Indian Women in Urban Machismo

Indian women in the urban machismo By Poorva Shyamala Vinod Gaware GUIDED BY Ar. Nikhil Vaidya

Of the requirements for SEM-IX The Degree

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE MUMBAI UNIVERSITY MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA.

5TH YEAR SEM-IX, NOV’2019 Conducted at: RACHANA SANSAD’S ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE, AIDED COURSE RACHANA SANSAD, 278, SHANKAR GHANEKAR MARG, PRABHADEVI, MUMBAI 400025.

APPROVAL

CERTIFICATE

The following Under-Grad Design Dissertation Study is hereby approved as satisfactory work on the approved subject carried out and present-

IX of Bachelor Of Architecture Degree for which it has been submitted.

Year student of our institute and has completed this Design Dissertation under the guidance of the Guide as undersigned, adhering to the norms of the Mumbai University & our Institute Thesis Committee.

the Thesis Guide do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusions drawn therein; but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satis-

Name of the Student: Poorva Shyamala Vinod Gaware Date:

Approved By

Examined By

Tuesday 14th Nov’ 2019.

Principal Ar. Prof. Suresh Singh

External Examiner-1

College Seal

External Examiner-2

DECLARATION I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “ An Indian woman in the urban machismo” Represents my ideas and thoughts in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, Internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are references.

No material other than that cited and listed has been used.

I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are serious offenses in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying.

I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty idea/data/fact source in my submission.

This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

____________________ Signature of the Student

Name of the Student: Poorva Shyamala Vinod Gaware Exam Roll No: 15 Date: Thursday, November 14, 2019.

Place: Mumbai

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to take the opportunity to express my gratitude to all the people who have guided, helped, inspired and believed in me.I would like to thank my mother to foster in me the idea of feminism since I was a child and always inspired me to stand up for my rights and voice my opinions.

I would like to thank my mentor, Ar. Nikhil Vaidya, for his motivation and advice, I am grateful to him for all the long discussions scope of work to evaluate the discussion.

All the faculty, as well as the support staff and administration at the Academy of Architecture, Aided, have provided me with a good academic curriculum, an active-extra curriculum and an environment of freedom to move around.

I would also take this opportunity to thank Ar. Neha Panchal for helping me direct myself to this topic. Extending my deepest gratitude to my college senior Shantanu Rathod for his suggestions and advice about the book and my classmates Webley D’mello, Rukaiya Lokhandwala, Sanjana Danait, Benafsha Jani and Vaidehi Kane for helping me build my case about the said topic by debating and discussing about the same.

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1:The Urban woman (By author)

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FIgure 1.2: Women empowerment according to census 2011 02 FIgure 1.3:A woman in the rain of her restrictions (By author)

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Figure 1.4:A woman restrictions (source: bodhicommons.org) 04 FIgure 1.5: Mahabharata Archives (source: The Hindu) 05 Figure 1.6: Ramayana Archives (source: The Hindu)

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Figure 1.7: Hawa Mahal and its patriarchy (source:The Hindu) 05 Figure 1.8:Krishna archives (source: architectural digest India) 05 Figure 1.9:Mythological Archives (source:Satish Khedekar art) 05 FIgure 2.0:Indians and safety (source:dabs jabs by Shreyas N) 06 FIgure 2.1: Women in India (By author)

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Figure 2.2:A woman friendly city (source: thedailystar.com) FIgure 2.3: A woman friendly city (By author)

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Figure 2.4: Aspects of a women friendly city (source: Reddot 10 foundation for women in urban spaces) 11 friendly space (By author) Figure 2.6: Equity and Equality (source: viaagroforestry.in) 14 Figure 2.7: Statistics of women and their reasons not to visit a 15 public space in Mumbai (source: feminismindia.org) FIgure 2.8: What is privacy? (source: bmwguggenhenlab.in) 16 FIgure 2.9: A woman in a male urban pocket (source: hemu. 17 org) FIgure 3.0: The urban sphere of private-public spaces (source: 18 hemu.org) FIgure 3.1:10 aspects to make secure public spaces (source: 19 The Urban Vision) FIgure 3.2:Eyes on the street (soucre: goodreads.com) 22 FIgure 3.3: The four steps taken towards a Gender qual city in 23 Barcelona (source: Barcelona Smart City Organisation) FIgure 3.4:The commute in Barcelona tabulated (By author) FIgure 3.5: Solution 1 (source: Team of UTTIPEC, New Delhi)

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.6:Solution 2 (source: Team of UTTIPEC, New Delhi)

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Figure 3.7:Solution 3 (source: Team of UTTIPEC, New Delhi)

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Figure 3.8:Solution 4 (source: Team of UTTIPEC, New Delhi)

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Figure 3.9: The green roof of the transit centre(source: sfchron- 29 icles) Figure 4.0: Section explaining the layers of the transit hub(- 29 source: sfchronicles) Figure 4.1: The planning of the green roof (source: sfchroni- 29 cles) Figure 4.2: Natural lighting in the transit hub(source: sfchroni- 30 cles) Figure 4.3: The green roof(source: sfchronicles) Figure 4.4:Ease of transgression in the transit hub (source: sf chronicles) Figure 4.5: Zoning of the transit hub (source: the hindu)

30 30 31 32

Figure 4.6:The accessibility routes (source: denver.org) Figure 4.7:Aspects of the wide roads ( source: denvergov.org) 33 Figure 4.8: Location map of the Wadala bus depot (By author) 34 Figure 4.9: Zoning map of the Wadala bus depot(By author) 34 Figure 5.0:Sea woods grand central(source: bluberrycosillium) 35 Figure 5.1:The main access of the railway concourse (source: 36 blueberrycosillium.com) Figure 5.2: The railway concourse(source: blueberrycosillium. 36 com) Figure 5.3: The railway concourse(source: blueberrycosillium. 36 com) Figure 5.4:The railway concourse lined with commercial retail 36 shops (source: blueberrycosillium.com) Figure 5.5:Criterias for a safe space for women and girls 37 (source: UNFPA.org) Figure 5.6: Photo documentation of BKC (By author) 39 Figure 5.7: Photo documentation of BKC (By author) 39 Figure 5.8: Photo documentation of BKC (By author) 39 Figure 5.9: Photo documentation of BKC (By author) 39 Figure 6.0: Photo documentation of BKC (By author) 40 Figure 6.1: Photo documentation of BKC (By author) 40 Figure 6.2:A news excerpt showing the construction paths of 40 the new Metro line (source: TOI 13.3.2019)

