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Josh Petter, Editor
Urban Forest Planner City of Burien
Sara Barron
Assistant Professor of Teaching, University of British Columbia
Jamie Bails
Stream Habitat & Forestry Biologist
Katie Hogan Principal Consultant Cascara Tree Consulting, LLC
Sylvain Martel
Superintendent, Urban Forestry , City of New Westminster
Brandon Namm
Principal Consultant Laurelin Tree Consulting, LLC
James Pasley Urban Forester
Lalieth White
Arborist & Landscape Horticulturist, University of British Columbia
Emma Stammer
Executive Director of Trees Idaho
Graphic Designer Tristan Fields
Tree risk assessment is evolving on multiple fronts— through updated assessment methodologies, a deeper understanding of tree biology, and perhaps most significantly, a rapidly changing climate that is bringing more frequent and powerful storms. Check out articles from Julian Dunster and Scott Baker on tree risk assessment.
Our chapter and board are evolving as well. We recently said goodbye to Treasurer Kaustub Deo and Secretary Tristan Fields, and we thank them for their service and dedication. At the same time, we are excited to welcome new board members Meaggan Reid and Jeff Prevost—be sure to check out their introductions in this edition of Trees Magazine.
© 2026 PNW-ISA
Change is also underway on the political and funding fronts. While these shifts can be discouraging at times, arborists and urban foresters are uniquely equipped to adapt to changing landscapes. We work daily with living systems that change dramatically with the seasons, requiring us to stay attuned, flexible, and thoughtful as we balance social and environmental factors. As a profession that has accomplished so much with limited support in the past, I am confident we will continue to grow and strengthen arboriculture in the years ahead.
As always, let us know what you would like to see in the next edition of Trees Magazine. Send us an article, idea, or photo to editor@pnwisa.org
Josh Petter






3.0 vs 2.0
The Tree Risk Assessment Qualification (TRAQ) credential’s validity is extended from five years to seven years (for people who complete the updated TRAQ after Nov 5, 2025).
The prior “renewal” pathway (shorter renewal course/ exam) is eliminated. The TRAQ credential is valid for seven years from the date it is earned. A credential holder must take the course and pass the exam every seven years in order to renew the credential. Maintaining this qualification does not require CEUs. ISA certification holders will be offered 14.5 CEUs for attending the course
The written exam is expanded — from 100 multiple-choice to 110 questions (including 10 pretest questions) while keeping the 2-hour time frame; passing score remains at 75%. The exam is now structured into three domains: Assessment Methodology (61%), Basic Tree Assessment & Risk Analysis (21%), Reporting Findings & Recommendations (18%). The performance-based (field) exam also uses a revised “Basic Tree Risk Assessment Form” aligned with the updated curriculum.
The underlying training materials — including the companion textbook Tree Risk Assessment Manual (Third Edition) — have been updated. The content was reorganized, terminology aligned with latest standards, expanded sections on advanced assessment techniques, guidance on calibrating assessments and ratings, wildlife habitat considerations, and likelihood-of-impact analysis. The new TRAQ 3.0 manual aligns with the updated edition of Best Management Practices: Tree Risk Assessment.
Delivery of materials has shifted: participants will receive a digital copy of the manual, workbook, and additional online prep courses (some optional) rather than automatic printed manuals mailed.
Though still a multi-day course followed by assessment, TRAQ 3.0 has a revised course agenda (modules reorganized, updated to reflect new content) and updated “TRAQ Form” used in the field portion. Also, TRAQ 3.0 aims for more consistency across events by standardizing materials and format.
1
• The overall structure remains: a course plus an assessment (written and field/performancebased test) is still required to earn the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) TRAQ.
2
• The goal remains: equipping arborists with a standardized, systematic process for assessing tree risk including risk identification, diagnosis, evaluation, and mitigation recommendations.
3
• Prerequisites and eligibility remain similar: typically requires existing arborist credentials (e.g., ISA Certified Arborist, ISA Board Certified Master Arborist) or equivalent qualifications.
By Scott Baker



