Kampung : Jakarta Tomorrow

KAMPUNG J A K A R T A

T O M O R R O W

PETER TEGUH SALIM CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY THESIS 2015 RAMI EL SAMAHY, MARY LOU ARSCOTT, ART LUBETZ

KAMPUNG J A K A R T A

T O M O R R O W

PETER TEGUH SALIM CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY THESIS 2015 RAMI EL SAMAHY, MARY LOU ARSCOTT, ART LUBETZ © 2015. All rights reserved.

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

4

CHAPTER I : Kota Kampung / Kampung Kota

6

CHAPTER II : Double Standards

32

CHAPTER III : Jakarta Tomorrow

44

APPENDIX A : Mapping the Kampungs

76

APPENDIX B : Made in Jakarta

96

APPENDIX C : Urban Improvizations

162

APPENDIX D : Prototypes

206

APPENDIX E : Final Exhibit

264

BIBLIOGRAPHY

278

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

280

crowd gathering in a concert/rally for presidential candidate Joko Widodo in Gelora Bung Karno Stadium

4

INTRODUCTION Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, is the largest city in South East Asia and is inhabited by over 10 million people1. It recently experienced a shift in political regime, from an elitist to a populist regime, opening opportunities to rethink the city and how it could address the needs of a previously neglected population group.

This speculative thesis project attempt to materialize this shift by examining common challenges faced by both classes - water, transportation, food, information - and rethink them as opportunities to foster a symbiotic social ecology: gotong royong. This is achieved through modifying existing and creating new urban typologies that is informed by an analysis on the urban majority’s collective intelligence.

This urban majority is what sociologist Abdou-Maliq Simone refer to as “that which is in-between ... a majority of contemporary urban residents who are neither poor nor middle class”2. A combination of shady census metric, selfish political agendas, and difficulties in census documentation makes it really hard to quantify the exact number and/or classification of this population group. However when one directly experiences the city, it becomes fairly clear that this population group covers the majority of the city demographic.

Thus moving forward designers need to work with this urban majority, including them as part of the solution instead of excluding them, to make the city a better place for everyone.

Jakarta, ibukota Indonesia, adalah kota terbesar di Asia Tenggara dengan populasi lebih dari 10 juta orang 1. Baru-baru ini Jakarta mengalami sebuah peralihan rezim politik, dari rezim elitis menjadi populis, dan dengan itu membuka peluang untuk memikirkan kembali bagaimana kota ini mampu memenuhi kebutuhan rakyat yang selama ini telah terabaikan.

Proyek tesis spekulatif ini berupaya mematerialisasi transisi rezim tersebut dengan mempelajari tantangan-tantangan perkotaan sistemik yang di hadapi oleh kaum elit dan kamu mayoritas - air, transportasi, makanan, informasi - lalu dipirkan kembali sebagai peluang untuk mencapai ekologi sosial yang simbiotik, atau gotong royong. Tujuan ini mampu dicapai melalui implementasi beragam intervensi-intervensi desain bangunan dan kota yang dipengaruhi oleh hasil analisa intelijen kolektif kaum mayoritas.

Menurut sosiolog Abdou-Maliq Simone, kaum mayoritas ini adalah “mereka yang berada diantara ... sebuah mayoritas warga perkotaan kontemporer yang juga tidak miskin atau kaum menengah” 2.

Metrik sensus yang mencurigakan, agenda politik yang egois, dan susahnya mendokumentasi sensus populasi hanyalah beberapa alasan mengapa susah sekali bagi pemerintah untuk menghitung seberapa besar kaum mayoritas ini dengan tepat. Walaupun tidak ada perhitungan yang tepat, sudah jelas hanya dari mengalami kehidupan dalam kota bahwa kaum mayoritas ini melingkupi sebagian besar demografi Jakarta.

Di masa depan, desainer/arsitek/penata kota harus bekerja sama dengan kaum mayoritas ini, merangkumi mereka sebagai bagian dari solusi perkotaan daripada mengecualikan mereka, untuk membangun kota yang lebih baik bagi semua orang.

1. based on the most recent census by the BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) 2. SImone, A. “Jakarta: Drawing the City Near”

5

6

CHAPTER I kota kampung / kampung kota

7

1920

INDONESIA This past few months, Indonesia has experienced its greatest political shift in decades. The recently elected president is the first to emerge out of an ordinary background, without ties to older elite and military affiliations. The country is taking major steps towards democracy. As a result it is a proper time to reevaluate the top down mechanisms that has dominated the political scene since colonial times (and greatly reinforced during the New Order Era).

Beberapa bulan yang lalu, Indonesia mengalami transisi politik terbesar dalam beberapa dekade terakhir ini. Presiden baru kita adalah presiden pertama yang memiliki latar belakang biasa, tidak berhubungan dengan kaum militer dan elit. Ini adalah tanda bahwa negara ini berani dan siap melakukan langkah-langkah besar menuju demokrasi. Maka dari itu, sekarang adalah waktu yang tepat untuk mengevaluasi kembali mekanisme-mekanisme Top-Down yang selama ini mendominasi praktek politik pemerintahan sejak zaman penjajahan Belanda (dan terus diperkuat dalam zaman Orde Baru).

POPULATION

ERA

52,327,000

DUTCH OCCUPATION

PRESIDENT ELECTIONS TRANSMIGRATION PROJECTS

LAMPONGSCHE VOLKSBANKS PERIOD

LOCAL EVENTS

WORLD EVENTS

8

WORLD WAR I

HIROSHIMA + NAGASKI

ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR

WORLD WAR II

COLD WAR

JAPANESE OCCUPATION

NATIONAL REVOLUTION 1st GENERAL ELECTIONS 172 PARTIES

OLD ORDER

COMMUNIST PARTY (PKI) WON 15.4% SEATS

JAPANESE OCCUPATION

RECOGNITION OF THE RUPIAH

SOEKARNO APPOINTED AS 1ST PRESIDENT

1950

1940

1930 GREAT DEPRESSION PERIOD

12.4%

TAMBUNAN’S 35 YEAR PLAN

VIETNAM WAR

9

1980

1970

1960

Given this new political climate, there is now a possibility of including the urban majority into the conversation of the future of Jakarta. De-centralization and the shift towards a populist governmental approach means that people’s voices are slowly being heard. This project situates itself within the context of this possible future: a future where the urban majority have the voice to work together with top-down entities to define their cities.

Suasana politik yang baru ini membuka peluang bagi kaum mayoritas untuk ikut serta dalam pembangunan masa depan kota Jakarta.

Desentralisasi dan transisi menuju rezim populis adalah tanda-tanda bahwa suara rakyat semakin lama semakin memiliki pertimbangan yang lebih kuat. Proyek ini ditempatkan dalam konteks masa depan ini: masa depan dimana kaum mayoritas (Bottom-Up) memiliki wewenang untuk bekerjasama dengan kesatuan-kesatuan Top-Down untuk membangun kota mereka.

REPELITA III

EAST TIMOR INVASION INSURGENCY IN ACEH

10

4th GUIDED ELECTIONS 3 PARTIES SOEHARTO RE-ELECTED FOR THE 4TH TIME

3rd GUIDED ELECTIONS 3 PARTIES SOEHARTO RE-ELECTED FOR THE 3RD TIME

2nd GUIDED ELECTIONS 3 PARTIES SOEHARTO RE-ELECTED FOR THE 2ND TIME

REPELITA II

REPELITA IV 1987 SEA GAMES HOST

G30S PKI

PKI MASS KILLING PAPUA CONFLICT

NEW ORDER

FOUNDING OF THE JAKARTA STOCK EXCHANGE

REPELITA I

(REVISED)

SOEHARTO RE-ELECTED FOR THE 1ST TIME

IN CITIES

1st GUIDED ELECTIONS 3 PARTIES

% OF PEOPLE LIVING

SOEHARTO APPOINTED AS 2ND PRESIDENT

119,208,229

9/11

1998 RIOTS

REPELITA V

ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS

FALL OF USSR DILI MASSACRE

REPELITA VI 2nd REFORMED ELECTIONS 24 PARTIES SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO ELECTED AS 6TH PRESIDENT

6th GUIDED ELECTIONS 3 PARTIES SOEHARTO / B.J.HABIBIE RE-ELECTED FOR THE 6TH TIME / TRANSITIONARY ABDURRAHMAN WAHID ELECTED AS 4TH PRESIDENT 1st REFORMED ELECTIONS 48 PARTIES MEGAWATI SOEKARNOPUTRI STEPS IN AS 5TH PRESIDENT

5th GUIDED ELECTIONS 3 PARTIES SOEHARTO RE-ELECTED FOR THE 5TH TIME

30.6%

REFORMATION

1st DIRECT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 12 PARTIES JOKO WIDODO ELECTED AS 7TH PRESIDENT

1st DIRECT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 38 PARTIES SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO RE-ELECTED AS 6TH PRESIDENT

2010

2000

1990 206,264,595

53%

REFORMED DEPT. OF LABOR AND TRANSMIGRATION

11

JAKARTA As of 2014, the population of Jakarta is 10,187,595. It is a coastal megacity whose population has tripled in the past 4 decades.

Hingga 2014, populasi kota Jakarta telah mencapai 10,187,595. Populasi Jakarta telah meningkat tiga kali lipat dalam 4 dekade terakhir ini.

POPULATION VERY HIGH HIGH MEDIUM LOW VERY LOW

> 287,000 people 228,000 - 287,000 people 169,000 - 228,000 people 110,000 - 169,000 people < 110,000 people

500M

based on the 2010 population census by BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik)

12

DENSITY VERY HIGH HIGH MEDIUM LOW VERY LOW

> 21,000 people/km2 17,667 - 21,000 people/km2 14,334 - 17,667 people/km2 11,001 - 14,334 people/km2 < 11,001 people/km2

500M

based on the 2010 population census by BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik)

13

GROWING MEGACITY The issue of rapid population growth is not unique to Jakarta.

More than half of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population live inside this circle.

There are 20 megacities with populations that exceed 10 million people, 14 of them are coastal megacities. Many of these cities face similar social, economical, and ecological problems that stem from this population growth. In many cases the government and the market fail to meet the needs of the urban majority, bringing rise to informal patterns of human settlement and activity. One of the more evident examples of informality can be seen in informal settlements or slums.

Masalah pertumbuhan penduduk yang cepat bukanlah masalah yang hanya dialami kota Jakarta. Lebih dari separuh populasi dunia berada didalam lingakaran ini. Didalamnya ada 20 megacity, atau kota-kota yang memiliki penduduk lebih dari 10 juta orang. 14 darinya adalah kota-kota pesisir. Kota-kota ini menghadapi tantangan-tantangan yang serupa dalam segi sosial, ekonomi, dan ekologi, yang diakibatkan oleh pertumbuhan penduduk yang terlalu cepat. Sering kali pemerintahan dan mekanisme pasar dalam kota-kota tersebut gagal untuk memenuhi kebutuhan kaum mayoritas, yang mengakibatkan timbulnya sektor informal dalam berbagai bidang. Salah satu gejala informal tersebut adalah timbulnya perumahan liar.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/05/07/map-more-than-half-of-humanity-lives-within-this-circle/

14

TIANJIN BEIJING

SEOUL

TOKYO

CHONGQING NEW DELHI

KOLKATA

KARACHI

SHANGHAI

DHAKA GUANGZHOU

MUMBAI BENGALURU

CHENNAI

OSAKA

WUHAN SHENZHEN

BANGKOK

MANILA

JAKARTA

15

16

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG

KAMPUNG The slow modernization process of post-independence Indonesia lead to the gradual transition of settlement typologies. Before independence in 1945 Jakarta is predominantly Kampung, a colloquial term for indigenous settlements (whose definition slowly evolved to include informal settlements/slums). New settlement typologies such as the Komplek (gated community) and the Apartment were introduced to distinguish the urban elite from the urban majority, along with other formal development projects such as shopping malls, superblocks, elevated highways, etc.

Facing pressure from modern development projects, todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s kampungs are spread across the city, filling the interstitial spaces between formal development.

Some of the main distinguishing factors between kampung settlements and other more modern forms of settlements are their adoption of traditional land laws, social structures, active street life, and a stronger sense of dependence among its residents. Many of these characteristics are lost as one transition into modern settlement typologies that favor privacy and isolation over an overbearing sense of community and dependence.