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 6.3: Photo Documentation of Shivaji Park (By author)

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Figure 6.4: Photo Documentation of Shivaji Park (By author) Figure 6.5: Photo Documentation of Shivaji Park (By author)

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Figure 6.6: Photo Documentation of Shivaji Park (By author)

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Figure 6.7: Photo Documentation of Shivaji Park (By author)

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Figure 6.8: Photo Documentation of Shivaji Park (By author)

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Figure 6.9: Contextual Map of Malad Mindspace (source: De- 43 velopment Plan 2034) Figure 7.0: View of the Malad Creek (By author)

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Figure 7.1: View of the Malad Creek (By auhor)

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Figure 7.2:Accesibility chart of the selected site (By author)

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Figure 7.3:Important landmarks around Mindspace (By au- 45 thor) 45 author) 46 the clock at 3 respective nodes. (By author) Figure 7.6: Site demographics (By author) 47 Figure 7.7: Plot demarkation and immediate context (By au- 48 thor) Figure 7.8:Photo Documentation of Mindspace (By author) Figure 7.9: Photo Documentation of Mindspace (By author) Figure 8.0: Photo Documentation of Mindspace (By author) Figure 8.1: Photo Documentation of Mindspace (By author) Figure 8.2:Photo Documentation of Mindspace (By author)

49 49 49 49 49 49 50

Figure 8.3: Photo Documentation of Mindspace (By author) Figure 8.4: Photo Documentation of Mindspace (By author) Figure 8.5: User Survey (By Author) 51 Figure 8.6: What women want (source: Hemalata Venkatra- 53 man Art)

INDIAN WOMEN

IN THE URBAN MACHISMO

ABSTRACT

decades in India. It is now time that women consider public spaces as something of their own and use it as a medium to express themselves without fear and risk of safety.

Planning and designing safe public spaces for women and girls means creating public spaces with features that enhance women’s safety and feelings of safety, and detract from features that cause women’s insecurity and feelings of insecurity.

Safety of women in a certain space does not only mean limiting her access to it, infact that creates a furthermore gender bifurcation.

In any given day, public spaces are the setting for a myriad of gendered social interactions. As a result of these interactions, public spaces themselves become gendered. For example, in a school yard, young girls may gather together under a certain tree and watch young As this process continues, the space under the tree will become understood as a “girl’s space” and the soccer can be problematic because public space should belong to everyone and everyone should have a right to boys should feel free to sit under the tree.

Thus, planning and designing safe public spaces for women and girls also means analysing the various uses of public spaces, who uses them, when, and for how long.

CONTENTS 1.Introduction 1.1.Gender Equality and Female dominance in

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public spaces 1.2.Patriarchy in Public spaces

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1.3.Why not loiter?

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1.4.The idea of a women friendly city

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2.Concerns

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3.Research Methodology

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3.1.Quantitative Method of Research 3.2. Qualititive Method of Research 3.3. Data based Method of Research

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4.Architectural Response 4.1. Design Strategies 5. Literature Review 5.1.Strategic Gender Interests 5.2.Women in Public Spaces 5.3.Gender, Urban Space and the right to everyday life 5.4.The Urban Vision 5.5. Improving Quality of life through Transit Oriented Development.

5.6.Eyes on the street

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14 15 17 19 21 22

6. Case Studies 6.1. Theoretical Case Studies 6.1.1. Gender Equal Smart City

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6.1.2. Vienna- The safest city for women

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6.1.3. Women safety and comfort proposal

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-New Delhi 6.2.Programmatic Case studies 6.2.1. Transbay Transit Hub, San Francisco

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6.2.2. Surat Transition Hub proposal

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6.2.3. 30th street station, Pensylvannia

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6.3.Live Case Studies 6.3.1. Wadala Bus Depot 6.3.2. Seawoods Grand Central, Navi Mumbai 7.SITE SELECTION CRITERIA 7.1. Potential sites 7.1.1. Bandra Kurla Complex 7.1.2. Shivaji Park, Dadar 8. SITE ANALYSIS 8.1. Accessibility 8.3. Site Demographics

34 35 37 38 39 41 43 44 45 47 48

9.AREA STATEMENT

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10. USER SURVEY

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11. DESIGN PROGRAM

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12.CONCLUSION

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13.BIBLIOGRAPHY

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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Gender equality and female dominance in public spaces Feminism, as often misunderstood is not about providing privilege to women, it is about equalizing the rights given to every person, irrespective of their caste, creed and sexuality.

Gender equality is a basic human right. Equality on the basis of gender implies a society in which women and men enjoy the same rights, opportunities, rewards and outcomes. Gender equality will exist when men and women get equal authority in terms of power, educaambition.

Similarly, equality should also prevail in the usage of urban spaces. With a common observation, it is inferred that men use public spaces more as compared to women. There are indeed many factors behind this which altogether lead to a comparatively less footfall of women in a public space than men.

Fig 1.1. The Urban woman (By author)

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An important aspect of promoting gender equality is the empowerment of women. Women empowerment or empowerment of a person is to give them their due authority to make decisions, to think and act freely without any social or political bounds. According to the National Family Health Survey “Gender equality and women‘s empowerment” have been explicitly recognized as key not only to the health of nations, but also to social and economic development. India‘s National Population Policy 2000 has empowering women for health and nutrition’s one of its crosscutting strategic themes. Additionally, the promotion of gender equality and empowering of women is one of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG) to which India is a signatory. The pairing of the two concepts of women‘s empowerment and gender equality into one implicitly recognizes that gender equality and women‘s empowerment are two sides of the same coin: progress toward gender equality requires women‘s empowerment and women‘s empowerment requires increases in gender equality as shown.”Considering all these aspects, it is inferred that women do face problems in an urban context regarding inadequate seres and most importantly the feeling of comfort and belonging when they enter a space which is free from male gaze and judgement.

Fig 1.2. Statistics showing women empowerment according to census 2011

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1.2.Patriarchy in Public spaces powerful and usually older man in charge of a family, or the male leader of a society in which men hold power.

Our country has been under patriarchy since decades.

