh®p thWw ]dn-°m≥. \hw-_¿,- Un-kw-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬ 10 apX¬ 12 Znh-ksØ CS-th-f-bn¬ sImfp¥p ]dn°mw. \√ hf¿®-bp-≈t∏mƒ I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. \nc-∏n-ep≈ h©n-Iƒ apgp-h\pw Hcne \ndpØ FSp-t°-≠-Xm-h-iy-amWv. _m©n-Isf Dd-°m-hÿ - b - n-ep≈ apIpfw F∂p-≤c- n-°p-hm-\p≈ ImcWw _m©n sImfp¥n¬ \n∂pw ]pXn-b-ap-Ip-f-ßƒ cq]-sa-Sp-°m≥ kpam¿ 120 apX¬ 150 \mfp-Iƒ (4˛5 amk-ßƒ) Bhp∂-p. F∂m¬ Hcp ]cn-t]m-jW Ce-bn¬ \n∂pw ]dn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ sImfp¥v hfcp-∂Xn\v 90 Znh-ka- m-Ip∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬ _m©n-Isf ]dn-®p-am-‰n-bn-s√¶n¬ 12 apX¬ 20 iX-am\w hsc hnfhv Ipd-bp-sa∂vv D]m-kn-bpsS Kth-jWw aqew Adn™n´p≠v. _m©n-Isf FSp-°msX hnSp-tºmƒ D≠m-hp hnfhv \jvSw:IhmØv sh´n-bXp apX¬ {]mbw hnfhp\jvSw (-iXam\w) BZy-h¿jw 12.0 c≠mw h¿jw 19.0 aq∂mw h¿jw 19.4 \memw h¿jw 20.4 ic-micn 17.7% 42

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

CXp-am-{X-a√ sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿ IØn D]-tbm-Kn®pw Ducn-]-dn-®pw, aqØ kwc-£W Ce-Iƒ tN¿Øp ]dn-®p-amWv Ce ]dn°p∂Xv. Cßs\ FSp°p∂XpsIm≠v tXbn-e sNSn-I-fpsS BtcmKysØ IqSp-Xembn _m[n-°p∂-p. 1. sNSn-IfpsS inJ-c-ßƒ saen™p t]mhp-Ibpw 2. hf-cp∂ sImfp¥ns‚ \ofw sNdp-XmbnXs∂ D≠m-hp-Ibpw 3. hf-sc-b-[nIw hnfhv \jvSs∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. \√ hf¿®-Im-eß - f- n¬ 2˛3 Ce-ItfmSp-Iq-Snb sImfp-¥p-Iƒ ssIsIm≠v 8˛-10 Znh-ksØ CS-th-f-I-fn-epw, aμ-KXn hf¿®m-Im-e-ß-fn¬ 10-˛12/13 ZnhksØ CS-th-f-I-fnepw ]dn-®m¬ hnfhv IqSp-X¬ In´pw. CS-th-f-Ip-d®v Ce FSpØv hnfhv Iq´p-Ibpw KpW-ta∑ h¿≤n∏n-°p-Ibpw sNømw. CS-th-fIp-d®v h¿j-Øn¬ A[nI Xh-W-I-ƒ FSp-°p∂Xn-s‚ Nm¿´v Xmsg hnh-cn°p∂-p. h¿j-Øn¬ Ce FSp-°ptºmƒ hnfhv G°-dn\v Xh-W-Iƒ h¿j-Øn¬ (Intem) 20 apX¬ 22 XhW FSp-°p-tºmƒ 3900 kg 30 apX¬ 34 XhW FSp-°p-tºmƒ 6200 kg

^o¬Un¬ tXbn-e-s®-Sn-Iƒ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°¬ kzm`mhnI coXn-bn¬ hf-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®m¬ tXbn-e-s®-Sn-Iƒ IpØs\ hf¿∂p s]mßp∂p. CØcw sNSn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw A[nIw hnfhp e`n-°pI-bn-√. sNSn-I-fpsS inJ-c-ßƒ \√ hnkvXm-c-Øn¬ hf-cp-hm≥ Xmsg s°mSpØncn-°p∂ am¿§-ßƒ Ah-ew-_n-°Ww.

1. XmbvX≠p apdn-°¬ tXbn-e-s®-Sn-Iƒ hnkvXm-c-Øn¬ hf-cp-hm\pw DZv∏m-Z\ - £ - a- X h¿≤n∏n-°p-hm\pw Cfw ssXI-fpsS XmbvX≠v apdn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXn\v 'sk‚-dnßv ' F∂p ]d-bp∂-p. sk‚-dnßv sNøptºmƒ XmbvX≠v F{X-tØmfw XmgvØn apdn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°ptam A{X-tØmfw XmgvØn-sh-´p-I. Cßs\ sNøptºmƒ Ftt´m ]tØm Ce-I-fp≈ H∂p -c≠p sNdp-Nn-√Iƒ sNSn-bn¬ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ {i≤n-°Ww. sNdp-Nn√-Iƒ C√mØ sNSn-I-fn¬ Ft´m]tØm Ce-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øn XmbvX≠p apdn-°Ww. sNSn-Iƒ \´vv \mtem At©m amkw Ign™v GI-tZiw 10 sk.-an. ag e`n® tijw am{Xsa sk‚-dnßv \S-Øm-hp. A¥-co43

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

£-Ønse Cu¿∏-Øn-s‚ Afhv Db¿∂ \ne-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww. tdmkm-sNSnIƒ apdn-°p∂Xn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ knt°-®¿ F∂Xcw I{Xn-I-bmWv XmbvX≠v apdn- ° m≥ \√Xv . Hcp Imc- W - h - i mepw th\¬°m- e Øv sk‚- d nßv \S-Ø-cpXv.