Transisi dari jenis-jenis perumahan lama menjadi yang lebih modern dalam kota Jakarta berlangsung secara pelan akibat pelannya proses modernisasi kota pasca kemerdekaan. Sebelum Indonesia merdeka, kota Jakarta pada pokoknya terbuat dari Kampung-Kampung.

Tipologi-tipologi perumahan baru seperti Komplek dan Apartmen baru diperkenalkan pasca kemerdekaan Indonesia untuk membedakan kaum elit dari kaum mayoritas. Selain dua jenis perumahan tersebut, tipologi-tipologi bangunan seperti mal, superblock, jalan layang, dll. juga diperkenalkan untuk memperkuat perbedaan tersebut.

Pada zaman ini, kampung-kampung tersebut menghadapi tekanan dari proyek-proyek pembangunan modern yang menyebabkan berbagai macam penggusuran. Oleh karena itu, kebanyakan dari kampung-kampung yang masih tersisa hidup diantara proyek-proyek pembangunan dan ruang sisa-sisa dalam kota.

Beberapa faktor utama yang membedakan kampung dan jenis-jenis perumahan modern dapat ditemukan dalam segi hukum (tradisi/adat vs modern), struktur sosial, street-life, dan ketergantungan sesama warga kampung. Banyak dari faktor-faktor ini hilang dalam transisi menuju jenis-jenis perumahan modern yang mempentingkan privasi dan isolasi daripada membangun komunitas dan ketergantungan.

17

INFORMAL

FORMAL

village

city

i.) as a rural disease

INFORMAL village

FORMAL kampung (urban village)

city

ii.) as part of a trajectory towards the modern ‘ideal’

INFORMAL

iii.) as mutually dependent entities

18

symbiosis

FORMAL

ORIGIN OF KAMPUNGS There are 3 different models on the origin and development of kampungs as it relate to Jakarta. Each of these models posits a different definition and response for the future of kampungs in Jakarta.

Ada 3 teori berbeda yang berupaya untuk menjelaskan perkembangan kampung-kampung dalam Jakarta. Tiap teori ini memberi pengertian yang berbeda mengenai bagaimana kota Jakarta seharusnya menanggapi masa depan kampung-kampungnya.

i.) The In-Migration Model posits that kampung growth is “fueled by massive and continuing in-migration from the rural to the metropolitan cities.” People migrating from rural areas tend to have a lower skill set, making it really hard to compete in the job market of the city. This limitation, on top of their poor financial condition, makes it really easy to get stuck in a vicious poverty cycle. Thus many of them stays inside the kampungs. Under this view, kampung residents are seen as negative, parasites, that “impede the creation of a sustainable metropolitan city.”

i.) Menurut Model In-Migrasi perkembangan kampung “diakibatkan oleh migrasi massal warga-warga desa ke daerah perkotaan.”

Kebanyakan dari warga-warga desa yang rela mengadu nasib di daerah perkotaan datang dengan skill set yang rendah dan membuatnya sangat sulit untuk bersaing dengan warga-warga kota dalam mencari pekerjaan. Ditambah lagi kebanykan dari mereka datang dari latar belakang miskin sehingga mereka gampang terjebak dalam siklus kemiskinan. Oleh karena itu kebanyakan dari mereka terpaksa hanya bisa tinggal dalam kampung-kampung dalam kota atau rumah-rumah liar. Menurut teori ini warga kampung dipandang sebagai parasit yang “menghalangi pembangunan kota metropolitan yang berkelanjutan”.

ii.) The Indigenous Model views kampungs as a stepping stone in the evolution of cities. During the Dutch colonial period, the old part of the city called Kota (literal translation of City) is a walled community exclusive to the Dutch and Priyayi (native noblemen) that is surrounded by kampungs, village settlements that serve the Kota. These kampungs are often segregated by ethnicity and/or occupation, many of them still bearing its name until this day. After the independence the city boundaries continue to grow and the kampungs were engulfed by the city’s development. Under this view, the kampungs are recognized as one step above rural villages, but still one step behind city (or the ideal, western image of a city). As a result, programs such as the Kampung Improvement Program were implemented to “upgrade” these kampung settlements physically so that they can seem more suitable for a modern city. iii.) The Urban Social Ecology Model starts by dismissing the first two models and dismiss the Kampung-Kota dichotomy.

Instead of trying to “upgrade” the kampung to fit some ideal image of a city (imposed by Western ideology) it understands the existing and potential future systems or networks that intersect both formal and informal sectors. Today the formal and informal sectors of the city already depend on each other, despite the reluctance of the formal sector to acknowledge it.

ii.) Menuru Model Pribumi kampung-kampung adalah sebuah tahap dalam evolusi kota. Waktu zaman penjajahan Belanda, kota tua Jakarta adalah sebuah komunitas eksklusif yang umumnya dihuni oleh warga Belanda dan Priyayi dan disekelilingi oleh kampungkampung (yang bekerja untuk warga-warga dalam kota). Kampungkampung teresebut biasanya terbuat dari satu suku atau satu jenis pekerjaan dan sampai sekarang nama-nama kampung tersebut masih bertahan. Setelah Indonesia merdeka perbatasan kota Jakarta diperbesar dan merangkupi kampung-kampung tersebut. Menurut teori ini, kampung dapat dilihat sebagai suatu tahap dalam evolusi jenis perkotaan; sebuah tahap diantara desa dan kota modern. Dari teori ini kita bisa lihat contoh-contoh inisiatif pemerintahan seperti Program Perbaikan Kampung (atau KIP) yang memiliki misi untuk “meningkatkan” kualitas kampung-kampung agar lebih mendekati ciri-ciri yang lebih modern. iii.) Model Ekologi Sosial mulai dengan menolak dua teori sebelumnya karena teori-teori tersebut menciptakan dikotomi kampung-kota. Menurut teori ini kita harus menerima keadaan kota Jakarta seadanya dan memanfaatkan potensi-potensi jaringan dan sistem-sistem yang mampu menggabungkan sektor formal dan informal. Kita tidak bisa mencoba untuk “meningkatkan” atau “memperbaiki” kampung-kampung dan memaksa mereka untuk menyesuaikin diri kedalam gambaran kota yang ideal (menurut definisi-definisi ideologi perkotaan Barat). Pada kenyataanya sekarang kedua sektor tersebut sudah bekerjasama dan saling bergantung satu sama lain walaupun sektor formal masih segan-segan untuk menanggapinya.

Budiarto, L. “Magersari: the spatial-culture of kampung settlements as an urban strategy in Indonesian cities and urban housing.”

19

passengers crowd a train that is approaching Manggarai Station in Jakarta

20

JAVA The majority of Indonesia’s population is concentrated on the island of Java. Many transmigration initiative were tried by various governments (as far back as the Dutch occupation) however the island remains as the central hub of Indonesia’s economy, politics, and culture.

Mayoritas penduduk Indonesia menghuni pulau Jawa. Beberap inisiatif transmigrasi sudah pernah dicoba oleh berbagai rezim pemerintahan (sejauh zaman penjajahan Belanda) untuk menyebar dan meratakan populasi Indonesia. Namun sampai sekarang pulau Jawa tetap merupakan pusat ekonomi, politik, dan budaya Indonesia.

63.8%

1970

of Indonesia’s Population

1990

of Indonesia’s Population

2010

of Indonesia’s Population

59.9%

53%

based on the 2010 population census by BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik)

21

22

JAVANESE

BETAWI

SUNDANESE

OTHER

CHINESE

BATAK

MINANGKABAU

MALAY

BUGINESE

MADURESE

BANTEN

BANJARESE

ETHNIC BREAKDOWN The economic opportunities of living in Jakarta is a key factor in drawing people from other parts of the country. Often each ethnicity is known for certain crafts, traditional food, and occupations and the tradition of inviting other family members to pursue these crafts and occupations perpetuate the high inmigration rate.

5

Banyaknya peluang pekerjaan adalah salah satu faktor utama yang menarik bagi orang-orang dari berbagai daerah Indonesia untuk datang ke Jakarta. Tiap suku-suku tersebut dikenal oleh jenis-jenis kerajinan tangan, makanan, atau pekerjaan tertentu dan seringkali mereka (yang sudah bekerja di Jakarta) mengundang anggota keluarga mereka untuk ikut kerja di Jakarta, dan mengakibatkan meningginya jumlah migrasi ke kota Jakarta

5

6

8 6

8

2 11

12 2

12

11

10

9

10

9 Buginese 10 Madurese 11 Banten 12 Banjarese

7 Minangkabau 8 Malay 6 9Batak Buginese Madurese 7 10 Minangkabau 11 Banten 8 Malay 12 Banjarese

6 Batak

5 Chinese

45Other Chinese

1

4 Other

1

2 Betawi

3

2 Betawi

1 Javanese

3

1 Javanese

9

3 Sundanese

7

3 Sundanese

7

based on the 2010 population census by BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik)

23

24

SHOPPING MALL

APARTMENT

SUPERBLOCK

GATED HOUSING COMPLEX

GATED OFFICE COMPLEX

SATELITE CITIES

STREET

HIGHWAYS

FLYOVER

KOTA Parallel to the development and evolution of kampungs is the development of Kota, or the city. After independence, under the Old and New order, there is a certain governmental aspiration to turn Jakarta into a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;modernâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; city. This is done by creating great infrastructural projects such as expanding highway networks, creating satellite city communities, shopping malls, and other major developer projects. In reality, this idea of a modern and ideal city is a fiction, imposed by the government to give them license to execute initiatives that marginalize the poor and favor the elite.

The urban typologies highlighted to the left are just some examples of the consequence of having such aspirations. Many of these typologies exclude or limit the participation of urban majority residents; they were made in favor of the elite. In a way, these typologies can be seen as a physical manifestation of the dichotomy between the urban majority and the urban elite.

In the upcoming chapters, many of the prototypes and urban interventions targets these typologies and attempts to manipulate them in a way that can balance out the benefits between the urban majority and the urban elite. Many of them often operate in the thresholds of these typologies, as since Jakarta is a highly dense city, contrasting conditions often occur very closely to each other; a kampung next to a gated complex, a kampung next to a shopping mall, etc.

Bersamaan dengan perkembangan kampung adalah perkembangan kota. Pasca kemerdekaan, dibawah kepemimpinan Orde Lama dan Orde Baru, pemerintahan memiliki aspirasi untuk mengubah image Jakarta menjadi kota yang â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;modernâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Modernisasi ini dicapai melalui berbagai macam proyek-proyek infrastruktural besar seperti pembangunan jalan tol, komunitas-komunitas satelit, mal, dll.

Namun dalam realita ide image kota modern hanyalah rekayasa pemerintahan untuk mengizinkan inisiatif-inisiatif pembangunan yang meminggirkan kaum mayoritas demi kamu elit.

Tipologi-tipologi bangunan modern di sebelah kiri hanyalah beberapa contoh dari hasil aspirasi kepemimpinan lama itu. Banyak dari tipologi-tipologi ini meniadakan atau membatasi partisipasi kaum mayoritas. Dengan kata lain, tipologi-tipologi tersebut dapat dibilang adalah manifestasi fisik dari dikotomi kaum mayoritas dan kaum elit.

Dalam bab-bab yang akan datang, banyak dari intervensi-intervensi desain yang diusul menargetkan tipologi-tipologi ini dalam upaya untuk memanipulasi mereka agar kepentingan kaum mayoritas juga dianggap dengan lebih sungguh-sungguh. Banyak dari intervensiintervensi ini terletak dalam ambang diantara dalam/luar perbatasan tipologi-tipologi tersebut. Karena kota Jakarta adalah kota yang sangat padat, seringkali kondisi-kondisi perbedaan yang drastis dapat dikunjung saling bermepetan; kampung disamping komplek, kampung disamping mal, dll.

25

PEMBANGUNAN As a response to the overcrowding of the old city center, President Soekarno annexed neighboring villages and districts to further expand Jakartaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s boundaries. The first satellite city project, Kebayoran Baru, was initiated during this time period.

