Plymouth University_Architecture_2020 History, Theory and Critical Context Journal_Transformations

TRANSFORMATIONS History , Theory & Critical Context Journal

TRANS F O R M A T I O N S

2019.20

90000 >

9 781999 775087

978-1-9997750-8-7

School of Art, Design & Architecture University of Plymouth

ISBN 9781999775087

CHRI SI TTI OC AR YL , CONTEXT

T HJ EO O U R NY A&L

2019. 20

CRITICAL CONTEXT JOURNAL 2 0 1 9 . 2 0

978-1-9997750-8-7

SCHOOL OF ART, DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH TRANSFORMATIONS CRITICAL CONTEXT JOURNAL 2019.20

History, Theory & Critical Context Journal : HTCC 19.20

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H

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TR A N S F O R M

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T I

U O

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Dr Nikolina Bobic

EDITORIAL DIRECTOR

Eleanor Mott

EDITOR-AT-LARGE

Eva Millward

PR DIRECTOR

William Martyn

CREATIVE DIRECTORS

Sophie James

COVER IMAGE

Eleanor Mott

COVER IMAGE

LHS Image: Borderless worlds by Eleanor Mott.

Unless otherwise stated, all visuals are students’ own work.

All rights reserved.

978-1-9997750-8-7

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Incluvity and diversity: William Martyn.

INTRODUCTORY R E M A R K S

Transformations is a celebration of critical thinking here in the School of Architecture at the University of Plymouth. The selected extracts; writings, collages, diagrams, drawings and filmic studies, demonstrate a depth and range of thinking and observations from students within our school.

The work showcased is inclsuive from BA Architecture 1 to final year Master of Architecture, and extracts from our current Doctoral students.

The work is looking at real and current issues, from the scope of culture, politics to social, environmental and technological concerns. By inviting our students to work between text, collage and film helps to clarify thinking and evolve that practice of critical thinking to migrate into the practice of representation and making simultaneously.

This structure of delivery enables students to test their own preoccupations and concerns through critical thinking and translate it into design thinking.

This is critical to the understanding of the full potential of design practice, allowing ‘individual’ modules to have greater synergies and therefore a greater informed relevance and resolution.

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Therefore, although Transformations – History, Theory and Critical Context Journal, is stand-alone it should also be read in conjunction with Formations – Design Project Journal.

The work has been produced under extremely challenging circumstances as like all Universities we have been in ‘lockdown’ since the end of March. The work published here from BA Architecture year 1 was produced as we migrated from ‘on campus’ to ‘distance learning’, and this journal has been fully curated during this period. So, I would like to thank the editing team, Dr Nikolina Bobic, the History, Theory and Critical Context Stream Lead along with BA Architecture 2 students Eleanor Mott, William Martyn, Sophie James and Eva Millward,for being able to complete this in what have been very difficult circumstances.

I would also like to this journal, the School of of Plymouth is

to thank all those that have contributed demonstrating that even ‘at distance’ Architecture here at the University a vibrant and engaged community.

Mr Andy Humphreys Acting Head of School – Architecture BA Architecture Programme Lead

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Veilings - transformations-to-come: William Martyn.

The title of Transformations for this issue of the History, Theory and Critical Context [HTCC] Journal arose notably before the global spread of the pandemic, resurgence of racism as a signifier of white colonial supremacy, antiracism/anti-oppression/anti-extradition bill protests across the world, the rise in gentrification, homelessness, chronic health conditions and domestic abuse amongst other examples of oppression and dissent. 2019-20 has also been marked with protests on climate change, to the continuation in the increase of the death of refugees trying to reach various Western ‘safe zones’, and the growing presence of inhumane detention centers.

Today, it seems to be more important than ever before for architectural pedagogy and practice to address real life concerns. Questions of ecology, colonialism, power, biopolitics, social labour and spatial violence are only some of the current pressing concerns. Transformations is concerned with diversifying the role of architecture and acting collaboratively. There is a necessity for collaborative, interdisciplinary, and discursive rethinking of the ethical role of architecture and the urban; and not in a way that repeats the established systems of human(itarian) and human rights initiatives which for Alain Badiou conceal an ideology of imperialism and invariably, profit and control.1 HTCC Journal 19.20

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Alain Badiou, Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil, New York: Verso, 2013.

2 Pedro Gadanho, ‘Utopia/Dystopia: A Brief History of an Uncomfortable Duality’, in Utopia/ Dystopia: A Paradigm Shift in Art and Architecture, ed. by P. Gananho.

Milano: Mousse Publishing, 2017.

1

The students’ extracts [composed of text and image-based work] in this issue are largely emancipatory, oriented towards a new world – a world in which we think, design, build and dwell with a more egalitarian and diversified face. These enquiries are not oriented towards conventional conceptions of utopias since history shows that their shadow sides can be dystopian,2 but more towards rethinking values; from the way in which we still see nature being subservient to humans to the necessity to question the privileging of certain cultures, histories and voices.

The works featured in this 2019-20 HTCC issue are embryos of the present soon-to-be transformed; these embryos have tenacity, grit, raw enthusiasm and zest yet also innocence and sheer joy – all of which are needed for a leap to be taken into a different dimension; where history is finally activated. These are Transformations-to-come.

Last, but not least, immense words of gratitude to my small but fabulous HTCC editorial team [Ellie, Eva, Sophie and Will] whose dedication, passion and hard work made the making of this year’s journal a standout one! Thank you Fab Four!

Dr Nikolina Bobic HTCC Editorial Director Lecturer in Architecture History, Theory + Critical Context Stream Leader Head BA (Hons) Arch Admissions + Marketing

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Between grids: Eva Millward.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Andy Humphreys Nikolina Bobic BA01 BA02 BA03 MARCH01 MARCH02 PH.D INDEX Students Staff

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004 006 010 024 040 078 088 102 116 116 118

Body, comfort and the semantics of space: Rhys Dunn and Sam Brankin.

HISTORY, THEORY AND CRITICAL CONTEXT 4.2

BA01 Maulie Chew Kalin Dormer Fraser Long Christopher Phillips Dafyn Richards Samuel Yeowell

This module introduced the students to the history and theory of architecture through a critical, socially-grounded, interdisciplinary approach: architecture in articulation with anthropology, focused specifically on domesticity and inhabitation. The students explored central streams of theoretical and practical concern in the field of architecture in correlation with societal conditions, as well as their own developing design practice. Lectures, workshops, and small group tutorials supported them in acquiring and developing skills in ‘reading’ architecture through its components, decoding the ideas embodied in built form, and articulating their own architectural sensibilities in response to the issues encountered.

Through the essays produced in this investigation, the students have revisited chosen studio projects with heightened awareness of architecture’s mediating role in the relationships between people and their landscapes, cities, and societies. By following the relatable, guiding thread of domesticity and inhabitation through more complex thematic clusters (such as place and landscape, settlements and mobilities, territoriality, proxemics, symbols and rituals, power and socio-economics, identity and gender), the students’ critical written and visual inquiries probed into the rich context of architecture praxis - past and present - in order to develop further as self-reflective, well-rounded practitioners.

Module Leader: Dr Ioana Popovici Supporting tutors: Dr Nikolina Bobic and Mr Alexander Screech

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Maulie Chew SOCIAL ARCHITECTURE: PHYSICAL AND MENTAL

Defining and separating ideas of rooms and space involves more than a simple wall, we are surrounded by boundaries and they affect how we understand and use the space. They offer restrictions and permissions into space whilst often being subliminal, the concept of public and private being instrumental when articulating the ideas of space. These ideas were at the forefront of designing and constructing the elements of the shelter/ shrine project. When discussing boundaries and social architecture, this project showcases the ideas of social interaction within design, due to the client involvement as well a purpose of this design.

Boundaries in space - physical and psychological.

This text aims to address the nexus of social architecture and space. Understanding space is an important component to this study, how we are affected physically and mentally by the built environment as well as how the physical and mental aspects affect us, the user. To achieve this, three main subtopics are chosen to briefly discuss how space is created and manipulated to benefit the user; the fundamentals of space, human perception of space and boundaries of space. These subtopics will help illustrate notions of space, including social, mental and physical impacts on a person. The stated framework will be addressed with reference to the thinking of Sharon R. Steadman, Beatriz Colomina, Henri Lefebvre and Michel Foucault.

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Physical and mental distinctions of space through personal experiences.

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Kalin Dormer ATHENA: PLACE, LANDSCAPE AND THE SACRED This essay is focusing on the exploration of place and landscape, that is, its connection to sacred and spiritual. The aim will be addressed through my Shrine Project (Athena: Minerva, Shrine to the Classical Goddess of Wisdom), and supported through the thinking of Sharon Steadman, Edward Relph and Juhani Pallasmaa.

Likewise, by examining the classical influence on Western architecture and the shrine, this essay aims to also provide a historical perspective and evaluation on that which is seen as spiritual in architecture. The development of spiritual and religious architecture will be analysed in terms of understanding the links between spiritual narrative and cultural landscape.

Exploring the links between spatial arrangements in religious and sacred buildings.

Much has been written about architecture throughout human history, and it is worth noting that ‘architecture’ as we understand it is a somewhat ambiguous term that has evolved in meaning and practice throughout Western history.1 The oldest surviving treatise on the subject, On Architecture (De Architectura) by Vitruvius Palladio, dates to the first century BC.2 It addresses practical methods of construction, theories on aesthetics, history, to the way architecture affects us on a psychological level.

Nevertheless, the influence of the architecture of classical antiquity on the development of the built environment in the Western world is profound.3 Particularly, and in relation to my project, how the intersection of place, landscape and architecture may enhance a sense of sacred or spiritual meaning in and beyond a religious context.

Stephen Parcell, Four Historical Definitions of Architecture, (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2012), 8-11.

2 Robert Tavernor, ‘Introduction’ in Vitruvius, On Architecture, ed. by Richard Schofield and Robert Tavernor (London: Penguin Classics, 2019), XIII-XXXV. 3 Thomas Barrie, Julio Bermudez, Phillip James Tabb, Architecture, Culture and Spirituality, (New York: Routledge, 2016), 59-66.

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The shrine as place within the landscape.

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Fraser Long CAIRNGORMS ALPINE SHELTER: GEOGRAPHY, SETTLEMENT AND PLACE

The analysis will give a greater understanding of specific architectural details in design, and why they were put in place. The shelter itself reflects the traditional Scottish bothy, in its simplicity of addressing basic human needs whilst embracing the landscape around it.

Bothy being “simple shelters scattered across Scotland [...] bothies are free to use and open to whoever passes through.”4 Materiality wise, the shelter is a basic timber frame, with insulated walls and clad with corrugated tin.

The corrugated skin reflects materials used in Scottish bothies, whilst the large glass windows at both ends brings the shelter into the 21st century. Specifically orientated and positioned; the shelter sits on the side of a small mountain in the Cairngorms National Park, and looks over a loch in the valley below.

The shelter provides basic accommodation for the more ambitious hikers and mountaineers.

Peter Zumthor, Thinking Architecture, (Basel: Birkhauser, 2010).

2 Edward Relph, Place and Placelessness, (London: Pion Publication, 1976).

3 Sharon Steadman, Archaeology of Domestic Architecture and the Human Use of Space, (London: Routeledge, 2016).

4 Zachary Klein, Cabin Porn Inside, (Great Britain: Penguin, Random House, 2019), 134.

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Human use of space.

This essay will look at my Project 00 Scottish alpine shelter in terms of its relationship to place and landscape. This particular sub-thematic had the strongest connection to the design of this project, with its precise use of materiality and location, both of which were heavily influenced by the landscape. In order to understand this relationship, I will refer to the following texts; Peter Zumthor’s Thinking Architecture1 (particularly the experience of nature through architecture), Edward Relph’s, Place and Placelessness2 (geographical and social approach to the perception of place), and Sharon Steadman’s Archeology of Domestic Architecture and the Human Use of Space3 (in terms of the connection and choice of historic settlements through archeological sites). The works of these authors have frequently been put into context through archeological sites, and the precedents of architecturally significant structures among landscape.

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Archaeology of domestic architecture and the human use of space.

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Christopher Phillips OCEAN POLLUTION: SHELTER ON A HILL BY THE SEA This essay will address how shelter is perceived, that is, the relationship between making place and making landscape in terms of ocean pollution.

Juhani Pallasmaa wrote that perception is the experience of space through all of the senses;1 something that my designed shelter failed to do as it largely focused on sight. The shelter was engineered to communicate the issue of ocean pollution to children, situated in a purposeful place on a hill by the sea. The way in which shelter achieved its purpose is linked to how both the site , landscape and the object were perceived. However, perceiving is not understanding. Place and placelessness2 provide a base in understanding what space is and the meanings behind it to different people; such as the different ways of preserving the existential space of the Australian outback between the colonisers, and the Aboriginese.

Juhani Pallasmaa, The Eyes of The Skin, (Chichester: Wiley-Academy, 2005).

Edward Relph, Place and Placelessness, (London: Pion Publication, 1976).

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2

Thresholds of site, place and landscape. .

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Shelter’s purpose: amidst place and placelessness.

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Dafyn Richards INCOMPLETE ARCHITECTURE: SPACE, PLACE AND LANDSCAPE

Examining Project 01 design, this essay will further draw on theorists such as Tim Ingold and his poetic exploration of material qualities and their relationship to time.3 The stated framework will be addressed through historical and cultural precedents such as the Aboriginal Australians Dreamtime system, and how their understanding of the landscape informs their structuring of space.4 More contemporary precedents such as the work of Richard Serra will also be drawn upon to provide an expanded understanding of place.5 In each section of the essay, precedents and theory shall be linked back to Project 01 to formulate deep analysis of the design and how, despite the design being deemed complete, it will never take a ‘completed’ form, and will forever be in a state of change.

Architectural design is a process of multiple stages; beginning with understanding the site, and ending with the building as the product.

This essay will examine the design process of Project 01 through the lens of Paul Ricœur’s three states of architecture and narrativity: prefiguration, configuration and refiguration.1 Each of these stages will be linked to three of Edward Relph’s notions of place: pragmatic and primitive, perceptual, and existential.2 By following this narrative structure, it will become apparent how the development in each stage effects the qualities of space and place, and how these evolve over the course of the design project.

Paul Ricoeur, ‘Architecture and Narrativity’, Ricoeur Studies, 7 (2016), 31-42.

2 Edward Relph, Place and Placelessness, (London: Pion Publication, 1980), 8-26.

3 Tim Ingold, Making: Anthropology, Art and Architecture, (London: Routledge, 2013), 17-31.

4 Sharon Steadman, Archaeology of Domestic Architecture and the Human Use of Space, (London: Routeledge, 2016).

4 Peter Wieler, The Slab for the Ruhr area on the Schurenbach heap, <https://www. ruhr-guide.de/freizeit/industriekultur/diebramme-fuer-das-ruhrgebiet- auf-der-haldeschurenbach/11851,0,0.html> [accessed 18 April 2020].

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Project 01 is a proposed design for a public building situated on the higher ground of Plymouth Hoe, several meters from Smeaton’s Tower. Moderate in size and capacity, the building has no defined use. Its intent is to serve as a space which can be occupied by anyone and may serve a multitude of purposes. Despite this, the building aims to respect the context of its surroundings and relate to place by using materials found in the local vernacular such as stone, timber, and metal. Sitting on the ground lightly with its elevated deck, and with its grass roof joining the topography of the site, the building seeks to become a part of the landscape, as opposed to an object placed upon it.

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Project 01: materials and view of the landscape.

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Samuel Yeowell BODY AND PROPORTION: (IM)MOBILITY AND LANDSCAPE This essay focuses on body and (im)mobility, the way in which the body has been represented in terms of proportion and immobility, from Vitruvius to Le Corbusier. This will be analysed though the spacesuit project – design project 03; which required us to develop a structure that would benefit our experience within the landscape of Dartmoor by focusing on (im)mobility within a place, including how the spacesuit responds to landscape.

My suit was designed to benefit mobility and provide protection from the elements, ensuring movement was not restricted. This was done by analysing what stimuli cause the body to influence a certain form or a more physical and literal stimulant, similar to that of a simple construction.

Throughout the essay, the conflict between a static body and dynamic body is discussed by analysing the works from Le Corbusier, Antoni Gaudí to Robert Yudell in order to examine the questions of (im)mobility within the human frame.

The relationship between the body and movement has a varied array of interpretations, whether this may be by considering both the anatomical and mathematical structure of the human body or via a method of understanding the connection between the site HTCC Journal 19.20

Top: Causes of (im)mobilised body.

Bottom: Terrain affects mobility.

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State security - privacy is a foreign concept: Lucas Voss.

HISTORY, THEORY AND CRITICAL CONTEXT 5.1

BA02

The module is geared towards developing students’ understanding of historical enquiry and of architecture as its subject matter through a precedent-study survey of the architectural history of the 20th Century and beyond. The module also develops students’ understanding of architectural theories related to the practice and production of architecture, the critique of architecture and its conceptual possibilities. Close attention is paid to the critical exchange between thinking, writing, drawing/making and moving image considering that the overall theme for the module is the relationship between context (theory & practice) and research methods. Thus, each week is constructed around a thematic idea.