2. a´w HSn-°¬ sk‚-dnßv \S-Øn-bt- ijw sNSn-Isf km[m-cWKXn-bn¬ hf-cp-hm≥ A\ph-Zn-°p-I. Xd-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw 35 sk.-an. Db-c-Øn-emWv BZysØ {]mhiyw a´w HSn-t°-≠-Xv. Cßs\ HSn-s®-Sp-°p∂ sImfp¥n¬ Ipd-™Xv, aqt∂m \mtem Ce-I-sf-¶nepw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. AXp-t]mse c≠m-asØ {]mhiyw Xd-\n-c∏ - n¬ \n∂pw 50 sk.an Db-cØ - n-emWv a´w HSn-t°-≠X - v. Hcp ^o¬Unse F√m sNSn-Ifpw Htc-k-a-bØv a´w HSn-°-en\v hnt[-b-am-I-W-sa∂-n-√. a´w HSn-∏n\v Xøm-dm-bn-´n-√mØ inJ-c-ßƒ Ipd®v Znhkw Ign™v HSn-°mw. Cu {]tbmKw aqew inJ-c-ßƒ c≠p-aq∂p X´p-I-fn-embn ]S¿∂p ]¥-en-°p∂-p. IqSmsX Nn√-I-fn¬ [mcmfw Xfn-cp-Ifpw D≠m-Ip∂-p.

3. sImfps¥Sp°¬ sk‚dnßv \S-Ønb sNSn-If- n¬ Nn√-Iƒ Xg-®p-hf- c- W - s- a-¶n¬ Ahbv°v \√ Btcm-Ky-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww sNSn-If- n¬ Bh-iym-\p-kc- Ww t]mjI CeIƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ am{Xsa CXp km≤y-am-Ip. a´w HSn-®-Xn\p tijw sImfp¥p\p- ≈ m- \ m- c w- ` n- ° p- t ºmƒ hf- s c- b - [ nIw {i≤n- t °- X p- ≠ v . hf- s c- Ip- d ®p sImfp¥p e`n-°p∂ P\p-h-cn,- s^-{_p-hcn, am¿®v, Pqsse, B-KÃv F∂o amk-ß-fn¬ 12 apX¬ 15 Znhkw hsc CS-hn-´mWv sImfps¥Spt°-≠-Xv. Cu amk-ß-fn¬ Xmbv Ce sNSn-bn¬ \ne-\n¿Øn thWw sImfp¥p\pt≈-≠Xv IqSp-X¬ hnfhp e`n-°p∂ G{]n¬, tabv, Pq¨, sk-]v‰w-_¿, H-IvtSm-_¿, \-hw-_¿,- Un-kw-_¿ amk-ßf- n¬ Ft´m ]tØm Znh-kØ - n-semcn°¬ ]pXnb \nc-∏n¬ 50 sk.-an. Db-c-Øn\p apI-fn¬ ao≥ Ce-bvt°m, h´ Ce-bvt°m sImfp¥p \p≈mw.

XW¬a-c-ßƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°¬ tXbn-e-s®-Sn-IfpsS Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hf¿®bv°v XW¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv. tXbne \Sp-∂Xn\p aptºm,- \-´p-sIm≠ncn-°p-tºmtgm XW¬a-c-ß-fpsS ssXIƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°-mhpXm-Wv.

sNSn-Iƒ \´-tijw sNtø≠ Imcy-ßƒ sNSn-Iƒ \´tijw kwc-£n-°p∂ coXn-bpw,- h-cƒ®s°Xn-sc-sb-Sp-°p∂ \S-]S- n-Ifpw tXbn-eb - psS hf¿®-bn-epw, DZv∏m-Z\ - £ - a- X - b - nepw Imcy-amb ]¶ph-ln-°p-∂p. ag-°m-eØv sNSn-Iƒ \´mepw XpS¿∂p hcp∂ th\¬°m-eØv 44

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

Cu sNSn-Isf hcƒ®-bn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ Xmsg-s°mSp°p∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

hcƒ®-bn¬ \n∂pw sNSn-Isf kwc-£n-°p∂ hn[w ]pX-bnS¬ sNSn-Iƒ \´p-S-s\-Xs∂ ^o¬Un-s‚ apIƒ`mKw hnØp-I-fn-√mØ ]p√pIƒ, Icn-bne ]Ø¬ F∂n-hsIm≠v aqS-Ww. aÆnse Cu¿∏w \ne\n¿Øp-∂Xn-\pw, asÆmen∏p XS-b-p-∂Xn-\pw ]pX-bnS¬ (a¬®nßv) klm-bn°p∂-p. ]pX-bnS¬ ImcWw If-I-fpsS hf¿® XS- -s∏-Sp-Ibpw aÆnse ssPhmwiw h¿≤n°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Hcp slIvS¿ tXm´w ]pX-bnSp∂Xn\v GI-tZiw 25 S¨ ]p√pw ]Ø-epw (a¬®nßv) B-h-iy-ap-≠v.-sN-SnIƒ \´p-Ss\-Xs∂ ]pXbnS¬ Bcw-`n-°W - w. ] - p√pw ]Øepw sNSn-If- psS XmbvX≠ - ns\ sXmSmsX thWw ]pX-bntS-≠-Xv. a¬®nßn\p]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°fpw XmbvX-≠p-am-bp≈ \nc-¥c kº¿°w ]´No-b¬ tcmKw £Wn-®p-h-cp-Øpw.

Cfw ssXIƒ°v "Itbm-en≥' Xfn-°¬ D]mkn tXbne Kth-jW tI{μØn¬ \S-Ønb ]T-\ß - f- n¬ \n∂pw sXfn™Xv Cfw tXbn-e-ssX-I-fn¬ "Itbm-en≥' F∂ cmk-hkvXp th\¬°meØv Xfn-®m¬ hcƒ®m {]Xn-tcm-[-i‡n A[n-I-cn-°p∂-p-sh∂v ImW-s∏´p. AXn-\m¬ th\¬°mew Bcw-`n-°p∂Xn-\v ap≥]mbn 12 Intem Itbm-en\pw 330 an√n hnt\m-^m≥ AYhm C≥t{Sm¨ F C 110 an√n F∂ ]ibpw 100 en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ Ie°n sNSn-If- n¬ Xfn-°p-I. Itbm-en≥ hcƒ®m-ka- b - Øv sNSn-I-fn¬ ]Xn-°p∂ kqcy-c-ivanIsf {]Xn-^-en-∏n®v sNSn-Isf kwc-£n °p∂-p.