JAVA SEA

JAKARTA

TANGERANG

BEKASI TANGERANG CITY BEKASI CITY DEPOK

BOGOR

BOGOR CITY

Developer Projects Developers Social Housing Initiatives Social Housing Projects

26

1960 Presiden Soekarno mengambil alih daerah-daerah di sekitar kota tua Jakarta sebagai reaksi terhadap kepadatan penduduk di dalam kota tua. Dalam periode ini proyek kota satelit pertama, Kebayoran Baru, mulai dibangun sebagai contoh perumahan modern pada zaman itu.

27

1970 Under Soehartoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ambitious development plans, the creation of highway networks accommodated urban sprawl and ultimately lead to the annexation of neighboring cities such as Tangerang, Depok, and Bekasi. Around this time, developers initiated many suburban complexes in this newly annexed areas to accommodates the rising population of Jakarta.

28

1980 Dibawah rencana-rencana pembangunan ambisius Soeharto, jaringan tol yang mencapai daerah-daerah pinggir kota membantu aneksasi kota-kota disekitar Jakarta seperti Tangerang, Depok, dan Bekasi.

Pada periode ini, banyak developer-developer mulai membangun perumahan-perumahan baru di daerah-daerah pinggir kota tersebut dan dengan itu juga membantu meningkatnya penduduk di Jakarta dan sekitarnya.

29

1990 With the annexation of Bogor, the greater metropolitan area of Jakarta achieved its current state: Jabodetabek. As of 2014, the combined population of this metropolitan area is 30,091,131.

30

2000 Dengan aneksasi Bogor daerah metropolitan Jakarta mencapai kondisinya sekarang dengan nama Jabodetabek. Hingga 2014, jumlah penduduk daerah metropolitan ini adalah 30,091,131.

31

32

CHAPTER II double standards

33

protestors occupy the main legislative building (MPR/DPR building)

34

DOUBLE STANDARDS The dichotomy between kampung and kota is reinforced under the framework of the first two kampung origin models. These two models have conventionally been used by the government to impose an image of a modern Jakarta; a kampung-free city.

The result is a double standard that always favor the rich.

Since the New Order Era, the motto ‘Pembangunan’ or development was used to impose order on the city. This formed an ideology of formalizing, limiting and controlling public space through meanings such as order, regulation, cleaning up, and eradication. There is a sense that the city needs to be ‘neatened up’, ‘cleaned up’, ‘made to fall into line’, free from the eyesore of street peddlers and the urban poor.

Over time this stigma of an elite versus a majority further matured and is ingrained as an expected condition. However all of this reached its peak during the May 1998 riots, as seen in the image to the left. Out of frustration and dissatisfaction with the New Order government that favored the elite, the urban majority took over the streets of Jakarta and demanded a governmental reformation. It has been a slow and steady process since that event as old habits of corruption and double standards are still rampant.

Moving forward, we cannot address issues of land ownership, flood, diminishing water supply, etc. perpetuated by urban majority residents without addressing the same issues for the urban elite. None of these issues are single sided; they affect everyone in both classes. However in the past, government initiatives that attempt to address these issues are often executed with a greater price for the urban majority. This chapter will go through several topics where a double standard is present, highlighting its causes and implications.

Dikotomi kampung dan kota diperkuat oleh teori perkembangan kampung pertama dan kedua. Secara konvensional kedua teori tersebut sudah dianggap sebagai protokol standar untuk membangun image kota Jakarta yang modern: kota bebas dari kampung.

Akibat dari cara pemikiran ini adalah timbulnya sifat standar ganda yang memihak ke kaum elit. Sejak Orde Baru, motto ‘Pembangunan’ kerap kali digunakan untuk menertibkan masayarakat. Motto ini membentuk ideologi pemerintahan yang harus menguasai dan membatasi ruang publik melalui berbagai macam pembersihan, eradikasi, dan regulasi. Ada semacam pengertian bahwa kota ini harus ‘dirapikan’, ‘dibersihkan’, ‘ditertibkan’, dan dibuat bebas dari rakyat miskin perkotaan.

Lama kelamaan ini mengakibatkan timbulnya stigma elit vs mayoritas.

Semua ini mencapai puncaknya pada peristiwa kerusuhan Mei 1998, seperti dapat dilihat pada gambar di sebelah kiri. Masyarakat mengambil alih jalanan dan berdemonstrasi dengan tuntutan reformasi pemerintahan karena mereka sudah kecewa dengan pemerintahan Orde Baru yang korup. Sejak saat itu reformasi ini telah berjalan dengan pelan karena sampai sekarang kebiasaan-kebiasaan lama seperti korupsi dan standar ganda masih ada.

Kita tidak bisa menyalahkan isu-isu pemilikan tanah, banjir, berkurangnya persediaan air, dll. kepada pihak kaum mayoritas tanpa menyalahkan kaum elit karena kedua dari pihak tersebut sama-sama bersalah. Isu-isu tersebut mempengaruhi semua orang dalam kedua pihak. Namun secara historis pendekatan pemerintahan terhadap isuisu ini kerap kali di implementasikan dengan harga yang lebih besar bagi kaum mayoritas. Bab ini akan menyelidiki asal dan akibat dari beberapa isu perkotaan dimana terdapat sebuah standar ganda.

35

LAND OWNERSHIP It is estimated that almost 50% of buildings in Jakarta was built without proper paperwork and process, technically this means they are built illegally. This ranges from a small fast food vendor on the side of a street up to giant stadiums that have popularly held concerts by international artists. Therefore claiming that the reason they are evicting these Kampungs because of their land status and/or for the “greater good” is simply unfair and further shows the administration’s bias

towards preserving elite interests. An example of this can be seen in the Pantai Indah Kapuk housing complex. The site used to be a protected Mangrove forest that covers 2,871 acres. As part of the consequences of building here, according to its environmental impact analysis it is the developer’s responsibility to replace/replant the forest appropriately across the city. This was never done, nor taken seriously by the developer, and as a result the complex still stands today.

GUILTY kampung built illegally next to the river

36

Sekitar 50% dari gedung-gedung di Jakarta tidak memiliki suratsurat/izin bangunan, atau dalam kata lain gedung-gedung ini dibangun secara ilegal. Segala macam gedung dapat ditemukan dalam kategori ilegal ini, dari tempat makan kecil di pinggir jalan sampai stadium besar yang sudah sering kali digunakan sebagai panggung untuk pertunjukan artis-artis internasional. Penggusuran kampung-kampung karena status surat-surat bangunan/tahan mereka atau demi kebaikan masyarakat sebenarnya adalah alasanalasan yang tidak adil. Contoh dari pemihakan pemerintah ke kaum

elit dapat dilihat dari contoh proyek perumahan Pantai Indah Kapuk.

Lokasi ini dulunya adalah sebuah hutan mangrove lindung dengan luas 1,161 hektar. Sebagai perjanjian diantara developer dan kota atas pembangunan proyek ini, developer tanggung jawab menanam/ menggantikan pohon-pohon yang ditebang di berbagai daerah di dalam kota Jakarta. Ini tidak pernah dilakukan, ataupun dianggap dengan serius oleh developer, dan maka dari itu proyek ini masih berdiri sampai hari ini.

GUILTY elite housing complex built illegally over a mangrove forest

37

FLOOD The first ever record of a major flood in Jakarta goes back to the Dutch Colonial Period. In both 1876 and 1918, major flood hit Jakarta (then called Batavia) paralyzing transportation systems and the electrical grid. In 1979, almost 3,000 acres of land in Jakarta was impacted by the flood. Starting from 1996, the city experiences a consistent frequency of major floods every 5-6 years. The 2007 flood killed almost 100 people and covered 60% of the city, reaching up to 5m at some points

in the city. The 2013 flood dealt the most financial cost with the city losing 20 trillion Rupiah (20 million USD). Part of the justification of evicting and relocating Kampungs located along rivers, reservoirs, and other water infrastructures is this issue of flood. Their presence is blamed for silting the rivers and reducing its ability to contain water in the case of flooding.

This justification is a double standard as other developments in the formal sector also contribute to causing the flood.

GUILTY kampung pulo during the 2013 flood

38

Banjir besar di Jakarta pertama kali di rekor pada zaman penjajahan Belanda. Ada dua banjir besar pada waktu itu di tahun 1876 dan 1918 yang melumpuhkan sistem transportasi dan listrik. Pasca kemerdekaan pada tahun 1979, lebih dari 1,200 hektar tanah di Jakarta terkena dampak banjir besar. Mulai dari tahun 1996 sampai sekarang, kota ini terus-menerus mengalami banjir besar tiap 5-6 tahun. Banjir besar tahun 2007 menelan sekitar 100 jiwa dan menyelimuti sekitar 60% tanah kota. Di beberapa titik banjir ini bisa mencapai 5m. Banjir besar tahun 2013 memiliki dampak finansial

yang paling besar, atau sekitar 20 triliun rupiah. Salah satu alasan atau dasar kebenaran penggusuran kampung-kampung di pinggiran sungai/waduk adalah banjir. Keberadaan mereka disalahkan atas isu-isu seperti pendangkalan dan pengecilan sungai yang ikut mengakibatkan banjir-banjir besar. Dasar kebenaran ini sebenarnya didasari oleh standar ganda karena proyek-proyek dari sektor formal juga seharusnya disalahkan (dan ditindak lanjutkan melalui inisiatif pemerintahan) atas membantu mengakibatkan banjir-banjir besar.

GUILTY presidential palace during the 2013 flood

39

WATER SUPPLY After the fall of Soeharto, the government decided to privatize the public water supply company hoping that the competitive nature of the market can further expand the network. They managed to increase the water network over tenfold (to cover 60% of the city) however private interest still hinder them from reaching the poorest population. On top of that, the privatization of the public sector means the priority becomes that of generating capital rather than serving the people.

Today, lower income households pay the highest per unit prices for water and spend the highest proportions of overall income on household water supply. Even though networked water is the cheapest system, there are multiple barriers to entry that hinders poorer households from wanting to be part of the network such as high initial cost, unreliable water pressure, and administrative barriers. Lower income households chose to pay more for alternative water supply.

GUILTY kampung residents rely on groundwater pumps for clean water

40

Sekitar waktu Soeharto turun jabatan, pemerintahan memutuskan untuk memprivatisasi pasokan air umum ke perusahaan-perusahaan air asing dalam upaya untuk memperluas jaringan pipa air dalam kota Jakarta. Inisiatif ini berhasil mempeluas jaringan pipa air sebanyak sepuluh kali lipat dan mencapai 60% warga Jakarta.

Namun kepentingan pribadi perusahaan-perusahaan swasta tersebut seringkali menjadi halangan perluasan jaringan pipa air ke daerah-daerah yang lebih kumuh. Tujuan perusahaan swasta untuk memaksimalkan pendapatan tidak sejalan dengan tujuan untuk

melayani semua orang tanpa memperhatikan status. Sekarang warga kelas menengah kebawah terpaksa membayar harga tertinggi per unit air bersih, atau menghabiskan proporsi tertinggi pendapatan keseluruhan pada pasokan air rumah tangga. Walaupun jaringan pipa air adalah sumber air bersih yang paling murah per unit, beberapa halangan seperti biaya awal yang tinggi, tekanan air yang tidak bisa diandalkan, dan halangan administratif membuat banyak warga kelas menengah kebawah memilih sumber air alternatif.

GUILTY private companies are less willing to extend water connections to poorer neighborhoods

41

TRAFFIC JAM In 2004 Sutiyoso, then governor of Jakarta, introduced the TransJakarta BRT (bus rapid transportation) system with dedicated busway lanes in an attempt to alleviate traffic congestion in the city. This was seen as a positive move after the failed monorail projects of the past. It has a limited reach across the city, leading many urban majority residents to still rely on transportasi rakyat (peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s transportation), other informal modes of transportation that are often blamed for

the traffic congestion issues of the city. They form to meet the demands for mobility of the middle to lower class in urban areas. Government initiatives that attempt to address traffic issues often target these outdated transportation modes, trying to limit their activity and presence in the city. On top of that, the government also seem to favor road expansion projects over improving public transportation quality.