By Jim Barborinas Urban Forest Nursery, Inc urbanforestnursery.com
I am excited to tell you about a new tree, the summer elixir elm, Ulmus chenmoui ‘JAB Morton’. It is a small to medium size maturing elm tree, quite different from the large American and European elms we are more familiar with. In youth, it grows fast but appears to mature at a smaller size, with summer red-tipped leaves and a rusty red fall color. As it ages, the crown begins to round over, providing a lovely broad canopy. Although some of the seedlings can become relatively large, this tree appears to mature at a smaller size of about 35 feet tall by 30 feet wide. Like all elms, it is tough and drought tolerant, and the genus is known to have a high resistance to Dutch elm disease.
This tree is special to us because it was discovered at Urban Forest Nursery, Inc. approximately 20 years ago. It was selected in the field from several Ulmus chenmoui seedlings. These seedlings were provided by Dr. George Ware of the Morton Arboretum in Chicago, Illinois. At the time, Dr. Ware was collecting and evaluating elms from all over the world, and we offered to evaluate some of them for him. He told me that the tree originates from Chenmou or the Langya Mountains in China. It is at least a Zone 6 species, having survived well at the Morton Arboretum in Chicago.
Leaf shape is typical of elm -- ovate to elliptical, often asymmetrical at the base, with one side of the leaf extending farther down the petiole than the other. I observed the leaves slightly cupping and forming a very dense canopy. A subtle red tint appears on new leaves in mid- to late summer over the top of the crown. Fall color provides a warm yellow to rusty hue, similar to the American ash -which we no longer plant because of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). As the tree matures, the bark becomes mottled, gray, stringy, and furrowed.

This elm prefers well-drained, organic soils but will likely perform well in a wide range of soil types and moisture levels. It also appears to transplant easily, supported by a relatively aggressive root system that matches its early crown growth.
Summer elixir elm is now commercially available in landscape sizes from many Pacific Northwest Nurseries, including J. Frank Schmidt & Son Co., where it is propogated and promoted. It is certainly worth planting if you are looking for a smaller, broad-canopy tree in a tough location. Let me know if you have questions about this tree or if you have already tried it.








The wheels have stopped spinning, but the spirit of the 2025 Tour des Trees is still in motion. Sixty cyclists just completed a stunning loop from Grand Rapids to Traverse City and back, pedaling through small-town charm, sweeping Lake Michigan vistas, and tree-lined country roads. By the time the final rider rolled in, they had raised over $260,000 to fund tree research, education, and endowments—a living legacy that will strengthen communities far beyond the ride itself.
For me, this year was significant: my 23rd consecutive Tour des Trees. With the support of friends, colleagues, and sponsors, my fundraising now tops $125,000 over the years. I often say that no arborist, city, or neighborhood is untouched by the “fruits” of tree research. Every healthy elm, maple, and oak in our urban forests owes something to this collective effort.
The weeklong journey was once again meticulously mapped out by longtime tour director Paul Woods, whose steady leadership has guided the ride for years. Next year’s Tour of the Carolinas will mark his farewell — making 2026 an especially poignant milestone.

But beyond logistics, it’s the people and places that make the Tour unforgettable. In Michigan, we were treated to warm welcomes and local flair from riders like Kathy Gilmour and Julie Stachecki, whose energy added heart to every mile. Coastal towns along Lake Michigan dazzled us with views that belong on postcards. Those sights — and the camaraderie of fellow riders— are now etched into my Tour des Trees memory bank.

At its core, I’ve always described the Tour as a triangle of trees, bikes, and camaraderie. It’s a rare blend: international arboricultural standards from the ISA, grassroots best practices from the TCIA, and the generosity of local Lions Clubs and “Friends of Trees” groups who cheer us on along the route. Together, they create something larger than a bike ride—it’s a movement, a family, and a cause rolled into one.
After 23 tours, I can’t pretend I know how many more rides I’ll have in me. But I can say this: I’ll be at the starting line in the Carolinas next year. And if you’re looking for a new adventure with purpose, maybe it’s time to join us. The only way to truly know the Tour des Trees is to ride it!
And finally, I would like to make a proud shoutout to Toronto’s own Joanna Nakeff, who was awarded the prestigious Ken Ottman Tree Fund Volunteer Award this year. Her dedication embodies the very best of what the Tour is all about.

