THESIS RESEARCH: Rehabilitating Tiger Widow Families of Sunderban

T HESI SRESEARCH

& DESI GNDEVEL OPMENTPROCESS

PRAGYABHARAT I

ABSTRACT Sundarban is the world's largest prograding delta at the basin of Bay of Bengal. It covers an area of 10,200 km 2 of which 42% is in India and 58% in Bangladesh.

It is estimated that there are over 1000 widows whose husbands have been killed by tigers in the remote islands of Sundarbans.

The project promises providing women safety, shelter and ease of their own means of livelihood.To expose Tiger widows in front of the world for their better living standards.To uplift the economic level of Sunderban.Designing according to Local material and climate.

This project will be an aid for the helpless widows of Sunderban. The project will include a safe surviving home for tiger widows. It will also include an economic hub where tiger widows can work on various activities (they are good at). This will not only make them economically secure but also help them to raise their family above the poverty line.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY DEEP RECOGNITION AND SINCERE APPRECIATION TO OF PROF. SHHILPI SINHA FOR HER GENEROUS PATIENCE, VALUABLE GUIDANCE, ADVICE AND PRECIOUS TIME AND EFFORT THROUGHOUT ALL STAGES OF CONDUCTING THIS THESIS

I AM VERY GRATEFUL TO ALL MY FRIENDS AND COLLEAGUES FOR THEIR SUPPORT AND HELP. FINALLY, I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY DEEP LOVE AND APPRECIATION TO MY FAMILY FOR ALL THEIR LOVE, CARE, SUPPORT AND ASSISTANCE AND FOR ALWAYS BEING THERE FOR ME.

ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS SYNOPSIS A.1.

A.2.

A.3.

A.4.

A.5.

A.6.

A.7.

I.

Introduction Motivation Challenges Objective Scope Limitation Conclusion

CHAPTER 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LITERATURE STUDY 1. Establishing field/Defining discipline 1.1 History 1.2 Current Trends 1.3 Reasons why 2. Causes and Needs for the study 3. Establishing meaningfulness/ significance/ challenges / processes.

4. Psychological Assessment of the People living in Sunderban 5. Village Survey, Sunderban 6. Problems according to study Noted 7. Politics of the Space

II.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REWIEW 1. Demographic Study 2. Lifestyle Assessment 2.1 Social 2.2 Rural Study 2.3 Environmental Psychology 3. Evaluating Sources/ Strategies/ Interventions for resolution of the issues identified 4. Habitat Study 4.1 Material Culture 4.2 Architectural histories 4.3 Philosophy, phenomenology and the experience of space 5. Ethnographic Research 5.1 Physlogical Ramification 5.2 Physical Ramification 5.3 Social Ramification 6. Economy of Sunderban

III.CHAPTER 3 RELEVANT LITERATURE STUDY AND ANALYSIS 1. Relevant Studies 1.1 Modern low cost Farming Techniques 1.2 Modern Technologies 1.3 Bamboo architecture 1.4 Small scale Fish Farming Technologies 1.5 Flood Resistant Design Case Studies 2. Standards

IV.CHAPTER 4 CASE STUDIES 1. Tribal Settlement in Wayanad , Kerala 1.1Location 1.2Demographics 1.3Land use 1.4Settlement Evolution 1.5Way of living 1.6Architecture 1.7Inferences 2. Maternity Waiting Village , Malwai , South Africa 1.1Location 1.2Land use 1.3Design Concept 1.4Plan, Section and Elevation 1.5Inferences

V.CHAPTER 4 LIVE STUDY 1. Bolpur, Shantinekatan, haat bazaar 1.1Location 1.2Way of Lifestyle 1.3Rural Tourism 1.4Inferences

VI. VII. VIII.

DESSIGN PROCESS DESIGN PROPOSAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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THESIS PROPOSAL

THESIS SYNOPSIS INTRODUCTION Sundarban is the world's largest prograding delta at the basin of Bay of Bengal. It covers an area of 10,200 km 2 of which 42% is in India and 58% in Bangladesh. The forest extends over 200 islands separated by 15 major rivers and 400 interconnected networks of tidal waterways that supports the largest tidal mangrove forest in the world. The Indian Sundarban comprises 19 community development blocks-13 under South 24 Parganas and 6 under North 24 Parganas District of West Bengal State.

It covers an area of 2584.89 km 2 and have three zones: Core, subsidiary, and buffer zone. It supports the subcontinent's largest populations of Royal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris).

Recent camera trap count shows the number of tigers at 103 in STR. North-West side of STR is surrounded by numerous villages, thus making the reserve vulnerable to ever increasing biotic interference in the form of livelihood forest explorations, illegal fishing, timber smuggling, and poaching. The official record shows that on average about 10-15 people are annually killed by tigers.