GUILTY motorcycles using the bus-only lane

42

Pada tahun 2004 Sutiyoso, gubernur Jakarta pada waktu itu, memperkenalkan sistem TransJakarta BRT (transportasi bis cepat) lengkap dengan jalur khusus (atau busway) dalam upaya untuk mengurangi kemacetan dalam kota Jakarta. Inisiatif ini ditanggapi secara positif oleh publik, dibandingkan dengan inisatif monorail sebelumnya yang gagal. Namun sistem ini masih baru dan memiliki jaringan yang terbatas, dan terpaksa banyak dari kaum mayoritas masih mengandalkan jenis-jenis transportasi rakyat lainnya. Jenisjenis transportasi ini sering disalahkan atas masaslah kemacetan

dalam kota. Jenis-jenis transportasi ini masih ada sampai sekarang karena mereka memenuhi kebutuhan mobilitas kelas menengah kebawah dalam daerah perkotaan. Banyak dari inisiatif pemerintahan berupaya untuk mengurangi dan menghilangi jenis-jenis transportasi tersebut karena mereka dianggap ketinggalan jaman. Namun daripada memperkenalkan inisatif-inisatif untuk memperbaiki atau memperbarui sistem-sistem transportasi umum ini, pemerintahan masih lebih memilih inisiatif-inisiatif yang memperluas jaringan jalan seperti proyek jalan layang, dll.

GUILTY cars and motorcycles using the bus-only lane

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CHAPTER III jakarta tomorrow

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DESIGN METHOD From the initial series of analysis conducted in the first half of the year, a design method is mapped out to help drive the design logic of the new urban prototypes. The second of half of the year focuses on the development of 28 urban prototypes and their deployment in a sample site located in the heart of the city to project a scenario in which bottom-up and top-down intelligence work together to improve the city.

(see appendix A) MAPPING + ANALYSIS

Metode desain ini dibuat dari hasil analisa-analisa dalam semester pertama untuk membantu membangun logika desain untuk berbagai macam prototipe intervensi dalam kota. Semester kedua ini lebih terfokus dalam pengembangan 28 prototipe intervensi dan implementasi mereka dalam sebuah lokasi percobaan yang terletak dalam pusat kota Jakarta. Melalui implementasi dalam lokasi yang nyata kita baru bisa mulai menggambar skenario-skenario masa depan dimana kesatuan-kesatuan Bottom-Up (kaum mayoritas) dan Top-Down (kaum elite) mampu bekerja sama untuk membuat kota Jakarta yang lebih baik.

to derive the patterns of informal life that is embodied in these keywords (see appendix B):

(see appendix C)

WATER TRANSPORTATION

self defined...

SYSTEMIC CHALLENGES

SYSTEMIC GOALS

FOOD INFORMATION

EXTENDED STREET HYBRID PROGRAMS GOTONG ROYONG URGENT ADAPTATION STREET POP-UPS EXTENDED ROOF HUNG OBJECTS

+ URBAN IMPROV.

helped identify...

influenced the cataloging of...

fall 2014

46

represents bottom-up design operators...

URBAN PROTOTYPES (see appendix D)

WATER WATER BUS STOPS SHOPPING MALL BILLBOARDS A.W.G.BILLBOARDS MOTORCYCLE DEPOT WATER TOWER COMMUNITY BATH HOUSE BIG ROOF

CROSS BREEDING BY MEANS OF A SCENARIO MATRIX

TRANSPORTATION PEDESTRIAN FLYOVER POP-UP SIDEWALKS MOTORCYCLE ROADBLOCK RIVER TRANSPORT BIKE SHARING BUS STOP EXTENDED CAR FREE ZONE VENDOR PARKING GARAGE

SITE I SITE II JAKARTA TOMORROW

SITE III

PROJECTIVE CITY

SITE IV FOOD HYDROPONIC FACADE RUKO FOOD STALLS NOMADIC FARMING FOOD BRIDGE STREET CANTEEN PETTING ZOO PROTOTYPE VII

ETC.

INFORMATION WARUNG INFOGRAPHIC INFORMATION HUB OBSERVATION DECK SCREEN POP-UPS PASAR REPORT CLINIC LIBRARY ATRIUM FEED

helps identify sites/existing urban typologies and their respective top-down entities...

spring 2015

47

model of prototypes from the final exhibit

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PROTOTYPES This map shows the location of the various example prototypes across the city. These prototypes act as a kit-of-rules that are replicable in various similar sites, and thus its form responds accordingly to site-specific conditions. See Appendix D for further information on each Prototype.

Peta ini menunjukan berbagai lokasi implementasi prototipe intervensiintervensi desain. Intervensi-intervensi ini bersifat sebagai kit-of-rules atau aturan desain yang dapat ditiru di berbagai lokasi dimana bentuk dari intervensi tersebut dipengaruhi oleh kondisi-kondisi lokasinya.

Silahkan liat Appendix D untuk informasi mengenai tiap prototipe.

15

06

14

18 22 23 10 09

16

20

19

26 04

07

05

11 02

25

21 13

28

01

17

03

27

12

08

24

WATER BUS STOPS BIG ROOF WATER TOWER MALL BILLBOARDS COMMUNITY BATH HOUSE MOTORCYCLE DEPOT A.W.G BILLBOARDS PEDESTRIAN FLYOVER POP-UP SIDEWALK MOTORCYCLE ROADBLOCK RIVER TRANSPORT BIKE SHARING BUS STOP CAR FREE ZONES VENDOR GARAGE

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

HYDROPONIC FACADE RUKO FOOD STALLS NOMADIC FARMING FOOD BRIDGE STREET CANTEEN PETTING ZOO ANGKOT WARUNG WARUNG INFOGRAPHIC INFORMATION HUB OBSERVATION DECK POP-UP SCREENS PASAR REPORT CLINIC LIBRARY ATRIUM FEED

500M

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

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model of prototypes from the final exhibit

50

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

WATER BUS STOPS BIG ROOF WATER TOWER MALL BILLBOARDS COMMUNITY BATH HOUSE MOTORCYCLE DEPOT A.W.G BILLBOARDS PEDESTRIAN FLYOVER POP-UP SIDEWALK MOTORCYCLE ROADBLOCK RIVER TRANSPORT BIKE SHARING BUS STOP CAR FREE ZONES VENDOR GARAGE

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

HYDROPONIC FACADE RUKO FOOD STALLS NOMADIC FARMING FOOD BRIDGE STREET CANTEEN PETTING ZOO ANGKOT WARUNG WARUNG INFOGRAPHIC INFORMATION HUB OBSERVATION DECK POP-UP SCREENS PASAR REPORT CLINIC LIBRARY ATRIUM FEED

51

KUNINGAN After the Prototype charrette, a sample site is chosen to test the deployment and connection of various prototypes within the given site. This site in Kuningan, Jakarta is an ideal urban core sample as it represents the drastic contrast between the urban elite and the urban majority. Here, business districts, shopping malls, kampungs, gated complexes, and elevated highways meet to form complex social and spatial conditions.

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Sebuah lokasi percobaan di tengah kota Jakarta dipilih untuk menguji implementasi dan koneksi diantara berbagai macam prototipe yang cocok dalam lokasi ini. Lokasi yang dipilih adalah daerah Kuningan karena daerah ini memiliki kondisi-kondisi dimana perbedaan drastis diantara kaum mayoritas dan kaum elit sangat nyata, Disini business district, mal, kampung, komplek perumahaan elit, dan jalan layang bertemu untuk membentuk kondisi sosio-spasial yang kompleks.

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URBAN CORE SAMPLE

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street life within kampung settlements

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57

back alley of a shopping mall that is bustling with activity

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combination of traffic and pedestrian activity under the newly constructed flyover

60

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view of the Mega Kuningan business district

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quiet streets within the gated complex

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SCENARIO MATRIX This matrix depicts a series of possible scenarios and hybrid prototypes that can emerge from the intersection of bottom-up and top-down initiatives. The X-axis represents bottom-up intelligence (7 key words), the Y-axis represents necessary top-down initiatives that can expand/authorize the manipulation of existing urban typologies.

PARKING GARAGE A developer initiative to lease out the first two floors of its exterior parking garages to kaki lima (mobile vendor) co-ops can help ease the usurpation of public space around the back alley of this shopping mall.

SHOPPING MALL AS WATER SUPPLIER Groundwater supply in existing kampungs were disrupted when giant developer projects enter the area and uses a similar but larger mechanism to supply their water needs. A government intervention to limit the developerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existing practice on water supply and instead, provide other means of supplying water, can turn these projects into active water suppliers for surrounding communities. In return, the government can grant benefits to such developers such as tax deduction, permit extensions, future permits, etc.

FLYOVER SIDEWALK The recent construction of flyovers across the city created wide and covered sidewalks that are currently under utilized.

A government initiative to allow the productive use of these sidewalks to various actors can help ease the usurpation of public space by food carts, vendors, etc.

EXTENDED SIDEWALK Most roads in Jakarta either have inadequate or non-existent sidewalks, forcing many pedestrians to simply walk carefully next to cars and motorcycles. A government initiative to extend sidewalks / reduce the number of vehicular lanes can begin to provide a safe pedestrian culture in this car-centric city.

GATED COMPLEX LOTS Parks and empty lots within gated complexes are often left unused for long periods of time. Kampung dwellers are already using these lots as farm or playing fields, despite treading legal boundaries. The creation of a land use licensing mechanism will not only legalize these temporary uses but also actively promote productive work in these empty lots.

OTHER SPECULATIVE LOTS A similar mechanism can also be applied to other lots outside of a gated complex setting, such as speculative developer lots, public lots, etc.

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EXISTING CONDITION

HYBRID PROGRAMS

EXTENDED ROOF

GOTONG ROYONG

EXTENDED STREET

URGENT ADAPTATION

EXISTING CONDITION

STREET POP-UP

HUNG OBJECTS

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EXISTING CONDITION

Matriks ini menggambarkan beberapa skenario dan prototipe hibrida yang muncul dari pertemuan intelijen Bottom-Up dan inisiatif TopDown. Pada sumbu X terdapat 7 kata kunci yang mewakili intelijen Bottom-Up, pada sumbu Y terdapat inisiatif-inisiatif Top-Down yang mampu memperluas/mengizinkan kapabilitas untuk memanipulasi berbagai tipologi-tipologi perkotaan.

GARASI PARKIR Inisiatif dari pihak developer untuk menyewakan dua lantai pertama dari garasi parkir eksterior untuk pedagang kaki lima agar membantu mengurangi perebutan kuasa akan jalan umum dibelakang mal.

MAL SEBAGAI PEMASOK AIR Persediaan air tanah kampung-kampung yang terletak disekitar proyek developer besar terganggu karena kedua pihak ini saling berebut air.

Semacam intervensi pemerintahan untuk membatasi kewenangan developer dalam menggali sumur-sumur untuk persediaan air dan sebaliknya menuntut mereka untuk menyediakan persediaan air alternatif (lewat air hujan, dll.) mampu merubah proyek-proyek besar ini menjadi pemasok air yang aktif bagi komunitas disekitarnya.

Sebagai imbalan, pemerintahan mampu memberikan potongan pajak, perpanjangan surat izin, surat-surat izin untuk proyek selanjutnya, dll.

TROTOAR JALAN LAYANG Proyek jalan layang baru-baru ini menciptakan banyak trotoar lebar dan tertutupi yang masih belum dimanfaatkan. Semacam inisiatif pemerintahan yang mengizinkan penggunaan produktif pada trotoartrotoar bagi berbagai macam pihak mampu mengurangi perebutan jalan umum yang sering terjadi diantara pedagang kaki lima, dll.

PELEBARAN TROTOAR Kebanyakan jalanan di Jakarta tidak memiliki trotoar atau kondisi trotoarnya sudah sangat buruk. Kondisi ini memaksa pejalan kaki untuk berjalan dengan hati-hati di jalan umum. Semacam inisiatif pemerintahan untuk melebarkan trotoar mampu memberi insentif untuk membangun budaya pejalan kaki dan juga mengurangi jumlah jalur kendaraan.

TANAH KOSONG DALAM KOMPLEK Taman-taman dan tanah kosong didalam komplek perumahaan elit seringkali jarang digunakan. Warga kampung disekitarnya kadangkadang sudah memanfaatkan tanah kosong tersebut untuk dijadikan kebun pertanian walaupun mungkin tidak secarah sah. Semacam sistem penyewaan lahan kosong yang bersifat sementara mampu melegalisir kegiatan-kegiatan produktif (seperti berkebun) dalam lahan-lahan tersebut.