These themes are then expanded upon, and diversified, via the thinking and research of guest lecturers:

Georgina Cameron Tim Emery Sophie James Bethany Long William Martyn Eleanor Mott Jack Richards Lucas Voss

Shaping ethical architecture practice: Between professional culture and individual ethos - Dr Ioana Popovici Borders and Territories - Histories of Hope, Histories of Change - Dr Nikolina Bobic PAPERLESS: emergent architectural representations - Dr Alejandro Veliz Reyes Smart Urban Futures - Dr Katharine Willis Site and Setting - Mr Andy Humphreys Architecture as a Catalyst for Social Mobility - Mr Alex Screech Multicultural domestic energy saving and consumption patterns: A Bigger Picture - Dr Satish BK

Module Leader: Dr Nikolina Bobic Supporting staff: Dr Ioana Popovici and Mr Alex Screech

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Georgina Cameron NEW TYPE OF PUBLIC SPACE: SOCIAL INTERACTION & SMART CITIES This paper will analyse social interaction in public space. Specifically, how digital technology – according to Nigel Thrift – is benefiting citizens by encouraging a new means of public space to be discovered with the overall increase of people using smart technology in social areas.1 The integration of the smart city agenda is relatively new, only recently starting to take currency in architectural design.2 Digital technology is seen as the basis to enabling the emergence of a new type of public space, allowing people to be connected under surveillance and data sharing.3 In other words, digital technology is able to provide a connection between people and place through the smart city agenda which promotes a more informed public space.4 This is significant considering that when we are thinking about public space from a more conventional and traditional lens, we understand it to be an area of gathering between multiple societies.5 It wasn’t until the 18th Century that public space became conceived through increased circulation of information (newspapers), in turn, creating a focus point where people came to gather through public opinions.6

The increased implementation of digital technology and its impact on public space.

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Traditional arrangement of public space: formed around monuments of the city.

Due to the spread of the print world, global opinions could be expressed and juxtaposed, allowing for heightened physical social interactions to occur. However, some would argue that associating public space with digital technology is a hidden weapon of control.7 Digital technology capitalises the social encounter movements that occur within spaces. This allows smart cities to reactivate the public spaces; the use of mobile phones is the key vessel in making digital systems more tangible.

1 Mark Shepard, Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space (MA: MIT Press, 2011), 23.

2 Katherine Willis, Alessandro Aurigi, Digital and Smart Cities (London: Routledge, 2018), 138.

3 Kim Barbour, Mary Griffiths. eds., Making publics, making places (University of Adelaide Press, 2016), 32.

4 Barbour, Griffiths. eds., Making publics, making places, (2016), 44.

5 Marcel Hénaff, Public Space and Democracy, (London, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001), 41.

6 Hénaff, Public Space and Democracy, (2001), 46.

7 Paul Virilio, The Information Bomb, (London: Verso, 2000), 12.

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To help support this position, the focus will be on the case study of an urban city project in Amsterdam, that is, how the Recreational Crowd studies produce open platforms of data through the Internet of Things. Similarly, how the use of sensors, UN Studio’s 2008 New Street Station in Birmingham allows digital technology to encourage new public spaces to emerge. The noted case studies will also be analysed through the thinking of Bruno Latour and Paul Virilio, in order to examine counter arguments for the smart city scheme.

Likewise, the thinking of Henri Lefebvre, will help to aid my inquiry of social interaction in terms of how society shapes urban spaces.

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Sophie James BELONGING: OVERLAPPING PLACE AND NON-PLACE In the ever-growing presence of migration and global mobility, borders are becoming increasingly closed and international hostility is heightened.1 Within this context the understanding of concepts such as place, that is non-place, need not only be put into question but require to be revaluated. For the displaced, their sense of place and belonging is compromised as the displaced are largely perceived as a burden.2 Thus, this essay addresses the issues that arise when society’s conventional understanding of ‘sense of place’ and belonging becomes fixed, rooted and invariably xenophobic. Addressing this topic will be largely guided through Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopia as a way to unpick Marc Augé’s position on place and nonplace, as well as Pierre Bourdieu’s thinking on ‘habitus’.

For Marc Augé, place is a construct of relational and historical nature that is ultimately concerned with identity.3 By comparison, a ‘non-place’ is not an anthropological place and does not integrate itself with earlier memories or events.4 The non-place is devoid of any historical ties or significance, therefore not fulfilling the identity, relation or history needed to become a place.5 However, despite the differences between places and non-places, they share similarities in their continuous reconstitution; neither ever exist in pure form. Looking at place through a more sociological lens, first coined by Pierre Bourdieu, the term ‘habitus’ relates to the perception of our place and of the people around us and their place.6 In the case of migration, the individuals have lost their physical place, but they still have a sense of place irrespective whether it may tangible or intangible. Place creates ‘place identity’, defined as “a psychological structure that arises out of individuals attempt to regulate their environment”7 meaning that a sense of belonging is dependant on the presence of a fixed set of constructs.

Geographic mobility is an occurence accross history.

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Heterotopia at the nexus of place and non-place.

Based on Betty Wearing’s interpretation of Foucault’s theory of heterotopia, heterotopia is identified as a place that minority groups can find their own space, which becomes liberating to them.8 Given this, should heterotopias formed as the result of human displacement and migration be described as places or a non-places? Due to the transient nature of migration, the occurrence of heterotopia is largely in non-place type transport routes; the journey from a-to-b that individuals take. However, these non-places carry the characteristics of place in that they have a history, an identity and relations. The paths migrants take have been crossed by generations of people in search for a new future. For example, the routes used by people coming into Europe have more history attached to them than some places deemed to be anthropological places.9 It is important to understand that the connection between people, place and identity is not territorially bound. This is significant considering that the media-politic is largely enveloped in the rhetoric that migration is destructive to the identity of place. However, data surrounding EU migration into the UK indicates that the number of migrant workers, through means of self-employment as well employment, is higher than that of UK nationals.10 With this in mind, the ‘other’ is contributing to the UK society in a way that should be embraced rather than disregarded. Cultural and racial differences should not be seen as a burden, but as catalyst for developments within society.

1 Karen Hargrave, Sara Pantuliano, ‘Closing Borders: The Ripple Effects of Australian and European Refugee Policy’, HPG Humanitarian Policy Group, (2016), 1-4 2 James Duncan, Nancy Duncan, ‘Sense of Place as a Positional Good: Locating Bedford in Place and Time,’ in Textures of Place: Exploring Humanist Geographies (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001), 41.

3 Marc Auge, Non-Places: An Introduction into an Anthropology of Supermodernity, (New York: Verso, 1995), 52.

4 Auge, Non-Places: An Introduction into an Anthropology of Supermodernity, (1995), 78.

5 Auge, Non-Places: An Introduction into an Anthropology of Supermodernity, (1995), 78.

6 Pierre Bourdieu, ‘Structures, habitus, practices’, in The Logic of Practice. (Cambridge: Polity, 1990), 52.

7 John Dixon, Kevin Durrheim, ‘Displacing place‐ identity: a discursive approach to locating self and other’, British journal of social psychology ,39.1 (2000), 29.

8 Betty Wearing, Leisure and Feminist Theory (London: Sage Publications, 1998), 146.

9 Eve Conant, ‘The World’s Congested Human Migration Routes In 5 Maps’ (2015) <https://www.nationalgeographic.com/ news/2015/09/150919-data-points-refugeesmigrants-maps-human-migrations-syriaworld/> [Accessed 21 December 2019] .

10 Georgina Sturge, ‘Migration Statistics’, 2019 <https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk > [Accessed 29 December 2019].

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Bethany Long GENTRIFICATION: SEGREGATION OF CLASS AND RACE IN LONDON Despite the impression that access to housing has improved in the past century, the reality is very different; the poor and the vulnerable are still severely disadvantaged.1 In April 2018, there were 1.11 million households on Local Authority waiting lists in the UK for social housing.2 Eligibility for social housing has also been affected by policy changes over the recent years, meaning that certain social demographics will no longer qualify for subsidized housing despite requiring support.3 This essay addresses the long-standing prejudices towards the disadvantaged in the UK, including how urban planning models such as the Garden City and New Town movement have been discriminatory towards the poor. Ebenezer Howard proposed his model of The Garden City over 100 years ago, in 1902. Howard’s ideal of the Garden City was a critique of the arduous lifestyles imposed upon society during the industrial revolution. Seen as a method of solving the problems generated by the slums, court housing found in the cities and centres of industry of the early 20th Century, the Garden City movement envisaged blue and whitecollar workers living side by side harmoniously.4 Despite Howard’s proposal attempting to unite the lower and middle classes in order to boost co-operation, encourage freedom and social opportunity, the Garden City only reinforced class discrimination by providing the “ideal bourgeois built environment” as an attempt to civilize the working class.5 While Letchworth and Welwyn, the two first Garden Cities, may not have benefited the working class to the extent that Howard initially proposed and envisaged in ToMorrow, they did inspire a new model of town and city planning: the New Town movement.

Following the principals of the Garden City ideologies, it was implemented as the strategy to rebuild Britain and address the housing crisis following the end of WWII.6 Similarly to the Garden City movement, the underlying ethos of New Towns was to incorporate a diverse mix of social classes and demographics in order to enable diversity and in the hope that this would remedy the class divide that had deepened following the industrial revolution, and WWII. HTCC Journal 19.20

Film Link

1 Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, ‘Local Authority Housing Statistics: Year Ending March 2018, England’, 24 January 2019 <https:// assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/773079/Local_ Authority_Housing_St atistics_England_year_ending_ March_2018.pdf> [Accessed 16 December 2019].

2 Michael Buchanan and Sophie Woodcock, ‘£3.5Bn Spent On Temporary Housing,’ BBC News, 17 November 2016 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ uk-38016728> [Accessed 16 December 2019].

3 Ruth Glass, London: Aspects Of Change (London: Macgibbon & Kee, 1964).

4 Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-Morrow (London: S. Sonnenschein & Co., 1902).

5 Sam Clevenger, ‘Working Class Bodies In English Garden Cities’, History Workshop, 2017 <http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/ workingclass-bodies-in-english-gardencities/> [accessed 16 December 2019].

6 New Towns Act 1946 (c.68), 10th Year of Reign of HM George VI <http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ ukpga/1946/68/introduction/enacted> [Accessed 16 December 2019].

7 J. B. Cullingworth, ‘The Swindon Social Survey: A Second Report On The Social Implications Of Overspill’, The Sociological Review, 9.2 (1961), 151-166.

8 Mark Clapson, ‘The English New Towns since 1946. What are the Lessons of their History for their Future?’, Histoire urbaine, 50: 3 (2017), 100.

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The ‘spectacle’ of the working class

The noted inequities have further led to, and become evident through, processes of gentrification. Gentrification, as defined by Ruth Glass in 1964, is the invasion of the middle class into predominantly working class areas, until all of the original working class have occupants have been displaced.7 Current-day London does not only lack social housing estates, but the gentrification has facilitated the city to become impenetrable except for the ‘alpha-elites’ of our society. Ultimately, this essay not only critiques the lack of housing in this country, but also the lack of affordability and availability of the same to members of all social classes and racial backgrounds.

Nowadays – spurred by the influx of migrants throughout the later half of the 20th Century from the West Indies, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh who were attracted to the cheap housing New Towns provided – the problems of segregation are not only affiliated with class but with race too.8 HTCC Journal 19.20

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William Martyn RE-THINKING BORDERS: MIGRANTS’ CONNECTION TO THE LAND This essay will be analysing the relationship between borders and migration, in particular, the way in which migration is demonstrating the need to re-think borders through a close analysis of the Shoah.The Shoah was the genocide of 6 million European Jewish people during the period of the Second World War. It was at the hand of the Nazis and coined as the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question.”1 Many other minorities were targeted, such as the Roma, the Slavs, and those with disabilities, in pursuit of the perfect Aryan race.2 The ideal Aryan race, as envisioned by Hitler, was that free from people who he deemed subhuman and detrimental to that goal. Thus, the Shoah could be thought of as a product of Western culture, one that has created an anti-cultural approach. After all, the questioning of others is easier than the questioning of ourselves; when we question ourselves, we must consider that which we take for granted - the context of our being, what we mean to the land and our interpretation of it.

Invariably, to analyse the violence of the Shoah one must simultaneously engage with the understanding of diaspora.

Walking forward to shadows of our past.

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Film Link

The lost faces.

Historically, there have been many cultural variations on the understanding of diasporas.3 However, for Tobias Brinkman, the Jewish Diasporas are the most diverse, longstanding, and prominent in the 21st Century. As such, the understanding of diaspora brings into question conflict and the redistribution of social power,4 and will be analysed through the lens of Vilem Flusser and Martin Heidegger.

In Flusser’s eyes, to have the greatest fulfilment of life for himself and others would entail being a migrant, to have experienced many homelands, fostering a deeper understanding of other cultures.5 However, Flusser also believed that we all share the responsibility for Nazism6 as we are informed by the same trends that also informed the Nazis.7 We are still needing to think the existentialist position to do with unity between land-people-language, and ultimately our position on borders and homeland as genocides continue, and entire regions have their built environment devasted by war. It remains clear that Shoah is another example of what Heidegger would call ‘absorbed’8 by everyday life. Whilst absorbed meaningfully in our activities we do not tend to critically question their meaning, and thus why we may often remain blind to the atrocities that happen.

Doris L Bergen, War and Genocide, 2nd ed (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009).

2 Bergen, War and Genocide, (2009), 2-11.

3 Arnold Ages, The Diaspora Dimension (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1973), 3.

4 Tobias Brinkman, ‘Jewish Migration’, EGO | Europäische Geschichte Online, 2010 <http:// ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/ jewish-migration/tobias-brinkmann-jewishmigration> [Accessed 28 November 2019].

5 Vilém Flusser, The Freedom of The Migrant: Objections to Nationalism, 2nd ed (Oxfordshire: Marston book services Limited, 2003), xi.

6 Eva Batličková, ‘Unto the Third and Fourth Generation: The Experience Of The Holocaust As Basis For Vilém Flusser’s Theories’, Flusser Studies 23, 2017 < http://www.flusserstudies.net/sites/www. flusserstudies.net/files/media/attachments/ flusser-unto-the-third-and-fourth-generation. pdf >[Accessed 15 December 2019].

7 Batličková, Flusser Studies 23, (2017).

8 Steven Segal, ‘The Existential Conditions of Explicitness: An Heideggerian Perspective’, Studies In Continuing Education, 21 (1999), 76 <https://doi. org/10.1080/0158037990210105> 1

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Eleanor Mott BORDERLESS WORLDS: ART, ARCHITECTURE AND POLITICS The purpose of this essay is to address the understanding of borders through the lens of phenomenology and art in order to re-think the understanding of territory as a geo-politically and legally given border.1 Within phenomenological discourse, understanding perception is ultimately about the understanding of borders of consciousness and the world in which one lives.2 Edmund Husserl articulated a new way of describing the meaning of human experience,3 redefining phenomenology and liberating it from the assumptions of Cartesian philosophy and the self-world split,4 whilst providing a basis for Maurice Merleau-Ponty to explore the primacy of perception. According to Merleau-Ponty, perception5 is the “kinaesthetic, prescientific lived-bodily presence to the world.”6 In Intentions in Architecture, Christian NorbergSchulz frames perception as “our immediate awareness of the phenomenal world;”7 he uses Gestalt psychology to demonstrate how a holistic experience, is more than the sum of its parts.8 In this text, he uses the example of an art exhibition to demonstrate how the spectator may not conceive the complexity behind the artist’s intention, but formulate an insufficient perspective from their individual experience,9 presenting the theorist’s discussion of perception as an unreliable companion10 incapable of mediating the subjectivity of the world.

Whereas, Juhani Pallasmaa’s Eyes of the Skin examines the hegemony of vision within Western culture, defining perception as a result of our interaction and understanding of the world through the senses.11 Understanding perception is the understanding of borders of consciousness.

I will use the thinking and methods found in Paul Cézanne’s post-impressionst paintings to address the correlation that exists between notions of perception and border. In other words, this essay employs the techniques found in art to aid in the exploration of the tangible versus the intangible perception.

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Film Link

Top: From the viewed to the viewer : the subjective and fluctuating form of perception.

Bottom: External contradicting forces fragmentation of line – creating new borders of perception and movement.

Saskia Sassen, ‘Bordering Capabilities Versus Borders: Implications for National Borders’, (Michigan Journal of International Law, 2009), in University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository < https://repository.law.umich.edu/ cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1127&context=mjil> [accessed 22 December 2019] .

2 Henry Plummer, The Experience of Architecture, (Thames and Hudson, 2016), 124.

3 Galen A. Johnson, ‘Phenomenology and Painting: “Cézanne’s Doubt”’, in The MerleauPonty aesthetics reader: philosophy and painting, ed. by Galen A. Johnson and Michael B. Smith (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1993), 8.

4 Johnson, The Merleau-Ponty aesthetics reader: philosophy and painting, (1993), 8.

5 Johnson, The Merleau-Ponty aesthetics reader: philosophy and painting, 8.

6 Johnson, The Merleau-Ponty aesthetics reader: philosophy and painting, 8.

7 Christian Norberg-Schulz, Intentions in Architecture (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1968), 27.

8 Norberg-Schulz, Intentions in Architecture, 34.

9 Norberg-Schulz, Intentions in Architecture, 27.

10 Norberg-Schulz, Intentions in Architecture, 28.

11 Juhani Pallasmaa, The Eyes of The Skin, (Chichester: Wiley-Academy, 2005).

12 Johnson, The Merleau-Ponty aesthetics reader: philosophy and painting, (1993), 11.

13 Maurice Merleau-Ponty, ‘Cézanne’s Doubt’, in The Merleau-Ponty aesthetics reader: philosophy and painting, ed. by Galen A. Johnson and Michael B. Smith (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, c1993), 63.

14 Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Colin Smith, ed., Phenomenology of Perception, Second Edition (London: Routledge, 2002), 7.