PEOPLE AND LIVELIHOODS People in Sundarban live in an ecologically vulnerable environment. The area is cyclone prone, monsoonal and low-lying with many human settlements located alongside the waterways and coastline.

During the agricultural lean season, more people resort to forest-based livelihood activities (fishing, wood cutting, and collection of prawn seeds and honey) by risking their lives from attacks of man-eating tigers, crocodiles, and sharks. Next to agriculture, fishing (15%) is the most important source of income, particularly for small and marginal farmers.

PRAGYA BHARATI | REHABILITATING THE TIGER WIDOW FAMILIES OF SUNDERBAN

THESIS PROPOSAL

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THE MAIN FOREST-BASED LIVELIHOOD GROUPS ARE 

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Fisher folk: Micro (catching fishes in creeks and rivers) and macro (in the sea)-fishing is one of the main livelihood activity for communities living in the fringe area of the forest and along the costal line, respectively.

Wood cutters and firewood collectors: The yearly average timber collection from SRF is about 120,000 quintals. About 5% of the population is involved in wood collection.

Honey collectors (from bee-hive of Apis cerana indica): It is a seasonal activity. About 3% of the population is involved in this activity. On an average 500 quintals of honey and 30 quintals of wax are collected annually.

Crab collectors: Estuarine mud crab Scylla serrata (locally called bada-kanckara mangrove crab) is an edible species distributed in the mudflats of Sundarban forest and is having a good market demand, both locally and overseas.

 Tiger prawn seed (TPS) collectors: It mainly involve women, girls, and boys who collect prawn seeds from brackish water. It is a lucrative on the spot earning of about Rs. 50100 (USD $1-2)/day/person. TPS collection near or inside the SRF always carries a high risk of a tiger attack.

SUNDERBANS TIGER WIDOWS: o It is calculable that there square measure over one thousand widows whose husbands are killed by tigers within the remote islands of Sundarbans. o There square measure concerning 249 Royal geographical region Tigers roaming freely with protected standing within the World part Reserve (Project Tiger 2004). o Sundarbans crocodiles, they attack folks fishing in boats assembling prawn seeds or nets, then drag them and thus they are killed. o Each year there men killed whereas fishing or gathering wood and honey within the reserve exploit widows to reason themselves and their youngsters. o The likelihood of their remarrying is very slim. o Tiger Widows Organization facilitates the formation of Self-Help-Groups to modify families to survive while not attending to dangerous forest areas. o Therefore we are able to stop attacks and very save lives.

WHO ARE TIGER WIDOWS?     

Their husbands were killed by tigers miserably.

Tiger conflicts in the mangroves of Sundarbans can not be avoided since villagers who have no other livelihood besides fishing, honey collection and farming.

Tiger attacks are increasing because steady loss of habitat and scarcity of prey.

Sundarbans is home to one of the largest populations of the Royal Bengal tigers, who co-exist with nearly 4.3 million among people.

Villagers and social workers in the region concluded that at least 10 tiger deaths occur every month.

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THESIS PROPOSAL

MOTIVATION: Sunderban is a delta region, with salty backwaters. In history there are no inhabitants in sunderban, but due to course of time people started migrating to sunderban due to its natural beauty and natural forest livelihood.

Previously it was positioned as no man’s land in-between India and Bangladesh. Then Sunderban got divided into 40% India 60% Bangladesh. Thus since the low income status and poverty line these section of India or Bangladesh is almost unseen by government.

Sunderban has a potential thus this project is necessary for the better survival of the people living there.

ACCORDING TO THE LIVE STUDY OF THE SUNDERBAN TIGER WIDOWS:      

Depression, physical abuse and exploitation, neglect by family and extreme poverty.

Accidental homicide, stigma and blame, abuse by in-laws and humiliated remarriage.

Stigma, poverty and physical hardship of tiger widowhood.

Suicide in the family impacted stigma and deepened social isolation.

Family totally condemned and isolated for repeated tiger killings in the family.

Depression, suicide attempt and extreme physical, psychological abuse and eviction by in-laws.

NEED OF THE PROJECT - WIDOWS STRUGGLE FOR LIVELIHOOD:      

The life of the Tiger Widows are very sad and miserable.

They suffers poverty, no one to look after.

Lack of shelter, food and education Helpless with kids to grow up They are good in Jute handicrafts, basket making, pottery, honey collection, farming etc.

They earn their living though such activities but due to lack of exposer their condition are going miserable day by day.

CHALLENGES OF THE PROJECT:    

Providing women safety, shelter and ease of their own means of livelihood.

To expose Tiger widows in front of the world for their better living standards.

To uplift the economic level of Sunderban.

Designing according to Local material and climate.

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THESIS PROPOSAL

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the project is being stated through some brief questions that can be answered through this project.   