TANAH KOSONG/SPEKULATIF Semacam mekanisme yang serupa dapat diterapkan ke tanah kosong/ spekulatif lainnya diluar konteks komplek perumahaan elit, seperti tanah pemerintah, tanah kosong lainnya, dll.

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HYBRID PROGRAMS

EXTENDED ROOF

GOTONG ROYONG

EXTENDED STREET

URGENT ADAPTATION

EXISTING CONDITION

STREET POP-UP

HUNG OBJECTS

69

HYBRIDS The scenarioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s presented earlier created opportunities for multiple prototypes to gather and work with each other by forming hybrid prototypes. The public sphere located at the threshold of elite and majority urban typologies begin to transform as more and more of these individual, small interventions aggregate.

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Skenario-skenario ini mampu memberi peluang bagi berbagai macam prototipe berbeda untuk berkumpul dan bekerjasama untuk membentuk prototipe-prototipe hibrida. Ruang publik yang terletak diantara perbatasan tipologi-tipologi gedung di lokasi ini pelan-pelan berubah bentuk sejalan dengan berkumpulnya intervensi-intervensi desain. Intervensi-intervensi yang awalnya hanya bersifat kecil/individu baru bisa bekerja sebagai infrastruktur yang lebih besar ketika mereka berkumpul dan bekerja sama.

71

72

73

74

75

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APPENDIX A

mapping the kampungs

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KAMPUNG TIMELINE Jakarta used to be filled with Kampungs that surround its historic city center. Through modern development and annexation of surrounding land, these Kampung areas shrunk and dispersed across the city.

500M

KAMPUNG AREA (1959)

based on the 1959 map of Djakarta by the U.S Army Map Service

78

500M

KAMPUNG AREA (1975)

based on “Planning the Megacity: Jakarta in the Twentieth Century” by Cristopher Silver

79

A curated sample of kampungs are going to be used as case studies to show their internal and external connections to existing infrastructures, landmarks, and other conditions.

500M

KAMPUNG AREA (2011)

based on the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Jakarta:Urban Challenges in a Changing Climateâ&#x20AC;? case study developed by the World Bank in partnership with the government of DKI Jakarta

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KAMPUNG CILINCING KAMPUNG PAPANGO KAMPUNG PENJARINGAN KAMPUNG JEMBATAN BESI KAMPUNG KEMAYORAN BARAT KAMPUNG RAWA BUAYA

KAMPUNG MENTENG TIMUR

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KAMPUNG CILINCING ...located 1km away from the ocean, this kampung houses fishermen that transformed the canal into make-shift docks.

A tributary and public road interrupts the kampungâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s direct connection to the canal...

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83

KAMPUNG PAPANGO ...intersected by multiple infrastructural networks, this kampung occupied open land around the dam and transform them into farms and landfills. These networks also provide visual protection from the outside world...

84

85

KAMPUNG PENJARINGAN ... the relatively low fly-over highway is too low for cars to pass through (in most places), providing sheltered areas for people to sleep, store materials, wash clothes, etc...

86

87

KAMPUNG JEMBATAN BESI ...the captured tributary defines a main social street filled with warungs and kaki limas, providing social life for residents on the main and residual strip of land, while also providing access to (polluted) water...

88

89

KAMPUNG KEMAYORAN BARAT ...separated by the train tracks, each community formed a social street along the tracks that is filled with public seating, plants, warungs, and kaki limas.

Clean grid paths indicate its integration with the formal city...

90

91

KAMPUNG RAWA BUAYA ...surrounded by modern development, this kampung is cornered: growing industry from the west, infrastructure networks on the north (river) and south (rail), and a protected marsh on the east...

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KAMPUNG MENTENG TIMUR ...nested within the city center, this kampungâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main circulation is driven by quick access to the mosque and school...

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APPENDIX B

made in jakarta

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MADE IN JAKARTA This catalog attempts to capture the various methods, techniques, and approaches that kampung residents use to craft their built environment. The buildings chosen for this catalog is taken from the seven case study kampungs from chapter 1 in an attempt to get a variety of approaches depending on where they are located in the city. Despite the geographic differences, many overlaps of techniques and approaches could be found across all seven places. Several conclusions were derived by analyzing these buildings. These conclusions are embodied in these seven key concepts that describe the collective intelligence shared among Kampungs on how they respond to limitations of materials and site.

HOW TO USE THIS CATALOG:

SURROUNDING CONTEXT

ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURE

SECONDARY FUNCTION STRUCTURAL FEATURE

MATERIAL FEATURE

SKETCH

CONTEXTUAL FEATURE

MAIN FUNCTION

SECONDARY FUNCTION

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EXTENDED HYBRID STREET PROGRAMS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

GOTONG ROYONG

URGENT STREET ADAPTATION POP-UPS

EXTENDED ROOFS

HUNG OBJECTS

PINK HOUSE DOCK PARKING LOT HEALTHCARE CENTER NOODLE RESTAURANT GREEN HOUSE BAKERY HOUSE DOCK HOUSE XEROX BARBER SHOP CORNER HOUSE GARBAGE STILTS DOUBLE LOADED CORRIDOR GUARD POST SPIRAL STAIRED HOUSE CANTILEVERED BOX + STAIRS FULL TARP PORCH CANTILEVERED BOX BALCONY HOUSE WARTEG HOUSE CELLULAR HOUSE WARUNG BALCONY HOUSE SHADE KAKI LIMA CORNER FOOD VENDOR WARTEG WITH ARCHES DOOR TO NOWHERE XL PLAYGROUND PING PONG ARENA LONG ROOF WARUNG PARKING BRIDGE KINDERGARTEN BRIDGE LIVING ROOM PVC GATE LAUNDRY FACADE MARKET HOUSE SNACK FACADE INTERNET CAFE HOUSE PUBLIC TOILET BOUTIQUE HOUSE SALON WARUNG RIVERFRONT DUPLEX RECYCLING CENTER BLUE HOUSE SHINY HOUSE FOOD VENDOR ROW METAL SHOP FAMILY RESTAURANT PALM TREE HOUSE FISH VENDOR RIVER HOUSE

99

EXTENDED STREET The street is the main source of life in the Kampungs; it is the heart of public life. Moves such as extending furniture and/or changing the material of the entry was done to merge public and private realms.

100

101

HYBRID PROGRAMS Continuous improvizations and a lack of regulation allowed many of the buildings to contain mixed program. The popular rental system incentivize smaller subdivision of spaces to accommodate more people and functions.

102

103

GOTONG ROYONG Gotong Royong is a social concept that promotes volunteerism; looking out for each other. It is an important concept that have promoted collaboration and sharing between Kampung residents.

104

105

URGENT ADAPTATION When faced with challenging site constraints, Kampung residents can come up with creative solutions that are often very abrupt. Many of these examples include their creative approaches on using trees (as structure, etc.).

106

107

STREET POP-UPS Kampung residents are adaptive opportunists that are willing to take risks and be entrepreneurial. Structures highlighted here are temporary pop-ups that come and go based on changing needs and situations.

108

109

EXTENDED ROOF Extending the roof is a common strategy for defining new spaces (such as a porch) and weather protection. Because of its multi-functional purpose, there are many overlaps with other keywords.

110

111

HUNG OBJECTS The practice of hanging objects for drying and display reasons are commonplace in the Kampung. This practice generates a certain ornamentation on top of the existing hodgepodge of improvised building materials.

