APRIL 2013 Prepared by 148970000.12
Polk Transportation Planning Organization
POLK COUNTY - COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
Acknowledgements POLK TRANSPORTATION PLANNING ORGANIZATION Thomas Deardorff RJ Walters Cherie Simmons Ryan Kordek Ben Dunn Diane Slaybaugh Curtis Knowles Laura Lockwood
Director Communications Specialist Office Manager Transportation Planning Administrator Senior Transportation Planner Senior Transportation Planner Senior Transportation Planner Senior Transportation Planner
COMPLETE STREETS STEERING COMMITTEE CAC Members: Michael Finch (CAC Vice Chair) Paul Staes Walter O’Rourke TAC Members: Mark Bennett (TAC Chair) City of Haines City Richard Lilyquist (TAC Vice Chair) City of Lakeland Jerry Rodriguez City of Davenport Richard Ranck CFRPC Sean Byers City of Winter Haven Chandra Frederick Polk County Land Development Division Tom Phillips Citrus Connection Celeste Deardorff City of Lakeland Chuck Barmby City of Lakeland Lori Carlton FDOT Bill Skelton Polk County Transportation Engineering Jay Jarvis Polk County Transportation Engineering
CONSULTING TEAM Christopher Hatton, P.E. Fred Schwartz, P.E. Merle Bishop, FAICP, CPM Jode Ballard, P.E.
Portions of this handbook first appeared in “Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context-Sensitive Approach,” Institute of Transportation Engineers, 2010.
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
POLK COUNTY - COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE A COMPLETE STREETS VISION................................3 What Are Complete Streets?................................................ 4 Types of Complete Streets................................................... 5 Standards for Complete Streets........................................... 5 TPO Complete Street Policy............................................... 6 Local Government Complete Street Policy.......................... 7
CHAPTER TWO USING THIS HANDBOOK.........................................11 New Complete Streets Approach....................................... 12 Balancing Right-of-Way Elements..................................... 13 Roles and Responsibilities................................................. 14 Existing Plans and Standards............................................. 15 TPO 2035 Mobility Vision Plan.................................... 15 Polk County Land Development Code.......................... 15 Winter Haven’s Sidewalk, Pedestrian and Multimodal Infrastructure Plan................................... 15 City of Lakeland Citywide Pathways Plan...................... 15 Transportation Element of Lakeland’s Comprehensive Plan................................................... 15 Haines City Vision........................................................ 15
CHAPTER THREE DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY..........................19 Traveled Way Strategies..................................................... 20 Intersection Strategies....................................................... 22 Intersections for All Users................................................. 23 Road Diets........................................................................ 24 Medians............................................................................ 25 Paving Treatment.............................................................. 26 Bicycle Facilities................................................................ 27 Strategies for Bicycle Facilities........................................ 28 Sharrows........................................................................ 29 Bicycle Lanes................................................................. 30 Cycle Tracks .................................................................. 31 Bicycle Boulevards......................................................... 32 Intersection Strategies.................................................... 33 Bicycle Lanes at Intersections......................................... 34 Bicycles at Signalized Intersections................................. 35 Bicycle Boxes................................................................. 36 Cycle Tracks at Intersections.......................................... 37 Transit Strategies............................................................... 38 Transit Priority............................................................... 38 Bus Stop Location.......................................................... 39 Bus Bulbs....................................................................... 42 On-Street Parking............................................................. 43 Modern Roundabouts....................................................... 44 Modern Roundabout Strategies...................................... 44 POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
Intersection Design Strategies........................................... 46 Stop-Controlled Intersections........................................ 46 Signalized Intersections.................................................. 46 Corner Design.................................................................. 47 Curb Radii Design Strategies......................................... 47 Curb Ramps...................................................................... 48 Curb Extensions................................................................ 50 Best Locations For Use/Design Considerations.............. 50 Pedestrian Crossing Strategies........................................... 51 Crosswalks..................................................................... 51 Design Strategies............................................................ 52 Uncontrolled Pedestrian Crossings................................. 53 Crossing Islands................................................................ 55 Raised Crossings and Intersections................................. 56 Signing and Marking..................................................... 57 Rectangular Rapid-Flash Pedestrian Beacons.................. 59 Traffic Signalization.......................................................... 60 Pedestrian Signal Heads................................................. 60 Accessible Pedestrian Signals (APS)................................ 61 Signal Phases for Pedestrians.......................................... 62 Pedestrian Priority at Signals.......................................... 63
CHAPTER FOUR DESIGNING THE STREETSIDE................................67 Streetside Strategies........................................................... 68 Streetside Zones................................................................ 69 Polk County Street Types.................................................. 69 Urban Street Types............................................................ 70 The Edge Zone ............................................................. 70 The Furnishing Zone..................................................... 70 The Pedestrian Zone ..................................................... 70 The Frontage Zone........................................................ 71 Suburban Street Types...................................................... 71 Shoulder........................................................................ 72 Swale............................................................................. 72 Sidewalk........................................................................ 72 Easement....................................................................... 72 Streetside Dimensions....................................................... 73 Street Furniture................................................................. 74 Seating.............................................................................. 75 Bicycle Racks..................................................................... 76 Bicycle Shelters................................................................. 77 Bollards............................................................................. 78 Trash Receptacles.............................................................. 79 Bus Stops and Shelters...................................................... 80 Transit Nodes................................................................. 80 Bus Stops....................................................................... 81 Bus Shelters................................................................... 82 Driveways......................................................................... 83 Urban Open Spaces........................................................... 84 Sidewalk Cafés.................................................................. 86 What’s Next for Polk County?........................................... 88
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A COMPLETE STREETS VISION
POLK COUNTY | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
CHAPTER ONE
A Complete Streets Vision The Polk County Transportation Planning Organization’s (TPO) mission is to coordinate funding countywide and share limited transportation tax dollars sensibly and judiciously. In today’s economic climate, one trend that counties and municipalities nationwide are pursuing involves the establishment of a “Complete Streets” approach for planned and needed transportation infrastructure. The Complete Streets philosophy is a smart way for the TPO to maximize the positive, regional impacts from limited available funds for roadway, sidewalk, and transit upgrades. The County’s goal is to provide streets that are safe and stress free for motorists, bicyclists, pedestrians, and transit riders — whether young or old, able-bodied or physically challenged.
Lakeland
Healthy streets Lakeland
Chapter 1 of this handbook presents a vision for complete streets in Polk County, the benefits provided by adopting and implementing a complete streets program, and the principles that guide the development of the complete streets vision. Chapter 2 addresses how to use this handbook, as well as a description of the complete streets process and related handbooks and manuals. Chapters 3 and 4 include design strategies for the traveled way and streetside, respectively. Transit streets Lakeland
Lakeland
Streets for people
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
Modern roundabout
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CHAPTER ONE
WHAT ARE COMPLETE STREETS? There has been a trend toward driving less, walking and cycling more, and taking public transportation. Not because people have to — but because they want to. But in the quest for economic growth and unfettered mobility over the past 50 years, many urban and suburban municipalities sacrificed neighborhood and community character, trees, landscaping, crosswalks and sidewalks in exchange for wide, car-friendly thoroughfares.
As a result, most of today’s roads are designed to favor one form of transportation — automobiles. “Complete Streets” is a planning and design philosophy that considers all modes of travel — cars and trucks, public transit, walking, and bicycling — so cities and towns can offer their citizens safe, appropriate choices for any preferred mode of travel. Workers, drivers, students, seniors, and disabled persons all benefit from reliable access to well-planned streets, wide sidewalks, crosswalks, on-street parking and convenient public transportation. And communities benefit from the energy and vitality of people walking, bicycling, and being outdoors. When planned and implemented properly, Complete Streets
Polk County has a history of diverse modes of transportation.
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¾¾ Enhance pedestrian, bicyclist, and driver safety ¾¾ Increase foot traffic in downtown business districts. Retail sales go up. Commercial vacancies go down. ¾¾ Increase property values by providing quick, convenient access between homes, work, and schools ¾¾ Decrease roadway congestion with enhanced public transit options ¾¾ Improve air quality with fewer single-occupant cars on the road, and ¾¾ Conserve limited public infrastructure funds by maximizing use of existing corridors for multiple modes of transportation, reducing the need for new roads and costly overhauls Complete Streets is not a new idea. Polk County streets once hosted diverse modes of transportation. In 1914 the county issued a $1.5 million bond (equivalent to $34.4 million in 2012 dollars) to pave a number of roads. That bond issue paid for 9-foot-wide roads to connect Bartow to Mulberry, Lake Wales, Fort Meade, Winter Haven, Lakeland and Auburndale. According to historical reports, then-county commission clerk W.S. Wev suggested erecting an arch over every paved road at its entrance to Polk County, proclaiming that the motorist was about to enter “Imperial Polk County.” The name has since remained.
1 | A COMPLETE STREETS VISION
TYPES OF COMPLETE STREETS A Complete Street is designed with its community context at the forefront. A Complete Street in a rural area would look much different than a Complete Street in a city. Features such as sidewalks, bicycle lanes or wide paved shoulders, dedicated bus lanes, easily accessible transit stops, safe crosswalks, medians, curb extensions, narrower travel lanes, roundabouts — or some combination of these options — are utilized during the planning and design process. No matter the location, however, the pivotal focus of Complete Streets is always on balancing the transportation needs of an entire community; enhancing pedestrian, bicyclist, and driver safety; and providing for judicious use of limited infrastructure improvement dollars.
Winter Haven
STANDARDS FOR COMPLETE STREETS Polk County wants to make its streets and roadways more accessible to all users. This handbook addresses the following questions as the primary framework under which roadway improvements are planned, designed, and implemented in the County: ¾¾ Does the improvement encourage sustainability and economic growth through improved access to multiple transportation modes? ¾¾ Do residents, workers, shoppers, seniors, the disabled, students, and bicyclists have adequate choices for mobility within the community? Is there a systemic overreliance on automobiles for transportation? ¾¾ Are there opportunities for public/private partnerships to advocate Complete Street principles such as walking and bicycling for improved health and promoting public transit for energy efficiency and reduced congestion? ¾¾ Are there adequate set asides for appropriate public spaces adjacent to roadway corridors to help frame and define neighborhoods and business districts as places where people want live, work, shop and visit?
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
Complete streets foster economic development; not just transportation. Lakeland
Our roadways belong to all of us, no matter how we choose to travel them.
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CHAPTER ONE
TPO COMPLETE STREET POLICY The Polk TPO Complete Street Policy was created and adopted by the Polk TPO and the local municipalities within Polk County. The resolution adopting the TPO Complete Streets Policy (TPO Resolution 2012-05) outlines how the TPO will support the provision of Complete Streets as part of its planning process. This includes technical support and funding for local governments.
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1 | A COMPLETE STREETS VISION
LOCAL GOVERNMENT COMPLETE STREET POLICY Below is the draft local government policy which is the common policy recommended for adoption by all local governments in Polk County. It does not represent a mandate, but rather, a statement of intent to provide complete streets within physical and fiscal constraints.
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
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USING THIS HANDBOOK
POLK COUNTY | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
CHAPTER TWO
Using This Handbook This handbook is a compendium of Complete Streets information and recommendations gathered from the documents shown below combined with the TPO’s study of industry best practices related to the specific needs of Polk County. The opportunities available for Complete Streets implementation in Polk County are as numerous as they are flexible and the following pages highlight just a few of the elements that can be used to create Complete Streets in Polk County. The manuals listed below are used by engineers to design intersections and roadways: ¾¾ U.S. Access Board’s Public Right-of-Way Accessibility Guidelines (PROWAG) ¾¾ AASHTO’s Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets ¾¾ Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Design Manual ¾¾ FDOT Manual of Uniform Minimum Standards for Design, Construction and Maintenance for Streets and Highways (“Florida Greenbook”) ¾¾ Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) ¾¾ Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) ¾¾ Institute of Traffic Engineers (ITE) Traffic Signal Timing Manual ¾¾ Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive Approach by ITE The Polk County Complete Streets Handbook is a supplement to these manuals and focuses on the importance of multimodal design of streets and intersections. Different design elements that improve conditions for one mode may negatively impact conditions for another — there likely will be tradeoffs with all designs.
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
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CHAPTER TWO
NEW COMPLETE STREETS APPROACH From now on, streets and neighborhoods in Polk County will be planned and designed to be user-friendly for all primary modes of transportation — pedestrians, bicyclists, transit users and motorists. The following guidelines will result in cost-effective, safe, multimodal and environmentally friendly facilities that optimize available right of way with adjacent land uses. ¾¾ Polk County will expand its focus from roadway designs that accommodate only cars and trucks to roadways that accommodate other modes of transportation as much as possible.
¾¾ Streets will be designed to limit excessive speeds and space once primarily dedicated to motorists will be reallocated as practical to wider sidewalks, bikeways, on-street parking and green space ¾¾ New roadway design and improvement projects will blend into the context of their surrounding land uses with appropriate plantings, building setbacks, decorative pavers, and median landscaping ¾¾ Complete Streets will be designed and treated as community resources like public parks, cultural facilities and green space accessible for use (and enjoyment) by all citizens
Complete streets are designed with all users in mind, not just motorists.
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2 | USING THIS HANDBOOK
BALANCING RIGHT-OF-WAY ELEMENTS The challenge of thoroughfare design is balancing the desired design elements of the thoroughfare with rightof-way (ROW) constraints. The thoroughfare designs at the planning stage often illustrate the desired elements within the cross-section, but actual conditions frequently limit the width of the street. Designing thoroughfares in constrained rights-of-way requires prioritizing the design elements and emphasizing the higher-priority elements in constrained conditions. Higher-priority design elements are those that help the thoroughfare meet the vision and context sensitive objectives of the community (the objectives established through the planning process). Lower-priority elements have less influence on achieving the objectives and can be relinquished in cases of insufficient right-of-way. Often the width of the public right-of-way varies along the thoroughfare, making the job of the designer even more challenging. When the width of the right-of-way varies, it is useful to prioritize design elements and develop a series of varying crosssections representing:
1. Optimal conditions — sections without right-ofway constraints that can accommodate all desirable elements;
2. Predominant — representing sections of the predominant right-of-way width in the corridor that accommodate all of the higher-priority elements;
3. Functional minimum — representing a typically constrained section where most of the higher priority elements can be accommodated; and
If the predominant right-of-way is equal to or less than the absolute minimum, the designer should consider changing the thoroughfare to a different type while attempting to maintain basic function, or consider converting the thoroughfare to a pair of one-way thoroughfares (couplet)—or, further still, consider other solutions that achieve the community vision. Reconsideration of a cross section requires recycling through the steps of the design process, potentially requiring a review of the community vision for the thoroughfare and the area transportation plan and/ or identifying a new context zone/thoroughfare relationship. If the vision for the corridor is long range, then the necessary right-of-way should be acquired over time as the adjacent property redevelops. Under these circumstances the optimal (or the predominant) thoroughfare width can be phased in over time, beginning with the functional or absolute minimum design in the initial phase. In constrained conditions it might be tempting to minimize the street side width and only provide the minimum pedestrian throughway (5 feet). In urban areas, however, even under constrained conditions, it is critical to provide at least a minimum width furnishing zone to accommodate street trees, utility poles and other accouterments. Without the furnishing zone, trees, utilities, benches and shelters and other street equipment might encroach into the throughway for pedestrians or result in an inadequate width street side when the community’s vision for the context zone is ultimately achieved.