Over the 2025 calendar year, the Committee made progress in several areas including:
• Worked on a 2024-2026 Strategic Plan, beginning implementation of certain plan objectives.
- Including preparation for a survey of other chapters to gather info on their DEI committees and policies
- Explored DEI training opportunities for the PNWISA Board in 2026
• Thanks to the leadership of committee member Mel Barkalow and Nik Desai, we hosted a social hour breakfast at the Annual Training Conference in Portland, Oregon.
• Welcomed new members Meaggan Reid, Brian Caughlan, Heidi Asplund, Cleveland Cooper, and Mel Barkalow
• Created a Committee Community Agreement to support members and meetings.
• Held monthly meetings and posted notes on the Chapter website.
• Acquired a new chair for the DEI committee for 2026, Nik Desai!
The Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) Committee was founded by the PNW-ISA Chapter Board in 2020 to reflect the organization’s value of members’ diversity. The DEI Committee’s purpose is to lead the Chapter in making positive contributions to the cause of social justice and advise the Chapter on actions that impact diversity, equity, and inclusion.
While the current team is robust, we want and welcome additional committee members, particularly folks from underrepresented backgrounds and cultures, as well as unrepresented geographical areas of the Chapter like British Columbia, Alaska, and Idaho. If you align with the Committee’s purpose and are interested in joining, please complete and return an interest form, and we’ll follow up with you. In 2026 we will continue implementing the Strategic Plan and collaborating on the Annual Training Conference; it’s a great time to join!
Finally, let us know what you want the committee to work on in 2026 and beyond. We are planning to revisit and revise the existing strategic plan for February 2026 to February 2028 to best serve our membership. Colleagues, practitioners, and leaders with different demographics and life experiences improve our organization and our practice of arboriculture. Different lived experiences create more connections and increase the applicability and accessibility of our knowledge and services to more people. Reach out at deichair@ pnwisa.org and let us know what you think!
My connection to trees began long before I knew what arboriculture was. Growing up on 12 acres of post oaks in Texas, I found comfort and wisdom among them. Over 20 years ago, while raising my two young daughters, I became captivated by native and drought-tolerant plants that supported wildlife. That curiosity grew into a passion for sustainable design, leading me to a part-time job at a local nursery and enrollment in a community college horticulture program. Discovering plant science — from Latin names to soil composition — sparked a lifelong fascination. When I took my first tree identification course, I knew I was meant to be an advocate for trees. Arboriculture found me.
After a decade in an organic retail nursery setting, I transitioned fully into arboriculture, managing tree care operations and learning the complexities of residential tree work. Those years deepened my technical expertise and reinforced my passion for educational outreach. Another decade (and another daughter) later, helping people connect with trees remains my most fulfilling purpose. I have continued to engage in outreach and professional development, serving on the Board of Directors and Education Committee for ISA Texas and earning credentials including BCMA, RCA, TRAQ, TPAQ, and WRRQ.
My commitment to growth and learning continues. Earlier this year, my family and I made a significant move from Texas to Washington, embracing the opportunity to learn about a new landscape — its trees, plants, wildlife, culture, and community. The Pacific Northwest arborist community has been incredibly welcoming, and I am honored to now serve on the Board of Directors and Diversity Equity and Inclusion (DEI) Committee for the PNW-ISA.
What brought me to the board is a deep sense of gratitude. The ISA, its members, and chapter involvement have been instrumental in shaping both my professional path and personal growth – through mentorship, shared knowledge, and genuine community. I am excited to give back to the organization that has given me so much, and to contribute to the same sense of connection and learning that has fueled my journey. In my role, I hope to strengthen engagement across our membership, create more opportunities for collaboration and education, and help foster an inclusive environment where everyone feels they belong. The sense of purpose and community I have found here inspires me to contribute, give back, and help others grow – just like the trees that first taught me to love this work.