112

113

114

1

pink house TIN ROOF NEIGHBOR’S WATER TANK

ROOF CUT-OUT

BAMBOO SCREEN

EXTENDED ROOF

DRYING LAUNDRY HOUSE

PINK PAINTED TIN

PORCH RED MAT

PINK PAINTED PLYWOOD

2

dock parking lot

TIN ROOF EXTENDED ROOF

ELECTRICITY SOURCE

RIVER DOCK ACCESS TO DOCK

BAMBOO FENCE TIN PATCH PARKING AREA BAMBOO PLATFORM BAMBOO POLE

BAMBOO FRAME CONSTRUCTION WOVEN BAMBOO

115

116

3

healthcare center

TREE TIN ROOF

SIGNAGE

EXTENDED BEAM

TARP PATCH

TREE

DRYING LAUNDRY PLYWOOD PATCH

BAMBOO POLE

HEALTHCARE CENTER

BAMBOO FACADE

ENTRANCE METAL SCREEN

OPENING

4

noodle restaurant TREE HOLE

TIN ROOF EXTENDED ROOF

RESTAURANT

SIGNAGE BAMBOO SCREEN

STREET-FRONT VENDOR

SEATING AREA

117

118

5

green house EXTENDED ROOF

TIN ROOF BAMBOO STRUCTURE

RIVER DRYING LAUNDRY

HOUSE

PAINTED PLYWOOD FACADE

TARP

CONCRETE CONNECTION

6

bakery house EXTENDED ROOF

TIN ROOF

TARP COVER RIVER

WOODEN SHINGLES

FOOD VENDOR

HOUSE

BAMBOO BRACKET

MAIN STREET BRIDGE

119

120

7

dock house TIN ROOF

TARP PATCH

EXTENDED ROOF

RIVER

HOUSE WOVEN BAMBOO

PORCH

DOCK TREE STUMP MAIN STREET

8

xerox barber shop

TIN ROOF

EXTENDED ROOF

BARBER SHOP SIGNAGE

SIGNAGE

PARKING AREA PHOTOCOPYING SERVICE SIGNAGE

SEATING AREA

121

122

9

corner house

OPENING

TIN ROOF

OPENING

HOUSE

WOOD FRAME ADDITION

EXTENDED ROOF

EXTENDED BEAMS

OPENING

DRYING LAUNDRY

EXPOSED BRICK

OPENING

DRYING LAUNDRY

OPENING EXTENDED ROOF

SEATING AREA

10

garbage stilts OVERHANG

TIN ROOF

TIN ROOF

COLLECTION FACILITY PLASTIC

WORKER AREA GARBAGE EXPOSED WOODEN FRAME

STORAGE

SPORADIC BRACING STRUCTURE

LOADING DOCK

CHOPPED TREE STUMP COLUMN

123

124

11

double loaded corridor TARP PATCH

TIN ROOF

CERAMIC TILES

TARP PATCH

CONTINUOUS ROOF COVERED ALLEY

DRYING LAUNDRY PLYWOOD PATCH

EXTENDED ROOF

HOUSE FOOD VENDOR

FOOD VENDOR

EXTENDED ROOF

FOOD PREPARATION AREA

MAJOR ALLEY

RIVER OVERHANGING WOODEN STRUCTURE

12

guard post NATURAL SHADE

TIN ROOF

NATURAL SHADE

AQUARIUM OPEN TO RIVER

RIVER

SIGNAGE PADDED MATERIAL GUARD POST

METAL FENCE

SEATING AREA DRYING FOOD

WHITE CERAMIC TILES

125

126

13

spiral staired house CERAMIC TILES CURVED POLYCARBONATE

EXTENDED ROOF

DRYING LAUNDRY OPENING

HOUSE

PINK CERAMIC TILE NARROW ALLEY PORCH PARKING AREA WET AREA

SPIRAL STAIRCASE

14

cantilevered box with stairs CERAMIC TILES

EXTENDED ROOF

DRYING LAUNDRY HOUSE

PAINTED PLYWOOD FACADE CONCRETE BLOCK BALCONY ENTRY WOOD FRAME ADDITION

FROM MAIN STREET

FRIDGE RAISED PLATFORM

127

128

15

full tarp porch

TIN ROOF WOODEN PANELS OPENING

DRYING LAUNDRY HOUSE

VARIOUS MATERIALS PATCH

TARP COVER

TENSION HOLDER

FOOD PREPARATION AREA

CERAMIC TILES

16

cantilevered box

TIN ROOF

OPENING

TIN FACADE METAL SHINGLES

ADVERTISEMENT

SLIDING DOOR

EXPOSED CMU

HOUSE

CONCRETE RAMP

129

130

17

balcony house

CERAMIC TILE PARABOLA

MISSING ROOF TILES EXTENDED ROOF

COVERED WOODEN RAILING HOUSE

WARUNG PORCH OPEN TO MAIN STREET

MAIN STREET

18

warteg house CERAMIC TILE

DRYING LAUNDRY

EXTENDED ROOF

HOUSE

RECESSED POSITION TIN ROOF ADVERTISEMENT

FOOD PRODUCTION AREA PROTECTIVE PLANTING

131

132

19

cellular house TIN ROOF EXTENDED ROOF

HOUSE

SIGNAGE ADVERTISEMENT

TARP PATCH DRYING LAUNDRY

COVERED SEWER CELLULAR SHOP ADVERTISEMENT SUPERGRAPHIC

20

warung balcony house

TIN ROOF

EXTENDED ROOF

EXPOSED BRICK

METAL RAILING HOUSE

CANTILEVERED CONCRETE BEAM

SHARED TIN ROOF

EXPOSED CMU

WASHING AREA

TIN ROOF

PARKING SEATING AREA

WARUNG

133

134

21

shaded kaki lima BARB WIRE POLES TARP

HUNG BAMBOO

SIDEWALK

FOOD DYRING + STORAGE

MAIN STREET

COVERED SEATING AREA FOOD VENDOR

22

corner food vendor TIN ROOF

ROLLABLE TARP

ATTACHED TO NEIGHBOR ATTACHED TO NEIGHBOR NEIGHBOR’S PORCH

ROLLABLE TARP

FOOD VENDOR KITCHEN

SEATING AREA

ACCESS TO SEWER

SEATING AREA

135

136

23

warteg with arches CERAMIC ROOF

TIN ROOF EXTENDED ROOF

POLYCARBONATE DEMARCATING PROGRAM

HOUSE

RESTAURANT ARCHES

EXTENDED ROOF

EXTENDING TO THE STREET

WASHING AREA

24

ATTACHED TO NEIGHBOR

door to nowhere

TIN ROOF

EXTENDED ROOF

PINK PAINT

EXPOSED STRUCTURE HOUSE

ORNATE OPENING DOOR TO NOWHERE CERAMIC TILES

PROTECTIVE ENTRY

WASHING AREA

137

138

25

xl playground ADVERTISEMENT SUPERGRAPHIC

CERAMIC TILE

RAILWAY

BROKEN BENCH TRASH CAN PROTECTIVE WALL STEPPING STONE

PLAYGROUND BLUE TILE

WOODEN COLUMNS

26

ping pong arena

HIGHWAY

CONCRETE COLUMNS GOAL

CERAMIC TILE SIGNAGE

PING PONG ARENA

GOAL

139

140

27

long roof warung

TIN ROOF

HOUSE

EXTENDED ROOF

DRYING FOOD BAMBOO SCREEN

ALLEY ENTRANCE

RESTAURANT MAIN STREET ENTRANCE

NARROW ALLEY OUTDOOR SEATING AREA

28

parking bridge

EXTENDED ROOF

CONCRETE COLUMNS

HIGHWAY

COLUMN AS DIVISION DEVICE

PARKING AREA

GOVERNMENT WARNING SIGN

SEATING AREA

141

142

29

kindergarten TIN ROOF CONNECT TO NEIGHBOR ADVERTISEMENT SUPERGRAPHIC

TIN ROOF HOUSING STEEL TRUSS

EXTENDED ROOF

KINDERGARTEN

SIGNAGE

PLAYGROUND

30

bridge living room

HIGHWAY AS ROOF

HIGHWAY

PLYWOOD PARTITION CONCRETE COLUMNS

TV

WATER PUMP

LIVING ROOM

SEATING AREA

143

144

31

pvc gate

PVC PIPE

GATE

MAJOR ALLEY

32

laundry facade

TIN ROOF

ROOF EXTENSION

DRYING LAUNDRY DRYING LAUNDRY

ADVERTISEMENT

WATER TANK

NARROW ALLEY

HOUSE WET AREA

RAINWATER COLLECTION

145

146

33

market house TIN ROOF DRYING LAUNDRY SIGNAGE

TV ANTENNA HOUSE

ADVERTISEMENT EXTENDED TARP ROOF

WARUNG

WATER BOTTLE WEIGHT TAILOR TARP COVER

MARKET

TIN ROOF PATCH TARP COVER FOOD DRYING AREA

RESTAURANT

34

snack facade HIGHWAY

CONNECTION TO HIGHWAY POLITICAL PARTY FLAG

WARUNG

HUNG SNACKS

TARP ROOF

SEATING AREA EXTENDED TARP ROOF

EXTENSION TO STREET

KITCHEN

147

148

35

internet cafe house

TIN ROOF

CANTILEVERED ROOF

DRYING LAUNDRY HANGING BIRD CAGE

EXPOSED BRICK HOUSE

SIGNAGE

ELECTRICITY METER ROLLED TARP COVER

MARKET

HOUSING ENTRY

ADVERTISEMENT

ADVERTISEMENT HIGHSCHOOL

INTERNET CAFE

36

public toilet WOODEN ROOF FRAME ELECTRICITY POLE OPEN FOR VENTILATION WORN OUT SIGNAGE

STREET LAMP

PUBLIC TOILET TIN ROOF

ALLEY TO HOUSING OPEN FOR VENTILATION PARKING NEIGHBOR’S LAUNDRY LINE

149

150

37

boutique store TIN ROOF RAIL

TIN ROOF ROLLED TARP COVER

OPEN FOR VENTILATION

WOODEN TRUSS

STORE FRONT EMPTY LOT

HOUSE

EMPTY LOT CLOTHING STORE

SHARED ENTRY SHARED FOUNDATION

38

salon warung

SHARED TIN ROOF EXTENDED SHADING

PLASTIC PATCH SALON

EXPOSED CMU

SIGNAGE CLEAR GLASS CARDBOARD PATCH WARUNG

SEATING AREA

EXTENSION TO STREET

151

152

39

riverfront duplex ADJACENT BUILDING TV ANTENNA

RIVER

SHARED TIN ROOF

BAMBOO POLE

CONNECTING ROOF

ADJACENT BUILDING

DRYING LAUNDRY PORCH + PARKING

HOUSE 1 CONCRETE COLUMN BASE CERAMIC TILES NEIGHBOR’S LAUNDRY LINE

GROUND

HOUSE 2

MISSING COLUMN BASE

40

recycling center

TIN PATCH

RAISED ROOF

STREET LAMP ELECTRICITY POLE PLYWOOD SHEATHING

HOUSE

LOADING DOCK ADJACENT BUILDING

RECYCLING CENTER NEIGHBOR’S BAMBOO POLE

SIDEWALK AS MATERIAL STORAGE PROTECTIVE WALL RAIL

GARBAGE SACKS SORTED MATERIAL BUNDLE

153

154

41

blue house

BLUE TIN ROOF WOOD FRAME ADDITION OPENING

BLUE POLYCARBONATE

HOUSE

TARP COVER TARP PATCH HUNG STORE DISPLAY TARP PATCH

SHOP

ORNATE OPENING EXTENSION TO STREET

ADVERTISEMENT

42

shiny house

REFLECTIVE MATERIAL PATCH EXTENDED ROOF

OPENING

EXPOSED CMU

DRYING LAUNDRY

HOUSE DISPLAY CASE

TARP PATCH

RESTAURANT CHAMFERED CORNER

TIN PATCH

155

156

43

food vendor row

TARP ROOF

KAKI LIMA FOOD VENDOR

MENU

ADVERTISEMENT ADVERTISEMENT

SEATING AREA

ADVERTISEMENT

WALL ADVERTISEMENT BAMBOO SCREEN SEATING AREA FOOD VENDOR WARUNG

ENTRANCE TO MORE SEATING AREA

SIGNAGE

44

COMBINATION OF BAMBOO + WOOD STUDS

TARP ROOF EXTENSION

metal shop

TIN PATCH

CONNECTING ROOF

TIN ROOF

MACHINE SHOP

HUNG STORE DISPLAY

VENDOR SIGNAGE SIGNAGE SHARED BAMBOO FACADE

157

158

45

family restaurant

HOUSE

TIN ROOF WOOD FRAME ADDITION

DRYING LAUNDRY

TIN ROOF

OPENING

TARP PATCH ELECTRICITY POLE WARUNG GRAFFITI

OPENING

MENU + SIGNAGE RESTAURANT

GRAFFITI

ADVERTISEMENT SUPERGRAPHIC

46

palm tree house PALM TREE TIN ROOF

HOUSE

HOLE

TARP PATCH

NEIGHBOR

PUBLIC STREET

FOOD PRODUCTION

BAMBOO FENCE

POND

159

160

47

fish vendor TIN ROOF

ROOF EXTENSION

LIGHT BULB

FOOD VENDOR

NARROW ALLEY PLYWOOD PATCH

EXTENSION TO STREET EMPTY LOT NEWSPAPER COVER

48

river house METAL POLES

CERAMIC ROOF

COVER

OPENING

RIVER

CERAMIC ROOF

HOUSE

WET AREA

DRYING LAUNDRY

ORNATE OPENING CERAMIC TILES

ALLEY TO RIVER KITCHEN

161

162

APPENDIX C

urban improvizations

163

URBAN IMPROVIZATIONS Moving beyond individual buildings, this chapter analyzes existing patterns of how the urban majority navigates the flow of resources within the city. Looking through the lens of four urban systems - transportation, water, food, information examples of improvisations are picked to show both positive and negative attributes that each of them possess.

164

WATER SYSTEM

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

GROUNDWATER PUMPING

NGETEM

MOBILE WATER VENDOR

3-in-1 JOKI

WATER TANK

TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS

WATER DEPOT

OJEK

FOOD SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM

KAKI LIMA

SUPERGRAPHPIC ADS

URBAN AGRICULTURE

PETA JAKARTA

URBAN LIVESTOCK

CAMPAIGN BANNERS

WARUNG

MAGHRIB

165

7

4

1 2 6

5

PRIMARY PIPE SECONDARY PIPE WATER TREATMENT PLANT (WTP) SMALL WTP KAMPUNG AREAS (2011)

500M

1 Pejompongan 2 Pulo Gadung 3 Buaran 4 Taman Kota 5 Cilandak 6 Condet 7 Cakung

166

3

WATER SYSTEM Jakarta privatized its water utilities in 1997 in an attempt to increase connectivity. Today only 60% of the city is connected to the water network, leading many to find alternative water sources such as groundwater pumping, refillable water tanks, and mobile vendors. Many of these alternative water supply methods are driven by scarcity and high pressure conditions, and many of them often lead to other consequences such as land subsidence, reduced water quality, etc. Thus the water prototypes will attempt to create alternative water supply and water distribution methods with less negative impact.

167

GROUNDWATER PUMPING WATER SYSTEM Only 60% of the city is connected to piped water and many opt for alternative sources, one of which is groundwater pumping.

It has higher initial costs but in the long run it is considered to be a more reliable source of water. This system is prevalent across both the formal and informal sector and it emerged out of the demand for reliable clean water.

BATHING

ATTRIBUTES PROVIDES CLEANER WATER UNREGULATED PUMPING LAND SUBSIDENCE WHEN GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION EXCEEDS ITS RECHARGE NOT AVAILABLE IN NORTHERN/SALINE PARTS OF THE CITY

168

GROUNDWATER PUMP

BUCKETS WAITING IN LINE

WASHING CLOTHES

169

MOBILE WATER VENDOR WATER SYSTEM Similar to groundwater pumping, mobile water vendors is an alternative to clean water supply. Vendors fill up their tanks in water depots, public hydrants, etc. and distribute them across neighborhoods. It is the most expensive source of clean water yet it is the most widely used by the poorer population in the city.

WATER TROLLEY

ATTRIBUTES PROVIDES JOBS FOR THE VENDORS PROVIDES CLEAN WATER TO RESIDENTS WITHOUT ACCESS TO PIPED WATER HIGHEST PRICE PER UNIT OF CLEAN WATER LIMITED SOURCE/DEPOT

170

BOTTLE-SHAPED SIGNAGE WATER DEPOT

“PAM”

171

WATER TANK WATER SYSTEM Many kampung residents can’t request for networked water because they occupy illegal land. To work around that water companies often supply clean water in the form of water tanks that quickly attract long lines of people queuing for clean water.