4. Absolute minimum — representing severely constrained sections where only the highest-priority design elements can be accommodated without changing the type of thoroughfare.
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
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CHAPTER TWO
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES In general, street projects may be initiated by either the public sector or the private sector. Projects may be new streets in a new location or reconstruction projects. Reconstruction projects may be resurfacing or rehabilitations; underground utility upgrades that require replacing the pavement surface afterwards or complete reconstruction projects. Projects may be fully funded by a Capital Improvement Program or financed from the enterprise fund of the particular utility or combination of both public funding sources. Projects may be the result of a public/private partnership in which private funds are matched by state, federal or local funds. And finally, projects may be financed entirely by the private sector. The table at right lists agencies, authorities and other organizations that are frequently involved in the design of streets in Polk County. This list is provided as a reference tool, for informational purposes only and is not an exhaustive list.
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Department/Agency Involved in Roadway Planning & Construction TPO
Polk County Transportation Planning Organization
OPD
Polk County Office of Planning and Development (unincorporated Polk County)
Water Resources
Polk County Water Resource Management
Parks
Polk County Parks and Natural Resources
Economics
Polk County Economic Development and Tourism
Transportation
Polk County Transportation Engineering Division
CRA
Community Redevelopment Agency
Transit
Polk Transit, Citrus Connection, Winter Haven Area Transit, and Polk County Transit Services
Local Planning Department
Municipal planning and/or engineering agencies (17 municipalities in Polk County)
Water/Sewer
Polk County Utilities Division, City of Lakeland, City of Winter Haven, City of Auburndale, City of Haines City, Town of Dundee, City of Lake Wales, City of Bartow, City of Mulberry, City of Polk City, City of Frostproof, City of Fort Meade, City of Davenport, City of Alfred, City of Eagle Lake (water only), Town of Lake Hamilton (water only)
Parks
Parks and Recreation
SWFWMD
Southwest Florida Water Management District
SFWMD
South Florida Water Management District
Fire
Polk County Fire/Rescue
Housing
Polk County Housing & Neighborhood Development (State and Federal Grant projects)
FDEO
Florida Department of Economic Opportunity
FDOT
Florida Department of Transportation (District 1 and Turnpike)
FDEP
Florida Department of Environmental Protection
CFRPC
Central Florida Regional Planning Council
Communication
Verizon, AT&T, Bright House Networks
Gas Utilities
Central Florida Gas, TECO - People’s Gas
Electric Utility Providers
Progress Energy, Tampa Electrical Company, City of Lakeland, City of Bartow, and City of Fort Meade
Streets
Street Services
Utilities
Atmos, Verizon, ATT, ONCOR
2 | USING THIS HANDBOOK
EXISTING PLANS AND STANDARDS Polk County and its municipalities have created plans and standards that support/encourage Complete Streets. A sampling of these follows.
TPO 2035 Mobility Vision Plan Defines the transportation needs for the Polk TPO, including the unincorporated area and cities within Polk County, establishes priorities and identifies cost feasible road projects. This plan includes priorities for bicycle routes, sidewalks, multi-use trails, and intermodal facilities.
Polk County Land Development Code Polk County’s unified land development regulations contains development criteria for the design, location and construction of subdivision roads, driveways, vehicle parking and sidewalks. Requirements such as interconnected parking areas along arterial and collector roads help to reduce the number of driveways accessing the road and conflicting with non-motorized transportation within the roadway corridor.
Winter Haven’s Sidewalk, Pedestrian and Multimodal Infrastructure Plan This document is intended to increase and enhance travel options in the City to allow residents and visitors to access the City’s key destinations without using an automobile. The plan is intended to fill gaps in the existing multimodal transportation network and address barriers to accessing destinations by transit or non-motorized modes. The Plan provides specific recommendations that can be incorporated and referenced in policy documents that guide capital improvements funding and long range transportation decision making. The Plan includes a multimodal
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
network plan which depicts existing parks and multiuse trails, and recommends additional bicycle facilities, multi-use trails, and priority pedestrian corridors.
City of Lakeland Citywide Pathways Plan The City’s plan provides details for capital funding of sidewalks. Bicycle lanes and unmarked paved shoulders are also evaluated for inclusion in all roadway construction projects. This plan also provides a classification and evaluation of bicycle and pedestrian pathways according to the function they serve in overall mobility.
Transportation Element of Lakeland’s Comprehensive Plan The City’s Transportation Element includes Roadway Typology Designations and cross sections. The roadway typologies adopted by the City of Lakeland recognizes the importance of all transportation modes by identifying specific facilities that must be considered for inclusion in the design of all public and private road projects and adjacent development. The City of Lakeland Citywide Pathways Plan is included in the Transportation Element of the City’s Comprehensive Plan.
Haines City Vision The Haines City Vision Plan includes a transportation circulation plan for existing and planned transportation corridors within the City. The plan describes different roadway types, i.e. boulevard/residential and boulevard/ commercial, and identifies how these roads will be constructed using 16 different roadway cross sections. All of the road cross sections include space for bicycles and pedestrians.
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DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
POLK COUNTY | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
CHAPTER THREE
Designing the Traveled Way When designing a complete street one must consider how to allocate the various elements of the street within the right-of-way. All users must be considered. Elements within the traveled way will dictate how safe the roadway is, how much traffic it can carry and how accessible and attractive each mode of travel is.
Designing a complete street starts with its context — how the street interacts with adjacent land uses. The context within which the intersection is found also needs to be considered. Intersections are an opportunity to introduce themes of the surrounding space, whether a neighborhood or a downtown setting.
An important element of the traveled way is the intersection. Intersections are often the focus of traffic engineers because that is where streets converge, where most conflicts occur and where efficiencies can be realized. But intersections are also where designers of complete streets need to focus. Prioritizing intersection safety for the pedestrian, bicyclist and transit user needs to play an equal role with moving vehicles efficiently through the intersection.
This chapter addresses the effective design of elements in the traveled way, including the multimodal intersection.
Traveled Way
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CHAPTER THREE
TRAVELED WAY STRATEGIES 1. Safety First – If one mode is given priority, the street design cannot compromise the safety of any mode for the benefit of another.
2. Slower Speeds – The safety and comfort of pedestrians and bicyclists is reduced by speeding vehicles. For pedestrian- and bicycle-oriented streets, vehicle speeds should be slower. A variety of design strategies can help to reduce vehicle speeds without causing undue frustration for drivers.
3. Consider All Modes – Street design should include balanced considerations for every mode — pedestrians, bicyclists, transit riders, and motorists — and not dominated by cars.
4. Importance of Context – The design of the traveled way should complement and reinforce adjacent uses. This approach can help to increase property values and foot traffic to local businesses.
There are numerous Complete Street treatments with various applications depending on the context of the street. The checklist below is provided to identify only a sample of the potential Complete Street features that can be applied to the traveled way and is not meant to be a comprehensive list of potential applications.
TRAVELED WAY STRATEGY CHECKLIST Road diets Medians Paving treatment Bicycle facilities Bicycle lanes Bicycles at signalized intersections Bicycle boxes Cycle tracks Transit strategies Bus stop location Transit prioritization at intersections Bus bulbs On-street parking Modern roundabouts Lakeland
Street design should strive for clear sight lines between pedestrians and drivers.
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On-street parking.
3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
When designing elements of the Traveled Way a number of considerations are needed to balance the needs of the user:
Lakeland
¾¾ Minimum street widths (10 feet) are suitable only in locations with low truck traffic. ¾¾ Separate bicycle facilities are preferred; however there may be locations where they cannot be used due to insufficient width. As a solution, shared lane markings are permitted on lanes of any width, in locations with and without parking, in accordance with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). ¾¾ Back-in angled parking is preferred to front-in angled parking due to its safety benefits for pedestrians and bicyclists. ¾¾ If parallel parking and bicycle lanes are adjacent to one another, the minimum combined width is 13 feet. Decisions regarding parking lane width when adjacent to bicycle lanes should consider parking turnover rates.
Road diets and medians are used to reduce excess travel lane capacity.
Lakeland
¾¾ Managing vehicle speeds is particularly important on streets where pedestrian and bicycle use is desired. In crashes involving bicyclists and pedestrians, vehicle speed at the point of impact is directly related to pedestrian or bicyclist survival. Studies have also shown that motor vehicle crashes decline where roadway speeds are reduced. Drivers also are far more likely to yield to pedestrians at crosswalks (in accordance with Florida Statutes) when speeds are lower. ¾¾ During major roadway construction and reconstruction projects, the geometric design of the roadway should make excessive speeds feel uncomfortable. This can be accomplished through curves (chicanes), long vistas broken with vertical elements such as trees, and traffic calming features.
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
Clearly marked crosswalks and bulb-outs increase pedestrian safety.
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CHAPTER THREE
INTERSECTION STRATEGIES 1. Safety first. Intersections should be designed to minimize conflicts, reinforce the message that drivers and bicyclists should slow down, and respect the needs of pedestrians. National and State of Florida guidelines for accessible design in the public rightof-way should be followed with a commitment to achieving the best outcome for all users within the constraints of each site. Design should facilitate predictable movements by all modes, and encourage everyone to obey traffic laws.
2. Signal cycle lengths should be kept as short as practical. For coordinated signal corridors, consideration for pedestrian movements should be factored into the timing plans. As technology advances, traffic signalization should move towards
a system that passively detects all modes in order to become more efficient, reducing delay and improving safety. Shorter cycle lengths will encourage pedestrians and bicyclists to obey traffic signal indications.
3. Keep intersections small. Intersections and roadway design have been traditionally oriented toward automobile traffic. Undefined and underutilized areas of pavement not necessary for the efficient movement of motor vehicles should be used to reclaim street space for pedestrians, transit users, and bicyclists. Intersection designs should strive to live within the current right-of-way, and incorporate green, sustainable street elements wherever possible to reduce impervious surfaces, treat stormwater at the source, and reduce the heat island effect.
Lakeland
Underutilized areas of pavement should be reclaimed for pedestrian use.
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Safe and accessible designs for all modes of transportation must guide intersection design.
3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
There are numerous Complete Street treatments with various applications depending on the context of the street. The following checklist is provided to identify only a sample of the potential Complete Street features that can be applied to intersections and is not meant to be a comprehensive list of potential applications.
INTERSECTION STRATEGY CHECKLIST Curb radii Curb ramps Curb extensions Crosswalk design Crosswalk markings at uncontrolled locations Crossing islands Raised crossings and intersections Advance yield markings and signs In-street yield to pedestrian signs Rectangular rapid-flash pedestrian beacons Pedestrian signal heads Accessible pedestrian signals (APS) Exclusive signal phases for pedestrians Signalization strategies to reduce conflicts
INTERSECTIONS FOR ALL USERS Safety, with an emphasis on safety for at-risk users, is the driving factor of multimodal intersection design. Non-motorized users suffer far greater injuries in a crash with a motor vehicle. Intersections are the places where modes come together and where the most conflicts and crashes occur. Regardless whether a trip is made on foot, by bicycle, via transit or in an automobile, people should feel safe, comfortable, and experience a minimal amount of delay. Extensive engineering guidance exists to design streets for safe motor vehicle use. Specific engineering factors include horizontal and vertical alignments, sight distance calculations, capacity, and coordinated signal timing. Lakeland
People should feel safe, comfortable, and experience minimal delay during all trips.
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CHAPTER THREE
ROAD DIETS
Lakeland
Lakeland
Sometimes streets are wider than necessary given the volume of traffic they carry during peak hours. “Road diets” are a solution that can be applied to many streets across Polk County. A road diet reduces the number of travel lanes on a roadway, typically one lane of traffic in each direction, in exchange for expanded sidewalks, bicycle lanes, or landscaping. Road diets not only provide additional space necessary for a complete street, they also provide Road diet with median on Martin Luther Road diet with median on Parker Street in measurable safety benefits to all users. King Boulevard in Lakeland Lakeland Research has shown that road diets reduce total crashes between 20% to 50% and ROAD DIET STRATEGIES they are officially recognized by the Federal Road Configuration/Location Recommendation Highway Administration as a proven safety Good candidate for road diet. countermeasure. In January 2012, FHWA Four-lane roads with ADT volumes A capacity analysis may be necessary Division offices were advised to recommend up to 20,000 vehicles per day to ensure the lane reductions do not create significant motorist delays. the use of road diets with their state DOT counterparts. Road diets are an important Good candidate for road diet. Six-lane roads with ADT volumes A capacity analysis may be necessary tool in the implementation of complete up to 30,000 vehicles per day to ensure the lane reductions do not streets principles. The table at right create significant motorist delays. summarizes issues that should be considered Remove two travel lanes and convert when reducing travel lanes on streets. Four-lane undivided roadways road to two lanes with a center-turn Road diets require special consideration to the needs of surrounding communities. Gaining public support is a key aspect in its success.
lane and bicycle lanes. Five-lane undivided roadways
Additional space can be used for buffered bicycle lanes, transit lanes, and expanded streetscape improvements.
Intersections
Pay special attention to vehicle capacity issues.
Road diets can be implemented during repaving projects. A low-cost road diet reconfigures existing roadway space and does not involve curb reconstruction. While sidewalk widths remain the same, these types of road diets still benefit pedestrians due to the larger buffers between the sidewalk and traffic lane.
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3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
MEDIANS Lakeland
Raised separators in the center of the roadway are one form of roadway median. Median widths can vary greatly, from a minimum of 6 feet to 20 feet or more along parkways. To add prominence to a segment of road, medians with landscaping can be used extend a park-like environment along a corridor and reduce the heat island effect. Medians can also be used as a safe haven for crossing pedestrians on multi-lane roadways, particularly those with uncontrolled crossings — in this case, landscaping should not obstruct the ability for pedestrians and motorists to see one another. See page 51 for additional information on pedestrian crossing strategies. The minimum width of six feet for center medians is necessary to ensure that it serves as an adequate pedestrian refuge. Wider medians are necessary if they serve a dual purpose as a left turn lane to accommodate both the width of a turn lane and allow adequate space for the pedestrian refuge. Signalized intersections with medians should be designed to allow pedestrians to cross the entire roadway during a single signal cycle. Pedestrian cuts through medians should be as wide as the approaching sidewalks. Consider angling the pedestrian cut at midblock locations to direct pedestrian sightlines to on-coming traffic. Care should be taken so that median plantings do not limit the sightlines for pedestrians and motorists. Additional information. Center medians need to be carefully designed to ensure proper drainage. Droughtresistant and low-maintenance plant species should be used. Sidewalk and bicycle lane widths should not be reduced or eliminated to provide space or additional width for medians.
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
Landscaped median for mixed-use / downtown / main street.
