ARCHITECTURE HISTORY AND THEORY ASSIGNMENT 2

ANALYSIS FO

STADIUM NEGARA AND LADY OF LOURDES

PREPARED BY RENE TAN

0336367

NG LI SHAN

0341639

TAN PEI SHIN HEANNA YAP SHI SHI

0340917 0335522

PHOEBE PUA

0340100

MARIE NOELLE MAUREEN ABIGAIL

0340751

CHUA CHIN LIANG

0337734

LAM JIAN LE

0344604

NUR RAUDHAH AZMAN

0336727

SHAREEN SIM

0340811

CONTENTS STADIUM NEGARA 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 BRIEF HISTORY 1.3 THE ARCHITECT 1.4 TIMELINE ANALYSIS 2.SITE CONTEXT 2.1 SITE ACCESSIBILITY 2.2 RELATIONSHIP WITH SURROUNDING BUILDINGS 3.ARCHITECTURAL AND DESIGN ANALYSIS 3.1 ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE 3.2 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE 3.3 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 4.ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT 4.1 ORGANIZATION OF FORM 4.2 ORGANIZATION OF SPACE 4.3 MASSING & CIRCULATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION Stadium Negara also known as ‘Stadium Tertutup’ is Malaysia’s first indoor stadium that is located about 2 km from Kuala Lumpur City Centre, right next to Stadium Merdeka. It was designed by Stanley Edward Jewkes and built in 1960.

On 19 April 1962, that is 2 years after the construction, Stadium Negara was officially opened to the public by the third Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Tuanku Syed Putra. In addition, it is fully air-conditioned, has a capacity of 10,000 and may be used to facilitate VIP holding room, media centre, sport facilities, existing ticketing booths and etc.

Figure 1.1 Aerial view of Stadium Negara

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY

Figure 1.2 Stadium Negara before renovation of the roof

It was constructed from 25 September 1956 to 21 August 1957, it acted as a form of declaration of independence on Hari Merdeka, 31 August 195.

The stadium was initially covered by a flat roof with supports radiating from a central hub, it was then refurbished into a dome shaped roof in 1980 which provides more space and improved acoustics for events like concerts.

Up until now, Stadium Negara has been preserved as one of Kuala Lumpur’s heritage sites. The construction took place during the time when Malaysia gained independence which is when the movement of a new legacy building contributed heavily to the modernism that took place in Malaysia. Back then, stadiums helped develop the ideology of bringing all Malaysians together.

One of the important roles of Stadium Negara is the urbanism that has contributed to the country’s infrastructure with features like the complex truss since it was influenced by the early-modernism style, specifically under Brutalist architectural style. Not only did it represent partly the political idea of modernism in Malaysia architecture but it is how other significant buildings adopted the modern style as a form of expression towards our national identity.

1.3 THE ARCHITECT

Stanley Edward Jewkes was an American architect as well as an engineer who came to Malaysia from 1941 up until 1962. He then left for the United States for a multinational architectural and engineering practice. After that, he came back to Malaysia, joined and later became the director of the Public Works Development (PWD). When World War II broke out, he was made a lieutenant in the Federated Malay States Volunteer Force that fought the Japanese as they advanced southwards towards Singapore. After World War II, he returned to Kuala Lumpur to reinstate the railway system before settling at PWD HQ. In 1950, he was asked to head the department’s new Design and Research Branch, and in that capacity, he ensured that engineering capabilities of the department were maintained on par with most developed nations in the world. Hence, the influence of modern architecture and the influence of international architecture style was adopted into the design of Stadium Negara.

1.4 TIMELINE ANALYSIS 1949

1956 The initiation of Stadium Negara took place.

1962

The official opening of Stadium Negara to the public.

Tuanku Abdul Rahman proposed to build the first indoor stadium in Malaya as Malaya won the first Thomas Cup organized by Britain and would host the next ThomasCup in 1952.M

1960

The construction of Stadium Negara started.

1963 1985 Due to leakage from the roof, the large concave roof was replaced by a space frame dome.