15 Johnson, The Merleau-Ponty aesthetics reader: philosophy and painting, (1993), 65.

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Cézanne endeavoured to create a unified perspective within his paintings, to capture the lived perspective’12 and exhibit his ‘doubt’13 surrounding the fluctuating qualities of perception.14 Merleau-Ponty discusses Cézanne’s works in ‘Cézanne’s Doubt and The Phenomenology of Perception’ where he establishes the question of how a painting is experienced and perceived, noting how an image can be both present and absent, that is real and unreal. The noted divide seeks to portray a reality that embraces sensation, revealing Cézanne’s desire to create both a resolved ‘vision of the world’ through painting and highlight the problematic nature of vision. The mediation of these aspects came with Cézanne’s solution of recording his multiple viewpoints, rebelling against impressionist form and outline. The point that Cézanne tries to make within his work is not a photo-realistic one, it is an endeavour to depict the true representation of an object, despite the exclusion of clear borders – striving to ingrain an experience of colour or encounter within form. This is particularly evident in his 1898 Still Life with Apples where he unifies both concepts by following “the swelling of the object in modulated colours [indicating] several outlines in blue.” 15 The encounter translates into an ambiguous borderless space. Taking this position, and mapping it onto the political spectre is significant. If we live in a borderless world, the identity of a territory or nation comes into question as identity is traditionally construed through space.

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Jack Richards KURDISH INDEPENDENCE: AUTONOMY AND THE STATE This essay discusses the relationship between power, territory and autonomy.

The discussion is framed in the context of Kurdish independence, which has been denied by the neighboring states (Iraq, Iran and Turkey) since the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1922. More precisely, the essay investigates the responsibility a state such as Turkey has for its people in terms of security and governance, including the supposed threat Kurdish independence would bring to the neighbouring zones. Kurdistan is a region that spreads over 75,000 square miles saddling the borders of Turkey, Iran, Syria and Iraq. The people that occupy this land have their own languages and culture.1 The people of Kurdistan have been in both political and armed conflict with their neighbours over independence as they are not recognized as a state. This conflict has been constant since the treaty of Lausanne was signed in 1923. This treaty was signed after the first World War, it replaced a previous treaty called the treaty of Sevres. The treaty of Sevres had an established boundary for Kurdistan and would have recognised Kurdistan as a state. Since the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne there has been heavy conflict that has resulted in the deaths of civilians, many of which could be described as having no involvement in any form of conflict. There has also been widespread suppression from the surrounding states towards the Kurdish people. The treaty did not specify the territory that the Kurds would occupy, and instead favoured all surrounding countries other than the Kurds.2 The Kurds would instead be seen as occupying the land that has been determined as not theirs. A key problem the Kurds face in self-determination is the internal conflict amongst political parties that are attempting to govern the people of the region and the methods they use. Having said this, the paper does not delve into the types of political parties present in the region and their histories, but instead attitudes towards the ‘other’ as a collective people.

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Film Link

The journey of independence.

More recently we have seen greater exposure to what some described as a humanitarian crime in the region of Kurdistan.3 For example, Turkey’s recent inclusion into the European Union has seen some attitude changes towards the people of the Kurdish region with reduced hostility. However, the current system for identifying minorities and granting autonomy does not offer the recipients with the freedom and liberation it suggests. Instead it gives them clearer rules of which to follow from the state government which also governs them as a collective. The analysis will be conducted through the works of Paul Hirst and Michel Foucault.

1 Mohammed M. A. Ahmed, Iraqi Kurds and Nation Building (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 3.

2 Steven C. Roach, Cultural Autonomy, Minority Rights and Globalization, (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2006), 99-100.

3 David Romano, Mehmet Gurses, Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 173.

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Lucas Voss PUBLIC SPACE IS CHANGING: HOMELESSNESS, DEVIANCE AND PRECARITY This text seeks to understand what public space is, and how it is changing with increasing private ownership and management. The boundaries of where privately owned public spaces (POPS) lie, and therefore the spatial extent to which their rules apply, can be unclear. David Harvey notes there are no “clear class and social distinctions in the social spaces of the city.”1 The UK Conservative government’s austerity programme which included cuts since 2010 to welfare spending, schools, and local government funding, has had far reaching implications.2 There has been a rapid increase in homelessness and sharp increase in the death of homeless people of 22% from 2017 to 2018, which can at least in part be attributed to austerity.3 Homeless people are often perceived to fall into the category of deviant behaviour, for lack of work ethic being deviant, or prejudice such as substance abuse.4 With local government’s struggling to cover costs amidst the rising state of precarious existence, they are unable to properly maintain or invest in public space and so look to private investment.

Rough sleepers are often not welcomed in privately owned public space, due to rules set out by the owners of the POPS. According to the ‘Reform of anti-social behaviour powers for public and open spaces’ by the Home Office, the “actions of a selfish few [can] ruin these spaces.”5 Needless to say that what may be seen as ‘anti-social’ behaviour is vague.

Perceived (fluid) and actual (rigid) boundaries of Drake Circus.

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David Harvey, The Urban Experience (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers), 111.

2 Patrick Butler,; Denis Campbell; Haroon Siddique, “Not Just Schools: Five Public Service Areas Struggling with Cuts”, The Guardian, 8 March 2019 <https://www. theguardian.com/society/2019/mar/08/ not-just-schools-five-public-service-areasstruggling-with-cuts> [accessed: 14 April 2020].

3 Simon Hattenstone and Daniel Lavelle, “Britain has a horrific homelessness crisis.

Why isn’t it an election priority?”, The Guardian, 19 November 2019 < https://www. theguardian.com/society/2019/nov/19/rageand-responsibility-nine-months-of-reportinghomeless-deaths-why-isnt-it-election-priority > [accessed 15 April 2020].

4 Hattenstone and Lavelle, ““Britain has a horrific homelessness crisis. Why isn’t it an election priority?”, (2019).

5 Home Office, Reform of anti-social behaviour powers: public and open spaces (2014).

6 Drake Circus, ‘Does Drake Circus have a vistors code or code of conduct?’ <drakecircus.com/faqs/does-drake-circushave-vistors-code-or-code-conduct> [accessed: 24 Nov 2019] .

7 Drake Circus, ‘Does Drake Circus have a vistors code or code of conduct?’ <drakecircus.com/faqs/does-drake-circushave-vistors-code-or-code-conduct> [accessed: 24 Nov 2019] .

8 Maša Galič, Tjerk Timan and Bert-Jaap Koop, ‘Bentham, Deleuze and Beyond: An Overview of Surveillance Theories from the Panopticon to Participation’, Philos. Technol. 30 (2017) 10.

9 Setha Low, ‘The Erosion of Public Space and the Public Realm: paranoia, surveillance and privatization in New York City’, City & Society, Vol.18 (2006) 45.

10 British Land, ‘British Land Acquires Drake Circus Shopping Centre in Plymouth for £240 million’ (2011) <https://www. britishland.com/news-and-views/pressreleases/2011/06-01-2011> [accessed: 4 January 2020].

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Displacement worsening precarity.

There is not a defined line where certain class groups cannot cross; Drake Circus shopping centre in Plymouth is one of these places. The shopping centre has a long list of rules in its visitor code of conduct stating, “actions that may be perceived as intimidating” and “unsociable behaviour” are not permitted.6 While Drake Circus claims on their website they want everyone to enjoy their visit,7 what is deemed enjoyable is questionable. For example, the youth may enjoy their visit by skateboarding on the handrails of stairs in the thoroughfare of the publicly accessible space of a shopping centre, despite this type of behaviour being prohibited and constantly ‘on watch’. Enforcement of rules is usually conducted with use of surveillance, security officers watching over activity in Drake Circus with the support of CCTV cameras.8 CCTV is largely associated with modern urban design for purposes of security and safety.9 Enjoyment is predominatly considered with spending. After all, the acquisition of Drake Circus in 2011

by British Land, was quantified by “annual footfall of nearly 19 million people.”10 They open the doors to invite income, not people. The stated context will be examined using Setha Low’s position on surveillance, threat and public space in urban contexts, David Harvey’s theories on social classification, Henri Lefebvre’s thinking on the right to the city and Michel Foucault’s conceptualisation of heterotopias as spaces of deviation.

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Historical protests: Jonathan Lettmann.

H I S T O R Y , T H E O R Y A N D C R I T I C A L C O N T E X T 6.1

BA 03

History, Theory and Critical Context 601 History, Theory and Critical Context 601 focuses on the critical articulation and exploration of students’ own sensibilities about architecture through a manifesto - it asks of them to propose what the next manifesto for architecture should look like in terms of one of the chosen thematics. The thematics are inclusive of: Climate, Energy and Carbon; Water; Ageing and Health; Identity, Ethics and Values; Power and Justice; Smart Cities; Building Technology; Re-Use; and, Virtual Worlds. The manifesto is anticipated to step beyond the immediate desire for change; rather, it is to accommodate opportunities for process(es) of (radical) change. Delivery of this research project is done through academic methods and, with academic focus and rigour; written word and visuals work in heightened tension with each other. The manifesto plays a pivotal role in the production of an architectural proposition in students’ final design studio.

Ryan Barriball Samuel Cooke Dylan Isaac Imogen Kemp Jonathan Lettmann Christopher Logue Lucas Payne Kamil Perzanowski Jacob Shaw

Module Leader: Dr Nikolina Bobic Supporting staff: Dr Ioana Popovici and Mr Alex Screech

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Ryan Barriball RE-USE, MEMORY AND KNOWLEDGE: HERITAGE FOR SPECTACLE, HERITAGE FOR LIVING The key thinking addressed in the first-year manifesto related to expanding the definition of the border between inside and outside, exploring how transparent boundaries could affect the dialogue between the participant and the surrounding environment. What is interesting here is the development of an ambition to re-define a restrictive definition of borders, which is associated with a clear definition what is inside and outside.1 In year-one, the ambition was to explore a more open discourse between body and body, alongside body and place.

Now, in third-year, the disposition has grown to expand upon the definition of heritage; heritage as something that can be redefined and that is open for contestation rather than the conventional understanding of heritage as the legacy that is given to us by the past, experienced in the present and that which we will pass onto the future generations; not just physical artefacts, but also the intangible inherited expressions.2 What both lines of enquiry, at the start and at the end of my BA, share is the redefinition of a construct to form a more open and flexible definition of the connection between perception, use and place. Reinventing heritage is something that has a long history and brings to the surface both challenges and opportunities in its study and identification.3 The ancient Roman world associated architectural reuse as that which was not only to provide new function, but in some cases like The Arch of Constantine; more complex ambitions in the form of political propaganda.4 Thinking heritage and heritage conservation along the lines of politics leads to the suggestion that heritage can be a construct and a motive of politics.

Interweaving heritage and time.

One method of heritage conservation is through adaptive reuse. Adaptive reuse of heritage can be defined by a variety of definitions, UNESCO defines it as searching for new uses relevant for a location which respects its structure, character, form and historic integrity.5 Authors Li-Yin Shen and Craig Langston use a simpler definition whereby adaptive reuse is just reinstating a new energy and use to existing buildings, whilst leaving the basic structure and fabric remaining.6 The architectural writer John Ruskin introduced the concept of ‘integrated conservation’ which is associated with the preservation of a structure’s character.7 What these concepts share is the importance of respecting the past and what is found within the structure, although realising the requirements for change. Adaptation is done in a sensitive way; the existing fabric is remodelled by working with both intangible (rituals and narrative) and tangible heritage (physical artefacts). Thus, the driving focus of this paper is to expand on the definition and application of heritage through the principle of reuse.

Framing perception of the urban fabric.

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Thinking heritage is undeniably connected to memory. Thus, the work of Adrian Forty will be used to touch upon the interplay of memory and the built environment, in particularly the dynamics of memory and object. Likewise, addressing history and built environment will be examined through the lens of Aldo Rossi who has a position on a city as collective memory; the relationship between the city and its citizens is the city’s most dominant image.8 Although, the question of heritage is linked to authenticity of social memory. Thus, the work of Maurice Halbwachs is to be used to address the social frameworks of memory and collective memory. Relationally, actual reconciliation for those living in the city. The 2009 Highline in New York (US) by Diller Scofidio and Renfro is a somewhat more successful case of adaptive reuse, allowing new memories of cultural heritage to be established, meanwhile retaining the pre-established heritage respectably. Undeniably, the Highline was tied to a less contested politics of space. Pierre Nora’s concept of ‘lieu de mémoire’ (place of memory) will aid in exploring the dynamics between memory and society, particularly in the way memory is in a constant state of evolution. 9 Evolution as collective memory and knowledge transfer is to be disseminated via the thinking of Michel Foucault, while his conceptualisation on heterotopias will be analysed in relation to their function within a social history, and invariably challenge the definition of heritage.

The theoretical framework will be contextualised by analysing the rebuilding of The Old Bridge, Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina) overseen by UNESCO (1998-2004). The reconstruction was not only rife in politics and history of place, but also spectacle since the rebuilding of the bridge was used by the word and for the world; as a global image of reunification rather than actual reconciliation for those living in the city.

The 2009 Highline in New York (US) by Diller Scofidio and Renfro is a somewhat more successful case of adaptive reuse, allowing new memories of cultural heritage to be established, meanwhile retaining the pre-established heritage respectably. Undeniably, the Highline was tied to a less contested politics of space.

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Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Place (Unknown: Beacon Press,1992), 218.

UNESCO, ‘Cultural Heritage’, Culture <http:// www.unesco.org/new/en/santiago/culture/ cultural-heritage/> (Accessed 21/12/2019) 3 Peter Howard, Brian Graham, The Routledge Research Companion to Heritage and Identity, (Unknown: Routledge, 2008), 21.

4 Candice Richards, Reinventing heritage buildings isn’t new at all – the ancients did it too, (2017), <https://theconversation.com/ reinventing-heritage-buildings-isnt-new-atall-the-ancients-did-it-too-70053> (Accessed 07/01/2020) 5 UNESCO, ‘Indonesian Fund-in Trust and the Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Education and Culture’, Caring for your heritage building: Building owner’s information, 38, <https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/ pf0000243218/PDF/243218eng.pdf.multi> (Accessed 21/12/2019).

6 Shen L. Y., and Langston C., ‘Adaptive reuse potential: an examination of differences between urban and nonurban projects,’ Facilities, Vol. 28, Issue: 1/2, (2010) pp.6-16, <https://doi. org/10.1108/02632771011011369> (Accessed 06/01/2020).

7 John Ruskin, The Seven Lamps of Architecture (Illustrated Cabinet Edition), (Boston: Dana Estes & Company Publishers, 2011), 6 (Online) <http://www.gutenberg. org/files/35898/35898-h/35898-h.htm> (Accessed 08/01/2020) 8 Aldo Rossi, Architecture of The City, (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982), 130.

9 Pierre Nora, Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire (Place of Memory), (Unknown: University of California Press, 1989), 8.

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Layering memory and history.

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Samuel Cooke FOREST CONFLICTS: INDIGENOUS TERRITORY, IDENTITY AND LAND RIGHTS IN INDONESIA Indigenous people around the world are united by one pressing problem; the struggle to obtain legal rights to their land and global economic pressure which threaten their way of life.1 In Indonesia this no exception, with millions of people involved in conflicts over legal tenure, the challenge largely tied to a government with a clashing ideology.2 I will be investigating the case of Indonesia and land rights in respect to legality, territory and identity, including how these interrelating topics work for and against the indigenous people.

Reflecting on my first year manifesto, which was centred on the relationship of ecology and technology, in third year I wanted to choose a topic that allowed me to identify a larger problem facing the world, and how applying a specific architectural method could provide a potential approach in addressing the noted issues. The issues, which revolve around land and sustainability, are enfolded in web of political, social and environmental complexities. The reason for focusing on Indonesia is as a result of a trip I undertook in Sabah (Malaysian Borneo), where I witnessed first-hand the drastic land transformations that had already taken place. After listening to people discuss how these changes are affecting indigenous communities and the environment (forests), I knew this was a topic that I wanted to investigate.

Central Kalimantan (special thanks to Eric from Terracolor Earthstar LLC for giving consent for satellite imagery).

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Indonesia as a signatory of UNDRIP (UN Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples) has a right to protect the rights of these indigenous communities, but the result is far from successful. AMAN (Indigenous People’s Alliance of the Archipelago) estimates that there are 50 to 70 million indigenous people in Indonesia, who are all faced with their own specific problems, in relation to their indigenous individuality.3 Although not as prominent as in earlier decades, regional governments are still reluctant to return territory to indigenous people as they ultimately lose control and lose any opportunity for personal gain; therefore, undercutting any efforts to construct legal land rights.4 This issue is cohesive with the state’s need to enforce permits and regulations because without this control, private companies are free to operate without the necessity to abide by adat processes and protected areas.

Within my first chapter, I frame these complexities by analysing the history of the state’s relationship to their indigenous people and how that has shaped the contestations of today; alongside the complicated legislations of both past and present that have affected land transformations throughout modern history. Using Central Kalimantan as a key case study, I hope to analyse and demonstrate that the issue of land rights and forest conflicts is by no means an isolated issue. I use this chapter to exhibit, the indigenous views on ownership, land and territory, which are notably different to the common and privileged Western ones. To further the scope of my question I use the thinking of Stuart Elden to provide contrasting opinions on territoriality, and to further my understanding into the conceptualisation of territoriality.

The limitations of satellite imagery; analysis that does not penetrate the ‘surface layer’.

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The second chapter begins to discuss mapping as a possible method for addressing the contested position on legitimacy and land rights, including the processes enfolded in this issue. Although, mapping as a privileged visual method comes with its own historical issues of power and control.5 First, I discuss how maps are a medium; a surface layer that can be manipulated to impose a certain political view. I explore this concern by applying the thinking of Eyal Weizman. Likewise, I propose Forensic Architecture’s methodology as an alternative and subversive method to the common understanding and use of maps as tools of territorial control. In the third chapter, I describe the intimate relationship that the indigenous narrative shares with the territory in which it resides, including the way in which the contested position on identity, right and land can be used as a method to affirm legitimacy.