Another example of a landscaped median for mixed-use / downtown / main street.
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CHAPTER THREE
PAVING TREATMENT One way to reduce speeds, increase durability, manage stormwater, or indicate special zones like bicycle lanes, bus stops, or speed tables is to use a special paving treatment on the roadway surface. Changes in color or material can be an aesthetic feature and can result in a traffic calming effect. Some examples include colored asphalt or concrete, textured asphalt or concrete, pervious pavement, stamped patterns, and pavers. The location and amount of special paving materials depend on the roadway’s design and expected vehicle types and volumes. Keep in mind how ever, that contrasting paving materials impact the safety and maintenance needs of the road. Different materials have different qualities with respect to road noise, porosity, heat absorption, surface friction, bicyclist comfort, and maintenance. Additional information. Noise can be a concern with textured pavements. Care must be taken to ensure textured pavements are structurally sound and able to support the volume and type of vehicles likely to use the street. Particular care should be taken when placing pavers made of different materials next to each other (e.g., concrete pavers adjacent to asphalt). Over time, the edges between the two materials can become uneven, creating maintenance issues and a safety hazard. Any pavement used by pedestrians must be ADA compliant.
Colored and textured pavement Lakeland
Colored and textured pavement
PAVING TREATMENT STRATEGIES Location
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Application/Use
Asphalt and concrete
Light colored asphalt and concrete should be utilized wherever possible to reduce heat
Colored pavement
Can be used to delineate special lanes for transit, bicycles or on-street parking
Concrete bus pads
Should be considered on high-frequency bus routes where heat and the heavy vehicles can create channels in asphalt
Porous pavement
Water moves through the pavement to be absorbed into the soil below, rather than running off into drains and ditches. Porous pavements sometimes collect particulates over time, which reduces their porosity. Porous pavements are expensive and still experimental.
Crosswalks and sidewalks
The rough texture of pavers may not be desirable for walkers, strollers or other smallwheeled devices.
3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
BICYCLE FACILITIES On roads where bicyclists are legally allowed to operate, they should be anticipated. Bicycling is an excellent option for short trips (less than three miles). The TPO Mobility Vision Plan, City of Lakeland Citywide Pathways Plan, and Winter Haven’s Sidewalk Pedestrian and Multimodal Infrastructure Plan outlines a vision for bicycle facilities and identifies specific locations where roadway retrofits are feasible to accommodate bicycles.
Shared facilities are appropriate in low speed (< 35 mph) environments where motorists can see and react to the presence of bicyclists. Higher vehicle speeds justify the need to separate bicyclists and motor vehicles.
However, simple collisions can seriously injure bicyclists. For many people, bicycling close to fast moving vehicles can be an unnerving experience. Inadequate bicycle accommodations on the street increase the number of bicyclists on the sidewalk, which in turn conflicts with pedestrian traffic. Well-designed bikeways reduce these conflicts and create a more comfortable traffic environment for everyone. Bicycle facilities can be divided into two general categories: Exclusive (where roadway space is designated for bicycle use)
Left side bicycle lane
¾¾ Bicycle lane (typical) ¾¾ Left side bicycle lane ¾¾ Buffered bicycle lane ¾¾ Climbing bicycle lane ¾¾ Contra-flow bicycle lane ¾¾ Cycle track Shared (where bicycles and other vehicles share roadway space). ¾¾ Shared roadway ¾¾ Marked shared lane ¾¾ Priority shared lane ¾¾ Shared bus/bicycle lanes ¾¾ Bicycle boulevard ¾¾ Shared use path
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Bicycle lane with parallel parking
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CHAPTER THREE
Strategies for Bicycle Facilities Road diets and lane diets should be considered to provide adequate space for bicycle facilities. Bicycling is exercise and bicyclists are sensitive to distance and frequent stops. They usually seek the most direct, continuous route that does not require a lot of stops and starts. Bikeway design should always keep this in mind. Potholes, uneven or sunken drainage structures, broken and uneven pavement, drainage inlets, and utility access covers create dangerous hazards to bicyclists. Where possible, the installation of bicycle facilities should involve an evaluation of pavement conditions and improvements as necessary to ensure a smooth riding surface. Buffered bicycle lane, Portland, OR
If an on-street bikeway is adjacent to angled parking, the parking style should be back-in parking. This configuration improves the exiting driversâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ability to see passing bicycles. More detailed information on several common types of bicycle facilities is provided on the pages that follow. Guidance on bicycle facility design at intersections is provided on page 34.
Drainage inlets and utility access covers create dangerous hazards for bicyclists.
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3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
Sharrows Sharrows are shared lane pavement markings on a road that alert motorists to locations where bicyclists are expected to ride. They do not designate a particular part of the road for the exclusive use of bicyclists. The symbols communicate the need for drivers to use care when passing bicycles. Marked shared lanes should be provided after considering narrowing or removing travel lanes, parking lanes and medians as necessary to provide a bicycle lane or cycle track. Refer to the MUTCD and the AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities for more information on the application of shared lane markings.
Shared lane marking
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
SHARED LANE MARKING STRATEGIES Location/Conflict
Application/Use
Streets with space constraints
Should not be used on streets with speed limits >35mph
Streets with narrow lanes
Shared lane markings typically placed in center of lane to indicate motorists must change lanes to pass bicyclists
Narrow lanes adjacent to onstreet parking
Shared lane markings should be placed outside the vehicle door zone
Streets with on-street parking that is underutilized
Shared lane markings are less effective. Bicyclists often feel more comfortable riding in the parking lane.
Streets with downhill grades where bicyclists operate near same speeds as vehicles
Shared lane markings can be used in lieu of bicycle lanes
Constrained corridors
Shared lane markings can be used as a temporary solution to complete connections between bicycle lanes and other facilities
Shared lane marking
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CHAPTER THREE
Bicycle Lanes The MUTCD and the AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities provide more comprehensive and detailed information on bicycle lane design. Bicycle lanes use lines and symbols on the roadway surface to delineate space for the exclusive use of bicyclists. They are for one-way travel only and are usually provided on both sides of two-way streets, or on one side of one-way streets. Bicyclists do not have to remain in bicycle lanes on a street. They may leave the bicycle lane as necessary to make turns, pass other bicyclists, or to position themselves for other movements. Vehicles can only momentarily cross bicycle lanes accessing parking spaces and entering and exiting driveways and alleys. Note that bicycle lanes require on-going maintenance to ensure debris does not collect in the lane.
Bicycle lane with right-turn lane
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Additional information. Left-side bicycle lanes can be useful on one-way streets and streets with wide medians, particularly in the case of heavy bus traffic or frequent right-turns. Also consider providing a buffered bicycle lane (three-foot minimum) when additional space is available. The buffer can either be placed between the bicycle lane and the travel lane (in locations with higher speeds and volumes), or between the bicycle lane and the parking lane (in locations with high parking turnover). For heavily traveled bicycle routes on one-way streets, contra-flow bicycle lanes may be used. Wider bicycle lanes allow a bicyclist to pass a slower bicyclist and increase separation from traffic. Green-colored pavement is frequently used to highlight the presence of a bicycle lane in locations where traffic merges across a bicycle lane.
3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
Cycle Tracks Bicyclists feel safer if they can be separated from traffic. Cycle tracks are reserved for the exclusive use of bicyclists and provide a physical separation between bicycles and vehicles. There are several ways to create cycle tracks: some cycle tracks are installed at a higher elevation than the street, such as curb height. Others are installed at street level, but are separated from travel lanes by
median, parked cars, bollards, or some combination of these. Cycle tracks can be one-directional (one-way on each side of the street) or two-directional (two-way on one side of the street). The National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO) Urban Bikeway Design Guide provides more information on cycle track design.
CYCLE TRACK STRATEGIES Location/Conflict
Application/Use
Adjacent to on-street parking
3 ft. min. buffer between parking and cycle track (used as pedestrian loading/ unloading zone)
Parking conflicts
Cycle tracks require increased parking restrictions compared to bicycle lanes to provide for visibility at intersection transitions.
Driveway crossings
Frequent driveway crossings are incompatible with cycle track design.
Transit stops
Transit stops and waiting areas should be provided between the cycle track and the roadway to reduce conflicts with pedestrians loading and unloading.
Drainage and utility structures
The presence of drainage and utility structures along the curb may reduce the effective width of the cycle track.
Cycle track in Stockholm
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
Cycle track
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CHAPTER THREE
Bicycle Boulevards Bicycle boulevards are streets with slower vehicle speed postings and are designed to let bicyclists travel comfortably and less stressfully. Bicycle boulevards are designed as bicycle-priority facilities and through-traffic at slow speeds is allowed. They are designed to minimize the number of stops a bicyclist must make along the route. Separate bicycle facilities (e.g., bicycle lanes) are unnecessary on bicycle boulevards due to low vehicle speeds and bicycle priority. Special signage and pavement symbols typically indicate an area designated as a bicycle boulevard.
Other information. Ideally, bicycle boulevards should not carry more than 1,000 motor vehicles per day to be compatible with bicycling. Diverters and other traffic management devices are typically used to discourage motor vehicle through-traffic, while still enabling local traffic access to the street. Bicycle boulevards should be long enough to provide connectivity between neighborhoods and common destinations.
BICYCLE BOULEVARD STRATEGIES Location
Application/Use
Neighborhoods with a grid street network
One street can be designated as the bicycle boulevard. Can also be accomplished by combining a series of road and trail segments to form one continuous route.
Major street crossings
Bicycle boulevards may need additional crossing measures for bicyclists, such as traffic signal timing and detection or curb extensions.
Controlling vehicle speeds
Traffic calming measures can be used to maintain lower speeds (< 20 mph)
Bicycle boulevard
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3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
Intersection Strategies Most crashes involving bicycles occur at intersections. Well-designed intersections reduce crashes and injuries, make bicycling more convenient and attractive, minimize delays, and reduce conflicts with vehicles and pedestrians. Intersections designed to accommodate bicyclists should provide:
More information about accommodating bicycles at signalized intersections can be found on page 35.
¾¾ Signal designs and timings to accommodate bicyclists based on an engineering study ¾¾ Access to off-street destinations ¾¾ A direct, continuous facility to the intersection ¾¾ A clear route for bicyclists through the intersection ¾¾ Reduced conflicts with turning vehicles Intersection improvements for bicycles should be considered during all roadway/safety improvement and street redesign projects.
Well-designed intersections make bicycling more convenient and attractive.
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
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CHAPTER THREE
Bicycle Lanes at Intersections When designing intersections for bicyclists, the approaches should maintain the continuity of the bicycle facilities to the maximum extent possible. Striping through unsignalized and complicated intersections may continue on streets with dedicated bicycle lanes to provide additional guidance and safety for bicyclists. This is especially important at intersections with conflicting vehicle movements, unsignalized crossings, and/or more than four lanes of moving traffic. Striping through each intersection may not be required, however, and should be evaluated case by case. Shared lane markings can supplement dashed bicycle lane lines at crossings where bicycles are not anticipated, such as contra-flow bike or cycle tracks. Bicycle lane at intersection
Additional information. Bicycle lane markings, including green colored pavement, shared lane markings, dashed bicycle lane lines, and signage, may be STRATEGIES FOR BICYCLE LANES AT INTERSECTIONS provided through intersections. Selective removal Location Indication/Application of parking spaces may be needed to provide adequate visibility and to establish sufficient Standard details can be found in the Markings at intersections MUTCD and AASHTO Guide for the bicycle lane width at approaches to intersections. Development of Bicycle Facilities Shared lane markings can be used where space is Dedicated bicycle lanes should be not available for bicycle lanes at intersections. Major intersection approaches provided.
Although the minimum recommended width for a bicycle lane is 5 feet, 4-foot-wide bicycle lanes may be considered at constrained intersections in order to provide a dedicated space for bicyclists. Bicycle lanes at the entrance and exit of roundabouts should allow direct access to a shared use bicycle/pedestrian path around the perimeter of the roundabout through properly designed ramps. They should also enable bicyclists to mix with traffic and proceed through the roundabout as would a vehicle.
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Major intersection approaches on higher-speed roads
Dedicated bicycle lanes may not be suitable. Context and land use need to be considered. Grade-separated cycle tracks or off-street facilities may be more appropriate.
Intersection approaches on residential, lower volume roads
Shared lane markings are appropriate
Intersections with a dedicated right-turn lane
Bicycle lanes should be provided to the left of the right-turn-only lane unless bicycle signals and dedicated phasing is provided
3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
Bicycles at Signalized Intersections Special considerations are necessary to design traffic signals that serve both motorists and bicyclists because bicycles have different operating characteristics than motor vehicles. Bicyclists have slower acceleration and velocity rates than motorists. To offset this disadvantage, traffic signal design should include minimum green intervals, clearance time, and extension time to ensure bicyclists can safely cross the intersection. Appropriate signal timing can minimize cyclist delays, discourage red-light running, and reduce the potential for crashes. Signal progression also should balance the needs of all users with appropriate design speeds and traffic signal coordination settings.
Additional information. Refer to the latest edition of the AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities for more details on the signal timing needs of bicyclists at intersections. Special attention should be given to signal timing at locations with higher vehicular speeds and longer crossing distances. At these locations bicyclists are more likely to have different signal timing needs than motorists. Dedicated signal indications can be provided by bicycle heads. They should be positioned to maximize visibility to bicyclists. They also should be coordinated with pedestrian and non-conflicting vehicular movements to increase safety and minimize overall delay. Bicycle signal heads should be installed on a case-by-case basis determined by an engineering study.
STRATEGIES FOR BICYCLES AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS Location
Indication/Application
The signal system should detect bicycles and motor vehicles. The loop or video Intersections with actuated detectors should be adjusted to detect signals (loop or video detectors) bicycles, or separate bicycle-detectors should be installed. Within bicycle lanes or bicycle boxes
Detection devices should be located within lane or box, marked with a detector symbol, and supplemented with appropriate MUTCD signage.
If not feasible within bicycle lanes or bicycle boxes
Detection device should be located prior to the stop bar and span an appropriate distance to provide for left-, through-, and right-turning bicyclists.
Other locations
Bicycle signals can be used to separate conflicting movements, provide leading bicycle intervals, provide controls at shared-use paths, or control an exclusive left-turn phase.
Intersections with a dedicated right-turn lane
Bicycle lanes should be provided to the left of the right-turn-only lane unless bicycle signals and dedicated phasing is provided.