by Meaggan Reid

Tree risk assessment is now wellestablished in arboriculture and urban forestry, but it wasn’t always that way. Before the 1990’s very little mainstream literature or training was available outside of a few US Forest Service reports. At that time, practitioners and researchers called the topic a hazard tree assessment. In Britain, Rodney Helliwell published a report in 1990 about acceptable levels of risk. The subject moved forward with the Matheny and Clark’s work in the early nineties, leading to their book A Photographic Guide to the Evaluation of Hazard Trees in Urban Areas (1991).
“Any assessment of the likelihood of failure component is subjective, and it always will be.”
Matheck published his Body Language of Trees in 1994. This important book brought together a wide array of concepts about tree structures and how mechanical forces interacted with biology, decay, cavities, and adaptive growth. It also promoted the idea that the external appearance of a tree can tell us about its internal conditions.
By this time, we had Al Shigo’s research on the Compartmentalisation of Decay In Trees (CODIT). New research has shown that not all of the work done by Shigo and Matheck was valid, but their basic ideas remain invaluable and are still fundamentally important for tree risk assessors. Back to Britain and David Lonsdale’s book, Principles of Tree Hazard Assessment published in 1999, which codified many ideas and provided a new comprehensive source of information. These advances started to form a more definitive picture of what should be considered in risk assessments.
The new century bought new advances. In Britain, Mike Ellison introduced his Quantified Tree Risk Assessment (QTRA) in 2005, and that shifted terminology. Tree hazard assessment became risk assessment and for good reason. We cannot know if a condition is or is not hazardous until we have assessed risk. It seems obvious now, but at the time it was contentious.
In 2003 Pokorny et al published Urban tree risk management—a community guide to program design and implementation. This further consolidated the various ideas and research from the nineties into a comprehensive approach. Both Pokorny and Matheny and Clark utilized numerical rating schemes. QTRA also used a numerical approach, but at a much more sophisticated level.
In the late nineties and early new century work was underway on the Wildlife/Danger Tree assessment

courses in British Columbia, originally designed for industrial logging and later expanded to parks, silviculture, and firefighting operations. The main focus of the course was, and still is, on safely retaining wildlife trees in areas where workers would be found.
Tree risk assessments changed again in 2000 following a fatality on a golf course in British Columbia. The Workers Compensation Board of British Columbia (WCB) issued guidance about workers and golf courses and suddenly, the hazard tree training courses used by the PNW chapter no longer met an accepted standard of care. On behalf of the PNW chapter, I approached the WCB to fix this. The WCB, BC Hydro, and the PNW chapter funded the development of TRACE (Tree Risk Assessment and Exam). I was privileged to develop and write the course manual, and TRACE was launched in 2005 as a PNW Chapter initiative. It was the first course of its kind in North America to provide comprehensive tree risk assessment training with an exam that led to the credential Certified Tree Risk Assessor.
TRACE was hugely successful – we had over 1700 accredited people at the time it ended. It was taught across North America and also in Hong Kong.
Its success attracted attention from the International Society of Arboriculture and a panel of experts from around the world convened to create the new credential Tree Risk Assessment
Qualified (TRAQ). The new TRAQ credential was launched in 2013 and ISA moved anyone with the TRACE credential into the new course over time. I wrote the course manual for TRAQ. By design, the TRAQ credential abandoned the numerical rating approach and shifted to a qualitative approach using more standard terminology from the general field of risk assessment. TRAQ continues to evolve, and users will see some changes in the recently published third edition of that course manual
Other approaches to tree risk assessment have also evolved. QTRA has to some extent been superseded
by a different approach called VALID, created by David Evans in the UK. The US Forest Service still has its own approach to risk assessment (still called Hazard Tree assessment) and other countries around the world have different courses and ideas.
But even though there are different ideas and approaches, tree risk assessment (and indeed many other areas of risk assessment) still has and always will have a fundamentally important caveat. Any assessment of the likelihood of failure component is subjective, and it always will be. There is no way to objectively determine when a tree or a component part will fail. That does not mean there is never a ‘correct’ answer. It does mean that careful assessment requires the risk assessor to combine many different factors to determine likelihood of failure. Years of experience helps – the more failed trees you see and consider the better you can rate new trees. You will never be right 100 percent of the time nor should any of us ever expect that.
In the past thirty-five years there have been huge changes in our understanding of trees, risk concepts, and assessment and management protocols. These changes taught me that tree risk assessors must always be very thorough and need to have considerable indepth knowledge of many things. And all of that knowledge – which takes many years to acquire – must be considered and applied to each and every risk assessment project. It is not always simple or straightforward. But compared to the situation thirty-five years ago, we now have a vast array of knowledge to tap into. So, there is really no excuse not to be well informed.