How can the most socially and economically weak sections of the society become the main source of income or attraction in Surderban delta region?

What are the ways by which Economic upliftment of the region is possible for betterment of the people’s lives?

How Women (Tiger Widows) can be safe and can also save their family from extreme poverty they face after being widow.

SCOPE: The Scope of the project are:    

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Providing the tiger widows with a better safe shelter To help them with their farming and other activities including artifacts, basket making, pottery, honey cultivation, fishing etc.

To expose their work and labour ship to the modern world so that they can earn and live a living they deserve To welcome them to the modern world and attract tourist and people from all over the world to know them and to realize how strong these women , who are earning their own in such conditions to look after their children and to raise them to live happily.

To help to kick start a good living that can be followed for the other widows in several remote islands of Sundarbans.

LIMITATION: This project will be an aid for the helpless widows of Sunderban. The project will include a safe surviving home for tiger widows. It will also include an economic hub where tiger widows can work on various activities (they are good at). This will not only make them economically secure but also help them to raise their family above the poverty line.

The project is only limited to providing tiger widows an safe shelter and help them grow economically safe and secure, by providing them homes and economic hub centre where they can carry out their daily activities that will attract tourist and other migrants.

CONCLUSIONS PROPOSING A BALANCED SETTLEMENT FOR THE FAMILIES OF TIGER WIDOWS WHICH WILL HELP THEM NOT ONLY ECONMICALLY BUT ALSO SOCIALLY

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THESIS Literature Study CHAPTER 1

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HISTORY 17th century

•A city built by Chand Sadagar found in the Baghmara Forest Block

• The Mughal Kings leased Sunderban forests to nearby residents. Many criminals lived like refuge in the Sundarbans from the Emperor Akbar armies. Many are attacked by tigers • Many of the buildings built by them later fell into hands of Portuguese pirates, salt smugglers and dacoits in the 17th century • Proprietary rights were obtained from the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II incorporated by East India Company

• Establishment of a Forest Department within the Province of Bengal, before the independence in British-India.

• The management was entirely designed to search for the treasures that were availale and accessible, however labour and lower management largely were staffed by locals, because the British had no experience or adaptation expertise in how to maintain the Manngrove forest

200–300 AD

1860 

The 1st Forest Management Division to possess jurisdiction over the Sundarbans was established in 1869. In 1875 portion of the Sunderban’s famous mangrove forests was declared as reserved forests underneath the Forest Act, 1865 (Act VIII of 1865).

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The remaining parts of the forests were declared a reserve forest the subsequent year and therefore the forest, that was thus far administered by the civil administration district, was placed underneath the management of the Forest Department. Forest management and administration unit, was created in 1879, headquarters in Khulna, Bangladesh.



In 1911, sunderban was first time surveyed , then 266 kilometres (165 mi) from the mouth of the Hugli to the mouth of the Meghna stream has been stretched and 3 districts of 24 parganas is formed, Khulna and Bakerganj. The total area (including water) was 16,900 square kilometres.it had been a water-logged jungle, within which tigers and alternative wild beasts abounded.



Attempts at reclamation had not been terribly thriving. The Sundarbans was all over intersected by stream channels and creeks, a number of that afforded water communication throughout the Bengal region each for steamers and for native ships.

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CURRENT TRENDS AND WHY

Low Life Standards

Depletion of Mangrove Forests

More Tiger attacks, More Deaths, More sufferings.

Ecological Imbalance

Reduce in Economy

Climate and Environmental threats

REHABILIATING THE TIGER WIDOW FAMILIES OF SUNDERBAN

Lack of Proper Shelter and Measures for Economically weaker section of Society.

Since the livelihood of the People is Dependend on the Forest

Poverty

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CAUSES AND NEEDS OF THE STUDY ACCORDING TO THE LIVE STUDY OF THE SUNDERBAN TIGER WIDOWS:      

Depression, physical abuse and exploitation, neglect by family and extreme poverty.

Accidental homicide, stigma and blame, abuse by in-laws and humiliated remarriage.

Stigma, poverty and physical hardship of tiger widowhood.

Suicide in the family impacted stigma and deepened social isolation.

Family totally condemned and isolated for repeated tiger killings in the family.

Depression, suicide attempt and extreme physical, psychological abuse and eviction by in-laws.

NEED OF THE PROJECT - WIDOWS STRUGGLE FOR LIVELIHOOD:      

The life of the Tiger Widows is very sad and miserable.

They suffer poverty, no one to look after.

Lack of shelter, food and education Helpless with kids to grow up They are good in Jute handicrafts, basket making, pottery, honey collection, farming etc.

They earn their living though such activities but due to lack of exposer their condition are going miserable day by day.