Stadium Negara was announced as one of the eight symbolic national buildings after Malaya earned its independence and became Malaysia.

1992 2015 Stadium Negara was named one of the heritage buildings of Malaysia. The second renovation of the roof took place in order to host several major events.

Malaysia hosted the Thomas & Uber Cup

1992

2.1 SITE ACCESSIBILITY

Figure 2.2 Map showing transportation options to Stadium Negara

There are a few options for getting to Stadium Negara, taking a taxi would be an option, however it is not as cost efficient and it might be time consuming due to traffic congestion in Kuala Lumpur area.

Another option would be taking the MRT to Merdeka station and an 8 minute walk will bring you to the stadium. Many cheap bus services are also available.

Figure 2.1 Map showing the buildings surrounding Stadium Negara

Stadium Negara is surrounded by various landmarks, SRJK (C) Davidson (North), Victoria Institution (South), Stadium Merdeka (South-West) and Chin Woo Stadium (West). Furthermore, a police station is located opposite of Stadium Merdeka which is believed to help keep the order of sequence of the stadiums during any event.

Figure 2.3 Chin Woo Stadium

Chin Woo Stadium was built in 1953 by Dato Lee Yoon Thim to cater a martial arts organisation however it is now opened for public usage, many athletic training are provided in this space such as Chinese martial arts and swimming.

SJK (C) Jalan Davidson was one of the earliest primary chinese school that was built in 1928, during the Japanese control over Malaya. It is adorned with noticeable pediments.

Figure 2.4 SJK (C) Jalan Davidson

Figure 2.5 Stadium Merdeka

Stadium Merdeka is another well-known building that was built in 1956. On 31 August 1957, the declaration of autonomy of the Federation of Malaya was held in Stadium Meredeka. It can facilitate sports events, concerts and etc. Both Stadium Merdeka and Stadium Negara have similar pioneer style as they were both planned by Jewkes.

Victoria Institution is the most established building among all the buildings mentioned as it was established on 14 August 1893. It is an optional school which was named after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and was built by the British. Morever, it has a unique engineering style which is Moorish influenced, Neoclassical and Neo-gothich.

The clock tower is the critical component of this building.

Figure 2.6 Victoria Institution

3.1 ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCE

Figure 3.1 Front facade view of stadium

Figure 3.2 Side facade view of stadium

Stadium Negara was built mainly in Brutalism style influenced by modernism and International architectural style. Modernism was brought into Malaysia after the declaration of independence in 1957 by the return of Malaysian architects and fresh graduates from England and Australia. In addition, Malaysian architects were exposed to modernism through written texts, books and magazines with its debut of new construction materials and techniques. The idea of modernism was adapted to our country’s tropical climate as well.

Machine Regionalism Le COrbusier’s brutalist architecture influences: - Deep overhangs at the main entrance/ drop off point facing north-east to provide shelter - ‘Egg crate’ windows for ventilation - Louvered shade and openings on the upper part of the building (surrounding the concentric building, formation of a crown to provide ventilation

Figure 3.3 View of interior of stadium

- Exposed concrete construction (interior’s concrete terrace seats)

3.1 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE The International Style - Use of exposed steel frames and large panels of glass to create the form which contrasted the solid mass of the remaining parts of the stadium - Foyers to be fully lit by natural light during the day as well as trapping heat behind the glass, leaving the foyer area uncomfortably warm

The Modern Expressionism Style Creations of symbolic murals found on 2 sides of blank walls at the main entrance represents the nation’s spirit and cultural values of Malaysia. Both murals are realistic and abstract human figures which shows the diversity in ethics of Malaysia culture. Islamic geometric patterns were incorporated into the design representing the democracy of Malaysia.

Brutalism - bold, confrontational and bulky form where the terrace level of the stadium which has exposed concrete Modernism - Geometric pattern like triangle found at the facade of the building. It can be found at the fin walls which are the form of cylindrical shapes.