The web of interconnected contestations at domestic and international levels.

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1 Arjun Appadurai, ‘Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy’, Theory, Culture & Society, 7. 295 (1990), 306.

2 Kristina Großmann, ‘Dayak, Wake Up - Land, Indigeneity, and Conflicting Ecologies in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia’, Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 175. 1 (2019), 2. .3 Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (AMAN), Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP), The Situation of Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Indonesia (2017), <http://www. aman.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/ INDONESIA_AMAN_AIPP_UPR_3rdCycle. pdf> [accessed 8th November 2019].

4 Willem Van Der Muur, 'Forest Conflicts and the Informal Nature of Realising Indigenous Land Rights in Indonesia', Citizenship Studies, 22. 2 (2018), 171.

5 Van Der Muur, ‘Forest Conflicts and the Informal Nature of Realising Indigenous Land Rights in Indonesia’, (2018), 161.

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Shaping the political position on the land and the environment; private corporations are a tool of ‘lesser evil’ in Central Kalimantan.

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Dylan Isaac EVERYONE DESERVES A CASTLE In 1919 David Lloyd George’s Labour government introduced the Addison Act, a piece of legislation that aimed to deliver homes for heroes after the First World War.1 Though proposed as a reward for those who had fought under the British army, the Addison Act aimed to ensure state-owned housing in Britain for everyone.2 However, in Britain today, housing has become a contested point of debate; may we think of a house as a home or is a house purely understood in terms of property and ownership as evident in the writings of the English philosopher John Locke.3 For Locke, the foundation of ownership and property is gained and rewarded through the fruits of one’s labour.4 According to Locke “men, at first, for the most part, contented themselves with what unassisted nature offered to their necessities,”5 meaning that the collective and individual relation to ownership of property is the direct motivation of labour. Therefore, contentment is underpinned by individual ownership. However, for Karl Marx labour results in many forms of ownership as “the divisions of labour also determine the relations of individuals to one another with reference to the material, the instrument, and product of labour.”6 Marx believed that ownership should be the collective labour of individuals directed towards collective property for all, and it is this way of thinking that endorsed the formation of the Addison Act. This is despite the British society being largely based on Locke’s theory and position on ownership and property.

House to Home: Locke’s theory redefined.

When unravelling the depiction of ‘home’, it is clear that the word is varied in its definition between people in society. What is the difference between a house and a home? In 1931, Le Corbusier stated that “a house is a machine for living in,”7 as it holds physical attributes to necessitate the needs of an individual. A more recent economic response to the idea of the house claims that it is much more than just a shelter for function.8 For the relationship between the home and individual is an accumulation of images, dialogue, dreams and pleasures, for a sense of identity to manifest within it. To further support this distinction, Mary Douglas expands upon the idea that the home cannot be clearly identified by its functions, but represented by the person situated within it.9 A home is an “embryonic community,”10 meaning a manifestation of familiarity that begins to synchronise into the individual’s understanding of home, and beyond the realms of its physical features.11

Ownership over Social Value: home, once a promise, now a dream.

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Mark Swenarton, Homes fit for Heroes; The Politics and Architecture of Early State Housing in Britain, (London: Routledge, 2018), 2-4.

2 The Guardian, Falling supply and rising demand: the story of social housing – timeline, 2019 <https://www.theguardian. com/society/2019/sep/25/fallingsupply-and-rising-demand-the-story-ofsocial-housing-timeline> [accessed 26th September 2019].

3 John Locke, Two treaties of Government (London: Whitmore and Finn, 1821).

4 Matthew H. Kramer, John Locke and the origins of private property: Philosophical explorations of individualism, community and equality (Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

5 Locke, Two treaties of Government (1821).

6 Karl Marx, David McLellan, ed., Karl Marx: Selected Writings (Great Britain: Oxford University Pres, 2000), 177-178.

7 Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture (London: J. Rodker, 1931), 95.

8 Claus Bech-Danielsen, Kirsten GramHassen, House, home and identity from a consumption perspective (Denmark: Unknown, 2004), 18.

9 Mary Douglas, The Idea of the Home: A Kind of Space (The United States: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 289 – 29.

10 Douglas, The Idea of the Home: A Kind of Space, 288.

11 Douglas, The Idea of the Home: A Kind of Space, 289-291.

12 The Castle, dir. by Rob Sitch, (Miramax, 1997) [Drama].

13 Word Histories, ‘Origin of ‘An Englishman’s Home is His Castle’’<https://wordhistories. net/2017/07/26/englishmans-homecastle-origin/> [accessed 3rd August 2019].

14 Shelter, ‘Our Strategy’, 2019 <https:// england.shelter.org.uk/what_we_do/ our_strategy> [Accessed 28th October 2019].

15 BBC, ‘When council estates were a dream’, (2019), <https://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/extra/iZKMPd0wjP/council_ housing> [Accessed 7th August 2019].

1

Manipulation of values: ownership is an engineered desire.

The Castle, 1997 film, tells a story of a humble family in Melbourne.12 Though the family is not particularly ‘well off’, their happiness extends beyond the realms of money as they value each other inhabiting a space together. The premise of the film takes a turn as the Australian government deems that their home is situated upon valuable land and offers them significant capital to move. The family, however, fights and demonstrates the importance and pride the home holds for that family. To relate this idea to a British context, Augustus Freeman conveys a similar message, as “an Englishman’s home is his castle.”13 This message is poignant, and relevant more than ever before, considering that 2019 marks the 100th anniversary of the Addison Act and yet Britain finds itself in a housing crisis. The lack of action from central government, has resulted in a staggering six million households being denied a home or evicted from their current one.14 Unlike George’s Labour government in 1919, the current establishment has failed to provide housing to those who are in dire need of it, with property now increasing in price and decreasing in size.15 This manifesto will analyse the connections between ownership and home in terms of value and contentment, and study the same analysing the rise and fall of council housing in Britain. This will be done by analysing Locke’s theory on labour generating ownership as well as by critiquing the government’s failure to supply housing for everyone in society.

John Boughton’s history of council housing will underpin this analysis, as will Marx’s theories around property and ownership.

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The history of social housing and the hypocrisies of Right to Buy.

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Imogen Kemp RACE AND SPACE: USA AND UK In architectural discourse, place is commonly understood as space that has been influenced by people that are located within. However, there are differing opinions surrounding space. Elsie C. Boddie describes space as more than an inert series of co-ordinates on a map,1 Marshal Berman believes that space pulls together a group of people from differing backgrounds to decrease boundaries between cultures through face to face interaction,2 whilst Michel Foucault believes space to be fundamental in the exercise of power.3 I have previously touched upon the influences that architecture can have on one’s emotions and the paths taken when moving through space in a first year manifesto, learning that “architectural techniques can be used to choreograph certain paths in and around spaces”.4 The ongoing relationship between people and space was highlighted to me by the 2019 British documentary exploring racial segregation within Birmingham.5 The Great British School Swap highlighted the increased segregation present in UK cities by exploring the demographic differences of two high schools (Saltley High School and Tamsworth High) in neighbouring suburbs (Saltley and Tamsworth). The documentary highlighted that there were religious pockets within the city suffering on-going social discrimination from the surrounding white British neighbourhoods.

The increase in discrimination (200% increase in hate crime,6 minority groups receiving lower pay,7 segregation of minority groups within towns) has become increasingly targeted at the Muslim Communities who are seen as the other.

The ‘fear of other’, for David Sibley, stems from people protecting themselves and their assets against those who are seen to threaten them as individuals or as a collective.8 He points to the mass media as the main culprit for imposing xenophobia through false or exaggerated stories. Discrimination of others, by categorisation, has been present for centuries, biblical texts categorised non-Christian believers as ‘monsters’ that lacked souls and any means of conversion.9 Despite 60% of UK population defining themselves as Christian,10 discrimination is continuing to be enabled by categorisation. Ever since 9/11, the mass media has played a more significant role in labelling the other, and as such enabled the construction of spatial, social and political realities. At the beginning of the 21st Century the world witnessed 9/11, which became known as the “first war of globalization”. In the UK, the presence of xenophobia has become targeted towards anyone who fits the a stereotype based on the way they look, turning migrants, terrorists, illegal immigrants and asylum seekers into a mass of others that lack separate identities.11

Diagramming the proposed asylum housing site in comparison to the local facilities. RAF Newton (UK) is a highly rural site with a 22 minute bus journey to Nottingham and a 57 minute walk to Bingham.

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The Butterfly of segregation present in the neighbourhoods of Baltimore, USA.

Racially motivated discrimination is visible within the urban fabric of USA, Ronald Sunderstorm recognises that patterns of racialised segregation have been slow to change in the US leaving it a prevalent part of life today,12 as such this essay will begin by looking at the US to understand the ongoing spatial implications of discrimination. While it is acknowledged that the USA has been built on slave trade from Africa (Angola, Congo, The Democratic Republic of Congo and Gabon, …), which was in place from the 16th Century, and as such enabled a base for the formation of segregation laws and discriminatory use of land that form America as we know it today.13 The presence of slave trade was less limited in the UK proper, but more present in its colonised territories. Within UK proper, what is more obvious is a history of class segregation and discrimination, the racial one is a more recent one.

Thus, in order to avoid the heightened presence and spread of racial segregation and discrimination, the USA is seen as good model of what not to do. Discriminatory segregation can be split into two categories: De Jure segregation, the legal separation of people through the use of the law and De Facto segregation, the separation of people through other means than the law, not necessarily legal but can happen as a consequence of past legal actions. Both types of segregation will be covered throughout this essay, in both the context of United States (Baltimore, New York and LA) and the UK (Nottingham). The first two parts of essay will explore De Jure and De Facto segregation in the United States, before moving on to the ways that the UK can combat segregation using the lessons learned within the United States.

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Elsie C Boddie, ‘Racial Territoriality’, UCLA Law Review, 58, 2 (2010), 403.

2 Stephen Clowney, ‘Landscape Fairness: Removing Discrimination from the Built Environment’, Utah Law Re-view, 2013, Number 1 (2013), 17.

3 Edward Soja, Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (London: Verso, 1989), 19.

4 ‘The Great British School Swap: Episode 1’, The Great British School Swap, Channel 4, 16 April 2019, 21:00 (05:36).

5 Ben Quinn, Hate Crime Double in Five Years in England and Wales (15/10/2019) <https:// www.theguardian.com/society/2019/oct/15/ hate-crimes-double-england-wales>w (Accessed 06/01/2020).

6 Jazmin Kopotsha, Yes, The UK Does Have a Race Problem. And it’s Just as Troubling as Americas (04/10/2017) <https://graziadaily. co.uk/life/real-life/racism-uk/> (Accessed 06/01/2020).

7 Jorge Capetillo-Ponce, ‘Defining the Other’, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, 2 (2003), 124.

8 Capetillo-Ponce, ‘Defining the Other’, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, 2 (2003), 122-124 (p. 124) 9 Office for National Statistics, Explore 50 Years of International Migrations to and from the UK (2016) <https:www. ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationand communitypopulationandmigration internationalmigrationarticlesexplore50 yearsof internationalmigrationtoandfromtheuk/ 201612-01> [Accessed 22/12/2019] 10 Jonathan Birt, ‘Good Iman, Bad Iman: Civic Religion and National Integration in Britian post-9/11’, The Muslim World, 96, 4 (2006), 697.

11 Iris Young, Oppression, Privilege and Resistance (Boston, McGraw Hill, 2004), 4.

12 Ronald Sunderstorm, ‘Race and Place: Social Space in the Production of Human Kind’, Philosophy and Geography, 6,1 (2003), 90.

13 Sarah Shindler, ‘Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment’, Yale Law Journal, 124 (2015),1934-2025.

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Redlining map exploring segregation policies implemented on cities by President Roosevelt in Los Angeles.

The negative rhetoric of UK mass media on incoming migrants between 2010 and 2012.

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Marching for inclusivity and access to housing.

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Jonathan Lettmann

RIGHTS OF CITIZENSHIP IN HONG KONG: PUBLIC SPACE, ACTIVISM, MASS MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY-TO-COME This essay seeks to investigate the question of the right to, and role of, public space; moreover, by focusing on the nexus between the rights of citizenship and mass media.

The stated framework will be contextualised through a critical analysis of the current political climate of pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong (HK) spurred by the Special Administrative Region’s introduction of an extradition bill enabling criminal suspects to be transferred to other authorities – in the interest of gradually encroaching mainland China1. The timeframe of protests analyzed in this essay starts in 1946 when HK was colonized by the British for the second time2, with key societal and political shifts being the democratisation processes starting in the 1980s and the Sino-British handover in 1997. Before the 1970s, the colony’s state-society relationship could have been described as a “minimally-integrated socio-political system“3 with little to no interaction between the government and the society. Yet, this period is of particular significance as it is seen as the beginning of political consciousness, the rise of social movements and grassroot protests in the now semi-autonomous region of China; the colonial government was opening up towards a more consultative democracy meaning that it was shifting from mutual non-intervention to social activists being able to engage in council politics.4 The notion of citizenship has been a topic of interest even in my first year manifesto, however, at the time I addressed it more generally and in terms of a less volatile context; the idea was addressed in terms quality of life in high-density urban areas.

Even though the specific focus of this essay is on the volatility of urban uprisings in the ongoing pro-democracy protests in HK, the urban uprisings are not a standalone encounter; currently protests in response to injustice and socioeconomic inequality are occurring from Ecuador, Bolivia to Lebanon.5

HK

CHINA

Establishment of People’s Republic China 1949 1945 End of Japanese occupation

Economic reforms 1979 1966-7 Star Ferry riots

1956 10/10 riots

1973-4 Anti-corruption movement

KEY:

CSO’s REGIME

1950’s 212 Events of political participation

Increasing internationalisation, individualisation & institutionalisation. Grow- ing numbers of movements on a local scale.

1984 Sino-British joint declaration

1980’s Movements with the main concerns being housing and labour.

Democratisation started in mid 80s.

1960’s 137 Events of political participation

1970’s Student & pressure group movements became backbone of CSOs with concerns of nationalist & neighbourhood level focus.

Pro-democracy protests & Tiananmen Square massacre 1989 1989 Support of prodemocracy movement

1997 HK becomes SAR

1990’s Gradually widening gap between politcs and society. Movements shifted from livelyhood issues to constitutional concerns.

2003 A-23 Protests Largest movement since 1997 with 500.000 marchers. Mobilisation through the internet.

2013 Umbrella Revolution 79-day occupation of the city to demand political transparency.

2000’s On average more than 2200 public meetings 2005 and processions every WTO Protests year 2011 Occupy protests 2012 Scholarism Protests

Development of social movement strategies in HK

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Historically, dissent has been noted from the Haussmannisation of Paris6, the Russian Revolution,7 to the 1968 student protests8 and the Arab Spring.9 Although these moments of urban ruptures are of very different contextual backgrounds, they are collectively underscored by the necessity to counter capitalism,10 and oppressive authoritarian regimes. Notably, all these historical incursions offer necessary perspectives to understand the shifts in how space can be activated for purposes of enabling citizenship whereby citizenship is understood as “a transformed and renewed right to urban life.” 11 The ability to understand the parameters of rights to citizenship through the lens of activism in HK may be more complex than ever before precisely because mass media is implicated in this process.12 It is, however, within this complex structure – associated with mass media, surveillance and activism – that citizenship can be encountered; public space is the agency that affords this encounter. The exploration will be guided through Henri Lefebvre’s thinking on the right to the city correlating to space being socially produced.13 Productively, Chantal Mouffe’s thoughts on agonism as a new way to think participation and democracy will foreground ways of complete rethinking of the theoretical and political frameworks for equity and social change. Invariably, Michel Foucault’s work on power relations is of significance in this theorization as it connects back to the spatiality of architecture.14 HTCC Journal 19.20

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2019 protesters are black-clad and wear make-shift armour and protection, while 2014 protests were occupational and with less violence.

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Contextualising the nexus between power, public space and social change will be addressed by delving into historic moments of activism (from Haussmann to HK). The necessity to delve into these shifts is the focus of chapter one; the significance of understanding these shifts is important as they enable the comprehension of the ways in which power has been spatialised over time.

They proffer a better grasp of the current relations associated with the use and role of public space. In the following chapter, the discussion shall revolve around the investigation of social conflicts (within the already noted contexts), in terms of the ways in which they have been mediated through historical, political and sociological writings15 for purposes of deeper understanding and the possibility to practice democracy as a right of citizenship. Chapter three will analyse digital mass media as a new arena for collective action, including its social relevance in relation to public spaces in cities, and invariably democratic engagement.

Social media as a mediator between offline and online.

From top to bottom: Arab Spring, London Occupy, Hong Kong.

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Unknown Author, ‘Hong Kong’s protests’, Strategic Comments, 25.6 (2019), xi.

First it was colonised in 1841 as a harbour for British trading with brief Japanese occupation between 1941 and 1945 3 Siu-kai Lau and Zhaojia Liu, Society and Politics in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1982), 157-158.

4 Stephen Wing Kai Chiu and Tai Lok Lui, ‘Changing Political Opportunities and the Shaping of Collective Action: Social Movements in Hong Kong’ in The Dynamics of Social Movement in Hong Kong, ed. by Stephen Wing Kai Chiu and Tai Lok Lui (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2000), 8; Khun Eng KuahPearce and Gilles Guiheux, ‘Social Movements and State-Society Relationship in Hong Kong’, in Social Movements in China and Hong Kong, ed.

by Khun Eng Kuah-Pearce and Gilles Guiheux (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009), 47.

5 BBC, ‘Do today’s global protests have anything in common?’ (2019) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/world-50123743> [accessed 22 November 2019].

