Psychology from inquiry to understanding 3rd edition lilienfeld test bank

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Test Bank Chapter 8: Language, Thinking, and Reasoning: Getting Inside Our Talking Heads Multiple Choice 1. Generally speaking, _____ refers to any mental activity or processing of information, including learning, remembering, perceiving, believing, and deciding.

A) psychophysics B) decision-making C) thinking D) consciousness Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 290 Skill: Factual APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.1 Identify methods for achieving cognitive economy Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 2. Behaviorists attempted to explain thinking in the narrow terms of A) feeling and perceiving.

B) stimulus and response.

C) remembering and feeling.

D) believing and deciding.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 290 Skill: Factual APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.1 Identify methods for achieving cognitive economy % correct 72 a = 16 b = 72 c = 2 d = 9 r = .44 Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 3. The term cognitive _____ is used to reflect the fact that human beings seek to reduce their mental effort as much as possible, while still being able to make accurate decisions.

A) miser B) parsimony C) heuristic D) frugality Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 290 Skill: Factual APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.1 Identify methods for achieving cognitive economy Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 4. What problem-solving strategies are essentially mental shortcuts?

A) Heuristics Correct. Heuristics don’t guarantee a solution but are shortcuts to solving problems.

B) Algorithms C) Mnemonic devices D) Cognitive biases Incorrect. Cognitive biases refer to our tendency to have certain styles of interpreting and thinking about situations. They can lead us to incorrect conclusions.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 290 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 2.3c

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TEXT LO 8.1 Identify methods for achieving cognitive economy Topic: Thinking and Reasoning

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5. One explanation for schizophrenia holds that schizophrenic individuals have difficulty in filtering their attention. This is most closely related to the concept of A) cognitive economy.

Correct. Cognitive economy refers to the fact that we process a tremendous amount of information, and need to simplify it somehow. This tendency keeps the information we need for decision making to a manageable minimum.

B) schema development.

C) chunking.

Incorrect. Chunking is a term that refers to a memory skill of putting individual pieces of information together and storing them as groups in short-term memory. It is not related to this question.

D) top-down processing.

Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 290–291 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.1 Identify methods for achieving cognitive economy Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 6. Because our snap judgments are probably “good bets,” the tendency to use heuristics and intuition might be considered A) adaptive.

Correct. From an evolutionary perspective, if snap judgments generally lead to good outcomes, they could be considered an adaptive behavior.

B) a maladaptation.

C) a failure of cognitive miserliness.

Incorrect. In fact, snap judgments are a good demonstration of cognitive miserliness if they lead to good outcomes.

D) too risky to use.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 291 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.1 Identify methods for achieving cognitive economy Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 7. Nigel is out on a blind date. He decides after only 5 minutes with this new woman that he likes her. Is this snap decision a wise one?

A) Yes; our mental shortcuts are accurate more often than chance, even when judging people.

Correct. Although this is a true statement, the authors warn that even these decisions can occasionally be “wildly wrong.”

B) Yes; many people report falling in love immediately or the idea of love at first sight.

C) No; although mental shortcuts are beneficial, snap decisions concerning people are often inaccurate.

Incorrect. As your authors point out, snap judgments, even those that involve people, tend to be more accurate than chance; however, because they are not perfect predictors of outcomes, we cannot rely on them exclusively.

D) No; typically when employing mental shortcuts, one needs to gather as much information as possible about the situation.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 291 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.1 Identify methods for achieving cognitive economy Topic: Thinking and Reasoning

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8. John Gottman and his colleagues were able to predict divorce rates of couples with startling accuracy using techniques related to the concept of A) thin slicing.

B) linear regression.

C) the availability heuristic.

D) cognitive load.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 291 Skill: Factual APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.1 Identify methods for achieving cognitive economy Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 9. Many people drew faulty conclusions about the relative safety of air travel compared to automobile travel in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Such poor reasoning was the result of A) thin slicing.

B) hindsight bias.

C) mental sets.

Incorrect. Mental set is defined as the tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past.

D) the availability heuristic.

Correct. The availability heuristic tells us to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how easy it is to generate an example of it.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 292 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.1 Identify methods for achieving cognitive economy Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 10. According to your authors, which cognitive heuristic is most salient in the formation of stereotypes?

A) The availability heuristic B) The representativeness heuristic Correct. The formation of a stereotype is often related to the past experiences we have had with people of a particular group or type.

C) Thin slicing Incorrect. Thin slicing is an observational method that is not related to stereotype formation.

D) The door-in-the-face bias Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 292 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.1 Identify methods for achieving cognitive economy Topic: Thinking and Reasoning

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11. Dan recently watched a television program about rabies, and those animals that are typically carriers of the disease. Last night, when he stepped outside to call his cat, he saw a raccoon waddling across his yard. The animal acted strangely and came straight toward him. Dan immediately decided it must have rabies. He made his decision based on A) exemplars.

B) an algorithm.

C) a representativeness heuristic.

Incorrect. The representativeness heuristic is a thinking strategy based on how closely a new object or situation is judged to resemble an existing prototype in memory.

D) an availability heuristic.