Men have had the right to control how things work around them and how women should feel when they enter certain spaces. The physical embodiment of it has also been prevailing in Architecture.

The patriarchy has conditioned the Indian psyche and chitecture of our cities. Be it for safety reasons or the traditional male mindset, one associates large extensive spaces and tall buildings for male activities but women activities are associated with private areas and enclosed spaces.

In ancient Indian households, men are designated core living spaces which are unenclosed and open to the public area of the house, whereas women are given enclosed spaces at the back of the house where there is negligible public contact. Even if the said intangible differentiation is done on the basis of safety factors, the elements which create unsafe environment are indeed the patriarchal norms which the society feeds on.

Thus these norms limit the access of women in public spaces and even if they do allow access, they create a hostile environment for them to be in.

Fig 1.3. A woman in the rain of her restrictions (By author)

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The Hawa Mahal in Jaipur is an excellent example exhibiting patriarchy. The original purpose of it was to let the women of the royal family overlook the processions on the public roads from behind the translucent awnings denying them direct physical access to the roads. Thus it was just a one way visual contact for women. The modern Indian household is not that different too. The kitchen is tucked inside the house cutting the contact from public interaction and visual accessibility. The modern working woman multitasks with the kitchen and her professional work but the spaces offered to her for her activities are still limited to the kitchen and other interior spaces in the of patriarchy. Even though it might seem invisible in this modern era, it subconsciously still prevails in our country.

A woman plays a very different role than a man in the society and thus her needs are also different and should not be generalized. As the creator of life, the source of origin for human species, a woman deserves to be catered to for her special needs.

Fig 1.4. A woman surrounded by her restrictions for her alleged safety (source: bodhicommons.org)

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Fig 1.5.In the Mahabharata, Yudhishthir gambles Draupadi away, as if she is not an autonomous human being but his possession (source: The Hindu)

Lanka (source: The Hindu)

Fig 1.7. Wedding processions on the roads witnessed by women through a physical and visual barrier that is Hawa Mahal

Fig 1.8. Lord Krishna openly stealing the clothes of young woman bathing in the river (source: architectural digest India)

Fig 1.9. A metaphorical depiction of how women are the hidden foundation behind any warrior.

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1.3. Why NOT Loiter?

Sometimes men have a pre-conceived notion that it is inappropriate for women to use certain spaces alone, or at a certain time, most urban spaces, cigarette stalls or panwalas are most often male-dominated spaces, from the owner to the shopkeeper to the patrons. The physical occupation of a majority of men in these spaces, which is often accompanied by a straight, cis male gaze, makes it physical space with ease. This is true for gay men, transgender people, women, and other such minority groups.

A woman trying to rush home as soon as work timings are over to avoid going through dark and isolated spaces because she is scared of eve-teasing and her safety, is an example of how males have dominance over the spaces in society. Safety relates to privacy and less interaction, but for women in cities crowded spaces have become an aspect for safety.

Going beyond the problem of the real and implied risks associated with women’s presence in public, and drawing from feminist theory to argue that only by celebrating loitering a radical act for most Indian women can a truly equal global city be created.

Fig 2.0. A comic representing India’s idea of safety and its apparent risks (source: dabs and jabs by SHreyas Navare)

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And that is how we could create urban public spaces which make every strata of the society feel safe, secure and stable. Just creating gender equal spaces for safety might not be the answer here, we need to bring in transformation in the mindsets of the people and condition them to welcome women in spaces which belong to all genders of society. Mumbai being a safe city that grants full access to its women, it proves that even in this cosmopolitan city, the access of women to public spaces is conditional.

Whenever we consider wanting to keep a woman safe, we always think of a binary solution to it which is designated spaces with less human interaction and mostly closed spaces and coin them to be safe for women. By this we are limiting the women’s right to space and not catering to her actual needs of safety and stability. Why can’t we choose everyday public spaces and make them safe for women as well?

This rises a point about public spaces which do allow women to loiter around, wear whatever they want and still feel secure at whatever time they utilize the space, but if we see these are actually controlled and sanitised spaces where access depends on class, thus making them private spaces. By gating such places, we are keeping women belonging to the lower classes out and only ensuring the access of public places to privileged women.

Fig 2.1. A woman in a male dominant public space (background photo source: shilanjan.com)

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1.4. The idea of a woman friendly city What exactly is an idea of a woman friendly city? These are cities where women can equal health and education services, where they can protect themselves in case of any emergencies by using the correct and advanced mechanisms. And can access high quality transportation without any fear or without feeling alienated.

Rethinking our cities to be gender sensitive is an extension to being an inclusive city that offers equal opportunities to all its citizens. A city that is not only good for women but also for children and senior citizens. A city which makes all strata of society feel comfortable is an idea of a woman friendly smart city.

These cities are a place where local governments take into consideration all the issues faced by a woman and their perspectives in the planning of the city.

Fig 2.2. The idea of a woman friendly city (source: thedailystar.com)

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It would be remise not to admit that in today’s day women are considered at par with the men and are given equal opportunities to voice their opinions and give inputs in the process of planning and city development.

However women are not involved in the urban designing process at par with men.

Whereas all the decisions made on housing, security, transportation, education and health issues directly affect women, facilitating or complicating their lives. Since women are not equally represented in the local assem-

The key condition of creating a women friendly city is to be able to correctly detect the details and needs of services and to provide all services by assessing them in terms of gender equality. These two approaches should not be considered as two alternatives but instead two complementary parallel approaches.

Fig 2.3. A women friendly city where she walks free of risks and anxiety (background source: Hindustan Times)

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2. CONCERNS After an extensive survey about women in public spaces, it was found out that women still don’t consider public spaces to be something of their own. They consider them to be transition spaces which are used by them during their commute. It is very necessary to bring in these spaces a sense of belonging and warmth for women.

The sense of belonging for women in spaces does not only mean making it safe or extending the number of limitations you put on them, it also requires a paradigmatic shift in the mindsets of people.

From assessment of our own communities till the maintenance of the epiphany created, the entire loop will only be in effect if the architecture is so strong that it helps condition ones mindset.

By providing special consideration to women’s need in a design and built environment, can their psychological and societal status be uplifted too?

Fig 2.4. Aspects of a women friendly city (source: Reddotfoundation for women in urban spaces)

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3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Planning and designing safe and woman dominant public spaces for women and girls also means analysing the various uses of public spaces, who uses them, when, and for how long.