6 The Funambulist, ‘Chrono-cartography of the 1871 Paris Commune’ (unknown) < https://thefunambulist.net/history/historychronological-cartography-of-the-1871-pariscommune> [accessed 2 December 2019].

7 Marek Hrubec, ‘Future Legacy of the Russian Revolution: Participatory Political Economies’, International Critical Thought, 7.4 (2017), 565.

8 Elaine Carey, ‘The Streets Speak, 1968 and Today’, in Protests in the Streets: 1968 Across the Globe, ed. by Elaine Carey (Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 2016), 121-122.

10 Marc Lynch, ‘Introduction’, in The Arab Uprisings Explained, ed. by Marc Lynch (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014), 1-2.

11 Whereas the economic system in postrevolution Russia can be referred to as state capitalism, from the 1970 there has been a global shift towards corporate capitalism (neoliberalism) tied to privatisation, consumer culture and surveillance.

12 Lee Stickells, ‘The Right to the City: Rethinking Architectures Social Significance’, Architectural Theory Review, 16.3 (2011), 215.

13 Joseph M. Chan and Francis L.F. Lee, ‘Media and politics in Hong Kong: A decade after the handover’, China Perspectives, 2 (2007), 50-51.

14 Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1991), 26.

15 James D. Faubion, ‘Space, Knowledge, and Power’, in Power, ed. by James D. Faubion (New York: New York Press, 1994), 349.

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London, united kingdom, trafalgar square

Paris, france, arc de triomphe

berlin, germany, alexanderplatz

praque, Czech Republic, old town square

Mexico city, mexico, Monumento de la Revolución

BRAZIL, RIO DE JANEIRO, Cinelândia SQUARE

Washington, usa, washington monument

bologna, italy, piazza maggiore Globally connected people in public space through common ideals and strategies.

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Christopher Logue BELFAST: HISTORY OF SEGREGATION, FUTURE OF INCLUSION? Generally, concerns to do with identity and architecture seem to be of importance to me. In year one, my manifesto articulated ideas of how architecture reflects the culture and how this culture is ‘drawn’ from a land.1 The ideas were navigated through the analysis of Greek culture, and how the architecture of the Parthenon honoured the Gods and the Greek culture.2 Now, I am particularly interested in the connections between identity, culture and architecture; although from the perspective that history is a construct and that the knowledge about a particular culture is formalised.3 This manifesto seeks to address the connections between history and culture in terms of violence, conflict and post-trauma in the context of Belfast, Northern Ireland. The necessity for this investigation is driven by the need to discern whether, and how, cities like Belfast can become more inclusive under the pressures of urban densification considering that the city is segregated. Enabling inclusivity is paramount if we take into account the global increase in urban population. In 1970’s, the population of Belfast was 416,612, while in 2019 it has increased by 8.33% to 626,760.4 The year 2035 expects to see a further 2.62% increase, reaching 696,537.5 However, Belfast has a populace who are at throes and in conflict with one another; the violent struggle has largely been centred around issues of identity, religion and territory.6

Mapping intimidation: crossing the ‘enemy’s’ territory.

The conflict in Northern Ireland, commonly known as ‘The Troubles’, which began in 1969, has notably impacted on the structure of the society, politics and economy resulting in a divided city.7 However, the conflict dates back further to 1921 when the state of Northern Ireland was established, which contained two clear, distinct political units; Catholics (Republicans) and Protestants (Unionists). As violence marred the streets in 1969, architecture became a divisive tool of this conflict.8 The city turned into a series of enclaves surrounded by so-called peace walls.9 These peace walls have, however, taken the form of both visible and less visible barriers whereby visible barriers include walls, metal barricades and concrete blocks while less visible barriers include motorways, shopping centres, dense foliage, as well as vacant and derelict landscapes.10 Against the expressed political climate, the pressing question is how cities like Belfast could manage its issues to do with identity, religion and territory, and become more inclusive if cities continue to densify.

The Good Friday Agreement (GFA), a peace agreement between the Irish and British Governments concerning the governing of Northern Ireland, was established in 1998, which intended to bring a sense of inclusivity when the armed conflict came to an end. However, to this day, Northern Ireland is still a deeply segregated state, with significant territorial issues and conflicted identities. The use of alleged peace walls has, in a sense, created psychological walls. For the majority of the population, the war is not over, and hostility towards the ‘other’ has not diminished.11 Nevertheless, the population has increased, and urban enclaves are densifying while the historical problems persist.

Symbolism is politically motivated.

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For Belfast to become socially inclusive (and invariably, the whole of Northern Ireland), there needs to be a shift where people’s religious differences need to be accepted and respected.12 As such, chapter one of this essay will analyse the thinking on peace walls through the lens of Wendy Brown and Eyal Weizman where walls are signifiers of not just a fixed divider but a flexible modulation of historical and legal decisions.13 The trauma enabled by the history of violence and its presence even after the conflict has ceased, associated with post-traumatic urbanism,14 will be referenced to analyse the psychological effects of the wall and the trauma the residents have suffered. Here, symbols, such as flags and murals will be analysed to allow not only an understanding of identity and history but also on-going trauma between the Catholics and Protestants in Belfast. Chapter two will focus on social inclusivity through the lens of Eric Hobsbawm and Benedict Anderson in terms of tradition and identity, that is, imagined communities.15 Religious celebrations will be examined in order to understand how the public display of symbols enhances existing boundaries. Likewise, the focus will be on how mixed areas within Belfast, where Protestants and Catholics live within the same enclave, is a signifier that there is a possibility to move forward towards an inclusive society. Chapter three will focus on social and legal policies introduced by the Northern Ireland Housing Executive to understand how segregated housing may be halting the society to move forward. This investigation will be underpinned by looking at planned future initiatives whose ethos is to enable more mixed enclaves. Likewise, the lens will be turned to policy and education in terms of how the Education Authority plans to reform education to support an inclusive future. The underpinning agenda of this final chapter is to discern that which is halting the city and the country to move forward and become more inclusive.

Tadao Ando, ‘Beyond Horizons in Architecture’, in Theories and Manifestos of Contemporary Architecture, ed. by Charles and Karl Kropf (Great Britain: Academy Editions, 1997), 256; Paul Scheerbart, ‘Glass Architecture’, in Programs and Manifestos on 20th Century Architecture, ed. by Ulrich Conrads (Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1971), 32.

2 Sayed Ahmed, ‘Philosophy of Architecture and Architecture as Philosophy: The Potentialities in Accordance to Critical Sermon’, International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 5. 2 (2016), 85.

3 Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge, (London: Tavistock Publications, 1972), 23-24; Daniel Grinceri, Architecture as Cultural and Political Discourse: Case Studies of Conceptual Norms and Aesthetic Practices, (London: Routledge, 2016), 4.

4 World Population Review, ‘Belfast Population’ (2019) <http://http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/ belfast-population/> [accessed 11 November 2019].

5 World Population Review, ‘Belfast Population’ (2019) <http://http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/ belfast-population/> [accessed 11 November 2019].

6 Sarah McDowell and Peter Shirlow, ‘Geographies of Conflict and Post-Conflict in Northern Ireland’, Geography Compass, 5. 9 (2011), 700 – 709, (700).

7 David Coyles and others, ‘Hidden Barriers and Divisive Architecture: The Case of Belfast’, Northern Ireland Assembly, 7 November 2018. <http://www. brandonhamber.com/publications/pap-kess_hidden_ barriers_2018.pdf> [Accessed 20 July 2019] 1.

8 Coyles, ‘Hidden Barriers and Divisive Architecture’, Northern Ireland Assembly, 7 November 2018. <http:// www.brandonhamber.com/publications/pap-kess_ hidden_barriers_2018.pdf> [Accessed 20 July 2019] 1.

9 Coyles, ‘Hidden Barriers and Divisive Architecture’, Northern Ireland Assembly, 7 November 2018. <http:// www.brandonhamber.com/publications/pap-kess_ hidden_barriers_2018.pdf> [Accessed 20 July 2019] 3.

10 Jonny Byrne and others, ‘Public Attitudes to Peace Walls’, Ulster University, 2015. <https://www.ulster. ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/224052/pws.pdf> [Accessed 5 July 2019] 3.

11 Sarah McDowell and Peter Shirlow, ‘Geographies of Conflict and Post-Conflict in Northern Ireland’, Geography Compass, 5. 9 (2011), 706.

12 Marsela Robo, ‘Social Inclusion and Inclusive Education’, Academicus International Scientific Journal, 10. 12 (2014), 191.

13 Eyal Weizman, Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation, (New York: Verso, 2007), 177; Wendy Brown, Walled States, Waning Sovereignty (New York: Zone Books, 2010), 29.

14 Adrian Lahoud, ‘Post-Traumatic Urbanism’, Architectural Design, 80. 5 (2010), 19.

15 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism, Revised Edition (London: Verso, 2006), 6; Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Inventing Traditions’, in The Invention of Tradition, ed. by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (Cambridge: Press Syndicate, 1983), 11.

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Simulation of violence.

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Lucas Payne THE PRODUCTION OF GENTRIFIED SPACE: CAPITAL OVER PEOPLE The city, as once described by the Marxist sociologist and philosopher Henri Lefebvre, is a common good, and an accessible right for all.1 This manifesto will examine how London’s ownership (or lack) of land can affect the right to the city and socially produced space for its inhabitants. The premise will be to understand how attitudes towards space, and the production of it, in the urban climate impact on gentrification. It is important to examine and survey Lefebvre’s work to uncover the importance of ensuring that one does not lose the definitive right to a space in the city in today’s era. Building upon and critiquing Lefebvre’s work is the American geographer Edward Soja, who develops Lefebvre’s dialectic into a ‘thirdspace,’ as a way of understanding the socially produced space.2 The British born Marxist geographer David Harvey will inform the thinking on spatial capital and right to space; how capitalism handles producing space, including the proposition that the geography of gentrification is not just in the urban.

The manifesto begins by unpacking Henri Lefebvre’s key theories and thinking in The Productions of Space in the urban context, and the right to the city. Applying these concepts to London and analysing the way socially produced space impacts gentrification, whilst using Edward Soja’s notion of ‘thirdspace,’3 will inform the argument for a rethinking of London’s space.

Next, the paper will examine the production of social space and who owns the ‘thirdspace.’ Such spaces may be socially productive in reducing the impact of gentrification in London, by redefining what ownership entails. The manifesto will then delve into the meaning of gentrification through the lens of David Harvey, Ruth Glass and Robert E. Park, to discuss the impact that consumptive and productive spaces and capital have on gentrification.

Haussmann’s Paris - organising space through regulation.

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The lies of Soutwark Council.

My first year manifesto written in 2018, titled ‘A Semilattice City, Central Planning and Success – the Inconsistent Triad’ compared the work of urban thinkers Christopher Alexander and Antonio Sant’Elia, and researched how city planning can sometimes become too clinical and artificial, much like Sant’Elia’s revolutionising proposition for parts of Mussolini’s Italy. This is why comparing Sant’Elia’s work to Alexander’s ‘semilattice,’ a city in which the urban planner would let the city evolve organically and let the connections happen naturally, began to suggest that rather than abandon central planning and allow the semilattice city, it may be more advisable instead to guide the city in a progressive direction with subtle planning. My initial stance on urban planning will somewhat inform this manifesto, from the perspective that this essay seeks to study specific ways in which the authoritative body of a city (the case study for this manifesto being Southwark Council’s treatment of the Heygate Estate in Elephant and Castle, London) may approach the topic of gentrification, within urban planning. As London’s space becomes increasingly privately owned, this manifesto will research whether we need to rethink who owns London. This paper questions why the council, governments or the super-rich individuals own public space in a city, rather than the inhabitants that use it. The question will be why the users do not own and have responsibility of the park themselves.

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Next, the paper will examine the production of social space and who owns the ‘thirdspace.’ Such spaces may be socially productive in reducing the impact of gentrification in London, by redefining what ownership entails. The manifesto will then delve into the meaning of gentrification through the lens of David Harvey, Ruth Glass, Robert E. Park, and Lees, Slater, and Wyly to discuss the impact that consumptive and productive spaces and capital have on gentrification. Furthermore, the idea of ground rent, which Neil Smith partially attributes responsibility for gentrification, will reinforce the argument of capital dictating the geographical social production of space in London.

Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), 69.

Edward Soja, Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996).

3 Soja, Thirdspace:Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places.

1

2

The creation of Thirdspace.

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Mapping historical shifts and rights to the city: USA and UK.

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Kamil Perzanowski

IMPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL MORPHOGENESIS ON ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN The context of this text is around Digital Morphogenesis and the generation of a resolution framework to a design ‘problem’. The aim is to consider the implications of how different ‘digitally’ rooted frameworks [Digital Morphogenesis], can influence the initial developmental outcomes, exploring them through variations in the balance of efficiency and ‘quality’. By digital, I refer to the perspectives of Achim Menges and Sean Ahlquist1 which adhere to utilising computational thinking over the architecturalised simplification in the form of computerization as described by Neil Leach,2 which simply requires the use of a computer. This difference is what defines Digital Morphogenesis.

The framework attempts to respond to the suggested problem, through its implementation within the morphogenetic stage. This itself describes the segment of design in which the architect begins to aim their enquiry; in response to contextual factors which is reflected in the architectural plan of work,4 between the 2nd and 3rd stages of the design flow. It is the process of accumulating potential responses to factors one might find through the feasibility study, formed into a hierarchy of priorities that are based on a decision-making framework around the iron triangle and client.

The key is how this new method of working allows one to address the rigid restrictions of the Iron Triangle that depicts the relationships between time, cost and quality of a design, relationships seen as constraints of architectural design.3 In particular, the paper proposes that the phenomenological architecture found in the works of the like such as Peter Zumthor or Steven Holl has limitations on a quantitative perspective, offering a steep price in terms of cost and time for high quality.

Problem-Solving in Design.

Asimow’s Iconic Design Model illustrated within an abstract problem space interpretation.

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Computational thinking requires a heuristic way of work, and as such rigour, but not at the expense of time and financial cost given it is applied to computerized processing. The basis of computational design is the alignment of design to problemsolving which was explored by Herbert Simon and Allen Newell in their studies,5 which show how the noted alignment is made in humans, and the potential for a transfer to a computer. The result is a procedural decision-making framework that breaks down the rigidity of the Iron Triangle to produce honest architecture that responds to every identifiable parameter. This honesty refers to my first manifesto, and is associated with not choosing which problem to solve but rather forming a hierarchy to solve all problems appropriately. Digital ways of working push reductionism, and that in turn reveals numerous questions and ‘problems’ – failure to solve these has cascading consequences, which I explored in my original manifesto in year 1.

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The issue of ‘problem’ therefore becomes key; first asking the right question, and then finding the framework to resolve it. Tom Heath6 unpacks design ‘problems’ into wicked problems and puzzles, which itself eludes to the narrative between subjective and objective values, a narrative shared in the definitions for architectural quality explored by Dr.Magnus Rönn.7 In the context of architecture, I have sampled 3 digitally rooted [constant] problem-solving models applied to morphogenesis by Bruce Archer8 , Morris Asimow9 and Christopher Alexander10 presenting varied implications on the design flow, interrogated against Ronn’s definition of quality, and time/cost efficiency. They are different frameworks grounded in computational theory but have varying design hierarchies [variable] and therefore produce different results. The nature of early intervention means a bigger, more extensive butterfly effect on the design process, creating a potential for architectural quality comparable to the likes of previously named phenomenological architects, however at a much smaller cost in terms of time and expenditure.

Asimow’s Iconic Design Model illustrated within an abstract problem space interpretation.

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1 Achim Menges, Sean Ahlqyuist, (Eds), Computational Design Thinking (Chichester, United Kingdom, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2011).

2 Neil Leach, There is no such this as Digital Building, A critique of the discrete (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2019), 138.

3 Mike Clayton, ‘What is the Iron Triangle?

Project Management in Under 5 Online Video Recording,’ YouTube, 15 February 2017, < https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=JHSHOAfV-uwL> [Accessed 17/11/2019].

4 RIBA, Plan of work 2013, (2013) < https:// www.ribaplanofwork.com/> [Accessed 06.10.2019].

5 Herbert A Simon and Allen Newell, Human Problem Solving, (USA, Prentice Hall, 1972),148-149.

5 Simon; Newell, Human Problem Solving, (1972), 148-149.

6 Tom Heath, Method in Architecture, (USA, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1984), 176-179.

7 Dr.Magnus Rohn, Quality in Architecture, A disputed Concept, (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden 2011), 236.

8 Bruce Archer, ‘The structure of design process’ (Doctorate thesis, Royal College of Art, 1960).

9 Morris Asimow, Introduction to Design (Englewood Hills, New Jersey, 1962).

10 Christopher Alexander, Notes on the Synthesis of Form (USA, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973).

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Testing methodology on my journey from home to the university.

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Jacob Shaw PHENOMENOLOGICAL BIOMIMICRY: INTEGRATING NATURE INTO URBAN CONSCIOUSNESS Urbanisation negatively impacts on the world by growing cancerously across the preconceived fabric of nature, a rich biodiversity of organisms that respond interdependently within a closed-loop system; a synergistic1 system where all organisms operate and nutrients circle back to each organism.2 In contrast to this system of nature, there is the urban realm, consisting of the human species, diverse through culture instead of evolutionary genetics.3 Anthropological studies show the progression in historical architecture straying further from evolutionary advantages within nature.4 The Industrial Revolution burnt through fossil fuels to power brutal machinery,5 detrimentally affecting all that which is associated with nature. In my previous work (year 1 manifesto), I emphasised the ‘plasticity’ of buildings that were mass-produced through the technology of the Industrial Revolution. The focus on the negativity of urbanisation still rings true, however, this manifesto interrogates the impact of the urban fabric through a deeper ontological understanding, to respond to the modern condition of ‘hyper-individualistic’6 human culture.