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
Bicycle lane signal call buttons
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CHAPTER THREE
Bicycle Boxes
BICYCLE BOX STRATEGIES
Dedicated space between the Location crosswalk and the motor vehicle stop line used to provide bicyclists a dedicated space to wait during a Areas with high volumes of red light is known as a bicycle box. turning bicyclists Putting bicyclists ahead of stopped traffic at a red light improves visibility and reduces conflicts. Bicycle boxes Areas where motor vehicles can also provide bicyclists a head start continue straight or turn right crossing a right-side bicycle lane through the intersection, which helps them make difficult turning movements and improves safety and comfort due to the difference in acceleration rates between bicycles and vehicles. In effect, the bicycle box puts bicyclists in front of vehicles, allowing them to â&#x20AC;&#x153;claim the lane.â&#x20AC;? Bicycle boxes also provide more space for several bicyclists to wait at a red light as opposed to being constrained to a 5-foot-wide bicycle lane. Additional information. Bicycle boxes are typically painted green with a minimum 13-foot depth and should be supplemented with appropriate MUTCD signage. Where right-turnonly lanes for vehicles occur, bicycle lanes should be designed to the left of the turn lane. If right-turnon-red is desired, consider ending the bicycle box at the edge of the bicycle lane to allow motor vehicles to make this turning movement. Bicycle box at an intersection
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Indication/Application Use a bicycle box to allow bicyclists to shift toward their desired side of the travel way. Depending on the location of the bicycle lane, left or right side, bicyclists can shift sides of the street to align themselves with vehicles making the same movement through the intersection. Bicycle boxes allow bicyclists to move to the front of the queue and make the first movement, minimizing conflicts with right turning vehicles. In these locations, right-turn-on-red movements should be prohibited.
Lakeland
Lakeland
Bicycle box at an intersection
3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
Cycle Tracks at Intersections Separated from motor vehicle travel lanes, parking lanes, and sidewalks, cycle tracks offer bicyclists an exclusive travelway alongside roadways. Although cycle tracks may increase bicyclist comfort, this can create a false sense of security at intersections and decrease visibility between all modes. Cycle track designs at intersections must manage conflicts with turning vehicles and visibility for all.
Additional information. Cycle track design often involves relocating transit stops to the far-side of the intersection to reduce conflicts. Consider narrowing or removing the separation prior to the intersection and providing standard bicycle lanes with bicycle boxes to raise awareness and increase visibility.
STRATEGIES FOR CYCLE TRACKS AT INTERSECTIONS Location/Design Goal
Indication/Application
Increasing visibility and awareness at intersections
Restrict parking 20 ft. to 40 ft. from each corner of the intersection. More space may be needed based on ultimate sight distance calculations.
Near transit stops
Cycle tracks should be routed behind a transit stop (i.e., the transit stop should be between the cycle track and vehicle lane). If not feasible, cycle track should include pavement markings, rumble strips, and signage to alert bicyclists to stop for buses and pedestrians.
At intersections
Must consider signals and phasing to manage conflicts with turning vehicles. Bicycle signal heads should be considered, especially for two-way tracks.
At non-signalized intersections
Design options for increased visibility and safety include warning signs, raised intersections, special pavement markings (including green surface treatment), shared lane markings, and removal of parking prior to the intersection.
At low-volume intersections
Cycle tracks should be given priority, indicated with signage and pavement markings.
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CHAPTER THREE
TRANSIT STRATEGIES
Transit Priority
Key goals for designing intersections to accommodate transit vehicles include improving the reliability and efficiency of transit service. Traffic signal waits account for 10% of overall bus trip time and up to 50% or more of bus delays. This section discusses design strategies to improve transit operations and reduce delays for transit vehicles at intersections and presents design guidance on the individual bus stops and sidewalk connections.
Bus service becomes more reliable and efficient when transit is prioritized at intersections. Transit prioritization strategies include signal coordination, signal priority, transit-only lanes, and queue jump or bypass lanes.
Individual strategies can be implemented; however, a combination of strategies to determine the appropriate bus stop location and method of traffic signal prioritization will be the most effective. These strategies should be complemented by operational improvements by the bus operator, including smart fare payment systems and real-time tracking.
Improved traffic flow needs coordinated signal timing. In addition to signal coordination, transit signal priority allows transit vehicles to shorten or extend a traffic signal phase without changing the phase sequence or overall signal timing. Transit-only lanes at intersections allow transit vehicles to bypass queued traffic. Queue jump or bypass lanes are specially designated transit lanes at intersections. Queue jump lanes give an early green or steady green signal for transit vehicles while other vehicles traveling in the same direction or through the intersection are given a red light.
STRATEGIES FOR TRANSIT PRIORITY Indication
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Application
Signal coordination
Can reduce delays for transit and motor vehicles. Should not appreciably increase delays for other modes, however, and should consider the acceleration rates and speeds of bicyclists.
Signal priority for transit vehicles
Allows transit to stay on schedule during peak hours when there is congestion. The difference in time can be made up during the next cycle, but all other signal operations can remain unchanged. May be considered for late buses to keep them on schedule.
With dedicated transit-only lanes
Signal coordination and signal priority can be used with or without the presence of dedicated transit only lanes along a corridor or queue jump.
Queue jump lanes
Can be can be used at intersections without a bus stop or at intersections with a bus stop located at either at the near- or farside if there is enough space in the roadway.
3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
Additional information. Queue jump lanes with a leading signal phase must take into consideration the overall signal cycle lengths and impacts to delay for other users. If space is not available for a queue jump lane or bypass lane, consider using a right-hand turn lane to double as a bus advantage lane by allowing buses to move up in the queue at a signal where right turn on red is permitted. If right-turn lanes are used, appropriate signage such as “Right Lane Must Turn Right” must be accompanied by “Except Buses” placards. Transit signal priority elements should be considered on all priority transit routes in conjunction with an engineering study conducted to assess the impacts on cross street traffic. Polk transit agencies must train employees how to handle bus and bicycle interactions in transit- and bus-only lanes. Bicycles and transit complement each other. Allowing bicycles on buses can extend the area served by transit, and integrated transit can encourage bicycling.
Transit service can increase bicycle usage.
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Bus Stop Location All bus stop locations should be safe, convenient, welllit, clearly visible and must be ADA-compliant. Proper spacing and siting of bus stops involves considerations, such as the bus route, population density, popular destinations, transfer locations, intersection operations and geometry, parking restrictions, and sightlines. Selecting a location for a bus stop at an intersection also depends on available curbside space, sidewalk condition, sidewalk width, traffic and pedestrian volumes, number and width of travel lanes, turning movements, sight distances, on-street parking, bicycle facilities, and crosswalks.
STRATEGIES FOR BUS STOP LOCATIONS
Location
Indication/Application
Where buses are required to pull out of traffic
Bus stops should be located at the near- or farside of intersections wherever possible (not at mid-block locations).
Midblock
Requires the most amount of curbside space
At intersections
Convenient for passengers because they can intercept other transit connections, crosswalks, pedestrian routes and building entrances easily.
Where bus bulbs are provided
The length of the bus stop can be less than the prescribed minimums because buses do not have to pull out of traffic. The minimum bus stop length at bus bulbs should provide a clear and level landing pad at each door of the bus.
At signalized intersections
Far-side placement is preferred; however, location selection should be done on a site-bysite basis in consultation with the bus operator and local agency representatives.
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CHAPTER THREE
Bus stop locations can be far-side, near-side or midblock. Locating stops on the far-side of the intersection is usually preferred because it encourages pedestrians to cross behind the bus, reducing conflict and bus delay; allows buses to take advantage of gaps in traffic flow,
especially with signal prioritization, rather than needing to be at the front of the queue at an intersection for a near-side stop; minimizes conflicts between buses and right-turning vehicles; and provides additional right-turn capacity on the near-side of the intersection.
BUS STOP LOCATIONS Location
Advantages
Disadvantages
Recommended Uses
Far-side bus stop
• Eliminates conflicts with right tuning vehicles • Facilitate bus reentry into the traffic stream • Requires shorter deceleration distance • Encourages pedestrians to cross behind the bus
• Potential for intersection blockage by queued buses • Potential for increase rear-end collisions • Obstructed sight distances for crossing vehicles and pedestrians`
• When near-side traffic is heavier than far-side traffic • At intersections with heavy right-turn volumes • At intersections with transit signal priority
Near-side bus stop
• Allows transit drivers to utilize the intersection and available sight distance when pulling away from the curb • Provides pedestrian access closest to the crosswalk
• Potentially creates double stopping at intersections • Generates conflicts with right turning vehicles • Potential for through-lane blockage by queued buses • Obstructs sight distances for crossing pedestrians
• When far-side traffic is heavier than near-side traffic • At intersections with pedestrian safety concerns on the far side
Mid-block bus stop
• Less overall traffic congestion • Minimized sight distance concerns • Ability to directly serve midblock generators
• Encourages unsafe pedestrian crossings • Increased walking distances for users crossing the street • Increase construction costs or no-parking restrictions
• When there is a major midblock passenger generator • When the interval between adjacent intersections exceeds stop spacing recommendations
Additional considerations related to bus stops, especially from the pedestrian’s perspective, are presented on pages 80 and 81.
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3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
No Parking Area 55'
Parking
Bus Stop Area L'
Bus
Legend Landing Pad Bench
Shelter
Trash Receptacle
Sign
Typical Far-Side Bus Stop
Near-side bus stop
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
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CHAPTER THREE
Bus Bulbs
BUS BULB DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Curb extensions along the length of a bus stop that eliminate the need for buses to pull in and out of traffic are called bus bulbs. Like curb extensions at intersections, bus bulbs help reduce crossing distances for pedestrians and provide additional space for street furniture such as bus shelters, landscaping, and pedestrian queues.
Location
Since the bus remains in the travel lane while stopped, bus bulbs can result in traffic delays or unsafe maneuvers by drivers and bicyclists to steer around buses. Designs must consider the street type, number of travel lanes, and headways of buses. Bus bulbs are most effective at reducing travel time if they are utilized throughout a corridor by eliminating the need for buses to pull in and out of traffic all-together. A creative application bus bulbs is the transit node concept shown on page 80.
Indication/Application
On streets with on-street parking
These are the only locations where bus bulbs are appropriate
Areas with high passenger volumes
Bus bulbs are appropriate
At near-side intersections
Bus bulbs can interfere with right-turning vehicles
Additional information. Bus bulbs are effective in enforcing parking restrictions within bus stops and do not require as much space as curbside stops because the bus does not need space to pull in and out of the stop. They should be installed on a case-by-case basis determined by an engineering study.
Legend Landing Pad Bench
Shelter
Trash Receptacle
Sign
Bus Parking
Parking
15'
Typical Bus Bulb
42 |
L Bus Stop Area
15'
3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
ON-STREET PARKING
Lakeland
Local businesses in downtowns depend on onstreet parking. Furthermore, on-street parking has a positive impact on the pedestrian realm by buffering the pedestrians from passing traffic. Pedestrians feel far more comfortable and safe on streets with occupied on-street parking. Parked cars help calm traffic by visually narrowing and increasing friction along the edge of the roadway. All the ingredients must be in the right mix to get the maximum benefit from on-street parking. When on-street parking is under-utilized, the result is a wider street with faster speeds.
Parallel parking
Other information. A parking lane can be designated for different purposes throughout the day, such as commercial loading during the morning, public parking during the day, and valet parking at night. On-street parking should be prohibited approaching intersections or driveways because it can obscure site lines for all users of the road.
Back-in angled parking in Seattle
ON-STREET PARKING STRATEGIES Location
Application/Use
Downtowns and residential streets
Most appropriate locations for on-street parking. Enhances traffic calming effect and improves access to local shops and residences. Parking lanes (parallel parking) should be a minimum of 7 ft. wide, with 8 ft. preferred.
Areas with high parking turnover
Although it is illegal for motorists to open car doors into oncoming traffic, this hazard should be considered when developing an appropriate design. Crashes can occur in locations with high parking turnover, such as main streets and commercial streets with restaurants and businesses. Where there are narrow parking lanes (7 ft.) with high turnover, an adjacent 6-ft. bicycle lane is recommended.
Controlling vehicle speeds
Parking creates traffic calming measures
Areas with angled parking
The preferred orientation is back-in angled parking. It provides more visibility when pulling back into traffic, and more visibility between bicyclists and motorists. The longer rear overhang requires the use of wheel stops to ensure parked vehicles do not encroach upon the sidewalk.
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
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CHAPTER THREE
MODERN ROUNDABOUTS Circular intersections designed for lower speeds and yield-controlled entry, are called modern roundabouts. Pedestrian access is only allowed across the legs of the roundabout behind yield lines. In general, multilane roundabouts are not recommended because of the safety concerns for pedestrians (especially those who are visually impaired) and bicyclists. Another type of circular intersection is a neighborhood traffic circle, which is a smaller type of roundabout and generally used for low speed, residential streets.
Modern Roundabout Strategies
Example of markings for approach and circulatory roadways at a roundabout
Installation considerations include the design vehicle, pedestrian volumes, number of pedestrians with visual impairments, and pedestrian route directness. If they create greater vehicle delays or increase the difficulty for pedestrians to navigate the intersection, then roundabouts are not recommended. Roundabouts are not meant for high-speed roadways, and are more appropriate for collector streets. Intersections with more than four legs can be good candidates for conversion to roundabouts; however, an engineering study must be conducted in order to determine whether a roundabout is appropriate. Modern roundabouts can result in reduced relative speeds and improved traffic flows. Pedestrian crosswalks should be ADA-compliant with detectable warning strips and ramps at least 20 feet
44 |
from the roundabout entry. Sight distance for drivers entering the roundabout should be to the left so drivers are aware of vehicles and bicycles in the circle. (Visibility across the center of the circle is not critical.) Signing and pavement markings must conform to the latest version of the MUTCD.
Residential street roundabouts
3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
MODERN ROUNDABOUT STRATEGIES Location
Application/Use
Entry to the roundabout
Yield lines should be provided
Crosswalks
High pedestrian volumes may require wider crosswalks
Areas with high levels of bicycle activity
Multi-lane roundabouts are not recommended. Okay with shared lanes (sharrows).
Areas with high levels of pedestrian activity
Multi-lane roundabouts are not recommended. Signal controls should be considered.
Multi-lane roundabouts
Need to provide pedestrian signals and splitter island medians to reduce crossing distances and allow pedestrians to cross one direction of travel at a time. At-grade pedestrian cut-throughs should be provided at splitter island medians with ADA-compliant detectable warning strips.
Intersections near active railroad at-grade crossings
Poor candidates for roundabouts since traffic would be blocked in all directions during train crossings
Sidewalks at roundabouts
Permitting bicyclists to use the sidewalk at roundabouts should be considered for comfort and safety. Ramps from the street to the sidewalk and appropriate signage to inform pedestrians of a mixing zone should be installed if sidewalk bicycling is allowed
Stormwater management facilities
Roundabouts are excellent places to implement stormwater management systems; however visibility must not be obstructed by plant growth Lakeland
Modern roundabout
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
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CHAPTER THREE
INTERSECTION DESIGN STRATEGIES The key to safe, efficient, and multimodal intersections is well-designed intersection geometry. Changes in geometry can help reduce vehicle turning speeds, increase pedestrian comfort and safety, and create space for bicycle facilities. Safety for all users is maximized in intersections with well-designed geometry and efficient traffic control measures.