Correct. The availability heuristic is a heuristic that says that the probability of an event or the importance assigned to it is based on its availability in memory.

Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 292 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.1 Identify methods for achieving cognitive economy Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 12. Jay, a popular TV show host, made a joke regarding Ford Pintos and the dangers of owning them because of their “perceived” tendency to blow up. Many Pinto owners took issue with Jay’s view as presented, in part due to a fear that they could never re-sell their car. Jay’s very public joke and its potential to impact peoples’ perceptions is an example of a(n) A) representative heuristic.

Incorrect. The representativeness heuristic is a thinking strategy based on how closely a new object or situation is judged to resemble an existing prototype in memory.

B) availability heuristic.

Correct. The availability heuristic is a rule of thumb that says that the probability of an event or the importance assigned to it is based on its availability in memory.

C) exemplar.

D) additive strategy.

Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 292 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.1 Identify methods for achieving cognitive economy Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 13. In the movie Grumpier Old Men, the oldest character claims that he has had bacon, alcohol, and cigarettes every day for his entire adult life and that none of these behaviors have harmed him. If you were to go out now and start doing these behaviors because you felt they were, in fact, safe, you’d be falling prey to the _____.

A) explanatory bias B) mental set Incorrect. A mental set refers to attempting to solve the problem using past successful solution approaches to similar problems.

C) hindsight bias D) availability heuristic Correct. The availability heuristic is a rule of thumb that says the probability of an event or importance assigned to it is judged to resemble an existing prototype in memory. If the immediate prototype is an old man who has managed to engage in unsafe behaviors without consequence, this could affect your behaviors.

Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 292 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3c

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14. Benny and Darla are driving to a concert downtown. Benny decides to drive one route, and Darla does not object. When they get stuck in traffic, Darla mumbles, “I just knew it would have been faster if we’d gone my way.” What sort of heuristic is Darla employing?

A) The hindsight bias Correct. Also referred to as the “I knew it all along” bias, this occurs when we are very certain that we could accurately have predicted an event only after it has occurred.

B) The availability heuristic C) The representativeness heuristic D) The confirmation bias Incorrect. This is not a case of seeking out affirming data while ignoring disproving data.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 293 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.1 Identify methods for achieving cognitive economy Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 15. Which of the following do you think would be most applicable to a gambler who is betting on a football game?

A) The availability heuristic Incorrect. Nothing discussed concerning the availability heuristic would relate specifically to this example. This is not the best answer.

B) The representativeness heuristic C) The confirmation bias D) The hindsight bias Correct. A gambler may feel sure that they knew what was going to happen only after the event takes place. This would probably occur whether they won or lost their bet.

Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 293 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.1 Identify methods for achieving cognitive economy Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 16. What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?

A) Confirmation bias B) Attribution bias C) Availability heuristic D) Representativeness heuristic Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 294 Skill: Factual APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.1 Identify methods for achieving cognitive economy Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 17. The brain’s tendency to streamline our thinking processes by use of preexisting knowledge is referred to as A) top-down processing.

B) bottom-up processing.

C) inductive reasoning.

D) taxonomic construction.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 294 Skill: Factual

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APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.2 Describe what factors affect our reasoning about the world Topic: Thinking and Reasoning

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18. The process by which your brain processes only the information that it receives, irrespective of past experiences or expectations, is called _____ processing.

A) top-down B) misinformed C) bottom-up D) dorsal-lateral Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 294 Skill: Factual APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.2 Describe what factors affect our reasoning about the world Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 19. Concepts are ideas that represent _____.

A) a class or category of objects, events, or activities that share core properties B) patterns of behavior C) higher-order conditioning and secondary reinforcers D) tangible objects Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 294 Skill: Factual APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.2 Describe what factors affect our reasoning about the world Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 20. What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some core qualities?

A) Classes B) Attributes C) Patterns D) Concepts Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 294 Skill: Factual APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.2 Describe what factors affect our reasoning about the world Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 21. Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car. Ray immediately understands why, because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars. Ray is using mental categories called _____.

A) classes B) concepts Correct. Ray is using mental categories called concepts, which are ideas that represent a category of objects or events.

C) attributes D) classifications Incorrect. Ray is using mental categories called concepts, which are ideas that represent a category of objects or events. Classifications is not a term used for this process.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 294 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.2 Describe what factors affect our reasoning about the world Topic: Thinking and Reasoning

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22. The fact that you recognize Great Danes, Dachshunds, Collies and Chihuahuas as being dogs is an example of a(n) A) concept.

Correct. A concept helps to organize information based on shared features or qualities.

B) image.

C) template.

D) cohort.

Incorrect. A cohort refers to a group of peers with whom you share some common experience or quality.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 294 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.2 Describe what factors affect our reasoning about the world Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 23. A car would be an example of a(n) _____, while the way we behave at a new restaurant is an example of a(n) _____.

A) heuristic; algorithm B) concept; schema Correct. A concept refers to an object, while a schema refers to a series of actions or behaviors.

C) schema; concept Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer.

D) concept; heuristic Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 294 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 2.3c TEXT LO 8.2 Describe what factors affect our reasoning about the world Topic: Thinking and Reasoning 24. _____ is the process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives.