BUCKETS

ATTRIBUTES THEY COME TO COMMUNITIES THAT LACK ACCESS TO NETWORKED WATER LONG LINES PEOPLE COMPETE/FIGHT FOR WATER OVERCHARGING BY THE MIDDLEMEN

172

BUCKETS

CLEAN WATER TANK

BUCKETS

BUCKETS BUCKETS BUCKETS

173

REFILLABLE WATER DEPOT WATER SYSTEM Both the urban majority and the urban elite rely on refillable water depots for their supply of clean drinking water. The two most common systems used to treat the water is the UV system and the Reverse Osmosis system.

SIGNAGE

FILLED DRINKING WATER BOTTLES

ATTRIBUTES CLEAN DRINKING WATER STATIONARY HIGH PRICE PER UNIT

174

FILTRATION SYSTEM

EMPTY DRINKING WATER BOTTLES

FILLED DRINKING WATER BOTTLES

175

15 1 14 13

4

12

11

10

3

9 2

MAJOR STATIONS MINOR STATIONS TRANSJAKARTA KOPAJA ANGKOT KAMPUNG AREAS (2011)

500M

1 Kali Deres 2 Blok M 3 Kampung Melayu 4 Pulo Gadung 5 Lebak Bulus 6 Kampung Rambutan 7 Pinang Ranti 8 Pasar Minggu 9 Klender 10 Rawamangun 11 Manggarai 12 Senen 13 Tanah Abang 14 Grogol 15 Tanjung Priok

176

8 7

5 6

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM In 2004 the Transjakarta BRT system was introduced as an attempt to alleviate traffic congestion in the city. It has a limited network leading many people to still rely on transportasi rakyat (urban majority modes of transportation) such as the angkot, mikrolet, ojek, etc., often blamed for the traffic problems of the city. On top of that, the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overreliance on private modes of transportation and a lack of pedestrian culture further perpetuates traffic congestion in the city. The transportation prototypes will attempt to create new systems that will reduce the need for private vehicles, reversing the negative stigma associated with public transportation, and encourage a pedestrian culture.

177

NGETEM TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Ngetem is the practice of stalling in the middle of the road to pick up potential passengers. These passengers range from ordinary passengers to various actors that can benefit from being inside the angkot/mikrolet such as street artists, beggars, and hawkers. This system emerged as a response to the lack of formal stops and the demand for passengerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s convenience to hop on/off public transportation.

WAITING FOR PASSENGERS

ATTRIBUTES PROVIDES JOBS FOR KENEKS, STREET ARTISTS, BEGGARS, ETC. FREEDOM TO GO ON/OFF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION TRAFFIC JAMS ENCOURAGES THE VARIOUS ACTORS TO OCCUPY THE STREET

178

KENEK

TRAFFIC BUILD-UP STREET ARTISTS

BEGGARS

179

3-in-1 JOKI TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM The 3-in-1 road rule was imposed to reduce traffic flow in major roads during rush hour. The joki system emerged out of the demand for car drivers to pass through the 3-in-1 roads and bypass the rule.

POTENTIAL CLIENT JOKI WITH A BABY

JOKI

ATTRIBUTES PROVIDES JOBS FOR JOKI BYPASS THE 3in1 RULE PERPETUATES CAR USE ...and OTHER PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CAR USE SUCH AS TRAFFIC JAMS, AIR POLLUTION, ETC.

180

WARNING SIGN

ENTRANCE TO 3-in-1 ZONE YOUNG JOKI

181

TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Self-declared traffic controllers emerge in various traffic conditions: congestion in narrow roads, street parking areas, illegal u-turns, etc.

ILLEGAL U-TURN TRAFFIC CONTROLLER

TRAFFIC CONTROLLER

ATTRIBUTES ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY OFTEN CAUSE MORE PROBLEMS THAN SOLUTIONS PREMANISME ERRATIC MOVEMENT OF THE ACTORS

182

183

OJEK TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Ojek or motorcycle taxis is one of the most effective means of navigating the city’s traffic jams and narrow alleyways.

MAKESHIFT REST AREA

OJEK DRIVER

MOTORCYCLE

ATTRIBUTES FAST READILY AVAILABLE AGILE SAFETY CONCERNS

184

SIGNAGE

MOTORCYCLE

185

1 2 3 4

6

5

7

8

9 10 11 12 13 MAJOR TRADITIONAL PASARS TRADITIONAL PASARS KAMPUNG AREAS (2011)

500M

1 Pasar Glodok 2 Pasar Hayam Wuruk LTV 3 Pasar Baru 4 Pasar Tomang Barat 5 Pasar Tanah Abang 6 Pasar Senen 7 Pasar Jatinegara 8 Pasar Perumnas Klender 9 Pasar Cipulir 10 Pasar Kebayoran Lama 11 Pasar Kramat Jati 12 Pasar Minggu 13 Pasar Induk Kramat Jati

186

FOOD SYSTEM The main areas of food distribution for the urban majority lies in the traditional markets. It is a place where the urban majority convene and sell traditional food and crafts local to their place of origin. Proximity to these markets are a driving factor for kampung settlements. An extension of these markets are the mobile food vendors, who plays an important role in distributing food and jobs. However their seemingly disorganized and unhygienic practices, and usurpation of street space is seen as a problem that needs to be addressed. The food prototypes will expand on these existing improvisations and provide avenues for increased hygiene and creating new spaces for these vendors.

187

PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA FOOD SYSTEM These mobile food vendors have an ubiquitous presence across the city. Their name literally translates to 5 legs, referring to the person’s two legs, the cart’s two wheels, and the fifth leg for support. There is a huge demand for mobile food vendors because they provide authentic traditional street food.

CANOPY

CLEAN WATER TANK SHARED GAS TANK

ATTRIBUTES MOBILE MICRO BUSINESS PRESERVATION OF CRAFT + TRADITIONS USURPTION OF OPEN SPACE LOW HYGIENIC STANDARD IMPROPER WASTE DISPOSAL

188

FIFTH LEG

CLEAN WATER TANK BUCKETS FOR GREYWATER DISPOSAL

189

URBAN AGRICULTURE FOOD SYSTEM After the 1998 financial crisis many people turn to urban agriculture as an alternative source of income. They transform abandoned real estate and publicly owned open land into farms where they grow crops and raise livestock.

FARMER

ATTRIBUTES MICRO BUSINESS GREENING OF OPEN SPACE UNCERTAIN LAND OWNERSHIP

190

FLYOVER

CROPS

CROPS CROPS

191

URBAN LIVESTOCK FOOD SYSTEM Similar to urban agriculture, open lots are often used for urban livestock that are later used for both private and commercial purposes. The goat is particularly popular as they play an integral role in many Muslim ceremonies year round.

GOATS

ATTRIBUTES MICRO BUSINESS WASTE MANAGEMENT ISSUES ERRATIC MOVEMENT ON THE STREET LOW HYGIENIC STANDARDS

192

CHICKEN

CHICKEN

CHICKEN

CHICKEN

CHICKEN CHICKEN CHICKEN

CHICKEN

CHICKEN

193

WARUNG FOOD SYSTEM Warungs are mini markets that sell daily needs such as food, detergent, snacks, etc. They often sell things in sachets that are hung, creating a distinct experience as one wanders into it.

HUNG GOODS

DRINKS

CRACKERS

WATER

ATTRIBUTES COMPREHENSIVE RELATIVELY LOW COST LOW INCOME STIGMA

194

CANDY CIGARETTES

SOAP LIGHT BULB

TOOTHPASTE SHAMPOO

RICE

BREAD

DETERGENT

195

500M

HIGHWAY PRIMARY ROAD SECONDARY ROAD KAMPUNG AREAS (2011)

196

INFORMATION SYSTEM Jakartaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s road system can be classified into 4 categories: highways, primary roads (arteries), secondary roads (collectors), and local roads. The local roads are colloquially known as mouse paths, generally unmapped areas where only local people know how to navigate through them. But with the advent of the information revolution, Jakarta as an early adopter of smartphone and social media, new doors on how one can navigate the city are opened by utilizing these new technologies. The government enforced strict media censorship during the New Order regime. Since the Reformation there has been a continuous push by the people towards transparency. In the most recent presidential election, active and uncensored participation by the population in social media platforms was key in steering public opinion and ultimately the result of the election itself. This amount of freedom is a sign that people are ready for change. The information protoypes attempt to further democratize the dissemination of information through both digital and analog means.

197

SUPERGRAPHIC CELLULAR ADS INFORMATION SYSTEM The supergraphic ads on warungs are targeted towards the urban majority living in kampungs. It emerged out of competition between the cellular companies and the opportunity for warung’s to make extra money by providing ad space.

INDOSAT CELLULAR COMPANY

SUPERGRAPHIC ON WARUNG ATTRIBUTES AESTHETIC ADDRESSING THE URBAN MAJORITY SOURCE OF INCOME FOR WARUNG OWNERS OVER COMMERCIALIZATION AESTHETIC

198

MATCHING POT

XL CELLULAR COMPANY

SUPERGRAPHIC ON WARUNG

199

PETA JAKARTA INFORMATION SYSTEM Petajakarta is a twitter based flood response system. By tweeting @petajakarta #banjir on a smartphpone with geolocation, the response will be mapped in real time to a map that you can also access through twitter. The system emerged out of the need to increase the speed of flood response through live mapping of current conditions.

FLOOD ATTRIBUTES LIVE MAPPING OF CONDITIONS CROWDSOURCED DATA HIGHLY ACCESSIBLE CROWDSOURCED DATA

200

TWEET @petajkt #banjir

201

CAMPAIGN BANNER INFORMATION SYSTEM After the reformation in 1998 a series of government initiatives to decentralize power, such as allowing direct elections and political liberalization, sees an explosion in the number of new political parties competing for governmental power. A symptom of this explosion can be seen in the various campaign banners scattered across the city.

FLAG

ATTRIBUTES CHEAP & QUICK VISUAL POLLUTION OVER SATURATION DISPOSAL ISSUES

202

LAMP POST CAMPAIGN BANNER

FLAG

CAMPAIGN BANNER

BAMBOO POST

203

MAGHRIB INFORMATION SYSTEM As Jakarta is a predominantly Muslim city, everyday at 6 pm broadcasting mediums (such as the radio and television) must pause and honor the Maghrib prayer. This is done by pausing any on-going broadcasting activity and turn on the prayer in a synchronized manner across all mediums across the city.

TV BROADCAST

RADIO BROADCAST

ATTRIBUTES MASS INFILTRATION MULTIPLE MEDIUMS

204

MINARET

MOSQUE

205

206

APPENDIX D

prototypes

207

208

01

WATER BUS STOPS : water collection and delivery system that is integrated with the existing public transportation system, extending the water trolley system to a larger transportation network.