Stop-Controlled Intersections Stop-controlled intersection approaches are the easiest for pedestrians to cross because motorists and cyclists must stop, yield to pedestrians, and reduce pedestrian wait time. However, the use of stop signs must balance safety with efficient traffic flow for all modes, including bicycles and transit vehicles. Stop sign installation on a major street requires specific warrants as determined by the MUTCD. In general, stop signs may be appropriate if one or more of the following conditions exist: ¾¾ A street entering a highway or through street ¾¾ An unsignalized intersection in a signalized area ¾¾ High speeds, restricted views, or crash records indicate a need for control by a stop sign.
as it requires significant energy to stop and start for bicyclists, resulting in lower levels of compliance and discouraging cyclists from using the boulevard.
Signalized Intersections Signalized intersections should provide indications for motor vehicles and pedestrians. Bicycle signals and transit signals also should be considered where appropriate. Signal phasing and timing should be designed to meet the unique needs of all users at the intersection. By optimizing signal phasing and timings, multiple modes are able to move safely and comfortably through the intersection with limited conflicts and delays. Signalized intersections should conform to the latest version of the MUTCD, HCM and the Institute
Stop-controlled intersections
Stop signs should be installed in a manner that minimizes the number of vehicles having to stop. At intersections where a full stop is not necessary at all times, consideration should be given to using yield signs. The use of stop signs should also be limited on streets with bikeways, especially on bicycle boulevards, Signalized intersections
46 |
Lakeland
Lakeland
3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
of Transportation Engineer’s Traffic Signal Timing Manual. The MUTCD contains specific warrants for the installation of a traffic signal at an intersection.
Lakeland
CORNER DESIGN The radius at the corner has a significant impact on an intersection. Larger curb radii encourages turns at higher speeds, while smaller curb radii reduce speeds, shorten crossing distances for pedestrians, and improve sight distances. The effective radius and the actual curb radius are the most important corner design elements. Actual curb radius refers to the curvature along the curb line; effective radius refers to the curvature that vehicles follow when turning. It may be affected by on-street parking, bicycle lanes, medians, and other roadway features, which create a larger effective radius.
Intersection of Orange Street and Massachusetts Avenue
Curb Radii Design Strategies The effective radius should be designed to accommodate the design vehicle. However, the actual curb radius should be designed so that pedestrian needs on the sidewalk are accommodated. An actual curb radius between 5 feet and 10 feet should be used wherever possible, including where there are higher pedestrian volumes and an adequate effective radius or where there are low volumes of large vehicles.
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
2
¾¾ Type of street ¾¾ Angle of the intersection ¾¾ Curb extensions ¾¾ Receiving lane width ¾¾ Design vehicle
R
Where there are high volumes of large vehicles making turns, inadequate curb radii could cause large vehicles to regularly travel across the curb and into the pedestrian waiting area. The maximum effective radius for large vehicles is 35 feet; however, all factors that may affect the curb radii must be taken into consideration, including:
R1
R1 = Actual Curb Radius R2 = Effective Radius Adding parking and/or bicycle lanes increases the effective radius of a corner.
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Lakeland
¾¾ Installing textured, at-grade paving treatments to discourage high-speed turns while still permitting turns by larger vehicles.
CURB RAMPS A curb ramp provides a smooth transition from the sidewalk to the street. Appropriately designed curb ramps are critical for providing access across intersections for people with mobility and visibility disabilities. One of the key considerations of intersection geometry is the location of curb ramps and crossings relative to desire lines and vehicle paths.
CURB RAMP DESIGN STRATEGIES* Element
Polk County buses must be able to navigate intersections.
Considerations Accommodating large vehicles with an adequate effective radius while maintaining a small actual curb radius to benefit pedestrians can be achieved with a number of strategies, including: ¾¾ Varying the actual curb radius over the length of the turn, also known as a compound curve, creating a smaller radius as vehicles approach a crosswalk and larger as they make the turn. ¾¾ Adding parking and/or bicycle lanes to increase the effective radius of the corner ¾¾ Striping advance stop lines on the destination street of multilane roadways (at least two lanes in each direction) to enable large vehicles to make the turn by encroaching into the opposing lane
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Specification
Width
Minimum 4 ft. wide
Location
Must be contained within a marked crosswalk
Slope
No more than 8.33%
Warning strip
Minimum 2 ft. detectable, color contrast warning strip
Landing pads
At top and bottom of ramp. Must be level
*Always check current federal and Florida ADA standards as they may change.
Wherever feasible, curb ramps should be located to reflect pedestrians’ desired path of travel through an intersection while also considering sight lines of approaching motor vehicles. If possible, two separate curb ramps should be provided at corners instead of a single ramp that opens diagonally at the intersection. Curb ramps should be designed to avoid the accumulation of water or debris to the maximum extent feasible. The locations and elevations of drainage inlets should be considered with the design of curb ramps.
3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
Lakeland
Curb ramp
Downtown curb ramps
Additional information. There are a variety of standard curb ramp designs, including perpendicular ramps and parallel ramps. The appropriate design for a particular location is determined on a site-by-site basis. Key factors to consider include pedestrian desire lines, sidewalk widths, buffer widths, curb heights, street slopes, and drainage patterns. Flares are required when the surface adjacent to the rampâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sides is walkable, but they are unnecessary when a landscaped buffer occupies this space. Where appropriate, elimination of flares can help to reduce the amount of impervious surface and can increase the overall capacity of a ramp in high-pedestrian areas.
Major thoroughfare curb ramps
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CHAPTER THREE
CURB EXTENSIONS Curb extensions, also known as neck-downs or bulb-outs, reduce the effective width of the street by extending the curb line across a parking lane to the adjacent travel lane. Curb extensions have a variety of benefits: ¾¾ Reduces crossing distances for pedestrians ¾¾ Enhances visibility between pedestrians and other roadway users ¾¾ Additional space for pedestrians to queue before crossing ¾¾ Improves safety by slowing vehicle traffic and emphasizing pedestrian crossings ¾¾ Creates space for ADA-compliant curb ramps where sidewalks are narrow ¾¾ Restricts cars from parking too close to crosswalks ¾¾ Provides space for utilities, signs, and amenities such as bus shelters or waiting areas, bicycle parking, public seating, street vendors, newspaper stands, trash and recycling receptacles, and stormwater management elements
CURB EXTENSION DESIGN STRATEGIES Location In areas with onstreet parking
Application Should be used, especially at corners and midblock
Curb extension
¾¾ Curb extensions are not feasible on arterials that have peak hour parking restrictions to move traffic more efficiently. ¾¾ The turning needs of larger vehicles need to be considered. Where curb extensions conflict with turning movements, they should be reduced in size rather than eliminated. ¾¾ Curb extensions may also impact underground utilities, curbside parking, delivery access, garbage collection, and street sweepers. These impacts should be evaluated when considering installation of a curb extension.
Adjacent to travel Should not reduce travel or bicycle lanes or bicycle lanes lanes to an unsafe width Intersections
May extend into one or two legs of the intersection, depending on parking configuration
Best Locations For Use/Design Considerations ¾¾ Curb extensions are valuable in locations with high volumes of pedestrian traffic, near schools, or where there are pedestrian safety issues. ¾¾ Curb extension installation may require the relocation of existing storm drainage inlets.
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Residential street curb ramps
3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
PEDESTRIAN CROSSING STRATEGIES The most vulnerable users of the transportation system are pedestrians. High pedestrian activity should dictate slow motor vehicle speeds on streets, which can be achieved through roadway design and traffic calming strategies. Pedestrian-oriented designs should also minimize conflicts with other modes and vehicle traffic. Intersections should be designed for pedestrians of all abilities. ADA-compliant curb ramps, crosswalks, and accessible pedestrian signals must be provided to the extent feasible and follow the guidelines set by the U.S. Access Board Public Right of Way Accessibility Guidelines (PROWAG).
Marked pedestrian crosswalk
Crosswalks Pedestrian-friendly walking environments depend on well-designed crosswalks. Crosswalks serve a dual function of guiding pedestrians to locations where they should cross the street and alerting drivers of pedestrian movements. Safety for all, especially those with disabilities, is the single most important criteria in crosswalk design. Crosswalks may be marked or unmarked. While most marked crosswalks are at intersections, other locations may be marked specifically to emphasize unique pedestrian lines to ensure safe access to local institutions, parks, and housing for the elderly. Pedestrian-oriented signs help minimize conflicts with vehicles
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CHAPTER THREE
Design Strategies
Lakeland
¾¾ All crosswalk designs must conform to the latest edition of the MUTCD. ¾¾ Crosswalks should be at least 10 feet wide or the width of the approaching sidewalk, whichever is greater. In areas of heavy pedestrian volumes, crosswalks can be up to 25 feet wide. ¾¾ Different types of crosswalk markings can be used. Typically, two parallel transverse lines (or continental style) crosswalk markings are recommended. ¾¾ ADA-compliant curb ramps should direct pedestrians into the crosswalk and the bottom of the ramp should lie within the area of the crosswalk (flares do not need to fall within the crosswalk). Additional Information. Crosswalk markings should be located at right angles to the roadway where practical and must be balanced with pedestrian desire lines, accessibility requirements, and site constraints. At complex intersections, crosswalks should be placed at the safest locations (where there is the least conflict with other modes) that reflect pedestrian desire lines. Crosswalk placement should also maximize the
Pedestrian crosswalk with special pavers Lakeland
visibility of pedestrians to turning vehicles.
Pedestrian crosswalk with special pavers
Textured crosswalk pavement
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3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
Uncontrolled Pedestrian Crossings Guidance is provided in this section as to where marked crosswalks are appropriate at uncontrolled locations, as well as where safety enhancements are needed to increase driver and pedestrian visibility and awareness. Uncontrolled intersections are defined as placed where no traffic control devices regulate the movement of traffic. Users must yield the right-of-way to those already in the intersection or those approaching from the right. A midblock crossing is defined as a pedestrian crossing that is not located at an intersection. If a midblock crossing is not designated by a marked crosswalk, then pedestrians must yield the right-of-way to motorists. NCHRP Report 562, “Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Intersections,” states that the “safest and most effective pedestrian crossings use several traffic control devices or design elements to meet the information and control needs of both motorists and pedestrians.” Additional safety improvements are discussed on the following pages: ¾¾ Raised Crossings and Intersections ¾¾ Advance Yield Markings and Signs ¾¾ In-Street “Yield To Pedestrian” Signs ¾¾ Rectangular Rapid Flash Beacons
An engineering study should be performed to determine the appropriateness of a marked crosswalk at uncontrolled locations. Marked crosswalks are not appropriate for many intersections. A study should examine and assess:
1. Traffic speeds and volumes 2. Crossing distances 3. Need/demand for crossing 4. Distance from adjacent signalized intersections and other crosswalks, and the possibility to consolidate multiple crossing points
5. Sight distance/geometry of the location 6. Availability of street lighting 7. Locations of drainage structures The MUTCD outlines specific warrants that must be met in order to create signalized midblock crossings. Uncontrolled intersections and midblock crossings should strive to maximize safety for all users by providing, as appropriate: ¾¾ Lighting ¾¾ Regulatory and warning signage ¾¾ Marked crosswalks (as determined by an engineering study. See “Crosswalk Markings at Uncontrolled Locations”) ¾¾ Traffic calming ¾¾ Clear sightlines
Locations where crosswalk markings alone are insufficient to address pedestrian safety include any street where any of the following conditions exist: The roadway has four or more lanes of travel without a raised median or pedestrian refuge island and an ADT of 12,000 vehicles per day or greater The roadway has four or more lanes of travel with a raised median or pedestrian refuge island and an ADT of 15,000 vehicles per day or greater The speed limit exceeds 35 MPH
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Uncontrolled intersections are where no traffic control devices regulate movement.
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Lakeland
Considerations Marked crosswalks may not be appropriate on each leg of an uncontrolled intersection at major arterials. It is best to mark only one side of the intersection, particularly to areas where pedestrians can easily be directed. In selecting the most appropriate side for the marked crosswalk, the following should be considered: ¾¾ Pedestrian demand (such as location of bus stops or metro stations) ¾¾ Vehicle turning movements. Multi-leg intersections (three or more roadways) require a careful consideration of vehicular turning movements balanced against the pedestrian crossing ¾¾ Sight distance ¾¾ Proximity to other marked crosswalks or crossing locations In addition to marked crosswalks, there are a number of measures available to use at uncontrolled locations to improve pedestrian safety:
Midblock crossing design should emphasize clear sightlines for all users. Lakeland
Reduce the effective crossing distance for pedestrians by providing curb extensions, raised pedestrian refuge islands Install traffic calming measures to slow vehicle speeds Provide adequate nighttime lighting for pedestrians Use various pedestrian warning signs, advance stop lines, rapid-flashing beacons, and other traffic control devices to supplement marked crosswalks Install traffic signals with pedestrian signals where warranted
Midblock crossing with pavers
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3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
CROSSING ISLANDS Medians that provide protected areas within a crosswalk so pedestrians only have to focus on and cross one direction of traffic at a time are called crossing islands. They reduce pedestrian exposure and are best used along multilane roadways. Although they can be used at signalized intersections, they should always be designed to allow pedestrians to cross the entire roadway in one pedestrian phase. Crossing islands should: ¾¾ Include at-grade pedestrian cut-throughs as wide as the connecting crosswalks ¾¾ Include detectable warning strips ¾¾ Be gently sloped to prevent ponding and ensure proper drainage ¾¾ Direct pedestrians at an angle to face on-coming traffic. ¾¾ Provide a median width at least 6 ft. wide ¾¾ Meet MUTCD standards Additional information. Crossing islands should be considered where crossing distances are greater than 50 feet. Where possible, stormwater management systems should be utilized on crossing islands with
adequate space, but not in pedestrian paths to and from crosswalks. Plantings should not obstruct sight lines. One innovative and low-cost pedestrian treatment at intersections or mid-block is the use of pedestrian flags. The basic concept is to assist the pedestrian in gaining the attention of the approaching motorist. With the aid of the brightly colored flag that can be held out in front of the pedestrian and/or waved, the pedestrian is better able to attract the attention of the driver sooner by becoming more visible. This is a device that is low in cost and can be installed quickly. Once the equipment is installed at the crossing, the only ongoing cost is the replacement Crossing island on commercial thoroughfare of the flags.
Crossing median islands
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Raised Crossings and Intersections One traffic-calming device that helps improve sight lines between pedestrians and motorists is called a raised crossing. Raised crossings are a type of speed table with a marked crosswalk on the flat plateau at the top of the table. They eliminate vertical transitions for pedestrians and the need for curb ramps, although detectable warning strips must be provided along the edge of the roadway to alert visually impaired pedestrians. Raised crossings can be installed at midblock, at one or more crosswalks, or an entire intersection can be raised. Raised crossings should be at least 10 feet wide, and preferably as wide as the approaching sidewalk. They normally extend the full width of the roadway and should be flush with the sidewalk, although sometimes they are tapered to accommodate drainage needs or bicycles. Signage should be provided for motorists at the approach and at raised crossings. High-visibility or textured pavements can be used to enhance the contrast between the raised crossing and the surrounding roadway.