An extensive survey of what women want from their spaces and the feeling they get when they enter a space which is dominated by male users.

It is also important to study the live-work pattern of women and how architecture as a whole could affect the psychology and living standards of women.

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3.1. Quantitative Method of Research The initial approach I plan to have in order to research about this topic is beginning from a site survey.

-Studying and analyzing various zones in a metropolitan city where women commute and work on a day to day basis and are in a need of female oriented buffer zones where they can loiter without any purpose just for the idea of ‘chilling’ which is otherwise frowned upon for women will be my main intent.

-Identifying the patterns and making generalizing based on surveying the schedule of the working women.

3.2. Qualitative Method of Research The plan of action was to interview largely over 30-40 women passing by at different times of the day and ask about their safety and anxiety they face if they ever get late to go home.

This will help me for describing, interpreting, contextualizing, and gaining in-depth insight into how the design should cater to different needs of women and different timings.

3.3. Data based Method of Research This shall include the various forms of readings from the internet as well as books concerning the topic of research which gives me a fair idea about the feminist theories to be considered in designing a woman dominant public space.

A wide research on currently how spaces are getting categorized by preconceived notions of how women can’t use certain spaces and how architecture help in moulding the minds of people at a social level so every person of the society can use a space irrespective of their gender, race and physical appearances.

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4.ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE 4.1Design Strategies for a women friendly space Different types of architectural responses encourage and promote a healthy and unhostile environment for women to utilise.

Accesibility- Easy access to and from the location Easy movement within the location.

Clear, well-kept paths where users can easily see each other Illumination-Good lighting so that users can see and be seen Easy-to-read signs to help

Visual Connectivity-General visibility of the entire space, free from hiding places where a person could wait unseen.

Includes mixed uses – many places to hangout, walk, play, eat, exercise, etc. for diverse user groups at different times of day Shelter and safety-Provisions for different seasons (shade in hot weather and protection in cold weather) Segregation of spaces- Provisions for young child ren and the elderly (because women are often caretakers), e.g. in urban areas this could mean low, wide sidewalks for strollers, wheelchairs, and walkers, and

Sanitation- Access to clean, secure, easily accessible toilet facilities with space for changing children’s diapers

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5.LITERATURE REVIEW 5.1.Strategic Gender Interests- Maxine Molyneux

Gender interests generally involve issues of position, control, and power.

The segregation of gender, class, status and power arised in ancient times because of the working class of people.

Slaves were treated as lower classes because of the job they did, but the segregation in terms of gender happened because of women themselves. They started isolating themselves consciously because the upper class would not treat them right since a) their working class and b) they were women.

If we compare it to the modern day too, the status depends on the amount of income generated by a person.

This article speaks about how gender interests are created with the acceptance of women in the public spaces.

Even if there are no concrete rules for a woman to enter a space, there are intangible notions.

If a woman is seen in a public space around 9:30 pm, it is automatically assumed that she must be out shopping, dropping her kids off somewhere or returning home from work. She cannot just simply walk around without a purpose, or sit in a maidan smoking alone and watching the world go by.

Fig 2.6. Equity and Equality (source: viaagroforestry.in)

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5.2.Women in public spaces – Feminism India

This article talks about the problems and concerns of various Indian women in different parts of the country regarding walking/loitering around at night. Some of their primary concerns highlight that women feel that men own public spaces. The men walk about on roads and parks and jogging lanes and tennis stadiums and school paths with no fear. The skulking awareness of the closest exit sign, now a constant resident in the brains of a girl, does not haunt them.

Public spaces which usually should not, but now it does tease or harass a women shows that he is comfortable being in that space and thus shows how the public spaces are male-dominant.

A woman in a public space is immediately an object of consumption. And not just about the risk of sexual harassment. The very fact that there are more men than women in the average public space makes us an object of intrigue when we step out.

What are the reasons given by women for not accesing a public space in Mumbai?

Fig 2.7. Statistics of women and their reasons not to visit a public space in Mumbai (source: feminismindia.org)

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Women teach and train themselves to shrink in public spaces, to occupy as little space as possible, to keep their heads down and walk fast.

What needs to be worked on is how to make public spaces more accessible for women. We need to ensure that the conversations around women’s bodies in public spaces is focused on their right to occupy it without harm, rather than focusing on how to keep them safe in what are essentially men’s spaces by limiting their movement and rights.

An initiative in Delhi has been started which encourage women to travel together at nights in buses dedicated to them. There are also a lot of bars in Delhi shop has opened in Bangalore, but this has ended up driving more male attention and more problems arised for the women visiting the shop.

But creating solely separate spaces for women is not altogether an ideal solution. It creates furthermore barrier plus it just limits the access area for women instead of making them comfortable in general public spaces which are ideally meant for all. It seems counter-intuitive to create separate public spaces on grounds of safety rather than reclaiming the existing ones.

Fig 2.8. What is privacy for women in Mumbai? (source: bmwguggenhenlab.in)

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5.3. Gender, Urban Space and the right to everyday life - Yasmeenah Beebeejaun Inhomes, schools, and workplaces, women and men are often separated in ways that sustain gender strategizing by reducing women’s access to socially valued knowledge. The fact that these spatial arrangements may be gradual increases their power to reproduce prevailing status differences. Cross-cultural and historical examples are used to illustrate that the more pronounced the degree of spatial gender segregation, the lower is women’s status relative to men’s. Everyday living spaces are often neglected to be gender unbiased.

People have made peace with the fact that certain spaces are only restricted to certain type of user. This acceptance is creating a rather adjusting context to live in rather than a living space where every gender, race, economic class is comfortable. Also speaking about how housing also exhibits a male dominance, a housing system or community does not always cater to niche pro-

For example: The urban level plans of the city or district do not contain special spaces for creches, woman nurturing centers etc. Even public transport has limited facilities for women which might make them feel uncomfortable and unwanted in the space

Fig 2.9. An indian woman in a male urban pocket (source: hemu.org)

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is the choice of a man design for cities’ crosswalk signals public functions, the public sphere has also been conceived to keep women detached from it.

To take another example; The London plan which is considered city’s principal strategic planning document, contains language that is deliberately vague, discussing inclusivity, access, and safety in largely abstract terms while at the same time referring to how the city may take gender and other forms of difference into account.