A) Framing B) Problem solving C) Decision making D) Anchoring Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 295 Skill: Factual APA LO: 2.3a TEXT LO 8.3. Discover what influences our decision making Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving 25. People tend to make different decisions when they focus on what they might gain from an action rather than what they might lose. This is an effect of A) framing.

Correct. When an action is presented in a particular light so it emphasizes gains or losses, this is the use of framing.

B) availability.

Incorrect. Availability refers to a heuristic that discusses the extent to which an event is immediately available in one’s memory.

C) representativeness.

D) additive decision making.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 296 Skill: Conceptual

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APA LO: 2.3a TEXT LO 8.3. Discover what influences our decision making Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving

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26. People with cancer tend to be more optimistic if their doctor says “You are 90% certain to survive” as opposed to “There is a 1 in 10 chance you will die.” This is an example of A) poor bedside manners.

B) a heuristic.

Incorrect. A heuristic is a rule of thumb for problem solving or decision making that is based on past experience.

C) framing information.

Correct. If information is presented in a way that emphasizes advantages or disadvantages, this is an example of framing.

D) developing a healthful concept.

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 296 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3a TEXT LO 8.3. Discover what influences our decision making Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving 27. Fred is on a popular TV game show where you can win $1,000,000. He is currently at $16,000 and is not totally certain if he knows the answer to the $32,000 question. His decision could be influenced if the host says “You can take the $16,000 and go home, and that’s a lot of money,” or “$32,000 is way more money than $16,000.” There is a tendency for the contestants to do whatever the host suggests, and Fred will probably be no different. This is the effect of A) an availability heuristic.

Incorrect. The availability heuristic is a rule of thumb that says that the probability of an event or the importance assigned to it is based on its availability in memory.

B) a representativeness heuristic.

C) an additive strategy.

D) framing.

Correct. The manner in which a decision is presented—whether that presentation emphasizes positive or negative aspects of the situation—is called framing.

Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 296 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3a TEXT LO 8.3. Discover what influences our decision making Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving 28. _____ refers to the fact that the way a question is presented—with certain wording or emphasis on certain aspects of the question—can influence the answer that is given.

A) Metalinguistics B) Framing C) Pragmatizing D) Whorfing Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 296 Skill: Factual APA LO: 2.3a TEXT LO 8.3. Discover what influences our decision making Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving

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29. Generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal is the definition of A) the availability heuristic.

B) a mental set.

C) decision making.

D) problem solving.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 296 Skill: Factual APA LO: 2.3f TEXT LO 8.4 Describe some common problem-solving strategies and challenges Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving 30. Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course, which she describes as “drawing figures and figuring drawings.” In a typical class, students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure such as its area. Each time Sally uses a formula, she is making use of what psychologists call _____.

A) heuristics Incorrect. Sally is making use of algorithms because the geometric rules always work. Heuristics don’t guarantee a solution.

B) logarithms C) algorithms Correct. Sally is making use of algorithms because the rules will always produce a solution.

D) convergence Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 297 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3f TEXT LO 8.4 Describe some common problem-solving strategies and challenges Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving 31. A step-by-step learned procedure for solving a problem is called a(n) A) schema.

B) cognitive map.

C) heuristic.

D) algorithm.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 297 Skill: Factual APA LO: 2.3f TEXT LO 8.4 Describe some common problem-solving strategies and challenges Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving 32. What systematic problem-solving method guarantees that all steps in solving a problem will be addressed?

A) The heuristic method Incorrect. The heuristic strategy is called a “rule of thumb” and does not guarantee a solution.

B) An algorithm Correct. The systematic problem-solving method that guarantees that you will address all steps in solving a problem is the use of an algorithm. It is useful when a solution to a problem is absolutely required.

C) A cognitive shortcut D) The chunking method Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 297 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 2.3f

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TEXT LO 8.4 Describe some common problem-solving strategies and challenges Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving

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33. The use of _____ refers to the process of finding similar structures between two problems and thus finding similarities between their solutions.

A) heuristics B) algorithms C) mental sets D) analogies Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 297 Skill: Factual APA LO: 2.3f TEXT LO 8.4 Describe some common problem-solving strategies and challenges Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving 34. When a student is given two seemingly different problems to solve, but the problems have the same underlying logical requirements, the student may miss this similarity due to the apparent differences in the wording of the questions. The relationship between two problems is called A) salience of surface similarities.

B) mental sets.

C) functional fixedness.

D) parallel paradigms.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 297 Skill: Factual APA LO: 2.3f TEXT LO 8.4 Describe some common problem-solving strategies and challenges Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving 35. If I am given 10 math problems, and I can and do solve the first nine in the same way, I may struggle with the tenth problem if it requires a different method to solve it. This best illustrates the concept of A) the salience of surface properties.

B) thin slicing.

C) mental sets.

Correct. A mental set refers to attempting to solve the problem using past successful solution approaches to similar problems.

D) hindsight bias.