LACK OF SHELTER, FOOD AND EDUCATION

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CHALLENGES, MEANINGFULNESS AND PROCESS CHALLENGES OF THE PROJECT:    

Providing women safety, shelter and ease of their own means of livelihood.

To expose Tiger widows in front of the world for their better living standards.

To uplift the economic level of Sunderban.

Designing according to Local material and climate.

The objective of the project is being stated through some brief questions that can be answered through this project.   

How can the most socially and economically weak sections of the society become the main source of income or attraction in Surderban delta region?

What are the ways by which Economic upliftment of the region is possible for betterment of the people’s lives?

How Women (Tiger Widows) can be safe and can also save their family from extreme poverty they face after being widow.

THE SIGNIFICANCE AND MEANINGFULNESS OF THE PROJECT IS:    

Providing the tiger widows with a better safe shelter To help them with their farming and other activities including artifacts, basket making, pottery, honey cultivation, fishing etc.

To expose their work and labour ship to the modern world so that they can earn and live a living they deserve To welcome them to the modern world and attract tourist and people from all over the world to know them and to realize how strong these women , who are earning their own in such conditions to look after their children and to raise them to live happily.

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THESIS APPROACH

DESIGN PROCESS

RESEARCH PROCEDURE (STEP BY STEP)

DESIGN PROCEDURE (STEP BY STEP) REHABILIATING THE TIGER WIDOW FAMILIES OF SUNDERBAN

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PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 

Life of the widows are miserable and due to social injustice they face social and economic challenges that negatively taint and attach a stigma tag to the identities of the targeted individuals and families



TYPES OF WIDOWS HIV WIDOWS WAR WIDOWS TIGER WIDOWS

“A New Group is developing in the villages on the edge of the jungle: The Tiger Widows” The present case studies of tiger-widows from the Sundarban delta, in India will show how the socio-cultural construction of stigma related with tiger attacks not only discriminated them in the community and deprived them from social justice and support but also rendered them prone to mental health vulnerability.

There are 3,000 Tiger Widows in Indian Sundarban region and 10,000 in the Bangladesh Sundarban .The present study is an attempt to highlight the stigma burden (from tiger attack) and social misery of the tiger-widows.

STUDY AREA: 

    

The Gosaba block is the last inhabited island before the deep Sundarban forest start and is at the extreme eastern corner of the Sundarban region close to the international border with Bangladesh.

Gosaba is the poorest and under-developed block in Sundarban It is one of the significant proportion of the population is thriving on forest resources.

65 widows (38 were from Satjelia and 27 were from Lahiripur Mouza) 54 widows (who were willing to be examined) 7 widows (4 from Bidhoba Para of Satjelia and 3 from Jamespur of Lahiripur mouza)

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RESULTS:  Case 1. Depression, physical abuse and exploitation, neglect by family and extreme poverty.

She was in extreme financial stress and struggling to maintain the family with two daughters and one son. All were young kids. She had a widowed father-in-law from her in-laws side, and he himself was too poor to help her. She had one brother, on her parental side that was also a fisherman, but kept his distance after this incident.

Then she started Prawn collection in the river and paddy collection in the crop field and worked on a temporary basis as a day labour in and around the village. One of her daughters died from snakebite four years after the ‘accident’. This was another emotional trauma, which she managed with many difficulties. The other children (one daughter and one son) married. The son separated from his wife and both were very hostile to her. She was physically abused by her son and his wife twice and was driven out of their cottage a few years ago. She is now living on Prawn and fuel wood collection from the forest with some occasional help from her daughter.

 Case 2. Accidental homicide, stigma and blame, abuse by in-laws and humiliated re-marriage.

She was 23 years of age at that time and staying in an extended family with in-laws. She had two daughters (4 and 3 years); the younger one was intellectually disabled. She did not have the chance to perform any mortuary rituals as it is not permitted for tiger attack deaths (because it is an unnatural death) and kept all her bereavement secret to avoid community gossip and being noticed by the forest guards or their informers. Her in-laws, blamed and abused her as ‘Aw-lakhsmi’ (lady who brings misfortune) and ‘Aw-poya’ (unholy) and cursed her for their son’s death. She was subjected to repeated physical abuse by her mother-in law and was not given even a full meal. She was forced to do all the household chores such as courtyard scavenging, cattle-shed cleaning, cooking, washing, fetching drinking water from a distant tube-well, preparing hay for the cows and watering the kitchen garden, without any break or rest. Her life continued with physical hardship and mental abuse along with semistarvation for months, which caused her health and mental state to deteriorate.

 Case 3. Stigma, poverty and physical hardship of tiger widowhood.