ASn-a-Æp-\-\-bv°¬: Unkw-_¿, -P-\p-hcn, s^_yp-h-cn, am¿®v amk-ß-fn¬ km[mcW-K-Xn-bn¬ F√m sNSn-I-fp-sSbpw thcp-Iƒ sh≈-ap≈ ÿetØ°v BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp∂-p. Zo¿L-Ime hnf-bmb tXbn-ebv°v \´ DS-s\Xs∂ "Xfn-®p-\\' (sprinkler irrigation) Bh-iy-a-√. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Pe-tk-N\w aqew sNSn-I-fpsS ]pXnb thcp-Iƒ aÆn-s‚ ta¬\n-c-∏n¬ hf-cp-Ibpw Ah-bpsS hcƒ®m {]Xn-tcm-[-i‡n Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNøpw. th\¬°m-eØp ta¬aÆp hc-fp-tºmƒ Cu sNSn-Iƒ hmSn-°-cn-bpw. sNSn-IfpsS thcp-Iƒ Bg-Øn¬ hf-c-W-sa-¶n¬ ASn-a-Æn-te°v sh≈w FØn°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. CXn\v tXbn-e-ssX-Iƒ \Sp-tºmƒXs∂ GI-tZiw 30 sk.-an. \of-ap≈ t]∏¿tIm¨, ap-f,- ]n.-hn.-kn. ss]∏v F∂n-hb - n-te-sX¶nepw H∂v sNSn-bn¬ \n∂pw 15 sk.-an. am‰n 45 Un{Kn sNcn®v Dd-∏n-°Ww. 45

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

Ipg-ens‚ 25 sk.-an. `mKw thcn-t\mSv tN¿∂v aÆn-\-Sn-bnepw 5 sk.-an. `mKw aÆn\p apI-fnepw hc-Ø-°-hn[w thWw Ah ÿm]n-t°-≠-Xv. sNcn-™{]-tZ-iß-fn¬ Ipg-ep-Iƒ Ncn-hn-s‚ Db¿∂ `mKØp Ipgn-®n-S-Ww. t\mkn¬ am‰n-bt- ijw kvt]b-dp-]t- bm-Kn®v Ipg-ep-If- n¬ sh≈-samgn°mw.- sN-SnI-fpsS thcp-]S- e - a- p≈ `mKtØ°v Cu Pew FØn-t®-cp-∂p. thcv `mKtØ°v t\cn´p sh≈w ]ºp-sNbvXp Cd-°m-hp∂ k_vtkm-bn¬ F∂ D]-I-c-Whpw CXn\p-]-tbm-Kn-°mw. ag°mew Ign-™t- ijw \hw-_¿-˛U - n-kw-_¿ amk-tØmsS ASn-aÆp \\bv°¬ Bcw-`n-°-Ww.- G-{]n¬ amk-Øn¬ ag- e-`n°p-∂Xp-hsc Bgv®-bnsemcn°¬ sNSn-sbm∂n\v Hcp en‰¿ F∂ IW-°n\mWv sh≈w Hgn-t°≠Xv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ \\-bv°-en\v sh≈w Ipd®v aXn-bmIpw. IqSmsX If-I-fpsS AanX hf¿® Hgn-hm-°m\pw Ign-bpw.

\ng¬°q-Smcw \n¿Ωn°¬ th\¬°m-eØv aÆnse Pem-wiw Ipd-bp-Ibpw kky-tkz-Z\w IqSp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. {ItaW sNSn-Iƒ hcƒ® _m[n®v hmSn-t∏m-Ip∂-p. CXv XS-bm\mbn Ce-Iƒ,-]Ø - ¬, sXtßme apX-em-bh D]-tbm-Kn®v sNSn-Iƒ°v XmXv°menI XW¬ \¬Imw. Ce-I-fnse _mjv]o-I-c-Ww, Ipd-bv°m\pw Aßs\ hcƒ®-bpsS Xo{hX Ipd-bv°m\pw CXp-aqew km[n-°pw. a™p-ho-gv®-bp≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ sNSn-Isf a™n¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw \ng¬°q-Smcw klm-bn-°pw. ag-°mew Ign-™m-ep-S-s\-Xs∂ IqSm-c-ßƒ ÿm]n-°Ww GItZiw 10 sk.-an. ag e`n® tijw Ch FSp-Øp-am-‰m-h-X p- m-Wv.

Nph∏p\nd Nne-¥n-Iƒ (Red Spider mite) tXbn-esb _m[n-°p∂ Nph-∏p-\nd Nne-¥n-Isf (red spider mite) \nb-{¥n-°p∂ hn[-ßs- f-°p-dn®v BZysØ e°-Øn¬ (P-\p-hcn, s^{_p-hc- n,am¿®v) X∂n´p≈Xp {i≤n-°p-I.

Ipanƒtcm-Kw (Blister Blight Disease) Ipanƒtcm-K-sØ-°p-dn®v Ign™ e°-Øn¬ (Ppembv, BK-Ãv,- sk-]v‰w_¿) sImSpØn-´p≈ hnh-cWw {i≤n-°pI.

hf{]tbm-Kw hf {]tbmKw \S-Øp-tºmƒ aÆn¬ Pemwiw D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. h-f-{]-tbmKsØ Ipdn-®p≈ ]´nI Ign™ e°-Øn¬ X∂n-´p-≈-Xp {i≤n-°p-I (G-{]n¬, tabv, Pq¨, Pq-sse,- B-K-Ãv, -sk-]v‰w-_¿)

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

eLp t]mjIßƒ Xfn-bv°¬, kvt{] sNø¬ (Micro Nutrient Foliar Spray)

eLp-t]m-j-Ißƒ Ign™ e°-Øn¬ X∂Xp {]Imcw \hw-_¿ amkw sImfps¥-SpØ tijw sXfn-®psImSp°mw. Cu amk-Øn¬ c≠m-asØ XhW Ce-I-fn¬ hf¿®bv°v tlm¿tam-Wp-Iƒ Xfn-°mw. \hw-_¿ amk-Øn¬ D.A.P BZysØ du≠n¬ 1750 {Kmw 100 en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ (G°-dn-\v) \√t]mse Ie¿Ønb tijw Xfn-®-psImSp°mw.-c-≠m-asØ du≠n¬ bqdnb 1 Intem + Fw.Hm.]n 1 Intem + {Ko≥ andm-°nƒ 200 an√n. aq∂pw tN¿Øv Hcp G°-dn\v 80 en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ Ie¿Øn tamt´m¿ kvs]b¿ aqew Xfn®psImSp°mw. ssI Xfn-°p-hm≥, t\]vkm-Iv, D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ sh≈Øn-s‚ Afhp 120 en‰-dm°n am‰pI. \h-w_ - d- n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®X - p-t]mse BZysØ du≠n¬ Un. F. ]n.bpw, c≠masØ du≠n¬ bqdnb + Fw.-Hm.]n + {Ko≥ andm-°n-fpw,- Un-kw-_¿- amk-Ønepw XpS¿∂vv P\p-hcn, s^-{_p-h-cn, -am¿®v amkw hsc XpS-cmw.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Ønt°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ s^{_p-h-cn, am¿®v amk-ß-fn¬