Incorrect. The hindsight bias refers to our overestimation of our ability to predict the outcome of an event after the event has occurred. It is not related to this question.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 297 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3f TEXT LO 8.4 Describe some common problem-solving strategies and challenges % correct 77 a = 19 b = 3 c = 77 d = 1 r = .18 Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving 36. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called _____. This barrier to problem-solving can inhibit one’s ability to generate alternative solutions.

A) means–end analysis B) functional fixedness C) prototypical idealization D) mental set Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 297 Skill: Factual

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APA LO: 2.3f TEXT LO 8.4 Describe some common problem-solving strategies and challenges Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving

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37. Anastasia is building a sand castle at the beach. She is frustrated by the fact that the water keeps washing it away. She has rebuilt the castle five times already, each one a little further from the waves. Her brother Christopher walks up, sees the problem, and proceeds to dig a channel for the water that bypasses her latest sand castle completely. Which cognitive block was Anastasia demonstrating?

A) Functional fixedness Incorrect. Functional fixedness refers to the inability to look at an object and see it in flexible ways and for uses other than its most common function.

B) Convergent thinking C) Mental set Correct. Mental set occurs when we get stuck in a specific problem-solving strategy and can’t see the problem from a new angle.

D) Thin slicing Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 297–298 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3f TEXT LO 8.4 Describe some common problem-solving strategies and challenges Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving 38. Rosemary, a college professor, has not been able to give up her overhead projector and transparencies even though her classroom has equipment that will support computer-generated projected images. This might be an example of a(n) A) heuristic.

B) mental set.

Correct. Rosemary continues to use a past problem-solving strategy even though there are better, more efficient strategies available to her.

C) algorithm.

D) analogy heuristic.

Incorrect. Rosemary is not looking for a relationship to a past solution. She is reapplying a past solution to the exclusion of other possibilities.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 297–298 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3f TEXT LO 8.4 Describe some common problem-solving strategies and challenges Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving 39. My exposure to the typical use of objects in my culture may render me less able to find novel solutions to problems. This is referred to as A) functional fixedness.

Correct. Functional fixedness refers to the inability to look at an object and see it in flexible ways and for uses other than its most common function.

B) availability heuristic.

C) mental sets.

Incorrect. A mental set refers to attempting to solve the problem using past successful solution approaches to similar problems.

D) salience of surface characteristics.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 298 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 2.3f TEXT LO 8.4 Describe some common problem-solving strategies and challenges Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving

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40. A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problemsolving difficulty did Ben overcome?

A) Relative comparison B) Functional fixedness Correct. Ben overcame the problem of functional fixedness.

C) Poor problem representation D) The representative heuristic Incorrect. Ben overcame the problem of functional fixedness.

Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 298 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3f TEXT LO 8.4 Describe some common problem-solving strategies and challenges Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving 41. MacGyver, a fictional TV hero, was able to solve nearly any problem with duct tape, chewing gum, and some luck. Which of the following cognitive tendencies was one that MacGyver has clearly overcome?

A) Functional fixedness Correct. Functional fixedness is our tendency to have trouble imagining uses for objects other than their originally intended uses.

B) Linguistic relativity C) Mental sets Incorrect. A mental set refers to attempting to solve the problem using past successful solution approaches to similar problems.

D) Availability heuristic Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 298 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 2.3f TEXT LO 8.4 Describe some common problem-solving strategies and challenges Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving 42. Alex and Nicole just got married. They move into their new apartment and realize they need a coffee table. Alex takes four stacks of old textbooks and forms the legs of the table. He then takes an old piece of cardboard and lays it across the four “legs.” Which cognitive tendency has Alex clearly mastered?

A) Mental set Incorrect. A mental set refers to attempting to solve the problem using past successful solution approaches to similar problems.

B) Functional fixedness Correct. Functional fixedness is our tendency to have trouble imagining uses for objects other than their originally intended uses.

C) Creative inhibition D) Availability heuristic Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 298 Skill: Applied APA LO: 2.3f TEXT LO 8.4 Describe some common problem-solving strategies and challenges Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving

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43. Using a wire coat hanger to unclog a stopped toilet or fish a hair plug out of a blocked drain demonstrates that you are not hindered by A) functional fixedness.

Correct. Functional fixedness is our tendency to have trouble imagining uses for objects other than their originally intended uses.

B) availability heuristic.

C) mental sets.

Incorrect. A mental set refers to attempting to solve the problem using past successful solution approaches to similar problems.

D) salience of surface characteristics.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 298 Skill: Factual APA LO: 2.3f TEXT LO 8.4 Describe some common problem-solving strategies and challenges Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving 44. In the 1980s, many psychologists adopted the analogy of a(n) _____ to try to describe and explain the different working processes of the human mind.

A) automobile B) television C) kitchen sink D) computer Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 298 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.1a TEXT LO 8.5 Describe various models of the human mind Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving 45 The need for cognitive efficiency is very important, but sometimes it can lead people to poor decision-making. For example, when considering whether or not to buy the latest “miracle diet” program, one should balance cognitive efficiency with A) the principle of Occam’s Razor.

B) the fact that correlation does not equal causation.

Incorrect. Nothing in this particular statement is consistent with this critical thinking concept.

C) the fact that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.

Correct. When a product suggests it can do amazing things, it must have scientific evidence to support its claims. If it does not, then it is probably going to be disappointing.