The continuing neglect of gendered and embodied rights to everyday life reveals the limits of the right to the city as conventionally understood. If we consider multiple rights to the city and recognize the contested publics that coexist within the city and their spatial tactics, there may be more productive ways to incorporate divergent experiences within planning practices.

Fig 3.0. The urban sphere of private-public spaces (source: hemu.org)

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5.4.The urban vision- Talk on the livable cities in India

10 Essential principals to make a city woman friendly are as follows-

Fig 3.1. The 10 aspects to make a safe and secure public space (source: The Urban Vision)

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1) 24/7 urban environments with a mix of residences, ofAvoid single use neighbourhoods 2) Eyes on the Street - Design cities with natural surveillance with human scale architecture and mixed use human scale urban design.

3)Safe urban commons - Parks and open spaces are a vital component off any city. The visual axis must remain unobstructed and parks must not be made in leftover land.

4) Walkable Cities- Making our city pedestrian friendly is most crucial to a inclusive city 5) Transportation - Mobility is the fulcrum which allows or deters our participation in the economy and society.

6) Last Mile Connectivity: End to End Mobility is key to women friendly cities and inclusive cities 7) Improve female participation in the workforce ... in city government, politics and planning and design as well as service providers such as taxis drivers and bus conductors 8)Sanitation - The idea of a good quality of life is nothing but getting access to proper toilets, sanitary pads,, adequate lighting and security.

Human Centric.

10) Enable grass root level civic innovations towards inclusive cities

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5.5 Improving quality of life through transit hubs. Delivering City Value and Prosperity -arcadis.com Every city is dependent on mobility.Mobility enables people, goods and ideas to move in, out andwithin our cities, whether on its roads or in the air.

As urban centerscontinue to increase in size and density, mobility is becoming a more pressing issue for a city’s residents.In today’s cities, journey times are increasing and transport infrastructure is under greater pressure than ever.

Developing a modern transit model requires extensive future planning and development. But, it also means ensuring that the full social,environmental and economic potential of existing transit hubs is exploited.

By looking at the leading practices among transportation professionals and city planners, as well as missed opportunities observed at transit-hub developments around the world,we can gain valuable insights into approaches that will allow us to optimize multi-mode transithub designs.

The challenges each city and neighborhood faces differ: every city has its own unique mobility needs and every transport development has its own goals.

Yet there are some considerations common to all of them. These include the need to maximize stakeholder funding and return on investment; the provision of more sit-hub’s placemaking; preparedness for new technologies and improving passenger experience.

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5.6. Eyes on the street- Jane Jacobs

Fig 3.2. Eyes on the street (soucre: goodreads.com)

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Jacobs wrote that in order for a street to be a safe place, “there must be eyes upon the street, eyes belonging to those we might call the natural proprietors of the street.”

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Simple eyes on the street can help reinforce the sense of security of a street or a public space.

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A person would feel safe if there are people around and the spaces are not completely isolated.

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Jacobs refers to the concept of “eyes on the street” which is the activity taking place in city streets that keeps the movement and security of the street intact.

•

She suggests that where there is a crowd of people, our streets are safer to use because if someone is in trouble the eyes on the street are ready to assist and protect from danger.

•

She refers to this constant mix of strangers on the street as an “intricate ballet” or a dance where everyone contributes to the well being of the street in making it a liveable place.

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6.CASE STUDIES 6.1.Theoretical Case Studies 6.1.1.Gender-equal smart city policy, Barcelona The city of Barcelona created a plan for Gender Justice 2016-2020 which comporises of fours strategic areas for overall safety and development of women in the city.To deliver on the fourth strategic area, Liveable and Inclusive Neighbourhoods, the City has prioritised sustainable mobility and started gathering gender-disaggregated data to understand women’s mobility behaviour, patterns needs.

Institutional change Increasing institutional gender expertise via gender training or gadget budgeting

City of rights Addressing structural barriers that infringe upon people’s human rights in the city

Economy for life and time management Promoting gender equality in employment and entrepreneurial support programmes, as well as promoting a redistribution of care between the genders

Livable and Inclusive Neighborhoods Ensuring that urban public space is safe for and inclusive of women and girls,

Fig 3.3. The four steps taken towards a Gender qual city in Barcelona (source: Barcelona Smart City Organisation)

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INFERENCE DRAWN FROM THE STUDY

There are gendered differences in modes of transport Women tend to commute more sustainably than do men.

Gender-disaggregated transport modes in Barcelona:

Fig 3.4. The commute in Barcelona tabulated (By author)

Women in Barcelona are also seen working more during the daylight which tells us that they do not feel secure at night in public spaces and prefer to be in private spaces at night.

The female footfall in public spaces, in this case public transport in a developed city like Barcelona is also very less as compared to the male footfall.

Studying their policies which are under the process of implementation gives us an idea on how to handle the gender difference on a macro-level.

It also gives us an idea about how women prefer to travel through a public transport because a crowd gives her a sense of security.

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6.1.2.Vienna: The safest city for women • Vienna’s government has made the city a safer and more convenient place for women after incorporating a gender lens into urban design.

•

The city has improved street lighting, made parks more accessible for young girls, widened pavements, and designed social housing and new neighbourhoods for the needs of women.

•

Planners have now completed more than 60 urban

• The whole idea of designing a city that works for women as well as men started in Vienna.

• Since the early 1990s, when nobody else was speaking about the gendered impact of infrastructure design, the city has brought a gender lens to much of its urban planning.

The process of transforming the city:

• urban needs differ from men’s was gender-sensitive data collection.

• The analysis found stark differences in transport use patterns. Men use cars and bikes more frequently, whereas women are more often pedestrians and public transport users.

• survey which asked its residents how and why they traversed the city.

• The typical route for men was to and from work, but women’s daily routines were more varied.

• They included trips to schools, doctors, shops and visits to older family members.

• Bringing a gender lens to parks is now common practice for Vienna’s urban planners.

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6.1.3.Women safety and comfort proposal by Delhi Development Authority, Delhi.

•According to the survey of the latest NCRB, Delhi has been stated the most unsafe city for women in India.

•It is no new news that Delhi witness more sexual harass•The DDA put together a proposal which acts towards making public spaces in Delhi more active during the day and night to avoid any unwanted activities.

Their four point plan included –

create recreational spaces or stalls.