¾¾ Other traffic calming measures can supplement raised crossings to reduce travel speeds throughout a neighborhood or corridor. ¾¾ Longer speed tables (up to 22 feet long) with design speeds between 25 to 30 mph are easier for large vehicles to negotiate. ¾¾ Avoid placing raised crossings at the bottom of steep inclines where bicyclists travel at higher speeds and may be startled by their presence. ¾¾ At unsignalized mid-block locations raised crossings are particularly useful — at these locations drivers are less likely to expect or yield to pedestrians. ¾¾ Ramp slope and design speeds must be taken into consideration. ¾¾ Proper drainage needs to be taken into consideration. Raised intersections can simplify drainage inlet placement by directing water away from the intersection. If the intersection is on a slope, catch basins should be placed on the high side of the intersection. Lakeland
Raised crossings and intersections are most appropriate at high-traffic pedestrian locations. They help delineate specific street types, retail districts, or special destinations. Unless determined otherwise by an engineering study, raised crossings are not appropriate on high-speed roadways.
Considerations ¾¾ Raised crossings can have parabolic or trapezoidal cross sections, however a parabolic profile with a smooth leading edge is the preferred transition for bicyclists. ¾¾ Reflective pavement markings conforming to the MUTCD must clearly delineate raised crossings so motorists and bicyclists know where they occur and can adjust their speeds accordingly.
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Raised intersection at Orange Street and Massachusetts Avenue
3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
Signing and Marking Advance yield markings improve motorist expectations that a pedestrian may be present on multilane roadways. They are placed further back from the crosswalk and used in conjunction with “Yield to Pedestrian” signs. They help reduce multiple-threat collisions that occur when there are several travel lanes in the same direction and the vehicle in the near lane yields to the pedestrian, blocking the view of the motorist in the far lane.
STRATEGIES FOR SIGNING AND MARKING Location
Application/Use
Two-lane and three-lane roadways
Advance yield markings and signs can be used
Four-lane roadways with operating speeds of 25 mph or less
Less effective, but can be used
Four-lane roadways with operating speeds greater than 25 mph
Rapid flashing beacon is a better solution
Unsignalized crossings
Use “Yield Here to Pedestrian” signs
Crosswalks on unsignalized multilane approaches
Advance yield markings and signs should be placed 20 ft. to 50 ft. before crosswalk
Area between yield line and Additional Information. When crosswalk determining where to place advance yield markings and signs within the 20 ft. to Areas with stop signs, traffic signals, 50 ft. range, consider the number of lanes or other traffic control device pedestrians must cross, motor vehicle speeds, sight lines, on street parking, and turning movements. Advance yield markings may be staggered, so that yield markings in one lane are closer to the crosswalk than the yield markings in an adjacent lane. Staggered yield lines can improve drivers’ view of pedestrians, provide better sight distance for turning vehicles, and increase the turning radius for left-turning vehicles.
Parking should be prohibited. Pavement markings can reinforce “No Parking” signage. Yield lines should not be used
Lakeland
Advance yield sign Pedestrian crossing
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In-Street Signs are placed in the roadway to alert drivers to the crossing and remind them to yield to pedestrians. They can be portable signs or permanently installed in the roadway. In-street “Yield to Pedestrian” signs are a cost-effective way to increase motorists’ compliance to pedestrian laws.
STRATEGIES FOR IN-STREET YIELD TO PEDESTRIAN SIGNS Location Unsignalized intersections and mid-block crossings
These are the only locations where in-street yield to pedestrian signs can be used.
Signalized or stop-controlled intersections
Prohibited
Roadway placement
Prior to crosswalk location, on center line, lane line or on a median island.
Low speed, two-lane streets
Recommended
High volume or high-speed roads Not recommended. Drivers are less likely to see them. Crosswalk
Additional information. Inroadway “Yield to Pedestrian” signs require regular monitoring and should be replaced when damaged. Damaged signs send the message to pedestrians that a crossing is not safe.
In-street yield to pedestrian sign
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Application/Use
Take care not to obstruct the crosswalk. Signs should be designed to bend and bounce back if struck by a vehicle.
3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
Rectangular Rapid-Flash Pedestrian Beacons It is difficult to get drivers to yield to pedestrians at unsignalized crossings, particularly those with four or more lanes. High speeds and poor visibility create conditions where very few drivers stop. One device proven to be successful in improving yield compliance at these locations is the rectangular rapid-flash beacon. Multiple studies have confirmed its effectiveness, including an FHWA study, the “Effects of Yellow Rectangular Rapid-Flashing Beacons on Yielding at Multilane Uncontrolled Crosswalks.” The beacons are placed curbside below the pedestrian crossing sign and above the arrow indication pointing at the crossing. They should only be used in conjunction with a pedestrian crossing sign.
than signs. They can be installed with solar-power panels to eliminate the need for a power source. The rapid-flash beacon also should be used in conjunction with advance yield pavement markings and signs discussed previously.
The beacons are activated by a pedestrian call button that causes an irregular LED flash pattern. Alternatively, beacons can be activated automatically when pedestrians approach the crosswalk. Another LED panel facing the pedestrian is helpful to indicate that the beacon In Marco Island, these bollards and special paver lighting insets flash has been activated. In addition to the pushbutton and when a pedestrian steps into the crosswalk. other components of the crosswalk, all other MUTCD accessibility requirements must be met. Design of rapidflash beacons also should be in accordance with FHWA’s “Interim Approval for STRATEGIES FOR RECTANGULAR RAPID-FLASH PEDESTRIAN BEACONS Optional Use of Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons,” Location Application/Use issued July 16, 2008. Unsignalized crossing where a signal is Can be used Additional information. Rectangular rapid flash beacons are considerably less expensive to install than mast-arm mounted signals but they are more expensive
not warranted Intersections with signals or stop signs
Not appropriate
Preferred installation location
Both sides of the roadway at the edge of the crosswalk
When a pedestrian refuge or other type of median is present
The beacon should be installed in the median rather than the far-side of the roadway
Locations with sight distance constraints
Not recommended
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CHAPTER THREE
TRAFFIC SIGNALIZATION
PEDESTRIAN SIGNAL HEADS
Creating complete streets at major intersections relies on traffic signals that prioritize the needs of pedestrians, bikes, transit, and automobiles. Presented in this section are various elements of a signalized intersection that help achieve complete streets.
Phases WALK
Represented by a walking person symbol. Signifies walk interval.
Flashing DON’T WALK
Represented by flashing upraised hand. Signifies interval where pedestrian has adequate time to finish crossing, but should not start to cross. Often accompanied by a countdown display showing how much time is left to cross street.
Countdown display
Required on new installations
Steady DON’T WALK
Represented by non-flashing upraised hand. Signifies that pedestrians are not permitted to cross. Should be displayed with a 3-second buffer prior to release of any conflicting motor vehicle movement.
Pedestrian Signal Heads Signalized intersections should be constructed with pedestrian signal heads in accordance with the MUTCD. This will minimize conflicts between modes and help reduce risk-taking behavior.
All marked crosswalks at all signalized intersections should have pedestrian signal heads. Crosswalks should be provided on all legs of a signalized intersection unless determined otherwise by an engineering study. The design of pedestrian signal heads, including a countdown display, must conform to the latest edition of the MUTCD and the timing for each phase, especially the flashing “Don’t Walk” interval, needs to account for the walking speeds of all ages and abilities, especially children, seniors, and the disabled. Interval timing must conform to calculations according to the latest edition of the MUTCD. Additional information. The designer’s primary goal — and challenge — is to minimize pedestrian/vehicle conflicts while minimizing pedestrian and motorist delay. Extended waits can results in pedestrians crossing against the signal. According to the 2010 Highway
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Indication
Pedestrian signal head
Capacity Manual, pedestrians are more likely to jaywalk after waiting more than 30 seconds at a signalized intersection. Strategies to achieve this balance include minimizing signal cycle lengths, eliminating right-turn arrows and exclusive right-turn phases, restricting right turns on red, introducing leading pedestrian intervals, and reducing turning speeds to increase yielding. Lakeland
Countdown display
3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
“Walk” indications should be maximized wherever possible. Vehicle movements need to be analyzed at every intersection to ensure that walk intervals occur with non-conflicting movements.
Accessible Pedestrian Signals (APS)
STRATEGIES FOR ACCESSIBLE PEDESTRIAN SIGNALS All pedestrian signal designs must conform to the latest edition of the MUTCD. Accessible pedestrian signals and detectors must be used in combination with pedestrian signal timing. Proposed Accessibility Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities in the Public Right-of-Way require accessible pedestrian signals and pushbuttons when pedestrian signals are newly installed or when the signal controller and software are altered, or the signal head is replaced.
Devices that communicate the “Walk” and “Don’t Walk” intervals at signalized Information provided by an accessible pedestrian signal must clearly intersections to people with visual and/ indicate which pedestrian crossing is served by each device. or hearing disabilities are called accessible At corners where two pushbuttons are present they should be separated by pedestrian signals or accessible detectors. at least 10 ft., or to the maximum distance possible. Accessible pedestrian signals and detectors can include features such as audible tones, spoken Lakeland messages, detectable arrow indications and/or vibrating surfaces. They provide information for: ¾¾ Location of pushbuttons ¾¾ Beginning of “Walk” indicator ¾¾ Direction of crossing ¾¾ Location of destination sidewalk ¾¾ Intersection street name in Braille or raised print ¾¾ Intersection signalization with spoken messages ¾¾ Intersection geometry through detectable maps, diagrams or spoken messages. Pushbutton locator tones help visually impaired pedestrians locate the pushbutton needed to activate the “Walk” phase. Vibrotactile devices vibrate to indicate when to walk. Detectable arrows indicate the direction of travel on the crosswalk. Additional information. Accessible pedestrian signal detectors may be pushbuttons or passive detection devices. At locations with pre-timed traffic control signals or non-actuated approaches, pedestrian pushbuttons may be used to activate APSs. APSs are typically integrated into the pedestrian pushbutton, and the audible tones
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
Accessible pedestrian signal
and/or messages come from the pushbutton housing. They also have a pushbutton locator tone and detectable arrow, and can include audible beaconing and other special features.
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Detectable arrows should be aligned toward the destination across the street; they should not point toward the beginning of the crosswalk, or the curb ramp location. Misalignment of the arrow may direct pedestrians with disabilities into the center of the intersection. Audible “Walk” indications should coincide with the pedestrian “Walk” indication. If the pedestrian signal rests in the “Walk” phase, then the audible indication should be provided in the first 7 seconds of the “Walk” phase. Detailed information on guidelines and standards for accessible pedestrian signals can be obtained through the U.S. Access Board.
Pedestrian pushbutton Lakeland
Signal Phases for Pedestrians A concurrent pedestrian phase occurs when pedestrians have the “Walk” indicator while parallel and turning (conflicting) vehicular traffic is permitted. A protected pedestrian phase occurs when pedestrians have the “Walk” indicator while turning movements are prohibited by a signal or “No Turn on Red” sign. An exclusive pedestrian phase occurs when pedestrians have the WALK indicator while all other movements are prohibited by a signal or “No Turn on Red” sign.
STRATEGIES FOR SIGNAL PHASES FOR PEDESTRIANS Phase
Pedestrian WALK signal
Application
Concurrent pedestrian phases
The most common application.
Protected pedestrian phase
Used when there are high volumes of conflicting vehicle turning movements with pedestrian traffic. Provides pedestrian “Walk” indication at the same time as through movements in the same direction. Prohibits conflicting turning movements at an active crosswalk.
Exclusive pedestrian phase
Used where there are high volumes of pedestrians. Pedestrian DON’T WALK signal
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3 | DESIGNING THE TRAVELED WAY
Exclusive pedestrian phases and protected pedestrian phases should be used at intersections where sight distances are restricted or intersection geometry is complex. They are also used where intersections are near senior housing, schools, recreational areas, medical facilities, or other facilities within a safety zone.
Lakeland
Additional information. Exclusive pedestrian phases increase pedestrian safety but also increase delays for vehicular intersection users. Leading pedestrian intervals may be considered for concurrent phasing where appropriate. Signs such as “Turning Vehicles Yield to Pedestrians” and “Watch for Turning Vehicles” may be helpful at intersections with concurrent pedestrian phases with conflicting vehicle movements. Avoid use of leading protected left-turns (arrows) at locations with exclusive pedestrian phases, as they will be confusing for pedestrians who expect that they can step into the roadway once crossing traffic receives a red light. When protected left-turn phases (arrows) are used, a restricted lagging left-turn phase should be used, wherever possible.
Signalization at intersection of Orange Street and Kentucky Avenue Lakeland
Pedestrian Priority at Signals Signalization strategies to reduce conflicts between pedestrians and other transportation modes typically involve separating movements and include: ¾¾ Lagging protected left-turn phases ¾¾ Restricting turns on red ¾¾ Leading pedestrian intervals ¾¾ Exclusive and protected pedestrian signal phases Exclusive and protected signal phasing, discussed previously, separate pedestrian traffic and reduce conflicts between pedestrians and motorists, but significant impacts to signal cycle lengths need to be considered.
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Signalization at Tennessee Avenue
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One strategy is called the Leading Pedestrian Interval (LPI), which initiates the pedestrian “Walk” indicator three to seven seconds before motor vehicles traveling in the same direction are given green lights. This technique allows pedestrians to establish themselves in the intersection in front of turning vehicles, increasing visibility for all.
STRATEGIES FOR LEADING PEDESTRIAN INTERVAL Phase Intersections with high volumes of pedestrians and conflicting turning vehicles
LPI should be used. Three second lag recommended to allow pedestrians to be seen ahead of turning traffic.
Intersections near large populations of elderly persons of schoolchildren
LPI should be used. Three second lag recommended to allow pedestrians to be seen ahead of turning traffic.
The FHWA has determined that LPIs currently provide a crash reduction factor of 5%. Newly installed LPIs should provide APSs to notify visually-impaired pedestrians of the LPI. Additionally, without an APS, visually-impaired pedestrians may begin to cross when motorists do not expect them. Left-turn arrow indications can be provided before opposite direction through movements (leading leftturn) or after opposite direction through movements (lagging left-turn). The lagging left-turn phase should be restrictive (protected-only) to avoid unsafe clearances. “No Turn on Red” signs can be used to restrict vehicles from turning right or left on intersecting one-way streets. Restricting this movement eliminates conflicts with pedestrians crossing in front of vehicles making turns. “No Turn on Red” signs should be considered when one or more of the following conditions apply: ¾¾ An exclusive pedestrian phase is provided ¾¾ LPI is provided ¾¾ Poor sight distances reduce visibility ¾¾ Geometry of the intersection may result in unexpected conflicts No turn on red signs
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Application
Additional information. “No Turn on Red” signs can be installed or a dynamic sign can be used that changes when pedestrians are present, by time of day, or by an emergency vehicle call. In general, concurrent pedestrian phasing should appropriately match motor vehicle signal phasing. At intersections with high pedestrian volumes where drivers have difficulty finding gaps to turn, the green time can be intentionally extended past the “Don’t Walk” indication in order to allow turning movements. Intersections with LPIs should be accompanied by appropriate signage, such as “Vehicles Yield to Pedestrians.” In addition to LPIs and “No Turn on Red” signs, bicyclists traveling in the same direction as pedestrians can be provided a leading bicycle interval using a bicycle signal head.