If humans are cognitive beings, representing the conditions of “a social domain of interpersonal relations and an ecological domain of interorganismic relations,”7 the human culture is a binding force between the distinctive realms of Urban and Nature. In anthropological findings, buildings were known seen as shelter as protection from the elements. 9 This position shows a connection of place and people, where the structure constructed is responsive to the environment. In the contemporary context, our position to land and nature is radically different; people extract resources from the environment which is seen as a seemingly abundant pit of materials and food that can supply a modern capitalist society.10 However, buildings that define the urban realm still have ‘characteristics’11 found in nature, partially realised through phenomenological studies. Analysis of the human psyche exposes the existence of buildings due to ‘unconscious reverberations’12 that trace back to our primal instincts as a species; where the minds of primates began consciously experiencing their dwelling in a world of pure natural origin (natural describes conditions of nature, growing through unconscious responses of survival in organisms).

The Biophilia Hypothesis13 suggests that there are traces of natural phenomenon in the human psyche. However, dwelling in nature is, at first glance, a different phenomenon to dwelling in the urban. The two are seen in contrast and in opposition to each other since the human culture “conquers nature, resulting in climate change.”14.Thus, this essay will address the ways in which we can dwell more in more symbiotic ways by thinking contemporary built environment through the lens of biomimicy. What biomimicry affords is the “application of information extracted from biological systems in nature to solve issues,”15 meaning that we can integrate the systems found in nature into the urban for purposes of creating a harmonious ecosystem; harbouring all life into the regenerative closed-loop model, as found in nature.

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Integrating Anthropocene - an anthropological determination of geological and sociological culture - allows human culture to be affiliated with nature in the urban realm as well understand the process and transformations found in nature.

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The first chapter interrogates the ontology of a building in order to, understand Martin Heidegger’s concept of ‘building as dwelling’,16 which appropriates the condition of the built fabric as an interdependent entity that exists through human culture. This research is explored through phenomenological pieces of writing, where the physical conditions of building and, simultaneously the metaphysical, are firstly related to human culture and their historical presence within the environment.17 The second chapter investigates the potential phenomenological similarities of dwelling, as found in nature, can manifest in the urban realm. In the final chapter, the thinking found in Biomimicry is used to address processes found in nature and the ways in which they can be directly applied into design processes.

The method shows the potential of integrating formal biological interventions into the urban realm, thus allowing the ‘reorientation’18 of human culture in terms of respecting nature.

The industry extracting the resources in the name of profit.

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1 Richard Buckminster Fuller, Utopia or Oblivion, (Switzerland: Lars Muller Publishers, 2008), 19.

2 Michael Braungart; William McDonough, Cradle to Cradle Remaking the Way We Make Things (London: Vintage, 2008), 92.

3 Etienne Turpin, Architecture in the Anthropocene: Encounters Among Design, Deep Time, Science and Philosophy (Michigan Publishing: Open Humanities Press, 2013), 4.

4 Nelly Ramzy, ‘Biophilic qualities of historical architecture: In quest of the timeless terminologies of ‘life’ in architectural expression’, 15 (2015), 42 .

5 SL Garvin; MC Philipson; CH Sanders; CS Hayles; GT Dow, Impact of climate change on building (Watford: Published by Research Communications Ltd by permission of Building Research Establishment Ltd, 1998), 1.

6 David Strong, ‘Farming Dwelling Thinking’, Ethics & the Environment, 21(2) (2016), 29.

7 Tim Ingold, ‘Building, dwelling, living: How animals and people make themselves at home in the world’, in The perception of the environment: essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill, ed. by Tim Ingold (London: Routledge, 2006), 172.

8 Victor Papanek, The Green Imperative Ecology and Ethics in Design and Architecture (Singapore: Thames & Hudson, 1995) 8.

9 Braungart; McDonough, Cradle to Cradle Remaking the Way We Make Things, (2008).

10 Joshua Tepley, ‘Properties of Being in Heidegger’s Being and Time’, International Journal of Philosophical Studies, 22(3) (2014), 462.

11 Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Space (New York: Published by the Penguin Group, 2014), 2.

12 Stephen Kellert; Judith Heerwagen; Martin Mador, Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008), viii .

13 Sue Roaf; David Crichton; Fergus Nicol, Adapting Buildings and Cities for Climate Change: A 21st century survival guide (Oxford: Architectural Press, 2005), 1.

14 Janine Benyus, Biomimicry Innovation Inspired by Nature (New York: HarperCollins,1997).

15 Martin Heidegger, ‘Building Dwelling Thinking’, Poetry, Language, Thought (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 145.

16 P.W. Bryan, Man’s Adaptation of Nature: Studies of the Cultural Landscape (London: University of London Press Ltd., 1937), 6 .

17 David Strong, ‘Farming Dwelling Thinking’, Ethics and the Environment 21:2 (2016) 27-50 .

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Finding the answers in nature.

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Plymouth’s Central Park is disconnected to its surrounding neighbourhoods: I. Tennant, N. Vail, K. Voulgaraki and D. Whittaker.

MARCH01

URBAN M E T H O D O L O G I E S The physical structure of the city; buildings, parks and streets combine together to create urban form. Yet the city is also a way of life; inhabited and experienced as a social space comprising neighbourhoods and districts; places to live and work. The Module offers a broad introductory overview of the theories and methodologies related to the issues related to the understanding and the design of urban space. In order to address these conditions the Module studies the changing nature of urban space and its use from both a theoretical and methodological background.

Mohamed Naseer Shravan Patel Patrick Powell Jakub Roguski Isaac Tennant Nicholas Vail Kleio Voulgaraki Dominic Whittaker

Students are expected to develop their own research within this critical framework by understanding the appropriateness and value of different methods for particular areas of study and work with them by using a case study approach. The case study provides an opportunity to apply the theoretical framework within a real world empirical setting. In other words, the way in which different qualities of the urban space affect how it is experienced and inhabited, using a range of methodological approaches (qualitative, social methods ranging from observation and interviews through to mapping and data analysis). This year students worked to a brief linked to the National Trust Future Parks Accelerator challenge around understanding future use of greenspace. Guests speakers included The National Trust, Plymouth City Council and the Data Place.

Module Leader: Dr Katharine Willis

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Jakub Roguski, Shravan Patel, Mohamed Naseer and Patrick Powell

DOES ACCESSIBILITY TO GREEN SPACE IN TRANSPORT NETWORKS AFFECT HEALTH? City networks are the vast number of physical and non-physical systems and elements that make up a city. In the case of this research, the networks of transport and health will be studied.

The methodology for this research includes an in-depth analysis of the Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) across two districts in Plymouth, UK; specifically, Health Deprivation and Disability domain data. The research will link data to specific geographic locations, and from tools such as Strava and the National Statistics of Indices of Deprivation. This data will help identify a correlation, if there is any, between data on health data of two contrasting districts - North Prospect as the lower, and Hartley as the highest-ranking district in Plymouth1 - and the accessibility of transport networks from those districts to the park. In order to simplify our analysis, it also categorises networks into ‘flows’ (invisible networks such as bus frequencies) - and ‘networks’ (physical networks such as road infrastructure). This report will question whether poor connectivity between transport networks limits access to green space, and if so how this affects the residents’ health and wellbeing.

please find a nice image that fits in this rectangle + indicate caption

Comparison of running data .

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Indices of Deprivation Map showing Hartley, North Prospect and Central Park.

In terms of literature on transport, cities, social relations and the links between socio-economics and green space, three key texts were integrated. In 1984, Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson studied the link between space and architecture, and how urban form influences social and organisational patterns of humans.2 Cities are viewed as having an inherent ‘logic’; space and urban morphology is analysed to uncover patterns. This study created a new form of spatial analysis; ‘space syntax’ as a tool for planners to understand the effects of built form on the society. Their research on social relations develops a theory on how different spatial orders can create specific patterns and behaviours, and in turn inform the form of the city.3 In 2013, Michael Batty proposed a different analytical approach to understand the formation of cities whereby instead of seeing them as purely artificial, they are seen as systems “built more like organisms than machines” that comprise of flows and networks.4 These flows and networks are the underlying system on which the city is formed, and are defined as two separate actors that are complementary. Flows are described as intangible, and not physically embedded within the city fabric (an example being a journey), while networks are described as physical and the ‘frame’ on which flows travel (an example being a road network.)5 Batty’s suggestion that rather than “thinking of cities as sets of spaces, places, and locations,’’ they need to be thought of as “sets of actions, interactions and transactions.”6 Locations throughout the city are considered the nodes where these processes take place, and networks are a ‘communications media’ that can alter or disrupt by innovation, epidemics or growth of a city.

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From a socio-economic perspective, the 2017 paper by Elaine Hoffimann, Henrique Barros and Ana Isabel Ribeiro discusses issues of socioeconomic inequities in accessibility to, and quality of, green spaces in the city of Porto, Portugal.7 Accessibility was measured using geographic information systems, by calculating distances from neighbourhood centres to all green spaces within an 800m radius. Quality was measured using Public Open Space Tool (POST), a tool that analyses quality ‘domains’ of green spaces: activities, environmental quality, safety.

European Deprivation Index data was then used in a series of statistical analysis, whose findings showed that accessibility and quality of green spaces were notably better in less deprived areas.8 The distances to green spaces were increased with neighbourhood deprivation and had significant issues with safety and amenities.

The study also suggests that those from less deprived areas, less active, and/or at risk of chronic illnesses, reside in neighbourhoods with fewer green spaces.

Our analysis showed that there is a higher concentration of activity towards Central Park leading to and from Hartley, as opposed to North Prospect. However, Hartley’s performance is much lower with regard to public transport data, with fewer bus stops and routes connecting it with Central Park. This seems to suggest that the two categories of networks have varying impacts. Flows do not have an apparent effect, while networks seem to correlate with health and deprivation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that accessibility to green space, in this case Central Park, does have an impact on health and wellbeing of adjacent communities. Nevertheless, it cannot be said that poor connectivity to transport networks limits who accesses green space, as different types of networks and flows facilitate access at different degrees and are affected by a variety of external factors.8

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North Prospect Recommended Route - Distance: 1.2 miles. Time: 25 minutes.

1 According to the 2019 Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government Report, North Prospect, a district with a lower Layer Super Output Areas (LSOA) ranking of 1,242 out of 32,844, making it one of the lowest ranking districts in England; and, Hartley, a district with a higher LSOA ranking of 16,899 out of 32,844, making it one of the highest-ranking districts in Plymouth.

2 Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson, The Social Logic Of Space (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).

3 Hillier and Hanson, The Social Logic Of Space, (1984).

4 Michael Batty, The New Science Of Cities (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2013), 1.

5 Batty, The New Science Of Cities, (2013), 48.

6 Batty, The New Science Of Cities, (2013), 115.

7 Elaine Hoffimann, Henrique Barros and Ana Isabel Ribeiro, “Socioeconomic Inequalities In Green Space Quality And Accessibility— Evidence From A Southern European City” in International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 14.8

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Hartley Recommended Route - Distance: 1.8 miles. Time: 37 minutes.

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Isaac Tennant, Nicholas Vail, Kleio Voulgaraki and Dominic Whittaker

IS CENTRAL PARK DISCONNECTED FROM SURROUNDING NEIGHBOURHOODS? The aim of this project was to study and analyse the spatial relationship of Central Park to surrounding neighbourhoods in Plymouth. In particular, this study focuses on the difference between the perceived sense of time to access the park in comparison with the actual, physical mapped route. By collecting postcodes, and modes of transport of park users from on-site surveys, the investigation was able to compare perceived distance to the park vs. actual distance to the park. This study yielded results that clearly portray a disconnect of Central Park to its surrounding neighbourhoods with 54% of the people believing the park is further away than it actually is. Furthermore, the perceived time was 13% more than its mapped counterpart.

Average difference between perceived vs actual time to travel to the park - the perception being that it took longer to get to the destination.

Initial desktop mapping exercises revealed that Central Park is a district with clearly identifiable landmarks and districts, key attributes to make a legible city.1 The district is bound by strict edges and boundaries, resulting in hard edge perimeters. Additionally, limited access and defined entrance points for surrounding neighbourhoods resulted in a lack of connective routes through Central Park whilst the existing paths, boulevards, and fences further dissect Central Park into a number of micro-districts with defined land uses. These studies prompted the necessity to not only analyse Central Park as an isolated district, but to consider it as a component in the wider remit of Plymouth.

Widening the lens of the enquiry to a macroscale confirmed the claim that 40% of the city is designated as green space.2 However, the relationships between the districts of Plymouth revealed themselves as disjointed, resulting in a fragmented and chaotic urban realm without a hint of connection.3 Fragmentation between districts is further exacerbated by Plymouth’s unique topographical landscape and car-centric urban planning, which distorts inhabitants perceived distances between districts.

Is underuse of the park connected to the perception that it’s further way from surrounding neighbourhoods?

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Therefore, the study’s line of enquiry investigating Central Park’s disconnection from surrounding neighbourhoods was quantified by comparing the perceived distance to the actual distance of user’s homes to the park. Data was collected by a series of on-site surveys, in which postcode, perceived distance and method of travel were asked. 76 survey responses where giving the perceived distance of users to the park. Subsequently, inputting user’s postcodes and method of transport in to google maps, resulted in the comparable actual distance to the park.

The results of the study revealed that on average people thought that it took 13% more time to reach the park from their home whilst 54% of the people interviewed thought the park was further away from their home than it actually is. These results aligned with the initial problem statement and revealed that the park is perceived to be further away than it actually is, resulting in Central Park being inaccessible and disconnected from the wider remit of Plymouth. By highlighting this clear disconnection, the study can be used to improve connections between neighbourhoods and Central Park, encouraging increased use of green spaces to aid the Plymouth Plan’s aspirations to improve Health and well-being within Plymouth.

Modelling spatial accessibility to parks: national study.

Kevin Lynch, The Image of the City (USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1960), 3.

2 Plymouth City Council, ‘The Plymouth Plan – 2014 -2022’ (UK, 2014), 62.

3 Lynch, The Image of the City, 32.

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Initial desktop mapping exercise investigated Central Park as its own, 200-acre district embedded in the centre of Plymouth.

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Treasure hunt: Dina Venuti.

EMERGING R E S E A R C H

MARCH02

This module offers an opportunity for students to undertake an in depth study on an issue related to architecture and urbanism in the fields of research that draw on the praxes in their design studio working on the edge between land and water. Students undertake a programme of Master’s-level research to advance their knowledge, skills, and understanding of research methodology, testing and critical reflection. Students work within a structure supported by research-active staff who support the design studio. This year, staff included: Professor Bob Brown, Dr Mathew Emmett and Dr Sana Murrani.

Elyse Kassis Elena Liskova Dina Venuti

Module Leader: Dr Sana Murrani

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Elyse Kassis STORYTELLING: CANCOASTALACCESSIMPACTTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEEN MEMORY AND SPACE? The splashing waves collide on the seashore providing evidence that both land and water have an inseparable relationship, influencing the current social and spatial qualities.

The presence of the sea within daily life generates a variety of connections enabling certain memories to be triggered.

Imagine yourself walking by the sea as the waves shower against the cliffs and you, allowing you to reminisce back to your previous memories. You are suddenly washed away hundreds of kilometres to a city that has the juxtaposed elements of water and concrete forming its urban fabric. For Hoerl McCormack, “[m]emory is like a narrative of one’s life, organized by chronology, much as the sequence of chapters and pages of a book might reflect the order in which the events of life unfold.”1 Likewise, social interactions form an integral link in memory-creation since “[e]xperience is richly weaved from our neuroanatomical and chemical matter, our histories, our sense of self, as well as the complex variety of cultural, social and physical relations that make up our life-spaces.”2 In other words, social interactions are an essential vessel that allows one to relive their memories that were made memorable, due to the presence of the sea and to promote new engagements within society.

Active waterfront encouraged by coastal cities.

This dissertation will examine the connections between space and memory to facilitate social interactions to occur between the people and their spatial surroundings, including the sea. The sea in this enquiry is the vehicle that will enable memory and social interactions to unfold.

In the narrative above, the sea activates memory through experiences that acts as a catalyst to allow for social engagements to emerge, such as social gatherings by the sea or water leisure activities. The thinking of Paula Reavey, Jan Assmann, Endel Tulving and Christoph Hoerl will be used to address memory in this line of enquiry. The following thinkers share a common insight that every experience is connected to a certain time and space. Matters to do with spatial engagements will be supported through the spatial and social theory of Mike Crang, Nigel Thrift and Henri Lefebvre.

The lived experience of the coast: promoting coastal access to facilitate social interactions

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The methodology used also implements auto-ethnography (personal self-reflection) with a collaborative cross-cultural discussion to understand and gain knowledge of the other, by taking part in a discussion to exchange narratives of different experiences, in order to identify commonalities and differences through storytelling. Here, storytelling as a form of collaborative discussion is crucial in helping understand and express people’s memories and experiences to reawaken their cherished stories from their past to oneself and the other.

1 Christoph Hoerl and Teresa McCormack, Time And Memory: Issues In Philosophy And Psychology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 139.

2 Paula Reavey, “Scenic Memory: Experience Through Time–Space”, Memory Studies, 10.2 (2017), 110. <https://doi. org/10.1177/1750698016683844>.

All our memories are connected to the sea.

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The awakening reflection of ocean and city.