Since these spaces are empty and not well lit they are often misused and also are home to antisocial activities and people.

These spaces can also be used to provide shelter to the homeless people in an orderly way so that they do not create nuisance or disturb the circulation on the roads.

cial shops or recreational areas (source: Team of UTTIPEC, New Delhi)

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•Activating deserted unwatched spaces alongside pavements a nd footpaths The isolated spaces next to footpaths and pedestrian roads could be made tive by correct amount of

more acillumination.

According to the road widths, open markets and stalls can be planned on these roads to ensure ‘eyes on the street’ at all times.

Thus, increase in activities and footfall will help in providing a safe environment for the women around the clock

Fig 3.6 and FIg 3.7. Wide footpaths can be easily converted into active spaces by proper illumination and addition of markets (source: Team of UTTIPEC, New Delhi)

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•Activating deserted unwatched spaces behind parking lotsSpaces behind parking lots are often deserted and isolated and also lack illumination. These unused spaces could be converted into small scale retail shops or workshops which activates the area and embibes a sense of safety to the entire space.

If the parking lots are in an extensively huge plot, various

Fig 3.8.The dingey spaces behind parking lots converted into commerical spaces or recreational spaces (source: Team of UTTIPEC, New Delhi)

INFERENCE

Safety for women in public spaces in a city like Delhi could be maintained by illumination of streets and making isolated spaces more active.

As seen through the survey, Delhi has a lot of inactive roads and isolated junctions where unwanted activities could take place.

The entire proposal works on the basis of ‘Eyes on the street’ where crime could be avoided by increasing crowd and spectators thus making women feel safe and comfortable.

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6.2. Programmatic case studies 6.2.1.Transbay Transit Centre, California Architect Clarke Pelli and associates As a truly regional facility, the new Transbay terminal respnds to modern ways of working and lifestyles that encultural entity.

The new Terminal design envisions a signature civic building that celebrates public transportation in downtown San Francisco.

The existing terminal was an underutilized and outdated depot attempting to serve a rather fragmented unorganized regional transportation network.

Onthe other hand, the new Terminal is an user-inclusive terminal.

Other than just train and bus facilities it also has recreational spaces for users and great facilities like a con-

Fig 3.9. The green roof of the transit centre adds a feminine touch to the urban machismo of the city

Fig 4.0. Section explaining the layers of the transit hub

Fig 4.1. The planning of the green roof meticulously done to cater to different functions (source: curbed San Francisco)

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Design Elements and Architectural Features of the terminal

Fig 4.2.Natural Lighting passing through the Fig 4.3.The green roof promotes viewing the context, promotes urban greens and adds a refreshing touch to the busy and liveliness of the space and promotes visual crowded urban context of San Francisco. access. (source: sfchronicles)

(source: sfchronicles)

Fig 4.4.Ease of transgression through the built form. One may just use the than just transit. (source: sfchronicles)

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6.2.2.Proposal for Surat railway station to turn into multi-modal transport hub

Fig.4.5. Zoning of the transit hub (source: the hindu)

As part of the plan, the railway station will have bus terminals, Metro rail connectivity and autorickshaw stands to facilitate movement of passengers across modes of transport.

the Centre, the State and a municipal corporation. There will be commercial development on leasehold rights for a lease period of 90 years on the vacant railway land and air space.

The hub is expected to cater to about four lakh passengers per day by 2033 and approximately 5.25 lakh passengers per day by 2053.

Currently, the built-up area of the station is approximately 36,950 square metre and after the redevelopment it will be around 1.01 square metres 31

6.2.3.30th Street Station Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

The 30th Street Station is the main railroad station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and one of the seven stations in south-eastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority’s Center City fare zone.

30th Street Station is undergoing major incremental improvements as a result of the ‘Philadelphia 30th Street Station District Plan’ which focuses on the station and facilities, transportation infrastructure, potential rail yard overbuild and commercial opportunities.

Some of the near-term improvements immediately surrounding the station have already been completed.

Fig 4.6. The accessibility routes around the Pensylvania Street Station)

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Key Takeaways for Pensylvania Station

Formalized vehicular and pedestrian zones with partitioned and categorized areas for a range of parking options.

of vehicular types.

Adaptive reuse of ‘leftover’ spaces and under-performing asphalt as signature pedestrian spaces.

Extensive use of one-way vehicular circulation.

Maximization of primary vehicular loop around the stawest sides of the station.

Fig 4.7 and 4.8. Aspects of the wide roads around the station which makes it an ideal example. ( source: denvergov.org)

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6.3.Live Case studies 6.3.1.Wadala Bus Depot, Wadala

Fig 4.9. Location map of the Wadala bus depot

Fig 5.0.Zoning map of the Wadala bus depot

The bus depot has a simple planning with the parking situated in the centre of the area and the other activities in the circumference.

The parking is angled at 45 degrees. The total vehicular capacity of the depot is 150 vehicles.

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6.3.2.Seawoods Grand Central, Navi Mumbai Seawoods Grand Central is India’s First and largest Transit spaces, an intergrated shopping mall, entertainment zone and a lavish food court, with the Seawoods station beneath the all of the activities.

Fig 5.1.Sea woods grand central- Integrated Transitional and commercial sector (source: bluberrycosillium.com )

Accessibility

Seawoods Station- 0km Sion- Panvel Highway-3km Proposed International Aiport- 9.8km Mumbai- Pune Expressway- 13.8km JNPT- 20km Proposed Trans-Harbour link - 16km

A Railway concourse is situated underground and above it is the entry to the retail area. The railway level and the retail level are visually connected decreasing the chances of risks and avoids formation of unlit spaces.

The railway layer also have convenienve stores aligned at the sides to increase activity and footfall.

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Fig 5.2.The main access of the railway concourse activated by placing a mall entrance on top of it (source: blueberrycosillium.com)

Fig 5.3. The railway concourse is very well illuminated since possible visual barriers are eliminated and natural light is let in (source: bluberyycosillium.com)

Fig 5.4. The railway concourse is lined with commercial retail shops to keep the place activated and maintain footfall at all times.(source: blueberrycosillium.com)

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7.SITE SELECTION CRITERIA The potential site for this study is intended to be a business district or a commercial zone.

The intent of this study is to improve the quality of living and the mental health of women through transit hubs.

There must be scope for emerging an elaborate public space.