D) the premise of replicability.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 299 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 5.1a TEXT LO 8.5 Describe various models of the human mind Topic: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving

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46. The ambiguity of language is BEST illustrated by which of the following examples?

A) Calling a friend about whom you are worried B) Disagreements about the interpretations of laws Correct. Different people reading the same words can come up with very different interpretations of what they mean. This demonstrates the ambiguity of language.

C) Telling someone what time a party starts D) Giving instructions for an exam Incorrect. Provided that the instructions are clear, this should not contain any ambiguity.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 300 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

47. Newspaper headlines, such as “Two Convicts Evade Noose, Jury Hung,” may strike us as funny. From the perspective of language, this is because the phrase or headline A) is impossible to interpret.

Incorrect. Based on our understanding of social context, this headline is actually easy to interpret.

B) has ambiguous meaning.

Correct. Depending on the emphasis that you put on different words, this headline could have very different meanings.

C) has no literal interpretation.

D) lacks subject-verb agreement.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 300 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

48. Which of the following statements is true about language?

A) It is not symbolic.

B) It can be written, spoken, or signed.

C) It is incapable of an infinite set of meaningful utterances.

D) It has no set structure or rules that must be obeyed.

Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 300 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

49. As symbolic systems of communication, most languages A) generally match sounds to the meaning of words.

B) are arbitrary in the relationship between words and meaning.

Correct. The exact same word, or symbol, can have very different meanings in different contexts.

C) can be translated to another without impaired meanings of complex concepts.

Incorrect. If you’ve ever seen a sign in a foreign country translated into English, you would see that sometimes the impairment of meanings can be very comical.

D) do not have concepts that are unique to just one particular language.

Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 300 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language

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Topic: How Does Language Work?

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50. Language is A) a system of communication that combines symbols in rule-based ways to create meaning.

B) rarely ambiguous.

C) a communication system that includes words, but not gestures.

D) a communication system that requires little implicit processing.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 300 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

51. Much of our language use serves non-informational purposes, such as A) establishing or maintaining social relationships.

Correct. If you’ve ever insulted a friend as a way of saying hello, you’ve used language to maintain a social relationship rather than for the conveyance of information.

B) telling the barista that we want a skim latte.

Incorrect. While this may be a very important purpose of language, it is an informational purpose.

C) advising a friend what time to show up at a party.

D) providing directions to an event.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 300 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

52. We often do not consider the complexity of language. This is in part because A) language acquisition is easy.

B) language acquisition requires little practice.

Incorrect. Anyone who has ever raised a child and tried to teach them how to use language knows that it requires enormous patience.

C) our use of language is generally automatic.

Correct. We tend not to think very consciously about the words that we use, but rather communicate linguistically with great automaticity.

D) humans do not often consider complex phenomena.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 300 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

53. Language is based on basic sound units called _____.

A) morphemes B) semantics C) registers D) phonemes Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 300–301 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

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54. The sounds t, th, and sh are _____.

A) morphemes B) phonemes C) semantics D) sound bytes Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 300–301 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

55. The English language has _____ phonemes.

A) more than 100 B) between 60 and 75 C) between 40 and 45 D) no more than 15 Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 301 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

56. According to your textbook, different languages contain different numbers of phonemes. The fewest number of phonemes found in any language mentioned by your authors is about _____.

A) 8 B) 15 C) 26 D) 40 Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 301 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

57. You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. Although you are doing a good job recognizing the written signs you need to know, you are having trouble with the sounds of the Russian language. Which of the following aspects of language is giving you trouble?

A) Syntax B) Phonemes Correct. Phonemes are the basic units of sound in a language.

C) Morphemes Incorrect. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language; the problem in this case is with the sounds, not their meaning.

D) Audiograms Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 301 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

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58. The smallest units of speech that are meaningful are referred to as A) phonemes.

B) lingmemes.

C) anomias.

D) morphemes.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 300 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

59. The basic meaningful units of any language are called _____.

A) phonemes B) morphemes C) semantics D) sound bytes Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 301 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

60. How many morphemes are there in the sentence “I wanted it”?

A) Three Incorrect. There are four morphemes, but three words. The word “wanted” has two morphemes in it.

B) Four Correct. There are four morphemes: I, want, ed, it.

C) Six D) Five Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 301 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

61. The meanings derived from words or sentences are collectively known as the _____ of language.

A) semantics B) proxemics C) syntatics D) pragmatics Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 301 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

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62. The rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language are collectively known as _____.

A) morphemic rules B) phonemic rules C) linguistic relativity D) syntax Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 301 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

63. Let’s say we could teach a dolphin to understand the difference between the sentences “The parrot kissed the dolphin” and “The dolphin was kissed by the parrot.” If this were demonstrated, it might mean the dolphin had an understanding of _____.

A) phonemes B) morphemes Incorrect. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language.

C) syntax Correct. Syntax is the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences.

D) pragmatics Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 301 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

64. What is wrong in the following sentence? “Eggs the ham and green delicious are.”

A) Phonemes Incorrect. Phonemes refer to the basic units of spoken sound of the language. There is nothing phonemically incorrect about the sentence. It does, however, contain important syntax errors.