1. ]®-tX-bne ]dn-°¬ AYhm sImfp¥v \p≈¬ s^{_p-hcn amkw km[m-c-W-bmbn aμ-h-f¿®-bpsS ka-b-am-Wv. IqSmsX hcƒ® IqSp-X-ep≈ ka-b-am-b-Xn-\m¬, Cu ka-bØv X≈- C-e-sb (Mother leaf) \ne-\n¿Øn Ce ]dn-°p-∂-XmWv sNSn-bpsS Btcm-Ky-Øn-\pw, ASp-Øph-cp∂ sImfp-¥ns‚ hf¿®bv°pw \√-Xv. kwc-£W Ce-Iƒ (Maintenance Foliage) As√-¶n¬ t]mjW Ce-Iƒ sNSn-I-fn¬ hfsc Bh-iy-am-Wv.

2. (a) sNtø-≠ -Im-cy-ßƒ 2˛3 Ce-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb sImfp-¥p-Isf am{Xw FSp-°pI z P\p-hcn apX¬ am¿®v/ G{]n¬ hsc Xmbv/X≈ (Mother leaf) Ce sh®v FSp°pI. z aμ-h-f¿®-bp≈ Ime-ß-fn¬ 12 apX¬ 15 Znh-ksØ CS-th-f-bn¬ sImfp¥p ]dn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. z \nc-∏n-ep≈ _©n-Iƒ Hcnesh®v apgp-h\pw FSp-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy-amWv. z \nc∏v (a-´w) \ne-\n¿tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. H∏w Cfw Xfn¿ sImfp-¥pIsf H-gn-hm°n FSp-°-Ww (b) sNøm≥ ]m-Sn-√mØ Imcy-ßƒ z Cfw Acn- º p- I ƒ/ Xfn¿ AYhm {]mb- a m- h mØ sImfp- ¥ p- I sf FSp-°-cp-Xv. z Xmbv (X≈) Ce hbv°msX sImfp¥p \p≈-cp-Xv. z Ducn-∏-dn-°¬ AYhm a´-I-Øn-sIm≠v Ce tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xv. sNSn-bpsS Btcm-Ky-sØbpw hnf-hn-s\bpw _m[n-°p-∂p. z

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ z

\nc-∏n\p Xmsg Ce FSp-°-cp-Xv.

3. hcƒ®bn¬ \n∂pw tXbn-esb kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ Xmsg hnhcn®h D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv (X-fn-°p-∂Xv) \√-Xm-Wv (a). ssX sNSn-Iƒ : -˛ (5 hbkv {]mbw hsc) (i) I-tbm-en≥ ]uU¿ ˛ 12 In. {Kmw ˛ 330 an√n (ii) ^nt\m-^m≥ C≥ c≠pw tN¿Øv 100 en‰¿ sh≈AYhm Øn¬ Ie¿Øn ssI sXfn-]m≥ aqew \\®p sImSp-°pI C≥t{Km¨ ˛ F. C ˛ 110 an√n (b). apXn¿∂ sNSn-Iƒ°v : -˛ (5 hbkn\v tase) ˛ 1 In. {Kmw (i) bqdnb (ii) Fw. Hm. ]n. ˛ 1 In. {Kmw aq∂pw tN¿Øv 100 en‰¿ sh≈(iii) {Ko≥ and-°nƒ ˛ 200 an√n Øn¬ Ie¿Øn ASn-°pI

4. tXbn-esb _m-[-n°p∂ Nph∏p\nd Nne-¥n-Isf (aficn) \nb-{¥n-°p∂ hn[ßƒ Np-h∏ - p-\nd Nne-¥n-Iƒ (Read spider mite) BZy-Imeßfn¬ Xs∂ tXbnesb _m[n-°p∂ {][m-\s- ∏´ Nne-¥n-If- n-sem-∂m-Wv. Cu Nne-¥n-Iƒ Ing°≥ Gjy-bn-epw, B{^n-°-bnepw tXbn-e-tXm-´-ß-fn¬ A[n-I-ambn I≠p-h-cp-∂p. Ign™ Iptd h¿j-ß-fmbn sXt° C¥y-bn¬ \oe-Kncn (Kq-U-√q¿) bnepw hb-\m-ńepw tcmKw I≠p-h-cp-∂p. Cu Nne-¥n-Iƒ A[nIw D≠m-Im-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ D≠mb am‰-w, iotXm-jvW-Øns‚ Af-hn¬ G¿s∏-ń-´p≈ am‰-ßƒ, Ipd™ Af-hn-ep≈ ag-bpw, AXp-aqew D≠m-bn´p≈ hcƒ®-bp-am-Wv. IqSmsX tXbne tXm´-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw \ng¬ ac-ßsf shń Hgn-hm-°n-b-Xpw, Hcp {][m\ Imc-W-am-Wv. Cu Nne-¥n-Iƒ apXn¿∂ Ce-If- psS apIƒ `mK-ØmWv A[n-Ia- mbn ImWs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CØcw Ce-I-fn-ep≈ \ocns\ hen-®q-‰n-Ip-Sn-°p-∂p. CXp-aqew CeIfn¬ {]Imi kwt«-j-W-i‡n Ipd™p hf¿®sb XS-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xp-Iq-SmsX hnf-hp-Ip-d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu Nne-¥n-I-fpsS B{I-a-W-Øn\m¬ 14 apX¬ 18 iX-am\w hsc hnfhp Ipd-bp-∂-Xmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂p. Nne-¥n-bpsS B{I-aWw A[n-I-am-bm¬ Ce-Iƒ DXn¿∂p t]mIpw. Cu Nne-¥n-Iƒ°v Ce-I-fn¬ he-Iƒ ]n∂p-hm\pw Ign-hp-≈-Xm-Wv. 49