After the case studies, it is noticed that even elite and progressive areas in the city curtail risks for women, thus chosing a site which is considered to be posh and elite and working on it would be preferable.

Women require a buffer space after their work, be it on their way to their destination or for doing some chores on the way. Thus the intervention will provide a breathing space for them.

Fig 5.5.Criterias for a safe space for women and girls (source: UNFPA.org)

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7.1. Potential Sites BKC, Mumbai The rates of crimes at BKC are increasing day by day due to its isolation from the main hustle of the city.

Another reason for choosing this site would be that all the women travel out of BKC after work around 7-8pm.

Which is a prone to risk time.

This intervention would help them travel back home without any safety issues and also give them a buffer after work.

Mindspace, Malad It is one of the most developed commercial complexes in the suburbs.

There is a lot of unutilized area which falls under RG and a lot of plots are under construction too, giving us more scope to create an elaborate intervention. a time on 7-8pm.

A hassle-free transportation module is required here considering the present context here.

Shivaji Park, Mumbai This area lies in the heart of the city and is surrounded by commercial and residential area.

It has immense scope for designing urban green spaces and areas which promote women safety and well-being, Its proximity to the Dadar Beach, Dadar Railway station which is one of the most important stations in the city, Siddhivinayak Temple and the upcoming metro connecting to Colaba brings in users of all backgrounds, and gives us scope to cater to women of different needs.

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7.1.1.Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai BKC is a well known business district situated in the heart of Mumbai. food joints and nightlife spots, BKC has it all.

It has emerged into this all inclusive gated space over the last 30 years.

Since its considered to be a seperate business district,

transport

here

can

sometimes

get

tricky.

With over 350+ businesses in the complex, the working women in the area do face problems while commuting to and fro from their jobs.

A survey was done to inspect and analyse the same.

Fig 5.6. Wide and isolated roads in BKC

Fig 5.7. Even elite places and eateries in BKC have low footfall on weekdays thus making it unsafe

Fig 5.8. The bylanes between two corporate plots are wide and isolated

Fig 5.9. The illumiation provided is scarce and increases the chances of thefts and ill activities

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Fig 6.0. As seen in the picture, a lot plots are empty and dumped with garbage coming from the adjacent eateries

Fig 6.1.Part of the road is closed down for construction of the upcoming metro, which can prove to be a boon for activating the entire area and for the transportation

Fig 6.2. A news excerpt showing the construction paths of the new Metro line (source: TOI 13.3.2019)

INFERENCE •Bandra-Kurla Complex is not safe after 7 pm – this is the contention of most women who work at the commercial hub in Mumbai.

•According to women who work in these areas, they have to travel at least 200-300 metres from the main home. After sunset, these stretches – and even the main road – are quite deserted and hardly anyone can be spotted in the area, lending the area a spooky aura.

•Women have to walk back to the station and taking advantage of this the auto and cab drivers charge them double fare.

•Even the main road is deserted at BKC after 7 pm, and women say incidents of petty robberies have increased of late.

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7.1.2. Shivaji Park, Dadar Shivaji Park in Dadar is one of the biggest parks in Mumbai.

Situated right in the heart of the city, it is a popular hub for political and social meetings, this park holds great got independence.

It has well-laid pathways, lined with towering trees on either side, which are ideal for leisure walks.

There is appropriate amount of seatings in the circumference of the park which makes the space active and decreases the chance for isolation CCTV cameras are also an important element which ensures the safety around the park.

Fig 6.3.12noon: Couples, college students, elderly men. As we can see, the street is kept lively and active by introducing colorful elements and keeping it clean

Fig 6.4. 10pm: Men walking, not many women seen around inspite of the light-

Fig 6.5.3pm: Women walking, elderly men sitting and talking. Children playing

Fig 6.6. Introduction of elements like increasing the footfall hence indirectly making it safe for the people around.

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Fig 6.7.The ground is known for the various activities it caters to. Malakhamb is one of them

Fig 6.8. The ground is considered to be a heart for cricket. Children consider it to be a safe space for playing cricket around the clock.

INFERENCE •The footfall of women seen in Dadar Shivaji park is noticeably high during the early mornings and afternoons.

•On early mornings Joggers, yoga classes, elderly women are seen walking comfortably in the area.

•In the Afternoon, Elderly women are seen visiting the temple, kids are seen playing cricket.

•Even after dark, the number of women seen out and about is substantial.

•This park is situated amongst a residential area and the streets are busy and active until late nights.

•This shows us how important the context and neighbourhood is for a woman to feel safe and loiter around.

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8.SITE ANALYSIS Site: Mindspace, Malad.

It’s a developing commercial area with more than 150 The Creek present along the side are surrounded by Mangroves on the other side with a spread of about 1.6 km2.

Fig 6.9. Contextual Map of Malad Mindspace (source: Development Plan 2034)

Malad Creek This area was earlier surrounded by 4.0 km2 But now this area has reduced to 1.6 km2.

The Malad sewage treatment plant gives preliminary treatment of waste before discharging it directly into creek.

Fig 7.0 and 7.1. View of the Malad Creek

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8.1.Accessibility

Fig 7.2. Accesibility chart of the selected site (By author)

Fig 7.3. Important landmarks around Mindspace (By author)

44

In the entire area of Mindspace, three important nodes were located in order to observe and analyse the footfall and population density at different times around the clock.

The intent of this is to target areas where there is lesser footfall and is particularly isolated.

It is attached to the main road and thus an active junction.

Node 2 is the center most point of Mindspace which Just Dial. It lies right in the centre and thus is isolated at times.

Node 3 is also sandwiched between corporate buildings. It connects to the Malad backroad which is by default an isolated area.

45

respective nodes.

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8.3. Site Demographics Once a quiet suburban locality known for its East Indian and Koli communities and the islands of Madh and Marve, nas seen the highest growth in population in the city in the last one decade.

According to the latest census, the P north ward which includes Malad east and west, is the most populous in Mumbai.

A total of 9.46 lakh people - that is 7.6% of the city’s total population live in the suburbs in Malad.

This growth has been the result of proliferation of slums, sidents from South Mumbai as well as from the northern suburbs and even rural areas, and the increase of malls and commercial establishments.

Fig 7.6. Site demographics represented on the context map

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It is observed that the seclusion of this area is mainly happening becaufe of the backroad, which gives the entire area an eerie and unsafe vibe.