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Elena Liskova EARTH: A SOLUTION FOR REFURBISHMENT IN THE CLIMATE CRISIS AGE The UK government had legislated a climate act plan called Carbon Budget, pledging to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 (compared to 1990 levels).1 The scheme has been devised in 5 steps, each one lasting over a 5-year period. We are currently in the 3rd Budget period. Whereas UK reached its targets for 1st and 2nd Budget, the chances of achieving its 3rd Budget targets are slim and the success of the 4th Budget depends on the government initiating large scale infrastructure changes right now, which is not currently the case. It is known that 45% of UK’s carbon emissions are result of the constructions, exploitation and maintenance of the build environment,2 of which 80% are emitted by or influenced by buildings currently in use.3 That is why the application of sustainable materials with low environmental, embodied and performance impact has been an increasing subject of interest since the 1960s for the construction industry. The commonly used sustainable materials are either of renewable source or have no adverse effect on the environment but are rarely both.

Moving into a technological future in which Earth as a material can become common practice.

The recognition of the environmental crisis as well as the uncertainties of the economic system due to fluctuating political conditions are driving the search for sustainable model for refurbishment.

This model is to be used as a framework for architects and is one that is economically viable and environmentally sensible simultaneously. The recent renewal of interest in earth techniques for current buildings is a result of that urgent search for alternative solutions and has often been pointed as a sustainable choice for the architecture of twentyfirst century.4 Moreover, artists and architects have been exploring the aesthetic boundaries of earth materials as a medium for art / design expression.

Some of these are Mario Cucinela Architects’ TECLA project and WASP’s project Gaia.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to an understanding of how earth as a building material can respond to the environmental crisis and building demands and become a commonly accepted alternative in the industry. Earth buildings are constructed with a variety of techniques of using unfired, untreated, raw earth. It is known and successfully used by humans for around 11,000 years; earth buildings have been created by most civilizations (e.g. Egyptian, Middle Eastern, Native American and North African) in one shape or another owning to several factors: it was easily available, cheap, strong and required only simple

Light Bulb Moment: Earth as solution for the Earth.

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Even today it is approximated that nearly half the world’s population live and work in earth buildings.5 In the UK (and especially in the South West) cob buildings are prominent feature of the local vernacular due to the high distribution of clay content in topsoil (26.1% - 35% for Devon and Cornwall.6 In the South West region alone there are 20+ cob builders and at least 6 suppliers of cob building materials. Earth buildings do not have a British Standard or Eurocode as yet, however, there are well-researched Guidelines that have begun to act as de-facto standards. For example, the Rammed Earth Design and Construction Guideline reviews most of the aspects of design, testing and practical aspects needed to get a rammed earth structure through planning and building regulations in the UK.7 The possibility of using earth and earth based products as alternative materials to refurbish the existing build environment by examining the sustainability dimensions; the social contexts, economic benefits, aesthetic possibilities as well as the attention toward the technical and environmental improvements of earth in the future. The research is based on readings by Nicol (2017) on the state of existing building stock, review of 6 practical solutions for suitable refurbishment with earth techniques as well as overlook of three case studies: School Pavillion Allenmoosin (Zurich), Wadi Abu Hindi Primary School (Palestine) and Mashrabiya House (Jerusalem). These case studies demonstrate the validity of refurbishment with earth and its quantifiable results and impacts.

Rammed Earth Wall Details.

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Sara Priestley, ‘UK Carbon Budgets’, July 2019 <https://researchbriefings. files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP7555/CBP-7555.pdf> [Accessed 20 November 2019].

2 Department for Business Innovation and Skills, ‘Estimating the amount of CO2 emissions that the construction industry can influence’, 2010,<https:// assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/31737/10-1316estimating-co2-emissions-supportinglow-carbon-igt-report.pdf> [Accessed 15 December 2019].

3 Department for Business Innovation and Skills, ‘Estimating the amount of CO2 emissions that the construction industry can influence’, 2010,<https:// assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/31737/10-1316estimating-co2-emissions-supportinglow-carbon-igt-report.pdf> [Accessed 15 December 2019].

4 Jean Dethier, The Art of Earth Architecture, (Unknown: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2020).

5 Laurence Keefe, Eath Building: Methods and materials, repair and conservation, (London: Taylor & Francis, 2005).

6 Cranfield University, ‘Soilscapes Soil Types Viewer - National Soil Resources Institute’, 2020 <http://www.landis.org. uk/soilscapes/> [Accessed 27 Nov 2019].

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The revival of Earth within the building industry to combat the Climate Age Crisis.

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Dina Venuti PROMPTING BLUE LANDSCAPES: EVERYDAY LIFE AND MENTAL WELLBEING We live in a world of man-made objects, in streets and clusters of cities, disregarding the presence of nature as man’s activities are turning into things by the action of economic fetishes, capital, commodity and the constant desire for success.1 The effects of which are filling our everyday lives with chronic stress and oppressive energies, creating an exhaustion factory which we add coffee and sugar to sending our brain into an overdrive.2 Needless to say, our mental health is being affected negatively; mental health disorders are becoming a global matter of concern.3 In fact, one in six adults experience at least one diagnosable evidence of mental health in any given year in the UK..4 National Health Service (NHS) England spends over £100 billion a year to cover mental health disorder services, facilities and prescriptions.5 However, even-though a high sum of money is allocated to this matter, three-quarters of those diagnosed with a disability receive no support after requesting counselling, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), medical prescriptions and services available through Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme, such as talking therapies.6

Blue landscapes within our day-to-day as a way to premote mental wellbeing.

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Experimenting towards a multi-sensorial sea experience within our cities.

Thus, this dissertation questions how an introduction of blue landscape (water) can be implemented as a way to divert one from the daily stressful routine and enable reconnection with the body to promote wellbeing. The position is that through the sea and nature, mental health disorders can be prevented; therapy needs to also encompass elements that resemble blue landscapes within our city lives. Research shows that the sea and blue spaces are a valuable asset in promoting mental well-being, physical health and diminishing traumas.7 The significance of this proposal is confirmed by a review by Sebastian Völker and Thomas Kistemann in 2011 compiled 36 reviews which related to the sea, driven by the “How can blue space promote well-being and what are the beneficial aspects of blue space for human well-being?”8 Wallace Nichols and Cousteau Celine carried out a five year neurological study of our brain’s reaction when surrounded by water, and collectively worked with researchers that focused upon the same interest associated with water health benefits. Their research expanded on previous speculative research and confirmed what scientists, psychologists and philosophers have been saying for centuries, which is that our emotions are affected by where we are located.9 From Sara Bell, Cassandra Phoenix, Rebecca Lovell, the term ‘blue therapy’ term refers to a long-term mental stability that is influenced by dwelling in coastal environments; the benefits included the improvement in the quality of life and overall daily life-balance. The participants were tracked with a GPS through the day to measure how long they stayed in certain locations. The participants were interviewed again after a period of time and it was found that the places they were visiting and spent the most time in were the sea and green spaces. The results revealed that participants felt calmer by the sea and in green spaces.10 Michael Depledge, on the other hand, promoted a movement to introduce physical activities at the sea as a way to promote mental as well as physical health.11 HTCC Journal 19.20

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My practice-based research was therefore developed by this movement.

However, instead of introducing physical activities at the sea, the research follows the principal of using the sea qualities as a way to promote mental and physical health.

This research takes inspiration from digital applications such as Tagspace to discover the city through augmented reality, and find leisure and entertainment suggested by other app users. PokemonGo is an app that helps explore the outdoors by collecting augmented reality characters through the city.12 These apps were taken as a prompt to combine it with a physical precedent of treasure hunting called Geocaching which helps users find treasures that have been hidden by other users in parks and trail locations.13 This dissertation presents an experiment in the form of a treasure hunt through the city of Plymouth to the sea, through digital apps in order to convey the experience of the coast.

Results revealed that this practice allowed participants to learn about the benefits of blue spaces. Based on a questionnaire, participants confirmed that this experiment encouraged them to visit the sea more often. This practice will be an expansion of NHS wellbeing promotion movement,14 and help raise awareness for landscape designers and planners to incorporate elements of this multi-sensorial sea experience within cities as a way to bring the sea to the cities.

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Henri Lefebvre, Critique Of Everyday Life (New York: Verso, 2002), 207.

Wallace J Nichols and Celine Cousteau, Blue Mind (London: Little, Brown and Company, 2014), 149.

3 S. Saxena, M.K. Funk and D. Chisholm, “Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013– 2020”, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 2015.

4 Sally McManus, Paul Bebbington and others, “Mental Health And Wellbeing In England: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey”, British Journal Of Psychiatry (2016), 9.

5 McManus, Bebbington, Jenkins, Brugha, British Journal Of Psychiatry, 2016, 9.

6 Felix David, “The Five Year Forward View For Mental Health: A Report From The Independent Mental Health Taskforce To The NHS In England”, Progress In Neurology And Psychiatry, 4 (2016), 8.

7 David, Progress In Neurology And Psychiatry, 4 (2016), 8.

8 David, Progress In Neurology And Psychiatry, 4 (2016), 17.

9 Nichols and Cousteau, Blue Mind, (London: Little, Brown and Company, 2014), 17.

10 Sebastian Völker and Thomas Kistemann, “The Impact Of Blue Space On Human Health And Well-Being – Salutogenetic Health Effects Of Inland Surface Waters: A Review”, International Journal Of Hygiene And Environmental Health, 214.6 (2011), 450. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.05.001>.

11 Nichols and Cousteau, Blue Mind, (London: Little, Brown and Company, 2014), 61.

12 Nichols and Cousteau, Blue Mind, (London: Little, Brown and Company, 2014), 8-10.

13 Michael H. Depledge and William J. Bird, “The Blue Gym: Health And Wellbeing From Our Coasts”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009.

14 Maeve Serino, Kyla Cordrey and others, “Pokémon Go And Augmented Virtual Reality Games”, Current Opinion In Pediatrics, 28.5 (2016).

1

2

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Accessible clue with poem of the sea beauty.

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Auto-ethnographic film stills : Zoe Latham.

PH.D Ricky Burke Adam Guy Zoe Latham

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Ricky Burke Supervisory Team: Professor Mike Phillips (DoS), Dr Alejandro Veliz Reye and Professor Chris Bennewith.

VICARIOUS DESIGN FOR DEMENTIA: BETTER UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF THE RESIDENTIAL CARE HOME FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH DEMENTIA

Research process conceptualised to show the shifting application of methods across research contexts.

The number of people living with dementia diagnoses has increased rapidly in recent years, a trend which projects that the demographic will more than double in the coming 30 years to a rate of 1 in 37.5 persons living in the UK1. Combined with an ageing population and fewer working age carers with capacity to support those in need of personal and social care, the national strategy is to increase care provision in specialist residential settings. The UK is presently faced with the construction of many residential care homes to this end. Industries of care housing and administration have grown around this trend, around which so too industries of regulation and guidance intended to set minimum standards – base-level provisions – have arisen.

A naturalised style of residential care homes has evolved through construction and evaluation of residences, which prioritises the mechanistic body and safety of the resident through scientistic and objective quantitative reasoning. This normalised typology shows little acknowledgment that the built environment can contribute to the inhabited social and personal wellbeing experience of residents and generally manifests minimum standards as maximum provision. These homes built around generalised bodily knowledge are analogous in typology to the evolution of prison architecture; in dimensional, organisational, services and material considerations, reflecting an architecture built around monitoring, safety, and bodily mechanics. Further, they are physical manifestations – constant reminders – of the physical and cognitive limitations associated with living dementia and old-age. Recent research suggests that life in residential care homes is generally characterised by, among other experiences, feelings of isolation and loneliness, diminished sense of self-esteem, self-determination and autonomy, and feelings of impermanence.2 There is also general acknowledgment of the role of the social and physical environment as a therapeutic contribution to residents with dementia diagnoses3, though no operationalisable guidance4 for design methods exists.

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Trends in care provision response to these ubiquitous shared experiences has been, in some areas, frequent technological innovations (such as televized pretend windows or skirting board mounted motion sensors), and in others with guidance for assistive living based on biological and neurological reasoning (such as physiological reactions to daylight and visual stimulus, and limiting confusion arising from sensory misinterpretation and over stimulation)5. In addition, some reference is made to the need for design of ‘homely’ environments. However, homeliness as a driver or value is vague and unspecific6, and far from having established as a core principle of residential care design, is often reduced to superficially veiling a naturalised typology. Characterized thusly, guidance for design of personally and socially supportive residential care environments is at best in need of review to include reference to personal and socially supportive characteristics of the environment, and at worst placatory to the concerns of residents’ personal and social wellbeing, and supportive of austere industrial delivery mechanisms prioritising profit over people in planning and construction of residential space. While it is acknowledged that guidance conscious of safety and bodily incapacity is necessary, it is considered insufficient to address the concerns endemic in the phenomenon experienced by those living in residential care settings.

This study is adapted from the Constructivist Grounded Theory tradition7 and interrogates the influence the built environment has on the personal and social wellbeing of people living in residential care homes. The study is concerned with fundamental architectural concepts, such as space planning, spatial sequencing and surface interaction, over placatory and reactive concerns, such as colour contrasts and illumination levels, that leave the default organization of space unchallenged.

Mixed ethnographic methods were used to interrogate the influence these characteristics have on the phenomenon of life in residential care. Methods were extended from reflections of residents’ lived experiences to ‘ethnographies of the possible’8; co-constructed visions of the supportive capacity of the residential setting. The research thus relies on fieldwork through which residents participated in ethnographic data collection methods over an extended period in their homes, later transitioning to hypothetical design contexts. Theoretical sampling with simultaneous data collection and coding, theoretically sensitive to important recurrent concepts, was used to generate rapid and meaningful emergent theories in specific reference to the phenomenon. Embedded in the data are substantial references to aspirational living conditions. These aspirational qualities are as much part of the Grounded Theories of the influence of the physical environment on personal and social wellbeing as reflective insights, and as such are developed as future facing extensions of the ethnographic inquiry through the application of designerly methods.

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These ‘ethnographies of the possible’ were developed, as categories of reflective ethnographic theory approached saturation. In this, proposals for supportive environments are in development with participants, as extensions of ethnographies built around reflections of lived environments, in which the continuation of ethnographic methods will focus on participant reflections on aspirational possible environments. Aspirational environments are presented to participants as immersive projections of residential spaces embodying supportive characteristics arising from ongoing inquiry. These visual metaphors serve to further saturate theory, as aspirational settings evolve, and to concretise abstract categories derived through earlier modes of inquiry. This elaboration of earlier theoretical categories also serves to validate emergent theory.

This study aims to improve understanding of the conditions and necessities of an increasingly isolated demographic and will provide clearer insight of the influence existing normalised design tropes have on the lived personal and social wellbeing of residents in specialist care settings. Findings and discussion will suggest areas for improvement of existing generalized models of generalized design guidance, and further, the study highlights experience and recommendations for design facilitation for residential environments collaboratively with vulnerable and cognitively impaired participants.

The study will expand on insights into these modes of working and contribute to emerging methods around ethnographies of the possible for design-researchers.

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1 The Alzheimer’s Association (2018) ‘Dementia Research’, Alzheimer’s Society [Online]. Available at: https://www.alzheimers. org.uk/info/20091/what_we_think/91/ dementia_research (Accessed: 15.01.2018).

2 Yvonne McCulloch, D. H. D. Y. ‘What is Dementia?’ in: Society, A.S.400LP, (12), (London: Alzheimer’s Society, 2017) 3 Judith Torrington, (2007) ‘Evaluating quality of life in residential care buildings’, Build. Res. Informat., 35 (5), pp. 514-528.

4 A. Eijkelenboom, Hilde Verbeek, E. Felix & J. van Hoof, (2017) ‘Architectural factors influencing the sense of home in nursing homes: An operationalization for practice’, Frontiers of Architectural Research, 6 (2), pp.

111-122 5 Such is the primary focus of the world leading dementia research and guidance organisation Dementia Services Development Centre, and epitomised in design audit guidance such as Dementia Design Audit Tool (DSDC, 2011).

6 Roger Fay, & Ceridwen Owen, (2012) ‘‘Home’ in the aged care institution: authentic or ersatz’, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35 pp. 33-43.

7 Championed by Charmaz (2006) and accounting for positivist tendencies of Glaser and Strauss’s traditional Grounded Theory.

8 A term borrowed from Joachim Halse (2013) in reference to future facing ethnographic design.

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Top: Bedroom in a residential care home - Ubiquitous spatial conformity remains largely unchallenged in industry.

Bottom: Contemporary residential care home and prison planning comparisson (redrawn by author), highlights the naturalisation of typologies based primarily on concerns of behaviour management, observation and bodily mechanics.

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Adam Guy Supervisory Team: Dr John Martin (DoS), Dr Katherine Willis and Professor Alessandro Aurigi.

ENHANCING THE NATURAL BEAUTY OF THE UK Natural value(s) It is possible to categorize policy-led, scientific, or academic approaches to defining and quantifying environmental value by social aspect.1 That is to say that the value or quality apportioned to any landscape, or its natural features, depends on the discursive position of those performing the valuation. Environmental discourse can be characterized as spanning a value continuum spanning three major positions: a) Intrinsic value – The legacy of the post-1970s’ challenge by ‘deep ecologists’ who insisted that the natural world has transcendent value and invokes its own rights, irrespective of human interests. ‘Wilderness’ is to be protected from humans - a stance reflected in criticalrealist, post-humanist or neo-materialist discourses, or more popularly associated with the ‘climate change crisis.’2 b) Instrumental value – The ‘environment ’3provides stocks of natural goods and flows of (ecosystem) services from which human benefits and ‘well-being’ are derived.

Anthropocentric interests are assured through the pragmatic management of environmental law and policy with ‘Natural Capital’ the preferred tool for valuing ‘natural assets’ .4 This is the dominant discursive position, signified under the ‘slippery’ umbrella terminologies of sustainability (sustainable development) and resilience .5 The natural world ought to be protected and enhanced by humans, for humans. c) Relational value – The value of natural objects does not pre-exist valuation. A poststructural or constructivist conception of value potentially offers a radically democratic counterpoint to the essentialising, naturalising, normalising and foundationalist adversarial binarism of the intrinsic/instrumental discursive dyad .6The meaning of the natural world is contingent and polysemic, with contextual value continually formed and reformed through valuation by discursive interaction (articulation) around local (bottom-up) and/or expert (topdown) definitions of value and meaning that are never fully fixed.