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

5. \nb-{¥W coXn-Iƒ (Control Strategies) Cu Nne-¥n-Isf \nb-{¥n-°m≥ ka-{K-IoS \n¿Δ-lW apd-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. a). Im¿jnI \nb-{¥-W-am¿§-ßƒ

Np-h-∂ aficn _m[n®v Ce sImgn-™p-t]mb `mK-ß-fn¬ ssI D]-tbmKn®v am{Xta Ce-Iƒ \p≈p-hm≥ ]mSp-≈p. am{X-a√ Btcm-Ky-ap≈ Hcp X´v Ce-Iƒ sNSn-bn¬ \ndpØn sNSn-I-fpsS BtcmKyw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥ {]tXyIw {i≤n-°-Ww. Bh-iy-amb Af-hn¬ XW¬ ac-ßƒ C√mØ tXbn-e-tXm-´-ß-fn¬ aficn-_m[ hfsc cq£-am-bn-cn-°pw. icn-bmb Znim-t_m-[-an-√msX XW¬ ac-ßƒ sh´p-∂Xpw XW¬ Ipd-bv°p-∂Xpw afi-cn-_m[ h¿≤n-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬ ip]m¿i sNbvXn-´p≈ coXn-bn¬ XW¬ a-c-ßƒ sh®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ahsb icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ {Iao-I-cn-°p∂Xpw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc afi-cn-_m[ XS-bp-hm≥ klm-bn-°pw. b). ssPh \nb-{¥Ww (Biological Control) ]cm-Zß - ƒ, Cc-]n-Sn-b∑ - m¿, kqjvam-Wp-°ƒ F∂nh aqew £p{Z IoS-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p∂ coXn°v Ct∏mƒ hf-sc-b[ - nIw {]Nm-ca- p-≠v. kao-]I - m-eØv Hcp apJy Cc-]n-Sn-b≥ Nne-¥nsb tXSn-]n-Sn®v sIm∂p-Xn-∂p-∂Xv I≠dn™p. £p{Z-IoS-ßpsS Cu i{Xp-°ƒ Hc-f-hp-hsc \mi-Po-hn-I-fpsS FÆw Ipd-bv°p-∂X - n\v klm-bn-°p-∂X - p-sIm≠v CØcw Cc-]n-Sn-b∑ - msc kwc- £ n- t °- ≠ Xv Bh- i y- a m- W v . IoS- ß sf sIm√pw ^wK- k p- I ƒ (Entomopathogens) D]-tbm-Kn®v Nne-¥n-Isf \nb-{¥n-°mw. sh¿ń-knenbw se°ms\ (Verticillium lecanni) F∂ ^wK-kns\ 600 {Kmw Hcp G°dn\v F∂ Af-hn¬ sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-∏n®v Xfn-°mw. CXn-\m¬ Cu Nne-¥n-Isf hfsc Ffp-∏-Øn¬ \n-b-{¥n-°mw.

6. kpc-£n-X-am-°p-∂-Xn\v apºp≈ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ 1. Nne¥n (a-ﬁc- n) bpsS B{I-aWw XpSßp-tºmƒ Xs∂ acp∂v Xfn-°Ww. 2. ip]m¿i sNø-s∏´ acp-∂p-Iƒ am{Xta Ipdn-∏n-ep≈ Af-hn¬ D]-tbm-Kn°m≥ ]mSp-≈q. 3. tamt´m¿ kvt{]b¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp G°-dn\v 140 en‰¿ sh≈Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. 4. km[m-cW kvt{]b¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v Xfn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp G°-dn\v 180 en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. 5. sNSn-If- psS \Sp-`m-Kß - f- pw, Im∏p (Xm-bv) Ce-Iƒ apgp-h\pw \√-Xp-t]mse \\-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ acp∂v Xfn-°p-∂Xv G‰hpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. 50

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

6. km[m-cW kvt{]b¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v acp∂v Xfn-°p-tºmƒ Hmtcm `mKØpw Hcp \nc hoXhpw tamt´m¿ kvt{]b¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ c≠v \nc-Iƒ hoXhpw Hmtcm `mKØpw acp∂v Xfn-°Ww. 7. Htc Xcw acp∂v ho≠pw ho≠pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]mSn-√. Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw acp-∂ns\ am‰n D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. 8. Nne-¥n-Iƒ A[n-I-ambn I≠p-h-cp∂ L´-Øn¬ 7 apX¬ 10 Znh-k-Øn\p-≈n¬ acp∂v Xfn-°¬ \n¿_-‘-am-hp-∂p. 9. ]pXn-b-Xmbn ip]m¿i sNø-s∏-´n-´p≈ s{]m]m¿tK-‰v, s^≥]p-tdm]m¿Øn≥, s^≥km-Ip-bn≥ t]mse-bp≈ acp-∂p-Isf Xfn-®-tijw 15 Znhkw hsc CS-thf \¬Imw. tase hnh-cn-®n-´p≈ hnfhv \nb-{¥W apd-Iƒ F√mw H∂p-tN¿Øv sNøpI-bm-sW-¶n¬ Nne-¥n-bpsS B{I-aW - Ø - n¬ \n∂pw tXbn-esb kwc-£n®v hnf-sh-Sp-°mw.

7. Nph-∏p-\nd Nne-¥n-Isf \nb-{¥n°m≥ D]mkn ip]m¿i sNøs∏-´n-´p≈ acp-∂p-Iƒ acp-∂p-Iƒ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

s{]m]m¿tK‰v ˛ 57 EC (Hmssa-‰v, knw_m) s^≥km-Ip-bn≥ ˛ 10 EC (ta-Pn-Ã¿) s^≥t{]m-]m-Øvdn≥ ˛ 30 EC (an-tbm-Øn-dn≥) slIvkn-X-bm-tUmIv 5.45 EC ssStIm-t^mƒ ˛ 18.5 EC (sI¬tØ≥ AYhm tItfm-W¬ ˛ 5) kvss]tX-sa-kn-^≥ 240 SC sh‰-_nƒ kƒ^¿ ˛ 80 wp

Afhv Ce ]dn-°p∂Xn-G°-dn\v \p≈ CS-thf (Znhkw) 200 an√n 10

400 an√n

80 an√n 160 an√n

10 10

400 an√n 120 an√n 400 {Kmw

6 12 10

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

KpW-\n-c-hm-c-ap≈ Nmb D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ So t_m¿Uns‚ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ

1. 2. 3. 4.

