Onshore Pipelines - THE ROAD TO SUCCESS Vol. 1 Appendix 5.1.1
Table 3 – Pipeline Geohazards (cont.) Geo-Hazard
Description
Routing Mitigation
Underground cavities
Areas of coal mining, caves, caverns, subsidence areas
• Avoid if possible • Methods to design for and cross underground cavities are possible. These include pumping concrete into the underground mines (subject to size and volume), the whole mine need not be filled in, but sufficient to limit settlement; use thicker wall pipe acceptable for estimated settlements.
River channel migration
• Feasible to estimate and design for River banks erosion leading to river river meander and river bed erosion. meander, and river bed erosion leading This will generally include sufficient to bed channels of varying depth burial in river bed, and sufficient deeper burial extent from river banks. • River bank erosion prevention methods can also be used. • Minimise crossing length
Aggressive soils
Contaminated soils
• Avoidance will depend on type of contamination, and if disturbed the safety impact on local population and works: environmental impact; and disposal issues. • Minimise crossing length
5.1.1.12 Selection Criteria Selection criteria should be developed following local codes and standards, national regulatory and local regulation requirements and detailed consultation with, and input from, the local community. Typical pipeline codes and standards include: • ASME B31.8 – Gas Transmission And Distribution Piping Systems (US/International Standard) • ASME B31.4 – Pipeline Transportation Systems For Liquid Hydrocarbon Pipelines (US/International Standard) • CSA Z662 – Oil And Gas Pipeline Systems (Canadian Standards Association) • NEN 3650 – Requirements For Pipeline Systems (Dutch Standard) • AS 2885.1 – Pipelines—Gas And Liquid Petroleum Part 1: Design And Construction (Australian Standard) • SNiP 2.05.06-85* Trunk Pipelines (Russia, Developed By Vniist) • VSN 51-3-85 Design Of Steel Field Pipelines (Russia, Developed By Vniigaz) • Bs En 1594 - Gas Supply Systems _ Pipelines For Maximum Operating Pressure Over 16bar Functional Requirements • IGE-TD/1 Edition 4 - Recommendation On Transmission And Distribution Practice – Steel Pipelines For High Pressure Gas Transmission, May 2001 • BSI PD 8010 - Code Of Practice For Pipelines • ISO 13623/En 14161 - Petroleum And Natural Gas Industries — Pipeline Transportation Systems
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