by Julian Dunster

by
Having grown up in the Pacific Northwest, I’ve been fortunate to spend countless hours hiking through the many trails of the Olympics, the Cascades, and Northwest Oregon. My family has always been very outdoorsy, and this is where my love of trees was born.
For most of my youth, my grandparents lived in Port Angeles, WA and ran a small business in Forks, WA. The Olympic National Forest was my personal playground in the Summer. We loved to go out foraging for berries, fungi, ferns, and whatever other delicacies we could find off to the side of the path. Where else in the world can one find such an abundance of naturallyoccurring edibles in the wild?
In the winters, we enjoyed crosscountry skiing in the Cascades, where the abundant Douglas-firs and western redcedars trees provided a perfect serene solitude. While some people might take these things for granted, I developed a deep love and appreciation for the vast and wild wilderness that we are so lucky to enjoy here.
Since moving back to the PNW from Northern California in 2017, I’ve dedicated a lot of personal time and energy into our local parks as an active member of local advocacy and fundraising groups. In the PNW, we’re blessed with an abundant system of
trails and protected areas for all to enjoy. Maintaining and preserving them for future generations is critical, but these efforts are often under-funded and under-prioritized. These ecosystems are so vitally important to the health of our planet, and the impact to our climate.
Today, I am part of the HUB Arbor Insurance Group – a national team of insurance and safety professionals dedicated to the tree care industry. It’s been very rewarding to combine what I do professionally with something that I enjoy so much personally. We take great pride in the dedicated industry practice that we’ve built, which allows us to bring unique and valuable solutions to the tree care industry.
I have some big shoes to fill as the incoming Treasurer for PNW-ISA, but I’m really looking forward to rolling up my sleeves and finding ways to add value in this role. I have a Masters degree in finance, and 30 years of related work experience. I plan to use my experience to help bring new ideas to this group and help to build on our financial successes. I look forward to working with our very talented Board of Directors and bringing a fresh perspective to the organization.
I would welcome any suggestions on how we can make things better for our members. Please feel free to reach out to me at treasurer@pnwisa.org or jeff.prevost@hubinternational.com



by Emma Stammer


Located in Southwest Idaho, the City of Boise sits in a high desert environment surrounded by the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Known as the City of Trees, Boise and trees are often tied together. A recent Tree Canopy Assessment was conducted for 2013-2021 showing a canopy increase of 1.7% and showed potential areas for increased tree planting.
In 2024, staff from the City of Boise, Boise School District, and Trees Idaho (formerly known as Treasure Valley Canopy Network) came together to discuss ways to work together to increase tree canopy on school grounds, a high planting potential zone as outlined in the recent tree canopy assessment. During this session, it was realized that a few items needed to be addressed before a planting plan could be developed.
Like many school districts, the Boise School District did not have a dedicated arborist on staff for the 80 buildings and 850 acres of grounds and fields, which meant that tree care work had to be contracted out and was often reactionary instead of proactive. It was also noted that there was no record or system in place to manage the current trees on Boise School District properties.
From there, the team came up with four objectives to move forward: 1) engage administrative and facility staff at individual schools 2) take an inventory of all school district owned trees 3) create a resource and plan for current and future trees on district property 4) engage and educate students.
Following the creation of these goals, Ali Ward, Sustainability Supervisor for the Boise School District and Emma Stammer from Trees Idaho worked together to create TreeQuest. TreeQuest is a districtwide program to develop an inventory of all tree locations and conditions on each school property, engage students and each
school’s Green Team in urban forestry education, and develop a plan for new tree plantings, removals, maintenance, and replacements as needed.
TreeQuest kicked off with an initial training for any district staff interested, including: principals, teachers, support staff, green team leads, and technical staff at non-student facilities. Led by Trees Idaho, the training covered the basics of a tree inventory using Planit Geo’s TreePlotter (provided at no cost by the Idaho Department of Lands). Training included basic tree identification, tree inventory 101, intro to TreePlotter, and field practice. Following the training, staff went back to their schools and launched this program in their own classrooms. From kindergarten to 12th grade, Boise School District students were out learning about their school’s urban forest. Depending on the individual school and class, tablets, phones, or paper inventory sheets are being used to collect data. To support the program, Boise School District purchased diameter tapes to distribute and Trees Idaho purchased a classroom set of tablets to check out to teachers as needed. Additional classroom support and training has been provided by staff and an AmeriCorps member placed with the Boise School District.
Within one year of TreeQuest, 17 schools have started or completed full tree inventories, and 705 students have been actively engaged in a tree inventory and urban forestry education at their school. In 2026, TreeQuest continues across the district in addition to increased classroom urban forestry education in partnership with the Idaho Forest Products Commission and Project Learning Tree.
Learn more about TreeQuest and Trees Idaho at www.treesidaho.org/treequest or email Emma at emma@treesidaho.org