Structure - The main promenade was roofed with a light reinforced concrete folded shell which was hinged to the main building and supported with sloping tubular columns placed outside the perimeter walls Theme - Malay traditional beliefs representing the malay culture like the murals consisting of human figures and the windows pattern Design - Decorative curve rib design on the structures like the beams which minimizes the placing of columns in the plan.

3.1 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Islamic geometric patterns and motifs have been applied in Stadium Negara's architectural style.

Figure 3.4 Star-shaped pattern used for the dome's structure

Figure 3.5 Repetitive circles on the ornamentations of interior

Figure 3.6 Repetitions of triangles used as the screening device buffer unwanted views

Figure 3.7 Triangle patterns were repeated on the exterior to emphasize the dynamic structure

Figure 3.8 Openings on the exterior's louvers to provide natural ventilations

4.1 ORGANIZATION OF FORM ORGANIZATION OF FORM Stadium Negara was built in a radial form structure with a dome shaped roof. The seating arrangements were also designed in a circular form for spectators to achieve 360 degrees vision.

Figure 4.1 Axis of symmetry

Due to the circular form and geometrical shapes, the stadium stands out from the surrounding buildings. During that time, the availability of technology enabled the stadium to be built with complex truss design structures.

Figure 4.2 Radial balance shown in plan

Malaysia’s tropical climate encouraged the design to consist of the use of sun-shades within the building and louvers on the upper part surrounding the concentric building for natural ventilation.

4.1 ORGANIZATION OF FORM

Figure 4.3 Symmetrical balance shown on elevation

Initially, the stadium was designed in a circular form as influenced by the modern architecture to achieve symmetrical balance as one of the design elements. The stadium’s design was developed by a series of concentrated rings which brings out a central focus that gives it radial balance from the axis of symmetry.

Other than that, there is repetition of triangular and vertical lines which consolidates the arched and circular exterior and plan. Furthermore, it has other characteristics like allowing daylight to enter from the rooftop.

4.1 ORGANIZATION OF SPACE Symmetry & Balance

The stadium is built as a circle, a shape that is well balanced and has symmetry to all sides. The symmetry of the stadium shows its balance to each side of the arena.

The stadium is divided into even quarters. The purpose is to allow the audience to have a fair view in every seating Figure 4.4 Seating arrangement on plan of the stadium. Everyone from the side of the stadium will be looking inward. Balance is where the seating are structured by curved lines, creating circular seating arrangement for the whole stadium. Every circle is categorized by height; it has a hierarchy.

The Audience closest to the center has the lowest seating, and the crowd that is the furthest from the show is on the highest seats. This creates balance and fairness to the audience, giving every hierarchy a view of the show

4.1 MASSING & CIRCULATION The exterior of Stadium Negara can be simplified into a hemisphere at the top and a cylinder at the bottom.

Circulation and Paths-Space Relationship There are a total of 4 entrances, 1 main entrance (North) and 3 other subentrances (South, South-East, SouthWest) which are only used during congestion periods such as the starting and ending of an event for ease of traffic. The spectators will have to move in a circular movement across the stadium if their seats are further from the entrances. The seats are also arranged in an amphitheater seating style surrounding the space in the center of the stadium allowing clearer view and audio quality for all the spectators in the stadium.