Xfn-cn-e-Iƒ am{Xw \p≈pI aq∂v Cebpw Xncnbpw / c≠v Cebpw _m©nbpw am{Xw \p≈p-I. hnc-ep-IƒsIm≠v sImfp¥v FSp-°p-I. sNSn-bpsS apIƒ`m-KØv ImWp∂ apc-Sn® apIp-f-ßƒ (_m-©n-Iƒ) ka-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ \p≈n-F-Sp-°p-I. 5. sNSn-bpsS \nc∏v (a-´w) F√m-bvt∏mgpw ]cn-]m-en-°p-I. 6. a´-Øn¬ ImWp∂ {Xniq-em-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ sNdp-Nn-√-Iƒ (ap-Sn-®n) ka-bmk-a-b-ß-fn¬ HSn-®p-am-‰p-I. 7. sImfp¥v FSp-°p-∂-Xn\v IØn, Acn-hmƒ F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn°p-I. 8. sImfp¥v XW-eØv / sjUn¬ \nc-Øn-bn-Sp-I. 9. \ncØn C´n-cn-°p∂ sImfp-¥n¬, hfw, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, hnk¿Py-h-kvXp°ƒ, arK- ß ƒ, ]£n- I ƒ ]S- c msX kq£n- ° p- I . a‰pa- c - ß - f psS Iºp-Iƒ, Ce-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh s]dp°n am‰p-I. 10. hml-\-ß-fn¬ Ib-‰p-tºmƒ am{Xw sImfp¥v Nm°n¬ \nd-bv°p-I. 11. Nm°n¬ 25 Intembne-[nIw \nd-bv°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

aÆv kmºn-fp-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p∂ hn[w

]cn-tim-[-\-bv°mbn FSp-°p∂ kmºnƒ, Irjn-ÿ-esØ apgp-h≥ {]Xn\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. aÆv kmºnƒ FSp-°p∂ ÿew ]p√pw CeIfpw \o°w sNbvXv hrØn-bm-°nb tijw a¨shń D]-tbm-Kn®v V BIr-Xnbn¬ aÆv shń-sb-Sp-°p-I. s\¬]m-S-ß-fn¬ 15 sk‚nao‰dpw a‰v ÿe-ßfn¬ 25 sk‚ nao‰dpw Bg-Øn-emWv Ipgn-sb-Sp-t°-≠-Xv. shń-am-‰nb Ipgnbn¬ \n∂pw apI-f‰w apX¬ Xmsg-hsc 2 sk. an. I\-Øn¬ aÆv Acn-s™Sp-°-Ww. Irjn-ÿ-e-Øns‚ hnkvXo¿Æw A\p-k-cn®v 8 apX¬ 16 ÿe-ßfn¬ \n∂pw Cßs\ kmºnƒ tiJ-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. tiJ-cn® aÆv \∂mbn Iqń-°-e¿Øn AXn¬ \n∂pw I√p-Ifpw sNSn-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw a‰pw \o°n-°-f-bp-I. aÆv \nc-Øn-bn-´-tijw s\Sp-sIbpw Ipdp-sIbpw Hmtcm hc hc®v \mev `mK-ß-fm-°-Ww. CXn¬ \n∂pw tImtWm-Sp-tIm¨ hcp∂ c≠v `mK-ßƒ am{Xw FSpØv ho≠pw Iqń-°-e¿Øn Cu {]{Inb XpS-c-Ww. GI-tZiw 1/2 In.{Kmw aÆv BIp-tºmƒ AXv hrØn-bp≈ IS-em-kn¬ \ncØn XW-eØv DW-°n-sb-Sp-°-Ww. DW-ßnb aÆv kmºnƒ XpWn-k-©n-bntem πmÃnIv Ih-dntem \nd®v ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v Abbv-°mw. kmºn-fns‚ IqsS Irjn-°m-cs‚ t]cv, ta¬hn-em-kw, k¿tΔ \º¿, hnkvXo¿Æw, hnf-I-fpsS hnhcw F∂nh IqSn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-Ww. aÆv kmºnƒ FSp-°p-tºmƒ hc-ºn-t\mSv tN¿∂p-In-S-°p∂ `mK-ßƒ, ]pXp-Xmbn hfw tN¿Ø ÿe-ßƒ, ]gb Ipgn-Iƒ, sh≈w sIń-\n¬°p∂ ÿe-ßƒ, hf-°p-gn-°-SpØ {]tZ-i-ßƒ F∂nh Hgn-hm-°-Ww. hfw, IpΩmbw F∂nh tN¿Øv 3 amk-sa-¶nepw Ign-bmØ tπm´p-I-fn¬\n∂pw kmºnƒ FSp-°-cp-Xv. tiJ-cn®v 6 amkw Ign™ aÆv ]cn-tim-[bv°v Abbv°m≥ ]mSp-≈-X-√. 56

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

List of Maximum Residue Limits Established in the Japanese General Food Law in the Tea Practises (UTZ Certified List of MRLS) Name of crop protection product (Active Ingredient)

MRL (PPM)

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (Agronact)

0.1

Bromide (Methyl Bromide)

Carbofuran (Thimat etc.)

Chlorphyrifos

0.05

Cypermethrin

0.05

Deltamethrin, Tralomethrin (Intotal)

Dichlorros

0.2

Diuron (Weedicide etc.)