Mrs. Mondal was in a nuclear family and after the husband’s death she was thrown into abject poverty. She said, “no one came to help me a little… I couldn’t allow my son to continue his schooling for money”. She was boycotted from all social festivals, she was not invited in weddings or rice-initiation ceremonies of toddlers in the village, she tolerated negative comments, she was not allowed to touch the idol of Goddess Bonobibi or Kali during community Puja (worship) – which she recalled: “as if I am untouchable, even my presence will spoil their festivity … How could I have any role in the tiger accident - I understand that Ma (mother) Bonobibi was angry with us, but it was not my fault. I prayed to Bonobibi thrice everyday while he was in the trip. I took one meal at night and never put vermillion dust on my forehead during his trip. Has ever any wife desire her husband’s death? A husband is everything in a woman’s life, if he is gone then everything will vanish from her life. That, I am realizing every day, every moment (sobbing).” After 5-6 months, she started working in a teashop in Gosaba bazaar (adjoining island) but this was a difficult trial because of the long travelling distance and having to leave young kids at home.

Moreover, as people knew that she was a tiger-widow and she had no one as her guardian (husband), she was ridiculed with improper comments from many customers.

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 Case 4. Double stigma: tiger killing and posthumous child.

Mrs. Gayen’s husband’s body was missing, and she did not perform any mortuary rights. In fact, for a period of a few months she had to dress like a married woman and passed her days in deep sorrow, economic crisis and social fear. She had a 2year-old daughter and was pregnant for five months at this point. To have a posthumous child is a great shame in the village mainly because suspicion is thrown to the incumbent regarding the legitimacy of the child. She was looked down not only by neighbours but also by her in-laws. She remembered that it was a terrible mental and physical struggle to keep living, mainly for the sake of the unborn child. She delivered a baby girl. She was young so her father negotiated a remarriage with a promise of high dowry money with a man from a distant village. Her father was also willing to take responsibility for the elder girl. At the end, the man declined because she had a posthumous child, he expressed his concern about her character and abandoned the negotiation. She passed her life in extreme social isolation and poverty, often with sarcastic remarks from others and raised her two daughters by pursuing TPS and Bagda-prawn collection in the river.

 Case 5. Suicide in the family impacted stigma and deepened social isolation Mrs. Raptan, She had an extremely difficult time raising her children, not only because of economic hardship but also of social ostracism. She was marked as a bad woman and her family was said to be a ‘cursed family’. Her in-laws stopped all connections with her and her own family also kept distance from her, except for her father who helped her financially quite a few times. She was boycotted from all community festivals and not invited to any familial ceremony like a wedding or a new-born’s birth ceremony. People that knew her in the community avoided her and stopped talking. She worked with her young sons all day on the riverbank to collect TPS and crabs and picked paddy from the field

 Case 6. Family totally condemned and isolated for repeated tiger killings in the family Mrs. Gayen “It was terrible mental shock to me because I had two little kids (one son and one daughter) at that time. We are four widows in a same family. Our previous cottage was on the riverbank, which collapsed for embankment breakage during a heavy monsoon, and then this cottage was built. Two brothers were Gunin so they cure many people of this and other villages. But in our bad days nobody offered any help, on the contrary they isolated us as an unholy family because of these four deaths.

 Case 7. Depression, suicide attempt and psychological abuse and eviction by in-laws

extreme

physical,

Mrs. SK was 32 years old at the time of her husband’s death, was given the news early next morning. She became numb and speechless, “I almost fainted but somehow managed. I felt myself as a dead wood, no tears in my eyes. The only thought that came into my mind was how I would bring up my two kids; an 8-year-old boy and a 6-year-old girl.” She had no chance to observe any mortuary rituals, as it was an unnatural death. The in-laws family, who were very hostile from the beginning, became more aggressive and the mother-in-law along with her brother-in-law accused her for this death.

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VILLAGE SURVEY FOR TIGER-WIDOWS A door-to-door survey was done on two villages (Satjelia and Lahiripur) of Gosaba, opposite to STR to document human-animal conflicts, the details of which is reported elsewhere. A total of 73 tiger-widows were identified of which data were collected from 65 widows (3 widows were untraceable, one committed suicide, and four had natural death): Thirty-eight from Satjelia village (Jalepara and Bidhoba para) and 27 from Lahiripur (Bidhan colony and Jamespur).

Fifty-four widows agreed to be interviewed, and only 49 widows completed the Stigma Questionnaire. This study was done during 2005-06.

There are 245 million widows in the world, of which 42.4 million are from India, i.e. 10% of the India's female population. The lives of widows are an example of gender discrimination, cultural, and religious marginalization with physical, sexual, and economic abuse and exploitation. In the patriarchal Indian society, they lost their social and cultural identity after their husband's death and are regarded by the family and the community as a burden and liability. If the husband's death was sudden and unnatural, it conveys social stigma and thus acts as double edged sword in ostracizing the widows as a social outcast. Because of the cultural stigma of tiger-killing in the local community, the tiger-widowhood exacerbates an already difficult situation for widowed women, serving as an amplifier of problems faced by all women who have lost their husbands. This study of the tiger-widows of Sundarban speaks about this misery and stigma. Their widowhood impacts on all aspects of their life, namely psychological well-being, mental health, physical health, economic security, and social identity, all of which are intimately related with the stigma attached to tiger-killing.