4
DESIGNING THE STREETSIDE
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CHAPTER FOUR
Designing the Streetside The zone outside the traveled way can be called the streetside. Designed properly, the streetside provides for safe pedestrian travel as well as aesthetic features. The streetside includes the pedestrian travel way, usually the sidewalk and the spaces that buffer the sidewalk from the roadway, and the sidewalk from the front of a building. Besides the linear elements of the pedestrian zone, the walking experience is affected by elements within this zone such as transit stops, utilities, furnishings, vegetation, driveways, and public art.
sidewalks are discontinuous, missing, or just too narrow. The number of driveways and placement of utilities can also negatively impact the streetside environment for pedestrians. This chapter covers the essential design elements of the streetside to ensure that people can safely and comfortably walk along streets throughout Polk County. Accessibility to destinations and to transit stops can make the pedestrian environment attractive as can landscaping, plazas and public art.
There also are many areas in Polk County that offer an excellent pedestrian walking experience such as Lake Mirror Complex, Lake Hollingsworth, Central Park in Downtown Winter Haven, Downtown City Park in Auburndale, and Lake Eva Park in Haines City. There are more places, however, where the streetside environment is not comfortable for pedestrians. In these locations,
Streetside Zone
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Streetside Zone
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STREETSIDE STRATEGIES
Lakeland
Safety First. Street lighting, transit stops, and plantings should provide clear lines of sight at night and follow Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) guidelines. Accessibility. Access across streets and between neighborhoods, whether by foot, bicycle, or car, should be the shortest, most direct distance possible. Sidewalks should follow roadway alignments and curve where necessary to provide pedestrian short-cuts and preserve mature trees and landscaping. Comfort. Shade trees and amenities like street furnishings and covered transit stops should be inviting, provide a buffer between motorists and pedestrians, and blend in with the character of the community.
Comfortable walking environment
Aesthetics. Public art contributes to a sense of civic pride, encourages people to stop and mingle, and provides a means of orientation between activity centers.
Universal access
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4 | DESIGNING THE STREETSIDE
STREETSIDE ZONES
POLK COUNTY STREET TYPES
There is a great degree of variability in the amount of available right-of-way on Polk County streets and roadways. Decisions regarding the width and configuration of the streetside zone are dependent on multiple factors, including street type and whether the project is a major reconstruction project or a lower cost retrofit. The strategies in this chapter assume that all types of projects will take place, and that the designer will need flexibility to make decisions on a case-by-case basis.
Generally, streets and roadways in Polk County can be classified as urban or suburban. For purposes of this handbook, the primary difference between these classifications is how drainage is handled. For an urban street, drainage is accommodated through curb and gutter and enclosed pipes to transport stormwater. In a suburban section drainage is handled through swale and ditch systems. This difference has a significant impact on how complete streets — especially sidewalks — can be designed. Rural highways are not addressed in this handbook. Two typical cross sections are presented illustrating the urban and suburban contexts in Polk County. In terms of the streetside zone, terminology differs slightly depending on the type of street.
PARKING
R/W
BIKE
PEDESTRIAN ZONE
BIKE
CL
PARKING
EDGE ZONE FURNISHING ZONE PEDESTRIAN ZONE FRONTAGE ZONE
R/W
COMPLETE STREET SECTION - URBAN COMPLETE STREET SECTION – URBAN POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
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URBAN STREET TYPES In Polk County urban streets are considered those with curb and gutter, closed drainage. This creates a physical edge to the roadway (the curb) and allows focus on a more urban street design strategy. On an urban street the streetside zone can be divided into the following elements: ¾¾ Edge (curb) zone ¾¾ Furnishing zone ¾¾ Pedestrian zone ¾¾ Frontage zone
The Edge Zone The edge zone, sometimes called the curb zone, is defined as the area between the roadway and the buffer zone. In Polk County, typically curbs are made of concrete. Rolled or mountable curbs should not be used because they enable and encourage motorists to park on sidewalks. The curb zone is typically 1 or 2 feet wide.
to maintain a constant, level Pedestrian Zone. The furnishing zone typically ranges from 5 to 10 feet wide in order to accommodate the desired range of elements.
The Pedestrian Zone The pedestrian zone is the sidewalk or portion of the pedestrian zone that is specifically reserved for pedestrian travel. It should be well-lit and meet ADA accessibility guidelines. This zone should be free of any physical obstructions to allow for continuous pedestrian movement. Materials used in the pedestrian zone should be consistent and should not vary from block-to-block. Utility poles, signal boxes, street furniture and vegetation should not encroach into the pedestrian through zone. Pedestrian zones should include sidewalks that are wide enough to comfortably accommodate the anticipated use and range from at least 5 feet wide to upwards of 15 to 20 feet wide.
The Furnishing Zone The furnishing zone is the area between the curb and the pedestrian zone (sidewalk) that provides separation and protection from moving vehicle traffic. The buffer zone also provides space for the placement and organization of street elements such as landscaping, street furniture, and above and below ground utilities. Where parking is allowed, the buffer zone creates space between the curb and vertical elements for proper clearance from moving vehicles or to allow car doors to open, and motor vehicle drivers to access the sidewalk. It also allows space for driveway aprons to ramp down from the grade of the sidewalk to the street in order
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Edge Furnishing Pedestrian Zone Zone Zone
Frontage Zone
4 | DESIGNING THE STREETSIDE
The Frontage Zone
SUBURBAN STREET TYPES
In an urban setting, the frontage zone is defined as the area between the pedestrian through zone and the right-of-way line, or the face of the adjacent building. In locations where buildings come to the back of a sidewalk, the frontage zone provides a buffer for pedestrians from storefront doors, stairways and other architectural elements. The frontage zone may also include sidewalk cafés, outdoor retail displays, and landscaping among other things. It is important that these elements do not infringe on the pedestrian through zone. The frontage zone is not needed where buildings are set back from the right of way line or in other locations where the sidewalk corridor is adjacent to a landscaped space.
Most of the streets and roadways in Polk County can be considered suburban. There is no curb and gutter and the drainage is handled in swales and open ditches. This presents a set of design opportunities different than in an urban street. In a suburban context these same elements might better be described as: ¾¾ Shoulder ¾¾ Swale ¾¾ Sidewalk ¾¾ Easement
EASEMENT SIDEWALK SWALE SHOULDER
R/W
BIKE PEDESTRIAN ZONE
BIKE
CL
R/W PEDESTRIAN ZONE
COMPLETE STREET SECTION - SUBURBAN COMPLETE STREET SECTION – SUBURBAN
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Shoulder In a suburban street type the area immediately adjacent to the vehicular travel lane is the shoulder. Clear definition between the edge of the travel lane and the walking area should be defined with roadway surface materials and other design elements. The shoulder is a part of the clear zone requirements to obstructions in the right of way.
Swale One of the design challenges in a suburban setting is that the drainage swale consumes valuable right of way which otherwise could be used for sidewalks. If the right of way is adequate sidewalks should be placed so that the swale is between the sidewalk and the roadway.
Sidewalk Sidewalks should be continuous in suburban settings and special care taken to connect sidewalk segments at intersections and across driveways to maximize continuity. In areas where swales are wide and right of way limited, considerations should be given to covering Winter Haven
the swale for sidewalks. This can be done in a variety of ways by using pipe or other structures that might resemble a bridge or boardwalk. Handling stormwater from the road needs to remain a critical design consideration.
Easement In a suburban context, the area between the sidewalk and the right of way line can be used as an easement for utilities.
STREETSIDE STRATEGY CHECKLIST Seating Bicycle Racks Bicycle Shelters Bollards Recycling Bins and Garbage Cans Transit Nodes Bus Stops Bus Shelters Driveways Plazas, Pocket Parks, and Parklets Sidewalk Cafes
There are numerous Complete Street treatments with various applications depending on the context of the street. The checklist above is provided to identify only a sample of the potential Complete Street features that can be applied to the Pedestrian Zone and is not meant to be a comprehensive list of potential applications.
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4 | DESIGNING THE STREETSIDE
STREETSIDE DIMENSIONS Lakeland
Depending on right-of-way constraints, neighborhood context, and pedestrian volumes, dimensions can vary widely within the streetside, pedestrian zone. Some design considerations are discussed below: Sidewalk Widths. Adequate pedestrian through-zones require a minimum sidewalk width of 5 feet. Some locations require wider sidewalk widths to accommodate anticipated pedestrian volumes. For areas with high pedestrian usage, the Highway Capacity Manual should be used to determine appropriate widths where volumes are known. If volumes are not known, then professional judgment should be used to provide wider sidewalks in school zones, in heavily used transit corridors, and for any sidewalk that is likely to be utilized as a shared-use path for pedestrians and bicyclists. Furnishing Zone Widths. The distance between pedestrians and traffic is significant to the walking experience. No one enjoys walking close to high speed traffic. Therefore, both the width and the quality of buffer zones can be maximized through strategic placement of landscaping and amenities along sidewalks. As shown in the photo above, on-street parking and trees greatly enhance the buffer zone between pedestrians and traffic, and in such locations, buffer widths can be reduced. Frontage Zone Widths. Where possible, sufficient widths should be provided for sidewalk cafes, plazas, furniture, and landscaping elements along building facades. These amenities should not be provided at the expense of pedestrian zone width, however. The photo to the right shows a location where the pedestrian zone is too narrow.
POLK County | COMPLETE STREETS HANDBOOK
On-street parking and trees create a pedestrian buffer that enhances comfort. Lakeland
Space for sidewalk cafĂŠs should not come at the expense of pedestrian zone width.
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STREET FURNITURE
Lakeland
The combined effect of adequate benches, shade pergolas, bicycle racks, and even trash receptacles all contribute to a comfortable sidewalk and pedestrian experience. Besides providing a buffer between sidewalks and noisy street traffic, street furniture that is thoughtfully arranged helps maximize safety, comfort, and reduce outdoor clutter. Street furniture is usually installed in the furnishing zone, but it also has a place in frontage zones, on curb extensions, and on medians. In addition to optimizing the locations of street furniture, its design should be aesthetically compatible with a neighborhood’s character. The use of green materials, such as recycled plastics and metals, should be maximized to reduce costs and maintenance requirements. This section provides design guidelines for street furniture frequently located in furnishing zones.
Street furniture should be illuminated at night and shaded during the day. Lakeland
A place to sit is a basic necessity, especially for the very young and old.
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Street furniture can turn the pedestrian realm into an urban “living room.”
4 | DESIGNING THE STREETSIDE
SEATING The benefits of providing shaded, comfortable outdoor seating areas in Florida, especially during hot weather, cannot be overstated. Seating gives pedestrians a place to rest, relax and enjoy the outdoors and neighborhood ambiance. As an amenity in public space, outdoor seating is important for seniors, shoppers resting between trips, people waiting at transit stops and workers outside during breaks.
BENCH INSTALLATION STRATEGIES Bench Location
Minimum Clear Zone Widths
General
3 feet on both sides of bench
At back of sidewalk, facing curb
5 feet, ideally 6 feet
Adjacent to fire hydrants
5 feet
Adjacent to other amenities, utilities, fixtures,
1 foot min. from any amenity or utility
Abutting buildings, walls or other obstructions
1 foot min. clear zone for maintenance & debris removal Lakeland
In whatever form — chairs, benches, seating walls, etc. — people worldwide enjoy sitting outdoors and watching passersby. For that reason, the design and location of outdoor seating should respond to and fit in the environment where it is placed. The following applies to seating areas in public rights-of-way: ¾¾ Seating should not interfere with entrances to buildings, loading zones, parked vehicles, or fire hydrant access and must be installed in a way that avoids damage or removal ¾¾ Seating should accommodate at least two people and can be integrated into buildings and building frontages. ¾¾ Seating should be oriented so that pedestrians can view street activity and should be buffered from noise and vehicle exhaust whenever possible. Seating also should provide a sense of security to the person seated and placed so that bicycles do not intrude into the pedestrian through zone. ¾¾ Benches at bus stops with no shelter should face the street, at the back of the sidewalk.
with and without armrests. Armrests help those who need assistance sitting and standing. Center armrests prevent sleeping but still allow access from the side. Seating without armrests allows those in wheelchairs to maneuver adjacent to the seat or slide onto it easily.
Additional Information. Climate should be taken into consideration when seating materials are chosen — bare metal and other heat absorbing materials are not recommended. If possible, seating should be provided
Movable seating provides flexibility regarding sun exposure and seating arrangements; however, movable seating requires a commitment to maintenance and replacement for pieces that get damaged or stolen.
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Seating design and location should respond to how the surrounding space is used.
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BICYCLE RACKS Cities and towns nationwide are encouraging their citizens to walk and bike more. Ample, well-designed bicycle parking is a key feature of a strategy to increase bicycling. With the provision of adequate bicycle parking, bicyclists are less likely to lock their bikes to sign posts, trees or railings, which can cause damage or obstruct walkways. Refer to local codes for other relevant requirements related to bicycle parking in addition to these guidelines.
¾¾ Meet ADA guidelines for detectability with a cane ¾¾ Installed to prevent parked bicycles from obstructing pedestrians or fire hydrant access
Racks can be artistic or utilitarian, hold one or multiple bicycles. Good bicycle parking designs maximize capacity while maintaining an orderly appearance. Furthermore, bicycle racks should ¾¾ Be affixed to a paved surface ¾¾ Support the frame of the bicycle at two points ¾¾ Accommodate different bicycle frame sizes and styles ¾¾ Be simple and easy to use ¾¾ Allow for easy locking ¾¾ Be placed so that bicycles park parallel to the curb or building frontage, or angled if space is available
The design of bicycle racks can complement the neighborhood context.
BICYCLE RACK INSTALLATION STRATEGIES Location
Bicycle racks should be simple, easy to use, and should support the bicycle frame at two points.
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Minimum Clear Zone Widths
General
3 ft. from back of curb
Building frontage and pedestrian zone
3 ft. from building, 5 ft. from pedestrian clear path
Building doorway/entrance
10 ft.; but 50 ft. maximum clear zone to curtail temptation to lock bicycle to closer objects
Street furniture or fixed objects (e.g., trees, poles, other bicycle racks)
3 ft.
Marked crosswalks
5 ft.
Fire hydrants, fire & police call boxes, other emergency facilities
10 ft.
Driveways
5 ft.
Bus stop sign posts
3 ft. from post; 15 ft. from behind post
4 | DESIGNING THE STREETSIDE
BICYCLE SHELTERS Secure, covered areas for bicycle parking are sometimes warranted. These guidelines encourage the use of covered shelters on streets that accommodate numerous bikes for short- and long-term parking needs. Downtown/mixeduse/main streets with wide sidewalks are appropriate for bicycle shelters. Ideally, bicycle shelters should be close by or within sight distance to building entrances or transit stops. If possible, bicycle shelters should provide weather protection for as many parked bicycles as possible. Installation footings must meet all structural and loading requirements.