Natural Beauty There is universal acknowledgement of a current decline in the extent, integrity, and quality of natural value. In the UK one of the main legislative tools for assuring natural value is the designation of protected landscapes7 managed to ‘conserve and enhance natural beauty'.8 Natural beauty is another ‘slippery’ term; a seemingly aesthetic or intrinsic value that has never been fully defined,9 but that nevertheless plays an instrumental role in underpinning legal environmental protection worldwide.10 Driven by the 2018 25-year Environment Plan (25YEP) emerging UK legislation emphasises restoring lost value for future generations through ‘enhancing natural beauty’.11 Superficially the 25YEP sets objectives that explicitly call for us to “respect nature’s intrinsic value, and the value of all life [..].”12 However, closer investigation of the policy documentation reveals a projected restoration programme that is deeply-underpinned by instrumental methodologies (most centrally Natural Capital), reliance on financialised market delivery mechanisms (subsidy and income generation), the delegation of moral responsibility from the state to the individual (especially through charities), and the replacement of professional environmental-sector roles with casualised or volunteer labour (citizen scientists). Such practices are commonly associated with nominally utilitarian, but inherently irrational Neoliberal value ideologies 13 14 Monitoring natural value?

Whichever ‘aspect’ is favoured on the value continuum, most commentators are agreed that any effective restoration actions will be predicated on effective monitoring of baselines, interventions, and outcomes and much work has been done to refine a pragmatic natural beauty indicator set .15 However, research commissioned by Natural England for the Glover Review of UK protected landscapes 16 has revealed that relevant monitoring activity is sporadic, non-comprehensive, and is infrequently analysed . 17The resultant national data(sets) are ineffectively explained or communicated and are hence inconsistently incorporated in protected landscape management plans.

Dorset AONB.

Morecambe Bay, Arnside & Silverdale AONB.

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Interviews with AONB managers have shown that local monitoring programmes, where they exist, are generally drawn-up to satisfy funding body criteria ,18 rather than to address public concerns over environmental degradation.

Furthermore once funds have been won monitoring is rarely undertaken thoroughly.19 Since natural beauty has its origins in cultural as well as naturalistic value frameworks20 the term is intrinsically ambiguous .21 Through applying a Critical Discourse Analytical perspective22 PhD fieldwork has confirmed that the meaning and value of natural beauty is not clearly understood.

Rather respondents describe local landscape meanings as based more on personal knowledge networks and a ‘sense-of-place’.

Natural beauty as a consensusbuilding policy instrument might be deemed suspiciously ill-defined, the instrument of an administration already notorious for its flexible relationships with expertise, targets and accountability.

Furthermore the whole natural beauty enhancement project is called into question by unfolding events. Post-Brexit legislation will emphasise deregulation (the removal of protective legislation) and reformed agricultural subsidy.

Post Covid-19, there are already pressures to refocus agricultural subsidy from environmental uplift, to support for domestic food security.

Discourses of disaster however do not interrupt the rarely commented upon but steady encroachment upon the commons, whether it be by the financialization and offshoring of UK land ownership,23 or river restoration carried out for profit rather than environmental benefit in the US.24

1 I have borrowed the term ‘aspect’ from Slavic linguistics where the meaning of an action is dependent on the ‘viewpoint’ of the speaker.

That which from one aspect is self-evidently true (naturalised), from another is hegemonic or contingent.

2 GretaThunberg, No One is Too Small to Make a Difference. (UK: Penguin Random House, 2019).

3 The concepts of environment, ecology, and ecosystem are comparatively recent. Ontologically use of the term ‘environment’ signifies the ‘production of a space’ that has displaced pre-modern conceptions of a natural world.

4 Terminology is derived from (classical) environmental economics; characterised as ‘shallow ecology’ by detractors.

5 Maarten A. Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).

6 Ernesto Laclau & Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Towards a Radical Democratic Politics, (London: Verso, 1990).

7 The UK National Parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) collectively account for 25% of land area.

8 Fiona Reynolds, The Fight For Beauty: Our Path to a Better Future, (London: Oneworld Publications, 2017).

9 Paul Selman, & Carys Swanwick, (2010) ‘On the Meaning of Natural Beauty in Landscape Legislation’, Landscape Research, 35 (1), 3-26.

10 Benjamin J. Richardson, Emily Barritt, & Megan Bowman, (2018) ‘Beauty: A Lingua Franca for Environmental Law?’,Transnational Environmental Law, 8 (1), 59-87.

11 HM Government, A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to Improve the Environment, 2018, <https://www.gov.uk/government/ publications/25-year-environment-plan> (Accessed: 05/02/2018).

12 The quote is from Michael Gove; Environment Secretary until late 2019.

13 Neil Brenner & Nik Theodore, (eds.) Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe, (Unknown:Wiley-Blackwell, 2012).

14 Max Horkheimer, Critique of Instrumental Reason, (London & New York: Verso, 2012).

15 Defra, (2019a), Measuring environmental change: outcome indicator framework for the 25 Year Environment Plan, <https:// assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/802094/25-yep-indicators-2019.pdf> (Accessed: 01/05/2020).

16 Defra, (2019b), Landscapes review: National Parks and AONBs: Independent Report to the government by the Glover Committee, <https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/designatedlandscapes-national-parks-and-aonbs-2018-review >(Accessed: 26/09/2019).

17 University of Plymouth, (2020) Framework for Monitoring Environmental Outcomes in Protected Landscapes: An analysis of trends 2013-19 (A Natural England commissioned report). Available at: In press.

18 For example, The National Lottery Heritage Fund is one of the largest contributors to UK landscape-scale and restoration projects.

19 Publication in preparation (2020).

20 David Matless, Landscape and Englishness: Second expanded edition, (London: Reaktion Books, 2016).

21 Methodologically acting as a ‘boundary object’, natural beauty has apparently self-evident meaning but can invoke multiple meanings depending on the ‘aspect’ of the commentator.

22 Where discourse is conceived of as constitutive rather than merely representative of ‘taken-for-granted’ notions of value.

23 Brett Christophers, The New Enclosure: The Appropriation of Public Land in Neoliberal Britain, (London & New York: Verso: 2019).

24 Rebecca Lave, Fields and Streams - Stream Restoration, Neoliberalism, and the Future of Environmental Science, (Athens & London: University of Georgia Press, 2012).

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Dorset

Plymouth Sound National Marine Park

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Zoe Latham Supervisory Team: Professor Robert Brown (DoS) and Dr Mathew Emmett

CASTING A LINE TO PLACE: EMBODIEDRITUALS,CULTURALLANDSCAPESANDTHEIR This research aims to investigate embodied, ritualised behaviours in the landscape and expand notions of place attachment and its marked corollary in architectural discourse. This relationship is interrogated through the lens of fly-anglers’ connections with the river. In situating this body of research within the landscape, the research is inherently engaging with phenomenological ideas – in what Jessica Dubow (cultural geographer) describes as a study of the founding relation of self to object – reciprocity and mutual entwinement realised though embodied practices.1 In order to better understand a collective experience of flyfishing this research employs a mixed – methods, ethnographic form of data collection; extensively engaging with a small group of fly-anglers of which the researcher is already a part.

Auto-ethnography In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how we experience/ inhabit the world in which we stand, the researcher begins by examining her own deep-rooted connections to place that are fostered through the performance/ ritualised practices of freshwater fly-fishing2 on Dartmoor.

This will be explored through auto-ethnographic writing, furthered through film, mapping and imagery. Having established a level of knowledge in the relevant theory arising from the autoethnographic research and progressing a phenomenological description,3 the researcher broadens the dialogue; forming a polyphony, including multiple, independent voices of other fly-anglers engaged in the same landscape.4

Experimenting graphically to build a holistic narrative.

Narrative Inquiry & Mental Mapping Through narrative inquiry, the researcher asks participants to tell a story about fly-fishing and prompts reflection on early engagement with the sport. Stories are an important part of our everyday life; our internal dialogues, the stories we choose to share with others, the way we give order to and make sense of things. Stories are, therefore, also a portal into the ‘realm of experience, where speakers lay out how they as individuals experience certain events and confer their subjective meaning onto those experiences.’5 The stories are initially centred on a photograph and mental map. These maps demonstrate symbolic value people attach to place(s) they inhabit; seen as the mental map they use in their everyday lives – illustrating interaction between observer and environment.6 Film Fly-fishing requires an attention to everything in the angler’s immediate and wider environment7.

Film, in this body of research, is a form of participant observation, capturing the unplanned and unarticulated. The value of film and video ‘lies in their ability to record nuances of process, emotion, and other subtleties of behaviour and communication that still images can only suggest,’8 although recognising ‘[a]ny audiovisual documentation of a ritual performance is a summary.’9 When employed simultaneously, these methods seek an emic perspective - forming a holistic narrative around a person’s experience; (re)presenting ‘places, views, and scenes …linked to feelings, ideas, and political and cultural ideologies.’10 This fluid process is thought to overcome the common tendency to decontextualize and disconnect the respondents’ meaning-making efforts from the concrete setting for which they originally were designed and from the larger socio-cultural ground of meaning production.11 Initial Findings: Embodied Rituals of fly-fishing – An unthinkingness The ritual of fly-fishing, and how it connects one with place is explored famously in Izaak Walton’s The Compleat Angler or the Contemplative Man’s Recreation as a ‘philosophical dialogue’12 recounting contemplation and action as requisite for the art of fly-fishing. Through these two means, anglers, according to Walton’s Piscator, ‘enjoy a contentedness’13 with nature. Eden and Bear state anglers have an intensive and reciprocal engagement, which is more closely tied to identity and personality.14

Participants pinning sacred places on Dartmoor.

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Ritual is a powerful vehicle for deep emotional engagement. Participants often say – fly-fishing evokes a good, fresh feeling – Kawano says this is defining trait of a ritual.15 In considering Walton’s philosophical dialogue – what is significant about ‘the art’ of fly-fishing is not merely cognitive (contemplative) it also requires action – an embodied experience. Key ritual actions bring saying and doing together in a process of embodiment. Doing something physical enables one to connect with that landscape – not passively, but embodied. When the physical becomes unthought, you don’t feel it, you feel the energy of the other things and gain a sense of connectedness, the feeling of being part of something far larger than just yourself.

Our entire being in the world is a sensuous and embodied mode of being, and this very sense of being is the ground of existential knowledge. ‘[U] nderstanding is not a quality coming to human reality from the outside; it is its characteristic way of existing,’ as Jean-Paul Sartre claims.16 The human body is a knowing entity and ritual is ‘a complex orchestration of embodied meanings.’17 In an attempt to define/ understand this bodily knowledge, the researcher uses film to capture a sequence of her own movements, ritualised acts of fly-fishing – allowing her to step outside of the unthinking to make explicit key ritualised gestures.

Fly-anglers have a particular understanding of the river that derives from their experience – both above and below the water, ‘much of this understanding is not even conscious, but rather something they have learnt over time.’18 Tuan argues that one of the ways space is turned into place is through kinaesthetic familiarity – the habitual ability to move through it unthinkingly. Alongside the habitual and precognitive lie the processes of cognition that we are able to reflect on and share ways of being in place., Sautner, avid outdoorsman and writer states, ‘[i]f you’re fishing analogically, you’re not really fishing. Most of us go fishing not to observe the way it resembles the nature of life but to immerse ourselves in a life that asks us only to pay attention.’19 The focus here is on the ‘once it is learnt’ element; until one can develop a level of knowledge of a place (the physical landscape, physical elements, a way to act there that connects them physically and cognitively) and skills (until they become second nature, instinctive, intuitive) – one cannot experience Tuan’s kinaesthetic familiarity and open the mind to the minutiae of the environment around.

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Rachel Z. DeLue, & James Elkins, (eds.) Landscape Theory (New York and London: Routledge, 2008).

2 Samuel Snyder designates fly-fishing as a ‘lived religion’, then describes it as a ritual act that ‘recreates the soul’ Samuel Snyder, ‘New Streams of Religion: Fly Fishing as a Lived, Religion of Nature’, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 75 (4), 2007, 896-922, (2007).

3 Manen suggests that ‘A good [phenomenological] description that constitutes the essence of something is construed so that the structure of a lived experience is revealed to us in such a fashion that we are now able to grasp the nature and significance of this experience in a hitherto unseen way. Max Van Manen, Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagody (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990).

4 Mikhail M. Bakhtin, ‘Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics’, trans. C. Emerson, in C. Emerson, ed., Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 3 – 302, 1984).

5 Michael Bamberg, ‘Narrative analysis’, APA handbook of research methods in psychology, 2, 77-94, (2012).

6 Kevin Lynch, The Image of the city (Vol. 11), (USA: MIT press, 1960).

7 Stephen Sautner & Verlyn Klinkenborg, Upriver and Downstream: The Best Fly-fishing and Angling Adventures from the New York Times (Harmony Books, 2007).

8 John Collier Jr, Visual Anthropology : photography as a research method, eds. Collier, M. and Hall, E.T., Revised and expanded ed. (Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press, 1986).

9 Ronald L. Grimes, The Craft of Ritual Studies, (Oxford University Press, 2013).

10 Rob Shields, ‘Places on the margin: alternative geographies of modernity’, (1991).

11 Mishler 1986, 26 in Bamberg, Narrative analysis, APA handbook of research methods in psychology, 2, 77-94, (2012).

12 John R. Cooper,The Art of The Compleat Angler, (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1968).

13 Isaak Walton, The Compleat Angler, (1983).

14 Sally Eden & Christopher Bear, ‘Reading the river through ‘watercraft’: environmental engagement through knowledge and practice in freshwater angling’, Cultural geographies, 18 (3), 297-314.

(2011).

15 Satsuki Kawano, ‘Ritual practice in modern Japan: Ordering place, people, and action’ in Philosophy East and West, 63 (2), (2013).

16 Juhanni Pallasmaa, The thinking hand: Existential and embodied wisdom in architecture, (Chichester: Wiley, 2009).

17 Kawano, ‘Philosophy East and West, 63 (2), (2013).

18 Andrea J. Nightingale, The embodiment of nature: Fishing, emotion, and the politics of environmental values. In Human-Environment Relations, (Springer, Dordrecht, 2012), 135-147.

19 Sautner & Klinkenborg, Upriver and Downstream: The Best Fly-fishing and Angling Adventures from the New York Times, (Harmony Books, 2007).

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Engaging participants with mapping of Dartmoor.

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Barricades as a methodology of protest culture: Jonathan Lettmann.

INDEX A B Barriball, Ryan Burke, Ricky

BA03 PHD

042 104

C Cameron, Georgina Chew, Maulie Cooke, Samuel

BA02 BA01 BA03

026 012 046

D Dormer, Kalin

BA01

014

E F G Guy, Adam

PHD

108

H

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I Isaac, Dylan

BA03

050

J James, Sophie

BA02

028

K Kassis, Elyse Kemp, Imogen

MARCH02 BA03

090 054

L Latham, Zoe Lettmann, Jonathan Liskova, Elena Logue, Christopher Long, Bethany Long, Fraser

PHD BA03 MARCH02 BA03 BA02 BA01

112 058 094 062 030 016

M Martyn, William Mott, Eleanor

BA02 BA02

032 034

116 TRANSFORMATIONS

N Naseer, Mohamed

MARCH01

T Tennant, Isaac

080

084

V Vail, Nicholas Venuti, Dina Voss, Lucas Voulgaraki, Kleio

MARCH01 MARCH02 BA02 MARCH01

084 098 038 084

W Whittaker, Dominic

MARCH01

084

BA01

022

U

O P Patel, Shravan Payne, Lucas Perzanowski, Kamil Phillips, Christopher Powell, Patrick

MARCH01

MARCH01 BA03 BA03 BA01 MARCH01

080 066 070 018 080

Q R Richards, Dafyn Richards, Jack Roguski, Jakub

BA01 BA02 MARCH01

020 036 080

S Shaw, Jacob

BA03

074

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X Y Yeowell, Samuel Z

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JOURNAL

HISTORY THEORY

Motions in place for transformation: Eleanor Mott.

STAFF Professor Chris Ben-

Head of School - Art, Design and Architecture

SCHOOL MEMBERS

Mr Andy Humphreys

Acting Associate Head of School – Architecture BA (Hons) Architecture Programme Lead

Michael Westley Dr Alejandro Velis Reyes Dr Katharine Willis

Dr Alex Aurigi

Associate Dean for Internationalisation

Dr Satish BK

Associate Head of School - Teaching and Learning

Dr Sana Murrani

Deputy Director of the Doctoral College for the Arts, Humanities and Business

Professor Bob Brown Dr Mathew Emmett Ms Toshiko Terazono Dr Nikolina Bobic

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DOCTORALTEACHINGASSISTANTS Mr Ricky Burke Ms Zoe Latham

Master of Architecture Programme Leader Master of Architecture Year 2 Leader

ASSOCIATE STAFF Mr Stephen Blakemen Mr Graham Devine Ms Nicky Fox Mr Rob Freer Ms Hilary Kolinsky Mr Roy McCarty Dr Ioana Popovici Mr Alex Screech Ms Claire Williams

Master of Architecture Year 1 Leader BA (Hons) Architecture Year 1 Leader BA (Hons) Architecture Programme Lead BA (Hons) Architecture History, Theory and Critical Context Stream Leader BA (Hons) Architecture Admissions and Marketing Head

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TRANSFORMATIONS