The present discussion addresses the stigma issue only.

http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5545;year=2016;volume=58;issue=1;spage=12;epage=19;aulast=Chowdhury http://www.tigerwidows.org/

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PROBLEMS ACCORDING TO STUDY NOTED LIVLIHOOD  Lack of Shelter which can survive in extreme climate (Flood, Cyclone, Heavy Rain).  Lack of Modern Technologies to improve the lifestyle of the people.  People are stuck in old ways and need a proper organised way so that they can get back to the proper track.

ECONOMY  Lack of Proper Economic growth which will lead to increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services.  People have a potential to Work hard but due to the lack of exposer they are stuck in poverty.  Proper organised Tourism.

POLITICS OF THE SPACE 

The board of directors of Forest is to blame for the administration and management of Sundarban parkland in West Bengal.  The Principal Chief Conservator of Forests(PCCF), life & Bio-Diversity & ex-officio Chief life warder, West Bengal is that the senior most military officer trying over the administration of the park.  The Chief Conservator of Forests (South) & Director, Sundarban part Reserve is that the body head of the park at the native level which is assisted by a Deputy Field Director and an Assistant Field Director. The park space is split into 2 ranges, overseen by vary forest officers. The park conjointly has floating watch stations and camps to guard the property from poachers.

The park receives assist from the government moreover because the Ministry of surroundings provides extra funding is received beneath the Project Tiger from the Central Government. In 2001, a grant of US$20,000 was received as a preceding help for promotion between Bharat and People's Republic of Bangladesh from the planet Heritage Fund.

A new Khulna Forest Circle was created in People's Republic of Bangladesh back in 1993 to preserve the forest, and Chief Conservators of Forests are announced since. The direct body head of the Division is that the Divisional Forest Officer based mostly at Khulna, WHO includes a range of skilled, sub skilled and support workers and supply supports for the implementation of necessary management and body activities. The fundamental unit of management is that the compartment. There area unit fifty five compartments in four Forest Ranges and these area unit clearly demarcated principally by natural options like rivers, canals and creeks.

Protection 

The Bangladesh part of the forest lies under two forest divisions.The four administrative ranges like Chandpai (Khulna District), Sarankhola (Khulna), and Burigoalini (Satkhira District). They also have sixteen forest stations.

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REHABILIATING THE TIGER WIDOW FAMILIES OF SUNDERBAN 

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It is divided further into fifty-five compartments and nine blocks. There are three wildlife sanctuaries established in 1977 under Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) Order, 1973 .The West Bengal part of the forest lies under district of South & North 24 Parganas.

Protected areas cover 15% of the mangroves of Sunderban.

POLICE BOAT PATROLLING IN SUNDERBAN

Sundarban National Park The Sundarban park could be a park, Tiger Reserve, and a part Reserve in province, India. it's a part of the Sundarbans on the river Delta, and adjacent to the Sundarbans Reserve Forest in Bangla Desh. The delta is densely coated by the fampous mangrove forests. It's additionally home to a range of bird, vertebrate and invertebrate species, together with the salt-water crocodilian reptile. This Sundarbans park was declared because the core space of Sundarbans Tiger Reserve in 1973 and a lifesanctuary in 1977. On four might 1984 it had been declared a park.

Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary is known as UNESCO World Heritage Site. The region supports mangroves, including: sparse stands of Gewa and dense stands of Goran with discontinuous patches of Hantal palm (Phoenix paludosa) .The fauna of the sanctuary is very diverse with some 40 type of mammal’s species, 260 of birds species and 35 of reptiles species. The greatest of the Bengal tiger of which an estimated 350 in Bangladesh Sundarbans.

Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary It extends over an area of 31,227 hectares (77,160 acres). Sundari trees dominate the flora, interspersed with Gewa and Passur with Kankra occurring in areas subject to more frequent flooding.

Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary It extends over an area of 36,970 hectares.

Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary It is a 362-square-kilometre (140 sq mi) area in the northern part of the Sundarbans delta in South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India. The area is mainly mangrove scrub, forest and swamp which is set up as a sanctuary in 1976.

REFERENCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans#Administration REHABILIATING THE TIGER WIDOW FAMILIES OF SUNDERBAN

PRAGYA BHARATI

14

REHABILIATING THE TIGER WIDOW FAMILIES OF SUNDERBAN

THESIS Literature Review CHAPTER 2

REHABILIATING THE TIGER WIDOW FAMILIES OF SUNDERBAN

PRAGYA BHARATI

 

   

    

                



     

           

           

   

   





    

                             

  

 

                                                                                           

POPULATI ONCENSUSOFSUNDERBAN

40%

30% 1700

2011

70%

60%

55%

1700

45% MEN

2018

45%

2011

2018

35% 13, 000

20%

REST MARRI ED

WI DOWS

   

4.

1Mi l l i on        

35%

13% 20% 32%

                                                                                             

                     

MI DDLECLASS

                       

POVERTY

RI CH

      LI TERATE

          

  

I LLI TERATE

 

                             

   

                                                     

                                                 

                                                                                                                                                           

                                                                      

                                                                                              

                                                                                                      

   

 

                             

 







        



 







                               

  





 





        





                                  







        

        

  







                     

        

             













 







                     

 

    

        

 

            

 

                               

       

      

                      

             

                                                                                                                                                                                                

  

 

  

                                      

  

 

  

          

  

 

          

                                                                                              –                                                              

          

                                                                                                                                                                                                     

  

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                    

  















 

          

  

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

                                                                   

   

   

   

 

       

    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

 

              

  

 

  

      

          

  

 

  

          

  

 

  

          

  

 

        

                                                                                                                                           —                                                                                                    

          

  

 

  

          

  

 

                                  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

  

   

   



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

   

   

                   

   

  

  

    

         

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

  

                                                                                   

        

          

   

 

                 

          

   

 

                                                                                                     

                          

                

         



        

 

        

          



      

                   

   

  

       

 

            

      

                                                                                                                                                                                 

 

                                                                                         

       

             

     

                                                                                                        

          

  

 

                  

 

 

     

 

       



          

     

         

           

 

                                  

                                                               

  

                                                     



    

             

    

                                                                              

                  

                                                                

                                                        

          

                                                      

  

ā                                                   

 

   

                                             

                   

           

    

            

             

 

 

1

REHABILITATING THE TIGER WIDOW FAMILIES OF SUNDERBAN

THESIS Relevant Literature Study and Analysis CHAPTER 3

REHABILITATING THE TIGER WIDOW FAMILIES OF SUNDERBAN

PRAGYA BHARATI

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REHABILITATING THE TIGER WIDOW FAMILIES OF SUNDERBAN

CONTENTS RELEVANT LITERATURE STUDY AND ANALYSIS 1. RELEVANT STUDIES 1.1Modern low cost Farming Techniques 1.2Modern Technologies 1.3Bamboo architecture 1.4Small scale Fish Farming Technologies 1.5Flood Resistant Design Case Studies 1.6 Bamboo and Mud Construction techniques 2. STANDARDS

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MODERN LOW COST FARMING TECHNIQUES BAMBOO HYDROPONICS BAMBOO HYDROPONICS Plants to Grow in a Bamboo Hydroponic        

Strawberries.

Potatoes.

Tomatoes Mint Basil Lettuce Cabbage Green Beans.

This urban garden, kind of Babylon Garden, was made by Amaury Gallon and inspired by bamboo scaffolding used to build buildings in China. It also represents a new way to cultivate vegetables for urban gardeners.

Each bamboo cane has been previously sealed with fine gravel, a layer of hydrophilic felt and a porous irrigation system.

The plants are irrigated several times a day with a dedicated program. The excess water is collected in a container for ballasting to the structure. The fish enable a nutrient intake for plants.

This garden contains vegetables (zucchini, melon, squash, pickle, tomato, strawberry ...) and aromatic and medicinal plants (Helichrysum, lemon balm, mint, chives, basil ...)

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FARMING ON WATER TO PREVENT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE THE FLOATING GARDENS OF BANGLADESH

The coop is attached to bamboo rods that make up two rows of fish enclosures where tilapia is farmed in blue plastic nets. The outer rails of bamboo support the garden. They hold old plastic jugs cut in half where villagers grow cucumbers, beans and gourds in soil and natural fertilizer REHABILITATING THE TIGER WIDOW FAMILIES OF SUNDERBAN

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At least six farmers' groups of the island have adopted a successful climate adaptation farming model from Bangladesh, and are growing vegetables and medicinal plants on floating beds in water bodies.

A greenhouse is created over the floating bed to protect the crops from heavy rain or excessive sunlight.

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MODERN TECHNOLOGIES SALT WATER TO ELECTRICITY The difference in salinity between freshwater and saltwater holds promise as a large source of renewable energy. Energy is required to desalinate water, and running the process in reverse can generate energy. ... When the freshwater is drained, the electrodes are ready to attract more ions from the next batch of saltwater.

https://app.griffith.edu.au/sciencesimpact/salt-to-energy/

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BAMBOO BIOGAS PLANT

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BAMBOO ARCHITECTURE

BAMBOO JOINTS

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SMALL SCALE FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGIES

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FISH AND CROP FARMING TECHNOLOGIES

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FLOOD RESISTANT BUILDINGS

Storm and flood resistant buildings designed with bamboo at the core The rainforests of Vietnam are very prone to reoccurring storms and floods. Architects are reverting to bamboo combined with modern design techniques to create resilient and sustainable structures able to withstand the harsh climate.