BICYCLE SHELTER STRATEGIES Application
Specifications
Transit station/building Min. 50 ft. from entrance to entrances/other areas with encourage use high bicycle activity. Dimensions
Min. 8 ft. wide/min. 7 ft. high. Length depends on number of bicycles accommodated
Signage
Strategic signage should direct bicyclists to nearest shelters
Additional information. Bicycle shelters should not intrude into the pedestrian through zones. Installation on pavers requires footings approved by local codes. They should be placed in well-lit locations; if the area is not well lit, then passive detection low ambient lighting is recommended.
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Bicycle shelters should be located close to building entrances.
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CHAPTER FOUR
BOLLARDS
Lakeland
Sometime unobtrusive boundaries between different modes of transportation and areas of the street are warranted. Bollards are permanent or temporary objects or pillars whose main functions are to protect pedestrians, bicyclists, buildings, and other areas from vehicles and accentuate traffic calming. They come in all forms, from metal posts to concrete blocks and planters. On streets Bollards define and protect a pedestrian space by restricting vehicular access. without curbs (shared streets), bollards can delineate the edge of the roadway. They also can be Common Uses for Bollards used for low-level lighting. Whether fixed or removable, ¾¾ Provide separation between pedestrians from the road bollards can be designed to withstand heavy impacts, or on streets without curbs give way on impact. Breakaway bollards are intended to ¾¾ Prevent vehicle intrusion into buildings and deter vehicle access but allow emergency vehicles access. infrastructure such as government and financial Visibility is the most important design feature for institution bollards. They must be clearly visible in all lighting ¾¾ Restrict vehicle access to pedestrian malls and plazas conditions for all users, particularly pedestrians and motor ¾¾ Narrow turning radii to reduce vehicle speeds around vehicles. Reflective materials, lighting, and colors that corners contrast with their surroundings should be used. Bollard ¾¾ Prevent delivery trucks from using sidewalks in size and spacing should restrict vehicle access and still downtown commercial and mixed-use areas provide a clear pedestrian path free from obstructions. ¾¾ Protect street furniture ¾¾ Protect stormwater management features such as Lakeland rain gardens, stormwater planters, and green curb extensions ¾¾ Direct traffic flows and highlight traffic calming measures
Car-free zones and pedestrian malls may be differentiated by bollards.
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If damaged due to accident, deterioration, or environmental wear, bollards require immediate, proper maintenance. Improper maintenance can create hazards for pedestrians. Removable bollards can be considered if a street area is used for special events or vehicle access is only needed during part of the day.
4 | DESIGNING THE STREETSIDE
TRASH RECEPTACLES
Lakeland
Plentiful and convenient public receptacles for trash and recycling are important to keep streets and sidewalks clean. Due to width requirements, trash cans should be placed in the furnishing zone so that a 5-foot minimum pedestrian throughzone is maintained. Transit stops should also have convenient access to trash cans and recycling containers. Assuming trash receptacles are onefoot wide, the minimum sidewalk width required to accommodate trash receptacles is 6Â ft.-7 in., in order to maintain the clear zone widths shown in the following table:
Garbage cans can be designed to coordinate with other pedestrian zone elements.
TRASH RECEPTACLE STRATEGIES Location
Minimum Clear Zone Widths (For a One-Foot-Wide Receptacle)
Curb face
18 in.
Fire hydrants
5 ft.
Any ground obstruction (e.g., manhole, tree)
1 ft.
Street furniture
3 ft.
Pedestrian clear zone
5 ft., ideally 6 ft.
Of course, installing trash cans also entails an ongoing maintenance obligation to collect trash and clean the cans on a regular basis.
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CHAPTER FOUR
BUS STOPS AND SHELTERS
Transit Nodes
Bus stops are typically located in the furnishing zone of a sidewalk. They need to provide adequate space for waiting passengers without crowding pedestrians in the through-zone and they must be fully ADA accessible. These areas should be paved to provide accessible pathways to the doors of transit vehicles. Where space permits, shelters should be added to bus stops to make them more comfortable and inviting. Bus stops may also be located on curb extensions and larger medians. Information for travelers should also be provided at transit stops. Schedule information, at a minimum, and real-time arrival information should be provided where possible. Bus stops can also provide local area maps and wayfinding information. Bus stop locations are discussed in greater detail on pages 39 and 40.
One method of providing pedestrian access to a shelter and making a mid-block pedestrian crossing more visible is to create a transit node. As the illustration on this page shows two bus shelters are located approximately opposite each other and are connected with a cross walk. Drivers benefit from the visual impact of the transit and pedestrian node because of the vertical height and symmetry of the two shelters, one on either side of the street and the use of high emphasis crosswalks, pedestrian signs and rectangular rapid flashing beacons (RRFB). When these transit nodes are a part of a continuous sidewalk they serve both the transit rider and the passing pedestrian. This transit node configuration is an exception to the typical preferred separation of bus stops and crosswalks.
Auburndale
Transit node
Attractive, well-shaded bus stops encourage transit use.
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4 | DESIGNING THE STREETSIDE
Bus Stops Comfortable, accessible, and safe bus stops improve the value of transit to the community. Amenities can include benches, trash receptacles, shelters, lighting, bicycle racks, bus schedules, maps, real time/next bus arrival information, newspaper boxes, and public art. Stops should provide a clear line of sight between bus drivers and waiting passengers. For lower volume routes, stops without shelters are appropriate. Installation of amenities needs to be done in agreement with Polk County Transit, Citrus Connection, or W.H.A.T., since most amenities will require maintenance agreements.
Additional information. Curb extensions can provide additional pedestrian space and improve transit times by facilitating loading and unloading times. Curb extension widths are determined by the widths of the adjacent parking lanes, and lengths should be long enough to allow passengers to board and exit every bus door. Note that curb extensions can delay through traffic, however, since the buses essentially stop in the travel lane and do not pull over. Lakeland
Bus stop size and length depends on the length of the largest vehicle as well as the placement of the stop, (i.e., nearside, far-side, or midblock) and again should be done in consultation with the Polk transit provider. Pedestrian through-zones should extend to the sidewalk curbs at stops so passengers can access sidewalks directly from bus doors. Landing pads are the areas on the sidewalk where bus passengers load and unload.
LANDING PAD STRATEGIES Location/Item
Minimum Clear Zone Widths
Front of bus stop
5 ft. (parallel to the curb) with minimum 8 ft. depth
Crosswalk set back
5 ft. (10 ft. preferred)
Trash receptacles*
18 in. from left of landing pad; 3 ft. from benches
Amenities may include shelter, schedule information, and wayfinding signage. Bartow
* Receptacles should also be anchored to the pavement to deter theft.
ADA accessible surface materials such as concrete or asphalt are the preferred construction materials for landing pads. Nothing should be planted within landing pads and door zones at a bus stop, and shaded areas are preferred.
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Stops should provide a clear sightline between operators and passengers.
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Bus Shelters Comfortable, convenient bus shelters encourage transit use and should be provided on all key bus routes if sidewalk space allows. When designing a bus shelter, it must be ADA compliant with a 5-foot-long (parallel to the curb) by 8-foot-deep landing pad and a 4-foot minimum clear path. Its location must permit unobstructed loading, unloading and pedestrian sidewalk through movements.
Winter Haven
BUS SHELTER STRATEGIES Location/Item
Minimum Clear Zone Widths
Building face
1 ft.
Back of curb
4 ft.
Crosswalks
15 ft. (for visibility)
Ground obstructions (i.e., manhole, tree pit, signs)
1 ft.
Fire hydrants
10 ft.
Landing pads
3 ft. to the right (25 ft. max.)
Winter Haven With the goal of benefitting the largest number of riders, bus shelters should be prioritized and installed based on ridership. Bus shelters should be strongly considered Transfer station in areas close to schools, medical centers, rehabilitation centers, high density housing and senior centers, or where a large number of transfers are expected and rider waiting times longer. The physical constraints of bus stop sites, preferences of nearby property owners, bus stop requests by riders and construction costs also should be considered.
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Signage can help define a bus stop, and give passengers a good first impression. Lakeland
Bus bays allow a bus to pull out of travel lanes; typically at park-andride facilities.
4 | DESIGNING THE STREETSIDE
DRIVEWAYS
Lakeland
Driveway design has a considerable influence on pedestrian safety and comfort. Driveways cross pedestrian zones and put pedestrians in direct conflict with vehicles. Because vehicles entering the right-of-way must yield to all cross traffic, including pedestrians, it is important that the driveway/sidewalk interface convey this message to drivers. Driveways should be designed to look like driveways, not roadway intersections. They also should be consolidated whenever possible to minimize the number of conflict points along the sidewalk. Depending on the adjacent property use, the relationship between the property and the street, and type of vehicles using the driveway, different roadway types require different driveway treatments. Where possible, driveways should be designed similarly to curb ramps, rather than traditional street intersections. Driveway aprons should be sloped within the furnishing zone to avoid a cross slope on the sidewalk.
Sidewalks should be seamlessly delineated across driveways; not broken up by them. Lakeland
DRIVEWAY STRATEGIES Location/Item
Treatment/Minimum Clear Zone Widths
Sidewalks
Clearly delineated across the driveway. Maintain slope, grade & material of adjacent sidewalk. 5 ft. wide (min.) with max. 2% cross slope.
Crosswalks
20 ft. away, for visibility of both driver and pedestrian
All driveway designs should meet current ADA guidelines.
Driveways create conflict points between pedestrians and automobiles.
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CHAPTER FOUR
URBAN OPEN SPACES
Lakeland
Urban Open Spaces are important to civic life, and serve as public “living rooms” for municipal events. They are places within a city where people gather to celebrate, shop, dine, meet friends, and relax. Urban open spaces come in many sizes, from pocket parks such as Munn Park in downtown Lakeland to public plazas such as Fort Blount Park in downtown Bartow. Open space includes linear pedestrian malls such as Central Park in downtown Winter Haven. Urban open space should be seamlessly integrated with the sidewalk and adjacent buildings. Plazas are open spaces that should take into account the human scale or “social field of vision.” As a general rule of thumb, plazas should be no wider than 200 feet to encourage interaction among people.
Urban open spaces break up the concrete monotony of a city.
Pocket parks are small areas that adjoin sidewalks, providing additional green space, gardens, play areas for children, or other public amenities. Pocket parks can be included in building developments or within the right-of-way where underutilized space is available.
Lakeland
Parklets are low-cost, small extensions of the pedestrian zone that occupy former parking spots and include amenities such as plantings, seating and sidewalk cafes. They can be temporary or long term.
Urban open spaces should encourage pedestrian activity and interaction.
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4 | DESIGNING THE STREETSIDE
There are several ways to design urban open spaces to encourage pedestrian activity. ¾¾ Make the transition between the sidewalk and plaza inviting, visible and easy to enter. ¾¾ Locate urban open space adjacent to high use downtown areas such as transit or other pedestrian generators to encourage pedestrian activity. ¾¾ A mix of sun and shade is preferred to help make a plaza comfortable throughout the year. Shade, water, and reduced hardscape help reduce heat in the summer. Sun exposure and wind protection make a plaza more inviting in winter months. ¾¾ Landscaping designs should be sustainable and maintainable over the long run. The proportion of landscaping to paving should take long-term maintenance needs into account. ¾¾ Multiple seating options, some of which could be movable, should be provided. Dedicate at least 10% of a plaza’s open-space to seating. Seating can be incorporated into building edges, walls, and landscaping containers. ¾¾ Temporary or permanent public art can energize the space and highlight local artists. ¾¾ Share responsibility with adjacent businesses as caretakers of the space. ¾¾ Movable vending carts or stalls can be incorporated into plaza design. Vending configurations should consider clear pedestrian paths and power/water supplies for the stalls or carts. ¾¾ Performances or activities should be scheduled at times when pedestrian activity is greatest. ¾¾ Offer public wi-fi
Lakeland
Landscape materials should be as sustainable as possible to reduce maintenance costs.
A mix of sun and shade is preferred in open space settings.
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SIDEWALK CAFÉS
Lakeland
Sidewalk cafés add interest, enliven public space, and should be encouraged. However, sidewalk cafés involve private use of public space and must be regulated to ensure fire codes and pedestrian access addressed. The design and layout of sidewalk cafés needs to be carefully planned to maintain sidewalk functionality and the public right of way. Clear pedestrian paths at least 5 feet wide on the sidewalks must be maintained (measured from the outside edge of the sidewalk café to the first obstacle such as a bicycle rack, light pole or tree pit, etc.). In areas with high pedestrian traffic, a clear pedestrian path of 6 feet or more should be maintained. This clear path should be a straight line of travel and can include a portion of the furnishing zone, but it cannot direct pedestrians onto non-ADA compliant surfaces. Pedestrians in the through zone should not be required to walk around any part of the sidewalk café or be required to navigate around obstructions.
Sidewalk furniture should be durable, free-standing, and matching. Lakeland
All ADA guidelines must be adhered to, including maintenance of access to the sidewalk adjacent to the café, access into the café from the street, compliance of barriers around the dining area railing height, overhead clearance, service aisle design, and wheel chair access.
A clear pedestrian path must be maintained on the sidewalk.
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4 | DESIGNING THE STREETSIDE
Additional information. Furniture should be durable, free-standing, and matching. In locations where the sidewalk is not wide enough for sidewalk cafés or additional seating is desired, consider the use of parking spaces for movable decking to expand the pedestrian environment.
SIDEWALK CAFÉ STRATEGIES Location
Minimum Setback/Requirements
Alleys, transit stops, handicapped parking, business loading zones
15 feet
Parking meters, kiosks, traffic signs, utility poles, fire hydrants, bicycle racks, other street furniture (except planter boxes)
5 feet
Front of curb (if café is adjacent to curb)
3 feet
Curb ramps, or beginning of corner curb radius where curb ramps do not exist
10 feet
Movable tables/chairs
Can be as narrow as 6 feet deep (a single row)
Neighboring business frontage
May not encroach neighboring frontage
Cafés in furniture zone instead of frontage zone
Allowed, as long as pedestrian through zone is maintained with a minimum 3-foot buffer between curb/seating.
Awnings/umbrellas
Encouraged, but may not extend into pedestrian through zone unless they are 7 feet or higher (10-foot maximum).
Heat lamps
Must meet fire codes
Awnings and/or umbrellas are desirable but may not obstruct the pedestrian clear zone.
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CHAPTER FOUR
WHAT’S NEXT FOR POLK COUNTY? Implementation of even a few of the techniques and ideas presented in this handbook will greatly improve mobility for all modes of transportation in Polk County—automobile, transit, bicycle, and pedestrian. Complete Streets promote straightforward connectivity between neighborhoods, downtown business districts and activity centers, and in turn can enhance a community’s sense of cohesion and civic pride.
And the cost for these types of improvements isn’t necessarily expensive. In most cases, Complete Streets implementation can be achieved in conjunction with already programmed public infrastructure maintenance and upgrade projects. This Handbook should be used as a supplement to the many references, documents and reports mentioned throughout these pages to achieve Complete Streets in Polk County.
Lakeland
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