Figure 4.5 Simplified shape of Stadium Negara

Figure 4.6 Circulation on the plan

REFERENCES STADIUM NEGARA How to get to Stadium Merdeka in Kuala Lumpur by Metro, Bus,Light Rail or Train? retrieved from: https://moovitapp.com/index/en/public_transit-Stadium_Merdeka-Kuala_Lumpursite_16526582-1082 CHINWOO ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION SELANGOR AND KUALA LUMPUR retrieved from: http://www.chinwoo.org.my/%e7%b2%be%e6%ad%a6%e4%bd%93%e8%82%b2%e9%a6%86/ Google maps retrieved from: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Stadium+Negara/@3.1398613,101.70042,870m/data=!3 m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x31cc49d9c3745aa3:0x2b1b8593ee146b8f!8m2!3d3.1407275!4d101.70 28663 Ariel view of Stadium Negara image retrieved from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kuala_Lumpur_Malaysia_Stadium-Negara-00.jpg Front facade view of Stadium Negara image retrieved from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kuala_Lumpur_Malaysia_Stadium-Negara-02.jpg Stadium Negara before refurbishment image retrieved from: https://www.hippostcard.com/listing/stadium-negara-kuala-lumpur-malaysia-40-60s/17283704 Stadium Merdeka image retrieved from: http://www.807studio.com/html/merdeka3.html SJK (C) Jalan Davidson image retrieved from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/vortrack/4713655152 Analysis Booklet of Stadium Negara and Lady Lourdes retrieved from: https://issuu.com/saujiayi.fnbe.portfolio/docs/booklet Stadium Negara Cultural Report retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/clairey97/stadium-negara-culture-report Documentation of Stadium Negara retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/kyenmin/documentation-of-stadium-negara Culture History - Stadium Negara retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/LeeYih/culture-history-stadium-negara

REFERENCES Case Study of Stadium Negara retrieved from: http://archinicole.blogspot.com/p/architecture-and-nation-building.html Side Facade of Stadium Negara image retrieved from: https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g298570-d10250624-Reviews-Stadium_NegaraKuala_Lumpur_Wilayah_Persekutuan.html Encyclopedia of Stadium Negara retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_Negara

THE CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF LOURDES

CONTENTS 1.INTRODUCTION 1.2 BRIEF HISTORY 2. TIMELINE ANALYSIS 3. SITE CONTEXT 3.1 ARCHITECTURE STYLE & INFLUENCE 3.2 ARCHITECTURE COMPONENTS & ELEMENTS 4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE CHURCH AND GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 4.1 RHYTHM AND REPETITION 4.2 ORGANIZATION OF SPACE 4.3Â ORGANIZATION OF FORM 4.4 SYMMETRY & BALANCE 4.5 CIRCULATION AND PATH SPACE RELATIONSHIP 5. REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION Our Lady of Lourdes is a Roman Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary venerated in honour of the Marian apparitions that occurred in 1858 in the vicinity of Lourdes in France. To bring that over to Malaysia, The Church of Our Lady of Lourdes (OLL) was built in 1928. The church is now located at Jalan Tengku Kelana, Klang, Malaysia.

Brief History of lady lourdes It was founded by Reverend Father John Baptists in 1923, he took charge of the spiritual needs of Catholic residents in Klang and other surrounding districts. The Church was built in 1928 by the Catholic missionaries, the Church was a beacon of hope to many. The Church demonstrated the true meaning extended and performed by the Catholic Church together, both with her Priest and as a Parish itself in helping migrants to settle and adjust in a new land including Chinese, Indians and Filipinos. Coming to Church would mean providing a connection between their homeland and new communities.

When designing the church, the designer Fr. Souhait had his mind and heart in having the church modelled along the lines of the famous Gothic-style church in Lourdes, France. He left the care of the parish to Fr. W. Arcond, his assistant, while he went around Peninsular Malaya collecting funds for the church. The money was raised with help from the migrant parishioners and British civil servants residing in Klang. Some help came from Fr. Duvell, the Parish Priest of St John’s Church in Kuala Lumpur while a substantial grant came from the Paris Foreign Missions. In 1937, it was the era of revolution so there were a lot of factories in Klang.

Many people from Singapore came all the way to this tiny obscure town of Klang seeking better job opportunities and the church took them all under her wing. Our Lady of Lourdes Church in Klang, by reaching out to all, had slowly emerged and become a strong sign of communion to bring people from other states and countries together. She is now a historical landmark in Selangor and one of the most photographed buildings by the many tourists who visit Klang.

TIMELINE 1923 - founded by Reverend Father John Baptists and took charge of the spiritual needs of Catholic residents in Klang and other nearby districts.

1925 - the building of the church commenced, built by the designer Father Souhait who studied the French architecture 1928- Church of Our Lady of Lourdes was completed.

1937- Era of revolution, factories were present and people from Singapore came down to Klang for better job opportunities. The Church reached out to all of them and took them under her wing. Slowly, it emerged and became a strong sign of unity.