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The buildings combine locally-sourced stone, timber and bamboo, along with traditional building techniques in order to create a circular shape which can withstand harsh winds. The building sits on a base made out of local stone.

Although concrete pillars were used for optimal strength, they were wrapped with honeyhued nulgar bamboo for added resilience and of course, for its beautiful aesthetic.

The local material was woven throughout the building in various intricate patterns and details to create an atmosphere that would blend in with the natural surroundings. The interior space is exceptionally well-lit thanks to the large glass skylight in the thatched roof that floods the interior with natural light.

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VIETNAM FLOOD RESISTANT BUILDINGS

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AMPHIBIOUS HOUSES

BAMBOO CURVE ROOF

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THESIS Case Studies CHAPTER 4

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TRIBAL SETTLEMENT IN WAYANAD, KERALA LOCATION

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DEMOGRAPHICS

LAND USE

SURROUNDING PLAN AND LAND USE

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SETTLEMENT LOCATION

TRIBAL SETTLEMENT EVOLUTION AND PATTERNS

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TRIBAL SETTLEMENT EVOLUTION AND PATTERNS

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TRIBAL SETTLEMENT WAY OF LIVING AND ARCHITECTURE

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INFERENCE

FEATURES COMMON IN MOST OF TRIBAL SETTLEMENT • Primitive way of life • Their own special life style, culture, customs • No script for their language.

• Lack of modern technical skills.

• Prefer community living.

• Worships forest gods • Give respect to others • Accept the leadership of traditional leaders.

• Have their own traditional art forms, folk dances.

• They are afraid of the outside world.

• Lack of modern education • They are found of nature.

• Sustainable way of life.

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MATERNITY WAITING VILLAGE BY MASS DESIGN GROUP, KASUNGU, MALWAI, SOUTH AFRICA LOCATION

MASS Design Group took design cues from the vernacular layout of Malawian villages, where family compounds are composed of several small buildings housing branches of an immediate family.

These buildings are around courtyards into ‘clusters’ of three rooms (twelve mothers). Rather than a sleeping hall’s impersonal scalethe clusters create small communities that encourage knowledge sharing between experienced and first-time mothers

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THE ELEVATIONS

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THE ELEVATIONS

DESIGN PROCESS

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THE ROOF AND SITE PLAN

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THE FURNITURE

THE SECTIONS REHABILATING THE SETTLEMENT PATTERN FOR TIGER WIDOWS

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THE SITE

AFTER CONSTRUCTION

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THE CIRCULATION AND SPACIAL PLANNING LAYOUT

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INFERENCE

EMPATHY IN ARCHITECTURE DESIGN WITH DIGNITY Local Material Use Simple Modern Vernacular Architecture Open Socializing spaces Designing Living units with proper orientation.

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THESIS Live Study CHAPTER 5

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SHANTINIKETAN BOLPUR, HAAT BAZAAR Bolpur-Santiniketan is a municipality, city and headquarters of Bolpur subdivision in Birbhum District in the state of West Bengal, India. It is 145 km north of Kolkata and is best known for its proximity to Visva Bharati, the university set up by the Nobel laureate poet Rabindranath Tagore. Given its proximity to Santiniketan and Sriniketan, it is one of the seats of culture and education in West Bengal.

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Numerous exclusive clay jewelleries of different designs made by local inhabitants. Not only clay jewelleries but also handmade clay toys, showpieces, bags of different Santinekatani prints, garments made of Katha Stitch and Batik Print and even local ethnic Bengalee dishes like pithey and payesh.

Bauls, stringing their Ektaras and singing to the tune of the winds on the banks of Kopai.

Local artisans sell their creations The formation of the forest and the perfect distances between the series of trees made us astonished. The forest looked like someone has intentionally created the forest with perfect measurement. But all the credit goes to the creator of our motherland.

The Tribal dancers perform different cultural activities which are worth watching.

LOCATION: SONANRJHURI FOREST Sonajhuri means “Droplets of Gold” In winter small yellow flowers bloom all over the trees and the whole path turns into golden path due to the downpour of the flowers.

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THE TRIBAL PEOPLE

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RURAL SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

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INFERENCE

RURAL TOURISM Low cost Haat Bazaar Site Selection Authentic Artifacts and crafts Attracting Tourist from differnt corners

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THESIS DESIGN PROPOSAL AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 6

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