B) Morphemes C) Syntax Correct. Syntax refers to the grammatical rules that help us compose words into meaningful strings.

D) Dialect Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 301 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

65. When speakers of English add “ed” to a verb to indicate past tense, they are applying a A) morphological marker.

Correct. A morphological marker is a grammatical element that modifies words by adding sounds to them to change their meanings.

B) dialectical marker.

C) phoneme.

Incorrect. Phonemes are the basic units of sound in the language.

D) prefix.

Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 301

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66. A _____ marker is a grammatical element that modifies words by adding sounds that change their meanings.

A) phonetic B) phonemic C) morphological D) syntactic Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 301 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

67. The rule in English that adjectives usually come before nouns is part of A) semantics.

Incorrect. Semantics refers to the meaning that is communicated in one’s use of language.

B) surface structure.

C) syntax.

Correct. Syntax refers to the rules for combining letters into words and words into sentences.

D) grammatics.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 301 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

68. In most cases, the rules of syntax A) are the same across different languages.

Incorrect. Different languages have very different syntactic structures.

B) are the same across different dialects.

C) are perfectly applied in conversation.

D) are rarely followed in real-world language.

Correct. Real-world language use tends to be less formal and more casual. The rules of syntax tend to be applied with more lenience.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 301 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

69. What is missing when a student who skips class copies notes from another student?

A) Extralinguistic information Correct. Extralinguistic information includes parts of communication that aren’t part of the content of the transmission but that are needed for interpreting its meaning, such as tone of voice and facial expressions.

B) Syntax clues C) Morphological markers Incorrect. The best answer to this question is extralinguistic information, because the student who is just getting the information from notes loses the nonverbal communication of the instructor.

D) Phonesthemes Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 301 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a

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70. E-mail can often lead to misunderstandings. This is because A) it lacks extralinguistic information.

Correct. Because you cannot get information such as facial expressions or voice inflection in an e-mail, people often misunderstand the intent of what somebody else meant to communicate.

B) people misspell more often with e-mail than with pen-and-paper writing.

Incorrect. People may not misspell words quite as much, but there is a common practice of using abbreviations in e-mails that is socially accepted. This may be misinterpreted as misspellings.

C) of decreasing literacy levels.

D) most people read e-mail more rapidly than other written forms.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 301 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

71. Although extralinguistic information is not a formal part of language, it does serve the purpose of A) generally providing entertainment value, which captures our attention.

B) providing literal and factual information.

Incorrect. It is verbal information, and not extralinguistic information, that provides literal and factual information.

C) assisting in interpretation.

Correct. Extralinguistic information can give you cues in interpreting an ambiguous verbal statement.

D) distracting us from the emotional aspects of communication.

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 301 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

72. Our co-worker says, “It’s awful in here.” To understand what she means, we must A) take into account extralinguistic information, such as location and facial expressions.

Correct. Depending on the facial expression and body posture of the co-worker, her statement could mean many things.

B) examine the grammatical structure of her comment.

Incorrect. Examining the grammatical structure of her comment will not help us understand its meaning. Looking at the extralinguistic information, however, will give us quite a bit of data.

C) examine the morphemes in the statement to determine the smaller units of meaning in the sentence.

D) ignore nonverbal cues so that we are not distracted.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 301–302 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

73. The term dialect is used to indicate A) distinct and different languages found in the same country.

B) language forms that are based on another language, but that do not have a syntactic structure of their own.

C) variations of the same language based on geographical or ethnic similarities.

D) variations of a language that follow no structural patterns.

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Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 302 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

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74. A person from one part of the United States might ask you for a glass of “soda,” while a person from a different region might ask for a glass of “pop.” Still a third person might ask for a “Coke,” while a fourth would request a glass of “tonic.” All of these individuals want the same thing, but the variation in how they request it demonstrates a A) dialect.

Correct. Different regions use different dialects to express the same thought.

B) colloquialism.

C) semantic error.

Incorrect. None of these examples demonstrates a semantic error, but rather dialects that are specific to a given region or location.

D) phonemic shift.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 302 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

75. Why do people speak in different dialects?

A) The culture and environment in which a person is raised impacts the way they communicate linguistically.

Correct. Because language is at least in part imitative, dialects tend to be transmitted from generation to generation.

B) Dialects represent grammatical errors that are reinforced by one’s surroundings.

C) People in different areas have genetic variations that impact the way their brains interpret language skills.

D) People from different countries naturally speak different languages, and that is all a dialect really is.

Incorrect. A dialect represents variations in the usage of the same language.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 302 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

76. Language is a very complex form of communication that separates humans from other animal groups. For this reason, _____ theorists believe that language must offer a survival advantage.

A) psychoanalytic B) cognitive C) evolutionary D) behaviorist Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 302 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

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77. A key difficulty in explaining how language evolved is the _____ phonemes, words, and rules of syntax.

A) consistency of Incorrect. Phonemes, words, and syntax represent very different concepts.

B) arbitrariness of Correct. Some scholars suggest that the arbitrariness of language allows for a necessary flexibility in communication.