2020- Church of Our Lady of Lourdes has now become one of the cultural icons in Selangor.

SITE CONTEXT

Figure 3.9 Map showing the buildings surrounding Church of Our Lady of Lourdes

Located in Jalan Tengku Kelana, Klang. The church is sandwiched in between a convenient store and a secondary convent school. On the North of it is a public hall called Letchumanan Hall while on its South is another historical landmark called Tugu Keris. There are many ways to get there, such as by car. If not, taxi is optional. However, the most efficient way to get there is to use the local LRT and bus services as users get to save money.

ARCHITECTURE STYLE & INFLUENCE

Malaysian architecture, exemplified in its largest city of Kuala Lumpur, is a complex mix of elements including Islamic design, colonial control, and Asian traditions, so to see gothic architecture applied to the church of lady lourdes in Malaysia is quite a rare sight. The church is originally from France. The design of Neo-Gothic architecture (Gothic Revival) is an architectural style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. It originated in 12th century northern France and England as a development of Norman architecture. Its popularity lasted into the 16th century, before which the style was known as Latin: opus Francigenum, lit. 'French work'; the term Gothic was first applied during the later Renaissance.

Gothic architecture grew out of the period in European history when the Church had become established as the religious and political power in Europe. In this sense, Gothic architecture is an expression of a movement as much as it is a specific style of construction. Gothic design is also evident on both sides of the church with the exception of the type of material used. Timber framing was used for all tracery of the window and nave doors to suit our tropical climate. The adaptation of diagonal buttresses with clay bricks and plaster finish brings out the late 12th century design.

Figure 4.0 An image of a glass stained window

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS & COMPONENTS The Gothic style can vary according to location, age, and type of building. Despite the design of the church being simplified, the church of lady lourdes definitely still have the basic components that resembles Gothic Architecture, for example:

Glass stained windows Medieval stained glass is the coloured and painted glass of medieval Europe from the 10th century to the 16th century. The purpose of stained glass windows in a church was both to enhance the beauty of their setting and to inform the viewer through narrative or symbolism.

Jalousie windows

Jalousie windows maximize natural ventilation by allowing airflow through the entire window area.

Jalousie windows were a popular feature in Mid-century modern houses, especially those built in warm and humid climates.

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Roman Arch

The roman arch can be found at the main entrance of the church and the sides of the church. An arch is an architectural form that controls the pressure from the weight of a building in a specific way. The arch directs pressure downwards and outwards, creating a strong passage underneath it that has the ability to support heavy structures.

ORNATE DECORATION

Figure 4.3

Gothic architecture is the presence of ornate decorative elements,including embellished sculptural moldings, statues of saints, historical figures and more. These ornaments can be found in and out of the church.

Barrel Vault

Gothic architects utilize this method of structural support for their high ceilings called: ribbed vaulting. Instead of ribbed vaulting, the church uses a barrel vault.

Figure 4.4

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE CHURCH & GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE FLYING BUTTRESSES

Buttress, in architecture, exterior support, usually of masonry. Instead of using flying buttresses, the church of Lady Lourdes use diagonal buttresses to keep the design simplified.

POINTED ARCHES

Used a roman arch rather than a pointed arches

Figure 4.5

RIBBED VAULT

A ribbed vault and a barrel vault is similar except what makes a ribbed vault is by intersecting the barrel vaults arches placed parallel to one another in order to support a rounded roof.

Figure 4.6

ARCHITECTURE STYLE & DESIGN ANALYSIS RHYTHM & REPETITION IN MOVEMENT, THERE’S RHYTHM. RHYTHMS ARE FORMED

BY FORMS OF REPETITION.

EXTERIOR The exterior is repeated in terms of elements & features, even the 2 towers.

Figure 4.7

INTERIOR The repetitive windows bring attention towards the center of the church (movement), creating a focal point.

Figure 4.8

RHYTHM & REPETITION ORGANIZATION OF SPACE

The Lady Lourdes is a church with basic necessities of typical church such as altar, nave, seating area, transepts and narthex.