0.02

Glyphosate Weed off round up)

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

D‰vkv So k¿´n-^n-t°-j≥

temI- \ n- e - h m- c - a p- ≈ Xpw AwKo- I r- X - h p- a mb k¿ń- ^ n- t °- j - \ mWv D‰vkv (UTZ) \√Xv, Ie¿∏n-√m-ØXv F∂¿∞w hcp∂ Cu ]Z-Øns‚ D¤hw "amb' `mj-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. kmaqly {]Xn_≤X Dd-∏p-h-cpØn \nc-¥-c-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fneqsS DZv∏m-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw, Im-cy-£-a-Xbpw, KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-s°m≠v Hcp D¬∏-∂-Øns‚ Dd-hnSw Is≠Øp-∂-Xv apX¬ D]tbmKw hsc-bp≈ imkv{Xob coXn-bmWv D‰vkv k¿ń-^n-t°-j≥.Cu kwhn[m-\-Øn\v B`y-¥c KpW-ta∑m kwhn-[m\w (ICS) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Dev∏∂w FhnsS \n¿Ωn®p? Bcv Fßs\ \n¿Ωn®p? Dev∏∂ - Ø - n¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ tNcp-h-Iƒ Fs¥√mw? XpS-ßn-bh kw_-‘n® Adnhv D]-t`m-‡m-°-fn¬ FØn-°p-I-bmWv Cu k¿ń^n-t°-js‚ {]tXy-I-X. Db¿∂ KpW-\n-e-hmchpw,- kp-ÿn-c-Xbpw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kwc-£-Whpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-s°m≠v hn]Wn-bn¬ A\-¥-amb km[y-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-hm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm\pw hf¿Øp-hm\pw klm-bn-°p-∂p.-\√ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ (GAP) A\p-h¿Øn-°m≥ I¿j-Isc {]m]vX-cm-°p-hm\pw cmjv{S \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v kaq-lsØ im‡oI-cn-°p-∂X - n\pw BtKm-fh - n-]W - n-bn¬ IÆn tNcp-hm\pw CXv hgn km[n-°pw. D‰vkv k¿ń-^n-t°-j\v BtKm-fX - e - Ø - n¬ t\XrXzw \evIn hcp-∂Xv tkmfnUmcn-UmUv F∂ kwL-S\ - b - m-Wv. s\X¿em‚v tI{μ-am°n {]h¿Øn-°p-∂ kwLS-\-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ temI-sa-ºmSpw hym]n®pInS-°p-∂p.C¥y-bn¬ {]IrXn F∂ kwL-S-\-bp-ambn kl-I-cn®pw {]h¿Øn®phcp-∂p. D‰vkv So {]mPIvSv Icn-am\nbpsS \n¿Δ-lW GP≥kn "{]Ir-Xn-'bm-Wv. _m•q¿ Bÿm-\-am°n 1991 apX¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kwL-S-\-bmWv {]Ir-Xn. kmº-ØnI kmaq-ly-˛-kmw-kv°m-cnI taJ-e-I-fn¬ \ne-\nev°p∂ Ak-a-Xzßfpw, h¿£-hn-th-N\ - ß - fpw, D¬∏m-Z\ hnX-cW taJ-eI - f- nse A¥-cß - fpw, 58

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

Ipd-®p- sIm≠p h∂v, C¥y≥ kºZv LS-\-bnse Xmsg-X-ń-ep≈ sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿, tXm´w sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ, kv{XoIƒ,-IpńIƒ,-bp-h-P-\-ßƒ, sN-dp-InS-kw-c`- I - {]h¿Ø-I¿,- Xp-Sß - nb hn`m-Kß - f- psS ka{K hnI-k\Øn\p th≠n {]h¿Øn®p hcp∂ kwL-S-\-bmWv {]Ir-Xn. tZiob A¥¿tZ-iob Xe-ßfn¬ tIm¿∏-td‰v kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ GtIm-]\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS kmaq-lnI {]Xn-_≤ - X Dd-∏p-hc- p-Øn-sIm≠v e£y-{]m-]vXn-bn-se-Øp-∂X - n-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv \S-∏nem°n hcp-∂-Xv.kmº-ØnI \b-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn DZm-ch - X - v°c- Ww, kz-ImcyhXv°c- Ww,B-tKmfhXv°c- Ww XpS-ßn-bh - b - p-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-ß-tfm-Spw,-{]-Xn-k-‘n-I-tfmSpw,hnI-k\ kao-]-\-ß-tfmSpw {Inbm-fl-I-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \SØn hcp-∂p. c≠p]Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fmbn kaql-Ønse Xmsg-Ø´- n-ep-≈h - sc apJy-[m-cb - n-te°v sIm-≠p-hc- p-∂X - n\v ka-tbmPnX,GtIm-]\ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°v {]IrXn t\XrXzw sIm-Sp-Øp-hc- p-∂p. CXns‚ `mK-ambn ]cp-Øn,- tX-bne, Im∏n, I-cn-ºv,- XpS-ßnb Im¿jnI taJ-e-Ifnepw {Kma hnI-k\w,kmaqly kmwkv°m-cnI ]-mcn-kv∞n-XnI- taJ-e-I-fpsS kpÿn-cX - b - pw,Xp-S¿kw-c£ - W - h - pw,-{]-[m\ {]h¿Ø\ taJ-eI - f- m-Wv. hkv{X \n¿ΩmW taJ-eb - nse kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI {]iv\ß - t- fmSpw hn\n-ab - irwJe-bnse Ak-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ t\cn-Sp-∂Xn\pw th≠p∂ {Inbm-flI {]h¿Ø\-ßƒ {]Ir-Xnsb A\-\y-am-°p-∂p. {]Ir-Xn°v cmPym-¥c k¿ń-^n-t°-j≥ ISO 9001:2008 e`n-°p-Ibpw A¥¿tZ-iob Xe-ß-fnte°v {]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hym]n-∏n®phcp-∂p.