There is an intense amount of connectivity issue for people travelling to and fro from their work places.

Auto rickshaws and cabs do not agree to a short distance fare thus making walking or buses the only way to reach the station.

As observed, the frequency of buses is very less and the bus stops lack proper illumination.

All these factors give rise to antisocial activities due to mundane spaces.

It is also observed that the junctions were little active but the internal roads were isolated with parking on both the sides There are a lot of food stalls in front of corporate buildings (This could be an element for safety at night) Majority of the buildings shut by 6-6:30 pm.

NEAREST METRO STATION 14,000 SQ M

Fig 7.7. Plot demarkation and immediate context

MALAD BUST DEPOT

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FIg.7.8.Isolated roads at 4pm in the

Fig.7.9.Mangroves at the back

afternoon

road area

Fig 8.0.Bus stop visually blocked be-

Fig.8.1.Isolated parking space in

cause of car parkings

the building premises

Fig 8.2.Dingey pavements due

Fig 8.3.Khaugalli in front of cor-

to cars on one side and enclosure on the other

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9.AREA STATEMENT Integrated commercial and transition public space

Total plot area - 14,000 Sq m Setbacks - Front - 15 m -Rear - 12 m -Back - 12 m Total Area = Approx. 10,000 sq m FSI = 2 (Suburbs and extended suburbs) Total Built up area= 10000 x 6 (maximum number of =6000 sq m (The above calculated Built Up Area is the maximum area that can be utilized on the site and will be lowered down as per Design Considerations)

Fig 8.4. A panaromic view of the potential site and its context.

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10.USER SURVEY

Where do you live?

How do you travel?

What time does

Do you feel entirely safe in this area?

Fig 8.5. Pie charts representing the responses from the working women at site

Open ended questions asked in the survey : What are the areas in Mindspace where you dont feel safe?

Majority of the women feel unsafe while cossing through the back road area because the entire space lacks proper illumination.

Many women also complained that the bus stops feel eerie at night because they’re not close to any acive spaces and are isolated.

Do you think some zones in this area are restricted to you since you are a woman?

The backroad area has truck and bus parking on both the sides, which makes the area feel a bit unsafe. friends to go get it for them if its too dark.

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11.DESIGN PROGRAM The main intent of the project is to induce spaces in the urban context which are an amalgamation of breathing spaces which induce a feeling of safety and sense of belonging in women.

It is an effort to obliterate the intangible bifurcation in spaces which limit access of women in public spaces.

The public-private division of gendered space manifesting in different cultures in various periods is the main intent of my research.

A Transit hub is a module where ways of transport come in together in order to smoothen the commute of its users. The site conditions demands a module which would ease out the commute problmes faced by the working sector especially the women in the area.

Along with being a transit hub, it will also have commercial spaces which promote and engage women in the best and safest way possible.

The motive is Creating a public realm amidst a bustling yet rather loosely knit cityscape of Mumbai Suburbs.

DESIGN OBJECTIVES - To create spaces which make women ffeel comfortable and induce a sense of belonging

spaces active at all times decreasing the chances of risks in the isolated areas.

- A transition hub module which eases commutation for women at oddly hours and increases the availability of safet and comfort.

- Strengthening the primary modes of urban transportation by integrating the Metro Station and Bus stops

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12.CONCLUSION Women of different working sectors deserve a buffer space in their daily routine. It is necessary to have a space which makes them feel comfortable and gives them a sense of belonging.

This not only means increasing safety in said area, but also architecturally enhancing it such that it generated emotions of relief and lets a woman express herself without any fear.

Safety planning and design also involves more than just the concrete, physical features of a space, although inwomen programme.

themselves alone in a public space, it has been reckoned that it is extremely essential to design with gender inclusivity As an architect, it is essential to understand the physiological and psychological concerns of an individual or the user of the space for a better way of living and the development of one’s personality.

“Maybe, one day, I’ll meet you at dawn at the dangling end of Broken Bridge, and we can have a cup of chai together, bodies -Hemalata Venkatraman

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13. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books • Why Loiter?

- Shilpa Phadke, Sameera Khan, Shilpa Ranade.

• Gender, Space and Resistence -Amita SIngh • Cities and Gender -Helen Jarvis • Women and the everyday city -Jessica Sewel • Interchanges -Andres Monzon-de-Caceres • Ottoman Women in Public Space -Ebru Boyar

Websites • A Radical Feminist Project in Response to Hostile Design in Public Spaces https://prezi.com/_xhhg1lrz45x/a-radical-feminist-project-in-response-to-hostile-design-in-public-spaces/ • Safe Public Spaces for Women and Girls http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/251-safe-publicspaces-for-women-and-girls.html • Kohl: A Journal for Body and Gender Research en-in-space.pdf 54

• Women and safe cities http://bwsmartcities.businessworld.in/article/Women-FriendlyCities-is-crucial-to-India-s-Success/25-07-2018-155795/ • How Progressive Are Separate ‘Public’ Spaces For Women https://feminisminindia.com/2018/10/05/separate-public-spaces-women/ • Improving quality of Life through transit hubs https://www.arcadis.com/media/5/E/6/%7B5E6F99C5-91D346C2-8639-24A182A1E460%7DImproving%20Quality%20of%20 Life%20through%20Transit%20Hubs_001.pdf • Feminist Futures of Spatial Practice https://issuu.com/aadr_publishing/docs/feministfutures_preview • Architecture concepts can boost mental health and decrease anxiety https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/opinion/abetteriowa/2016/04/22/architecture-concepts-can-boost-mental-health/83341812/ • https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/relationships/ cle4095979/ • A sense of safety in Architecture https://www.dezeen.com/2015/12/18/aaron-betsky-opinionsense-of-safety-in-architecture-public-buildings-spaces/

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Videos/Ted Talks • Women and young girls in Public spaces -AAHUNG NGO • Our Public space is Male -Shift Balance • How public space makes a city work -Tedx Talk by Amanda Burden • Know Fear: Indian Girls in public spaces -IRDC CRDI • Can Architecture and planning ensure women safety -https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=safety+of+women+in+india+through+architecture • Equity in Architecture -Tedx Talk by Rosa Sheng • Women Empowerment through Architecture -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9odGpG0dRRo

-Michelle Obama