Figure 4.9

There are a total of 5 entrances. 1 main entrance with 3 main doors and 4 other subentrances.The main entrance is located at the end of the nave that led to the nave and altar. Along the single hallway/walkway there are seating areas for the laity as space to worship god. There is a confession room also located beside the seating area, near the spiral staircase. The other 4 sub-entrance are located on the side of the church (2 on the right of the church and 2 on the left of the church).

Figure 5.0

Behind the altar there is an office and vestry for the church.

For the upper level that is led up by the spiral staircase on one end there is another separate seating area (capacity around 150 people) with a balcony overlooking the nave and altar. The purpose of this floor is to worship God and practice religious activities. On this floor we are able access to the bell towers on the side and the bells.

There is also another set of stairs that led to the storage area.

RHYTHM & REPETITION ORGANIZATION OF FORM The form of the Church of Our Lady Of Lourdes is composed of a rectangular shape and half circle shape at the apse,chancel and sanctuary. The entire form of the church is made of simple geometric forms.

Figure 5.1

Church of Our Lady of Lourdes has a similar plan with Notre Dame de Paris. The direction of facade symbolizing an aspect of Christian faith.The east facade of Our Lady Of Lourdes symbolized born of new life.

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

SYMMETRY AND BALANCE THE OVERALL FACADE AND MANY DETAILS OF OUR LADY OF LOURDES SHOWED SYMMETRY AND BALANCE.

Figure 5.4

The characteristic of Gothic Revival Style is the gable roof which the shape itself is symmetrical to make it more attractive.

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

One glance at the facade and one can identify the three sections that are in proportion and symmetrical in design.

The arched window which was designed by Malay architect is made of wood with fixed louvers.

SYMMETRY AND BALANCE

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

The beautiful rose window of quatrefoils around a floral heart which placed in the center of the facade also showed a symmetry and balance design.

The interior of Our Lady of Lourdes is also shown in a balance and symmetry design.

Figure 5.9

CIRCULATION AND PATH SPACE RELATIONSHIP There are three doors that faced southeast direction that allows entrance into the church.

Upon entering the church, you will be in the narthex that contains two confession rooms on one side each and the entrance to the main hall in between.

Upon the entrance into the main hall, there will be a nave down the hall with long benches on both sides that leads to the altar on the far end.

The long benches are arranged in linear arrangement to provide space for people passing through into the inner part of the benches.

Figure 6.0

Figure 6.1

CIRCULATION AND PATH SPACE RELATIONSHIP As a former architect, Farther Souhait of the church has introduced crossventilation and the air-stack effect to the church building to provide sufficient air ventilation and minimize heat.

This is achieved with jalousie windows on the elongated facade of the church.

Jalousie window is a stack of parallel wooden/glass panes set in a frame. This kind of windows allow cross ventilation. Cross ventilation is a natural method of cooling that relies on wind to let in cool exterior air into the building through an inlet while outlet forces warm interior air outside.

Thus, through the jalousie window on the facade of the church, cross ventilation and air stack effect occurs to reduce heat within the church.

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

REFERENCES CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF LOURDES Characteristics of Gothic Architecture (29 June 2020) Retrieved from: https://mymodernmet.com/gothic-architecture-characteristics/2/ Church of Our Lady of Lourdes (26 June 2020)Retrieved from: http://ollklang.org/architecture/ Church of Our Lady of Lourdes Klang (29 June 2020)Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Klang Church of Our Lady of Lourdes Klang (29 June 2020)Retrieved from:https://eb9f7a06-f005414f-913f0852396042ed.filesusr.com/ugd/86e4a2_744233b36b1f4f2dae6e14b3aa15eabb.pdf Church of Our Lady of Lourdes Klang (29 June 2020)Retrieved from: https://micharchijourney.wordpress.com/semester-3-5/methods-of-documentation-andmeasured-drawings-3/ Church of Our Lady of Lourdes Klang (29 June 2020)Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/egshaBhP8a8