I: Country/Economy Profiles
228
Pakistan Key indicators Population (millions)..........................................................................................................181.1 GDP (US$ billions)...............................................................................................................230.5 GDP per capita, PPP$....................................................................................................... 2,876.1 Income group............................................................................................ Lower-middle income Region................................................................................................Central and Southern Asia
Score (0–100) or value (hard data) Rank
Global Innovation Index (out of 142).................................. 23.3 137 Innovation Output Sub-Index...................................................................................23.0 113 Innovation Input Sub-Index......................................................................................23.7 142 Innovation Efficiency Ratio.........................................................................................1.0 16 l Global Innovation Index 2012 (based on GII 2012 framework).................................23.1 133
1 Institutions.....................................................40.2 135 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3
Political environment...........................................................................21.6 140 Political stability*.......................................................................................0.0 142 Government effectiveness*.............................................................16.0 123 Press freedom*.........................................................................................48.7 128
1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3
Regulatory environment...................................................................44.9 125 Regulatory quality*...............................................................................33.6 116 Rule of law*................................................................................................23.0 120 Cost of redundancy dismissal, salary weeks.........................27.2 116
1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3
Business environment.........................................................................54.3 103 Ease of starting a business*.............................................................78.5 92 Ease of resolving insolvency*.........................................................39.0 70 Ease of paying taxes*...........................................................................45.4 126
2
Human capital & research............................. 7.7 141
2.1 Education.......................................................................................................8.1 141 2.1.1 Current expenditure on education, % GNI...............................1.6 112 2.1.2 Public expenditure/pupil, % GDP/cap......................................11.7 97 2.1.3 School life expectancy, years.............................................................7.5 125 2.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science...................................n/a n/a 2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary.......................................................41.9 128 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4
Tertiary education.....................................................................................3.5 139 Tertiary enrolment, % gross................................................................8.3 114 Graduates in science & engineering, %.....................................n/a n/a Tertiary inbound mobility, %..............................................................0.1 106 Gross tertiary outbound enrolment, %.......................................0.2 125
2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3
Research & development (R&D)...................................................11.3 61 l Researchers, headcounts/mn pop...........................................320.8 74 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP................................................0.5 60 QS university ranking, average score top 3*.........................21.4 48 l
3 Infrastructure................................................19.8 120
THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2013
3.1 Information & communication technologies (ICTs).........19.8 109 3.1.1 ICT access*..................................................................................................24.6 112 3.1.2 ICT use*...........................................................................................................4.9 114 3.1.3 Government’s online service*........................................................36.6 101 3.1.4 E-participation*.......................................................................................13.2 84 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4
General infrastructure..........................................................................17.6 134 Electricity output, kWh/cap..........................................................544.1 107 Electricity consumption, kWh/cap...........................................456.6 107 Logistics performance*......................................................................45.8 69 Gross capital formation, % GDP....................................................12.5 136
3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3
Ecological sustainability.....................................................................22.0 103 GDP/unit of energy use, 2000 PPP$/kg oil eq........................4.9 83 Environmental performance*........................................................39.6 114 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP.........0.6 75
4
Market sophistication..................................29.6 138
4.1 Credit..............................................................................................................23.6 115 4.1.1 Ease of getting credit*........................................................................62.5 68 4.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP..............................18.4 121 4.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP...................................................0.2 61
4.2 Investment.................................................................................................19.1 102 l 4.2.1 Ease of protecting investors*..........................................................65.6 34 4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP.........................................................15.6 81 4.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP..............................................4.8 52 4.2.4 Venture capital deals/tr PPP$ GDP.................................................0.0 74 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3
Trade & competition............................................................................46.0 138 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean, %.........................................9.5 120 Non-agricultural mkt access weighted tariff, %.....................6.8 141 Intensity of local competition†.....................................................60.4 84
5
Business sophistication...............................21.1 131
5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 5.1.6
Knowledge workers..............................................................................30.4 114 Knowledge-intensive employment, %.....................................19.5 66 Firms offering formal training, % firms........................................6.7 104 R&D performed by business, % GDP...........................................n/a n/a R&D financed by business, %...........................................................n/a n/a GMAT mean score...............................................................................511.8 66 l GMAT test takers/mn pop. 20–34................................................23.0 110
5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5
Innovation linkages..............................................................................15.1 123 University/industry research collaboration†.........................40.7 79 State of cluster development†......................................................45.6 63 l R&D financed by abroad, %................................................................0.9 79 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP.....................................0.0 110 Patent families filed in 3+ offices/bn PPP$ GDP...................0.0 69
5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4
Knowledge absorption.......................................................................17.9 116 Royalty & license fees payments, % service imports..........1.6 68 High-tech imports less re-imports, %..........................................6.4 87 Comm., computer & info. services imports, %........................4.5 63 l FDI net inflows, % GDP..........................................................................0.6 128
6
Knowledge & technology outputs............19.7 105
6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5
Knowledge creation................................................................................9.8 73 Domestic resident patent ap/bn PPP$ GDP............................0.2 97 PCT resident patent ap/bn PPP$ GDP........................................n/a n/a Domestic res utility model ap/bn PPP$ GDP.........................n/a n/a Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP..........................10.8 71 Citable documents H index..........................................................101.0 57 l
6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5
Knowledge impact................................................................................24.3 104 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, %.........................................–0.2 100 New businesses/th pop. 15–64........................................................0.0 104 Computer software spending, % GDP.........................................0.3 49 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP..............................5.3 64 l High- & medium-high-tech manufactures, %.....................23.7 43 l
6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4
Knowledge diffusion............................................................................20.1 99 Royalty & license fees receipts, % service exports...............0.1 77 High-tech exports less re-exports, %...........................................1.3 71 Comm., computer & info. services exports, %........................8.7 50 l FDI net outflows, % GDP......................................................................0.0 98
7
Creative outputs...........................................26.3 120
7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4
Intangible assets.....................................................................................32.5 111 Domestic res trademark reg/bn PPP$ GDP..............................5.1 87 Madrid trademark registrations/bn PPP$ GDP......................n/a n/a ICT & business model creation†...................................................47.7 104 ICT & organizational model creation†.......................................47.0 89
7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5
Creative goods & services.................................................................22.8 107 Audio-visual & related services exports, %...............................0.0 59 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69........................................0.3 98 Paid-for dailies, circulation, % pop. 15–69.................................5.5 82 Printing & publishing manufactures, %......................................0.3 92 Creative goods exports, %...................................................................1.9 37 l
7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4
Online creativity......................................................................................17.2 107 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69................0.8 108 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69................................................4.3 112 Wikipedia monthly edits/mn pop. 15–69............................141.4 110 Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69..................................63.0 94
Note: l indicates a strength; a weakness; * an index; † a survey question.