F¥p-sIm≠v D‰vkv k¿´n-ss^bvUv temI-hn-]W - n-bn¬ kao-]I - m-eØv D≠mb ImX-emb am‰w `£y-kp-c£ - bpw kmº- Ø nI `{Z- X bpw Dd- ∏ p- h - c p- Ø p- ∂ - X n\v apJy- ÿ m\w \ev Ip- ∂ p.kmaqly\oXn-bpw,-{]-Xn-_-≤-Xbpw {]IrXnbpsS D]-tbm-Khpw kwc-£-W-hpw Dd∏phcp-Ønbn´p≈ KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ Dev∏-∂-ßƒ°mWv A¥¿tZiob˛ tZiob am¿°-‰n¬ P\-{]oXn D≈Xv. CØcw km[-\-ßƒ°v A[n-I-hne \evIp-hm\pw Xøm-dm-Wv.- _mlyLS-I-ß-fmb cmk IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, hf-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbm-Kw,- co-Xn-Iƒ, B-tcmKykwc-£Ww, sXmgnem-fn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ, _me-th-e, -Xp-S-ßn-b-hbv°v {]m[m\yw sIm-Sp-°p∂p. AXp hgn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h¿°v Dev∏-∂-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-hp-ambn \√ _‘-ap-≠m°p-hm\pw \ne-\n¿Øp-hm\pw km[n-°p-∂p. D‰vkv k¿´n-ss^bvUv hgn Dev∏∂-Øns‚ \n¿ΩmW hnX-cW hn\n-ab irwJ-e-I-fn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cpsS PohnX\ne-hmcw Db¿Øp-hm\pw sXmgnem-fn-If- p-tSbpw, I¿j-Ic- p-tSbpw a‰pw ASn-ÿm\ Bh-iy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-sa∂ Dd∏v \evIp-∂p. Irjn-bnepw, kw-kv°-cWime-I-fnepw, hn-]-Wn-bnepw, Hu-]-Nm-cn-I-Xbpw, imkv{Xob-Xbpw Dd-∏p-hc- pØn IrXy-amb am\-ZW - vUß - f- n-eqsS kmaqly˛kmº59

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

ØnI ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kwc-£-Whpw \S-∏n-em-°p-∂p. CS-]m-SpI-fn¬ D‰vkv {]oanbw hne \evIp-Ibpw, A¥m-cmjv{S am\-Z-WvU-ßfpw C‚¿ \mj-W¬ te_¿ Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ (ILO) \n_-‘-\-Ifpw ]men-°-s∏-Sp∂tXmsSm∏w hnI- k \ hnZym- ` ymk ]T\ ]cn- i o- e - \ - ß ƒ°v t\XrXzw sIm-Sp-°p∂p.

k¿´n-^n-t°-j≥ km[y-X-Iƒ tXbne Im∏n XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fpsS hnI-k\ km[yX temI-hn-]-Wnbn¬ Gsd-bmWv. sNdp-InS I¿j-Icpw tXm´w DS-a-I-fp-amWv {][m\ Dev∏m-Z-I¿.

k¿´n-^n-t°-j≥ km[y-X-Iƒ tXbne, Im∏n XpS-ßnb taJeIfpsS hnI-k\ km[yX temI-hn-]-Wnbn¬ Gsd-bm-Wv. sNdp-InS I¿j-Icpw tXm´w DS-a-I-fp-amWv tXbne D¬∏mZn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. B`y-¥c KpW-ta-∑m-kw-hn-[m\w (ICS) ]cn-tim-[-\-I-fpw,-tc-JIƒ Xøm-dm-°epw hgn I¿j-I¿°pw kwcw-`-I¿°pw X\-Xmb hy‡n-Xzhpw \ne-\nev∏pw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. kpÿn-c-Xbv°p th≠n tZiob˛A¥¿tZiob hn]-Wn-bn¬ ]¶p-tN-¿∂v tIm∏-td‰v kwhn-[m-\ß - f- p-ambn klI-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ km[n°pw. Nmb (C-hnsS) sb BtKmf hn]-Wnbn¬ apJy-[m-c-bn¬ FØn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.-^-e-h-Ømb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn kmaqly {]iv\-ßƒ, ]m-cn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-ßƒ,\√ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ (GAP), Dev∏-∂-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw, kpc-£n-X-Xz-hpw, ^e-h-Ømb kwL-S\m {]h¿Ø\w F∂o Xe-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sp-hm\pw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°p-hm\pw km[n-°p-∂p.

a‰v k¿´n-^n-t°-j\pIƒ 1). Hm¿Km-\nIv : D¬∏m-Z\ taJ-e-bn¬ _mly-LS-IßfpsS D]-tbm-Kw (-cm-kh-kvXp-°-fpsS D]-tbm-Kw)- H-gn-hm°n aÆv,- P-ew,- ssP-h-k-ºØv F∂nhbpsS kwc-£Ww Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-s°m≠pw hnj-I-e¿∏n-√mØ `t£ymev∏∂ - ß - ƒ DZv∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ. A\p-_‘ taJ-eb - psS hnIk-\hpw hf¿®bpw. 2). s^b¿t{SUv: _mly-L-S-I-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw Ipd®v DZv∏m-Z\ hn\n-ab hn]-W\ taJ-e-I-fnepw A\p-_‘ taJ-e-I-fnepw `£y kpc-£bpw NqjW clnX Dev∏-∂-ßfpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. C‚¿ \mj-W¬ te_¿ Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ (ILO) \n_-‘-\Iƒ ]men-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂pw Dd-∏ph-cp-Øp-∂p.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

3). sdbn≥ t^mdÃv Ae-b≥kv: {]Ir-Xn-bpsS k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ \ne-\n¿Øp∂-Xn\p th≠n h\y-Pohn kwc-£Ww, h\-kw-c-£-Ww,- a-Æv,- P-ew,- ssP-hk-º-Øv,- Xp-S-ßn-bhbpsS kwc-£Ww Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kmaqlnI \oXn-bpw,- `£y-kp-c-£bpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

Important Address Prakruthi 43, 2nd Cross, Ramaya Layout St. Thomas Town Post Kammanahalli Bangalore - 560 084 Tel: +91 80 2543 8935/36 Fax: 080 4173 2338 www.prakruthi.org Solidaridad South and South East Asia A-5, 1st Floor, Shankar Garden, Main Najafgarh Road, Vikas Puri, New Delhi - 110 018 Tel: +91 11 2551 5122/ 23 www.solidaridad.in/nl Executive Director Tea Board, Govt. of India, Shelwood, Coonoor Club Road, Coonoor, Nilgiris Dist. Tamil Nadu - 643 101 Tel +91 423 2221 464/ 2231 638 Fax: 2232 332 Joint Controller of Licensing Tea Board Govt of India Indira Gandhi Road, Willingdon Island, Kochi - 682003, Kerala Tel: 0484 2666 523, 2668 481 Fax: 0484 2666 648

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KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