Southern Oregon
April 11-12, 2026 at Riverside Park, Grants Pass, OR
Portland, OR
June 6-7, 2026 at Farragut Park, Portland, OR
British Columbia
July 11-12, 2026 at Park TBD, BC
Puget Sound, WA
August 15, 2026 at Les Gove Park, Auburn, WA
Chapter Championship September 26-27, 2026 at Julia Davis Park, Boise, ID
Saturday, April 11, 2026
2026 Southern Oregon Regional Tree Climbing Competition
Location: Grants Pass, Oregon
Tuesday, April 14, 2026
ARBOR CHAT: Barkophiles - Why We Love Bark
Location: Online
Friday, April 17, 2026
The Benefits of Urban Trees - Oregon City
Location: Oregon City, Oregon
Thursday, May 7, 2026
Report Writing & Trees and the Law Workshop
Location: Seattle, Washington
Monday, May 11, 2026
PNW-ISA Tree Risk Assessment Qualification Workshop 3.0 - WAITLIST ONLY
Location: Seattle, Washington
Wednesday, May 13, 2026
Advanced Tree Risk Assessment Techniques Workshop
Location: Surrey, British Columbia
Monday, May 18, 2026
PNW-ISA Tree Risk Assessment Qualification Workshop 3.0 - WAITLIST ONLY
Location: Spokane, Washington
Tuesday, May 19, 2026
ARBOR CHAT: Introduction to Soils and Forest Soil Health
Location: Online
Wednesday, May 20, 2026
PNW-ISA Tree Risk Assessment Qualification Workshop 3.0 - WAITLIST ONLY
Location: Oregon City, Oregon
Monday, June 1, 2026
PNW-ISA Tree Risk Assessment Qualification Workshop 3.0
Location: Anchorage, Alaska
Thursday, June 4, 2026
Tree Appraisal Workshop
Location: Anchorage, Alaska
Saturday, June 6, 2026
2026 Willamette Regional Tree Climbing Competition
Location: Portland, Oregon
Tuesday, June 16, 2026
ARBOR CHAT: Protecting Urban Canopies with Azadirachtin: Science Based Strategies for Insect Control
Location: Online

Wednesday, June 17, 2026
PNW-ISA Tree Risk Assessment Qualification Workshop 3.0 - WAITLIST ONLY
Location: Victoria, British Columbia
Saturday, July 11, 2026
2026 British Columbia Tree Climbing Competition
Wednesday, July 15, 2026
PNW-ISA Tree Risk Assessment Qualification Workshop 3.0 - WAITLIST ONLY
Location: Surrey, British Columbia
Monday, July 20, 2026
PNW-ISA Tree Risk Assessment Qualification Workshop 3.0 - WAITLIST ONLY
Location: Oregon City, Oregon
Tuesday, July 21, 2026
ARBOR CHAT: Healthy Soils Support Healthy Trees – The Amazing Soils Genomics
Location: Online
Friday, August 14, 2026
2026 Puget Sound Regional Tree Climbing Competition
Location: Auburn, Washington
Monday, August 17, 2026
PNW-ISA Tree Risk Assessment Qualification Workshop 3.0 - WAITLIST ONLY
Location: Seattle, Washington
Tuesday, August 18, 2026
ARBOR CHAT: How to Diagnose Tree Disorders for non-Diagnosticians
Location: Online
Wednesday, September 9, 2026
PNW-ISA Tree Risk Assessment Qualification Workshop 3.0 - WAITLIST ONLY
Location: Victoria, British Columbia
Monday, September 14, 2026
PNW-ISA Tree Risk Assessment QualificationWAITLIST ONLY
Location: Surrey, British Columbia
Thursday, October 15, 2026
Common Fungi Affecting PNWTrees & Coastal BC Trees & The Importance to Tree Risk Assessment
Location: Surrey, British Columbia
Friday, October 16, 2026
Common Fungi Affecting PNWTrees & Coastal BC Trees & The Importance to Tree Risk Assessment
Location: Surrey, British Columbia