C) resemblance of meaning to D) rigidness and uniformity of Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 302 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

78. Using words like hee-haw or cocka-a-doodle-doo to describe the sound that a donkey or rooster might make provides us with examples of A) onomatopoeia.

Correct. Onomatopoeia refers to a word that resembles the sound to which it refers.

B) anomia.

C) a morphological marker.

D) a dialect.

Incorrect. A dialect refers to variations in the way the same language is used in different regions or locations.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 302 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

79. Which of the following is an example of onomatopoeia?

A) car B) grass C) hair D) buzz Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 302 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.6 Describe the four levels of analysis that make up language Topic: How Does Language Work?

80. The textbook authors note that the word for mother in most languages begins with an “m” or “n” sound. They speculate that this may be because A) these phonemes tend to be the first that children acquire.

Correct. Because these tend to be the easiest phonemes to say, they are related to the first words that children acquire.

B) all languages have the same origin.

C) these are the most common phonemes in all languages.

Incorrect. There is nothing in your chapter that refers to the most common phonemes across languages.

D) they all derive from the Latin word mater.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 302

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81. Using the _____ paradigm, researchers have found that infants can recognize sounds to which they were exposed in utero.

A) habituation B) high-amplitude sucking C) auditory cliff D) Cat in the Hat Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 303 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

82. Babies can hear inside the womb A) by the second month.

B) no earlier than the seventh month.

C) by the fifth month.

D) only after the sixth month.

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 303 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

83. Newborn infants show a preference for A) the English language.

B) the Spanish language.

C) their mother’s native language.

D) any language if it is spoken by a familiar voice.

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 303 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

84. Babies engage in intentional vocalizations that sound meaningful, but are not. This is referred to as A) babbling.

B) telegraphic speech.

C) holographic speech.

D) two-word utterances.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 303 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

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85. Linda’s 3-month-old infant keeps saying “ga-ga” and “doh-doh.” Should she be worried?

A) Yes; parents should not encourage nonsense language in their infants, because it can lead to language problems later on.

B) Maybe; her 3-month-old should be saying at least a couple of words by now.

C) No; this behavior is called babbling and it is normal for infants.

Correct. Babbling (any intentional vocalization that lacks specific meaning) is normal for infants.

D) No, although the infant should start to string these syllables together to form words in the next month or two.

Incorrect. In fact, it will be several months before Linda’s child starts putting syllables together to form words.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 303 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

86. Your friend’s six-month-old baby has begun to vocalize long strings of repeated syllables in a continuous stream. For example, the baby vocalizes “Malamalamalamalamala.” This baby is in the _____ stage.

A) cooing B) babbling Correct. Babbling refers to the repetition of individual syllables.

C) syllables D) holophrastic speech Incorrect. Holophrastic speech refers to the use of one word to represent an entire concept.

Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 303 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

87. By the age of ten months, an infant will generally A) use only the phonemes of the native language of adult speakers around them.

B) be in the cooing stage of vocalization.

C) have a vocabulary of approximately 100 words.

D) speak in two-word “sentences.”

Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 304 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

88. Which of the following represents the most accurate statement about how children learn language?

A) Reduplicative babbling precedes the syllables stage of vocalization.

B) Children can produce many more words than they can understand.

Incorrect. On the contrary, children tend to understand far more words than they can produce at an early age.

C) Comprehension of words precedes production.

Correct. Typically infants will understand words before they start to use them.

D) Most children recognize their own names as early as two months.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 304

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89. Should Serina be surprised that her 10-month-old infant understands her command to pick up her rattle?

A) Yes, because most infants don’t develop true comprehension until after their first birthday.

B) No, because most infants can comprehend hundreds of words by their first birthday.

Incorrect. While infants may be able to understand several words by their first birthday, the estimate of hundreds is an exaggeration.

C) Yes, because although most infants can produce hundreds of words before their first birthday, comprehension usually lags behind.

D) No, because infants’ comprehension of their world precedes their production ability.

Correct. In early word learning, children can understand words before they can produce them.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 304 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

90. Your family dog is named “Happy.” Any time your young child sees a dog, she calls out “Happy.” This is an example of A) overextension.

Correct. Overextension refers to the application of one word to many related but different concepts.

B) undergeneralization.

C) incorrect word meaning.

D) comprehension before production.

Incorrect. This refers to the fact that children tend to be receptive to language before they can produce it, but it is not related to this question.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 304 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

91. When a child applies a word in a much narrower sense than is needed—for example, thinking that the word “house” refers only to their own house—they are engaging in A) overextension.

B) overregulation.

C) underextension.

D) underregulation.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 304 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

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92. Marcy is having lunch with her mother when a friend stops by the table to say hello. “Marcy, this is my friend, and her name is Marcy, too,” the mother says. The child looks up and says, “You can’t be named Marcy. That is my name.” In a linguistic sense, this example demonstrates A) overregulation.

Incorrect. Overregulation is the overly broad application of the rules of grammar and a lack of recognition where the exceptions to those rules occur.

B) overextension.

C) underregulation.

D) underextension.

Correct. This narrow application of a word is an example of underextension.

Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 304 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

93. One-year old Matthew wanders into the kitchen where his father is making dinner for the family. He points to the counter and says, “Nana!” His father looks down and says, “Do you want to eat a banana?” Matthew then gets very excited and starts jumping up and down. Matthew is currently in the _____ stage of language development.

A) holographic B) one-word C) telegraphic D) fast-mapping Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 304 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

94. By the time children reach _____, they have usually acquired most of the syntactic rules of their language.

A) preschool B) kindergarten C) first grade D) second grade Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 305 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

95. Which of the following was the individual who was chained to a potty chair in the back of a bedroom and deprived of social interaction until she was 13 years old?

A) Helen Keller B) Genie C) Noam Chomsky D) Raymond Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 305 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children

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Topic: How Does Language Work?

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96. The case of Genie and her failure to acquire meaningful language ability best supports A) the nativist approach.

B) the limitations of bilingualism.

C) metalinguistic deficiency.

Incorrect. Metalinguistic insight refers to our awareness of how language is structured and used.

The case of Genie does not involve a deficit of metalinguistic insight.

D) the critical period theory.

Correct. A critical period is a window of time in development in which an organism must learn an ability if it’s going to learn it at all.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 305 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

97. A group of deaf children was discovered after a terrible earthquake had nearly destroyed the town. The children had been hiding together for nearly a month.When an interpreter was brought in, she could not make sense of the signs she saw, yet the children were clearly communicating with one another. What is the most likely explanation?

A) The children were engaged in cryptophasia.

B) The children were just pretending to use sign language.

Incorrect. These children were not pretending to use anything. They were engaged in a form of communication called homesign.

C) The interpreter was not fluent in signed English.

D) The children had developed a form of homesign.

Correct. In situations in which children are not instructed in any language, they may invent their own signs; this phenomenon is called homesign.

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 305 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

98. A _____ period is a time during which people are more receptive to learning and can acquire knowledge more easily.

A) critical B) sensitive C) receptive D) potentiated Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 306 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

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99. Susan would like for her child to learn a second language. If she wants the child to be fluent in the second language, research suggests that she should begin instruction no later than age A) three.

B) five.

C) seven.

Correct. Researchers found that skills for learning language proficiency seemed to drop off after the age of seven.

D) ten.

Incorrect. Generally speaking, the earlier a child is exposed to a language, the more proficient he or she will become at that language. Prior to the age of seven, however, appears to be the best time to teach a new language.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 306 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.3d TEXT LO 8.8 Identify the pros and cons of bilingualism Topic: How Does Language Work?

100. If you didn’t already know sign language and you observed two deaf persons using signs, you would probably A) have an easy time deciphering their conversation.

B) understand little to nothing about what was being communicated.

Correct. Sign language is a fully productive language with its own phonemes, words, syntax, and extralinguistic information. ASL has little in common with any spoken language and would not be decipherable to someone who is not fluent.

C) have to rely on their facial expressions.

Incorrect. Facial expressions are an important part of sign language, but it is not adequate to read the facial expressions to understand the conversation is taking place.

D) be able to join in the conversation after a few minutes.

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 306 Skill: Conceptual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

101. Which of the following is true of sign language?

A) There is one universal form of sign language.

B) Most deaf babies are born to deaf parents.

C) There are complex syntax structures.

D) It lacks generativity.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 306 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

102. According to research, which of the following aspects of language is the least susceptible to the effects of age?

A) Syntax B) Pronunciation C) Vocabulary D) Pragmatics Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 306

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103. Buck has a friend who is deaf and was born to deaf parents who used sign language. It is most likely that his friend A) developed sign language in much the same way Buck learned to speak.

Correct. Sign language is a fully productive language with its own phonemes, words, syntax, and extralinguistic information. Though 90 percent of deaf children are born to hearing parents, babies born to fluent signers do not experience significant challenges to learning language.

B) learned sign language as a whole rather than a series of stages.

C) has not learned to sign because he can lip read.

Incorrect. In fact, research has found that lip reading is not terribly effective as a form of receptive communication, and the use of lip reading does not impair the development of sign language skills.

D) developed a secret language with his parents that only they can understand.

Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 307 Skill: Applied APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

104. Even those who are well-skilled at reading lips can pick up only about _____ percent of what is being said, because most of our verbal expression is done inside of the mouth.

A) 5–10 B) 10–20 C) 20–30 D) 30–35 Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 307 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

105. Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding sign language and talking?

A) Learning a sign language speeds up the process of learning to talk.

B) Deaf children who rely on sign language rarely acquire any true vocal skills.

C) Children who are partially deaf and who use sign language have the worst chance of learning to talk because they use sign language as a “crutch.”

D) Research has found that only deaf children who get cochlear implants ever truly learn to talk effectively.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 307 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.2a TEXT LO 8.7 Trace the development of language acquisition in children Topic: How Does Language Work?

106. The best predictor of whether someone will achieve fluency in a second language is A) motivation.

B) IQ. C) age of acquisition.

D) the simplicity of the second language’s structure.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 307 Skill: Factual APA LO: 5.3d TEXT LO 8.8 Identify the pros and cons of bilingualism

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Topic: How Does Language Work?

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