RAIN COLLECTING ROOF

PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE

ENTRY

TANK FILTER

REST AREA

TO BUS STATION FEEDER

BUS WATER TROLLEY BUS LANE SIDEWALK

209

210

02

BIG ROOF : shared water collecting/sharing and shading device that utilizes the existing social functions of the Mosque within kampung communities

SKYLIGHT BIG ROOF

SKYLIGHT

CONVEYANCE

ADAPTIVE COLUMN GRID WATER TANKS DISTRIBUTION AREA

MOSQUE

211

212

03

WATER TOWER : shared pump and water filtration system that forms a micro water grid for a cluster of houses

Main Water Tank

Water Pump

Water Filtration System

Personal Water Tanks

Personal Water Tanks

Pipes

Accessible Platforms

Personal Water Tanks Host Resident Ladder

213

214

04

MALL BILLBOARDS : alternative water trolley supply/depot that is provided from water filtrating systems integrated within existing billboards (or other features) within shopping malls

PIPES

WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM

EXISTING BILLBOARDS

SHOPPING MALL

WATER DEPOT

SIGNAGE BARRIER

215

216

05

COMMUNITY BATH HOUSE : connecting one, instead of every, building within kampungs to the water network to form a shared sanitation facility for that particular community

WATER COLLECTING ROOF

WATER COLLECTING ROOF

TOILETS

BATHS WATER SOURCE

TOILETS

RAIN BARREL

WASHING BASIN

BATHS

217

218

06

MOTORCYCLE DEPOT : motorcycle hubs that is integrated with the water depots that serves as both parking and a motorcycle-based water delivery system

ROOF

MOTORCYCLE PARKING

EXISTING WATER DEPOT

SHADED AREA

PLATFORM AS ROOF

219

220

07

A.W.G BILLBOARDS : atmospheric water generating billboards that serves as an alternative supplier for mobile water vendors PV PANELS

CONDENSER

GENERATOR

REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM

ACCESS

ADVERTISEMENT

WATER TANK

MOBILE WATER VENDORS

221

222

08

PEDESTRIAN FLYOVER : renting out pedestrianized areas located under the newly built flyovers for various activities to promote pedestrian activity and form new public spaces

FLYOVER

EXISTING SIDEWALK

PEDESTRIANIZED AREA

BIKE LANES

223

224

09

POP-UP SIDEWALK : sidewalk extension that is demarcated by vertical members to protect pedestrians in areas that currently lack sidewalks

EXISTING SIDEWALK

EXTENDED SIDEWALK

EXISTING ROOF BAMBOO/METAL POLE

FOOTING TARP SHADE

BRACING MEMBERS

REDUCED VEHICULAR LANES

225

226

10

MOTORCYCLE ROADBLOCK : using motorcycle parking as a way to create a roadblock as one approach ‘free zones’ within the city; an upcoming initiative to limit private vehicular access in certain parts of the city

RESTRICTED ACCESS ZONE

BUS STATION FREE PUBLIC TRANSPORT

NORMAL ACCESS ZONE

WARNING SIGN

ROADBLOCK

REDUCED VEHICULAR LANES

227

228

11

RIVER TRANSPORT : re-imagining the potential of river transport across the city that is integrated with a newly introduced waste management system

ROOF

SIGNAGE

MOTORIZED BAMBOO GETEK CILIWUNG RIVER

RIVER STOP

EXISTING SIDEWALK

229

230

12

BIKE SHARING BUS STOP : bike sharing service that is integrated with existing bus stops as a way to both promote the use of public transportation and reduce the number of private vehicles on the road

PV PANELS

EXTENSION OF ROOF

MONITOR CHARGING STATION

ELECTRIC BIKE

PUBLIC TRANSPORT

EXISTING BUS STOP

231

232

13

EXTENDED CAR FREE ZONES : extending the current car free zone initiative to other major roads across the city PLAZA SENAYAN

PEDESTRIANIZED ROAD SENTRAL SENAYAN OFFICE TOWER

TEMPORARY TENTS SENAYAN TRADE CENTER TEMPORARY STAGES

VENDORS SENAYAN CITY

233

234

14

VENDOR GARAGE : dedicating street level parking garage areas in shopping malls to street vendors in an attempt to ease the over-crowding of adjacent kampungâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s alleys

SHOPPING MALL

EXISTING PARKING STRUCTURE

SHARED SERVICE AREA

VENDOR + FOOD CART SPACE

NEW GRADUAL ENTRY

235

236

15

HDYROPONIC FACADE : hydroponic facade system that is integrated with the existing public housing (rusunawa) typology

EXISTING SKYLIGHT

WATER CATCHMENT AREA

EXISTING BALCONY SPACE

ADDITIONAL BALCONY SPACE HYDROPONIC SYSTEM

237

238

16

RUKO FOOD STALLS : dedicating the threshold of a ruko complex typology to food vendor zones with shared services with the ruko

RUKO

ROOF

TARP

FOOD CARTS

TREE AS STRUCTURE

SEATING AREA

SHARED WATER SERVICES

CART AS STRUCTURE

ENTRY TO RUKO COMPLEX

239

240

17

NOMADIC FARMING : intentionally allotting unused, speculative private and public lots for urban farming through a licensing mechanism

ACCESS TO SETTLEMENT

FENCE

FARM SHED FARM

CANAL

241

242

18

FOOD BRIDGE : intentional re-purposing of open land under elevated highways into food vendor centers complete with a drive-thru service

ELEVATED HIGHWAY

MAIN SEATING AREA VENDORS ALLEY

DRIVE THRU

FAST LANE

SLOW LANE

243

244

19

STREET CANTEEN : providing shelter and services for mobile food vendors around public schools to further integrate them with the school

PUBLIC SCHOOL

CONNECTION TO CLASSROOM

CANTEEN

SHARED SERVICES

OUTDOOR SEATING

RAMP

RAIL

ROAD

245

246

20

PETTING ZOO : re-purposing under-utilized green areas within gated complexes as grazing areas for adjacent kampung’s livestock

HOUSING COMPLEX

PLAYGROUND SHED

GRAZING AREA

REGULAR SHED TREE BARRIER

GUTTER

EXISTING SECURITY POST

HOUSING COMPLEX

247

248

21

ANGKOT WARUNG : integrating street vendors with the aging angkot transportation system

VENDORS

LIMITED SEATING

SHADE

SIGNAGE

SIDEWALK

249

250

22

WARUNG INFOGRAPHIC : using the facade of warungs as infographic for the public to see

EXISTING WARUNG

USABLE FACADE

USABLE FACADE

251

252

23

INFORMATION HUB : providing extra seating and wifi areas over existing popular food vendor areas across the city

SIGNAGE

KIOSKS

SEATING AREA

INFORMATION HUB

SIDEWALK

ENTRY

FOOD CARTS

253

254

24

OBSERVATION DECK : creating platforms on existing tall structures, such as the minaret, church bells, etc. to provide a different vantage point for viewing the city MOSQUE SPEAKERS

LARGE PLATFORM

SMALL PLATFORM MINARET LADDERS

PUBLIC STAIRS

OBSERVATION DECK ENTRY EXISTING MINARET ENTRY

255

256

25

POP-UP SCREEN : hanging plain banners as screens in which information can be projected on during traffic congestion

LAMP POST

PROJECTION SCREENS

PROJECTOR + CONTROL STATION

TRAFFIC JAM

ELECTRICITY POLE

257

258

26

PASAR REPORT : periodical governmental report that is free for the public located in key circulation areas of the Pasar (traditional markets) or other popular venues of the urban majority

TO PASAR INTERACTIVE STATION

PAMPHLET HOLDERS

VENDORS MAJOR ENTRY PAMPHLET HOLDERS

259

260

27

CLINIC LIBRARY : shared/donation library located adjacent to the community clinic or Puskesmas that also serves as waiting area for children PUSKESMAS

INDOOR READING AREA BOOK DROP-OFF AREA

CONNECTION

BOOKSHELVES

OUTDOOR PLAY AREA

261

262

28

ATRIUM FEED : analog output of a digital feed that is open for the public to continually updateto foster public engagement within shopping malls FEED DISPLAY

ELEVATOR

ATRIUM

263

264

APPENDIX E final exhibit

265

FINAL EXHIBIT

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

BIBLIOGRAPHY ARTICLES Adianto, J., S. Dikun, and T. Y Harjoko. “Spatial Contestation and Involution: A Case of the Public Transport, with Particular Reference to the Kampung Melayu, Jakarta.” Developing Country Studies 2, no.

10 (2012).

Atmodiwirdjo, P, Yatmo, Y. A. “Collective Spatial Strategies in Urban Kampung Communal Toilet”. Asian Journal of Environment Behavior Studies 3, no. 7 (2012).

Bakker, K. “Trickle Down? Private sector participation and the pro-poor water supply debate in Jakarta, Indonesia”. Geoforum 38 (2007).

Bakker, K, Kooy, M. “Splintered networks: The colonial and contemporary waters of Jakarta”. Geoforum 39 (2008).

Budiarto, L. “Magersari: the spatial-culture of kampung settlements as an urban strategy in Indonesian cities and urban housing”. World Congress on Housing: Transforming Housing Environments Through Design (2005).

Dietrich, J. “The Neoliberalisation of Poverty Treatment Policies in Jakarta, from Inequality to Injustice”.

Justice Spatiale - Spatial Justice 6 (2014).

Douglass, M. “Globalization, Mega-projects and the Environment: Urban Form and Water in Jakarta”.

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Fuller, Andy. “Writing Jakarta in Seno Gumira Ajidarma’s Kentut Kosmopolitan”. Asia Research Institute (2011).

Funo, S, Ferianto, B, Yamada, K. “Considerations on Space Formation and Transformation of Kampung Luar Batang (Jakarta)”. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering (2004).

Kooy, M. “Developing Informality: The Production of Jakarta’s Urban Waterscape”. Water Alternatives 7, no.1 (2014) Kooy, M. “Relations of Power, Networks of Water: Governing Urban Water, Spaces, and Populations in (Post) Colonial Jakarta”. The University of British Columbia 2008 Prabowo, H, Suprapto, H, Oswari, T. “Environmental Degradation and Fisherman Livelihoods in Jakarta Coastal Area”. The 12th Biennial Global Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons (2008) Sasaki, S, Araki, T, Tambunan, A. H, Prasadja, H. “Household income, living and working conditions of dumpsite wastepickers in Bantar Gebang: Toward integrated waste management inIndonesia”.

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Setiawan, B. “Kampung Kota dan Kota Kampung: Tantangan Perencanaan Kota di Indonesia”. Rapat Terbuka Majelis Guru Besar Universitas Gajah Mada (2010) Sihombing, A. “The Transformation of KAMPUNGKOTA: Symbiosys Between Kampung and Kota, a Case Study from Jakarta”. (2004).

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Sihombing, A. “Living in the Kampungs: A Firsthand Account of Experiences in Jakarta’s Kampungs”. FORUM International Journal of Postgraduate Studies Architecture, Planning and Landscape 7, no.1 (2007).

Vollmer, D, Gret-Regamy, A. “Rivers as Municipal Infrastructure: Demand for Environmental Services in Informal Settlements Along an Indonesian River”. Global Environmental Change (2013) Zhu, J. “Symmetric Development of Informal Settlements and Gated Communities: Capacity of the State”. ARI Working Paper Series no.135 (2010).

BOOKS Ajidarma, Seno Gumira. Kentut Kosmopolitan. Depok: Koekoesan, 2008.

Aravena, Alejandro. The Forces in Architecture. Shohan. ed. Tokyo: TOTO Shuppan, 2011.

Awan, Nishat, and Tatjana Schneider. Spatial Agency: Other Ways of Doing Architecture. Abingdon, Oxon England: Routledge, 2011.

Certeau, Michel De., and Steven Rendall. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

Corner, James. The Agency of Mapping: Speculation, Critique and Invention. London: Reaktion Books, 1999.

Frampton, Adam, and Clara Wong. Cities without Ground: A Hong Kong Guidebook. ORO Editions, 2012.

Gadanho, Pedro. Uneven Growth: Tactical Urbanism for Expanding Megacities. New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art, 2014.

Kaijima, Momoyo, and Junzo Kuroda. Made in Tokyo. Tokyo: Kajima Inst. Publ., 2001.

Koolhaas, Rem, et.al. Mutations. Barcelona: ACTAR, 2000.

Koolhaas, Rem. Small, Medium, Large, Extra-large: Office for Metropolitan Architecture, Rem Koolhaas, and Bruce Mau. 2d ed. New York, N.Y.: Monacelli Press, 1998.

Kusno, Abidin. After the New Order Space, Politics and Jakarta. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2014.

Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Oxford, OX, UK: Blackwell, 1991.

Low, Nicholas. Consuming Cities: The Urban Environment in the Global Economy after the Rio Declaration.

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McGuirk, Justin. Radical Cities: Across Latin America in Search of a New Architecture. New York, NY: Verso, 2014.

Neuwirth, Robert. Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, a New Urban World. New York: Routledge, 2005.

Silver, Christopher. Planning the Megacity: Jakarta in the Twentieth Century. London: Routledge, 2008.

Simone, AbdouMaliq. Jakarta, Drawing the City Near. University of Minnesota Press, 2014.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank God and my parents for their unconditional support on my pursuit of becoming an architect.

I would also like to thank my advisors Rami el Samahy, MaryLou Arscott, and Art Lubetz for continuously challenging my pre-conceived notions on architecture and pushed me beyond my comfort zone. Additionally I also want to thank Kelly Hutzell, Greg Spaw, Christina Geros, Kai Gutschow, and my fellow studio-mates for their creative support and critique throughout the project. This book is dedicated to the future generation of architects, designers, and thinkers who also have a similar passion to reshape the place Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve called home: Jakarta.

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