Peter Kao 第二節 時式 (時態) (Tenses) 用以表示時間關係的各種動詞形式叫做時式或時態。 時式共有十二種： 例：Verb “to do”: 現在 I do. 簡單式 過去 I did. 未來 I shall do. 現在 I have done. 完成式 過去 I had done. 未來 I shall have done. 現在 I am doing. 進行式 過去 I was doing. 未來 I shall be doing. 現在 I have been doing. 完成 過去 I had been doing. 進行式 未來 I shall have been doing. (1) 簡單式 (Simple Form) 1. (簡單) 現在式 (Present Tense) 2. (簡單) 過去式 (Past Tense) 3. (簡單) 未來式 (Future Tense)
A. 現在式 (Present Tense) (1) 用以表示現在的事實、狀態或動作： I am a student. (我是學生) John has two brothers. (約翰有兩個兄弟) Mr. A teaches English. (A 先生教英語) They live in Tainan. (他們住在臺南) Are you happy？ (你［們］快樂嗎？) I take this one. (我拿這一個) (2) 用以表式習慣性的動作： I go to school by bus every day. (我每天乘公共汽車上學) Mary goes to church on Sundays. (瑪麗每星期日去做禮拜) We have three meals a day. (我們一天吃三餐) I usually get up at six o’clock. (我通常在六點鐘起床)
John always speaks English. (約翰經常說英語) He seldom comes here. (他很少來此地) I write to him often. (我常常寫信給他) (write to= write a letter to) [提示] 簡單現在式用以表習慣性的動作時，常與下列副詞並用： every～ (每一～) ，always (經常，總是) usually (通常) ，often (常常，屢次) sometimes (有時)，seldom (很少)
(3) 用以敘述不變的真理、事實或格言等： The earth is round. (地球是圓的) The sun rises in the east. (日出於東) Cats catch mice. (貓捕鼠) We see with our eyes. (我們用眼睛看) Two and two make(s) four. (二加二等於四) (= Two plus two is four.) * Where there is a will, there is a way. (有志者事竟成) (4) 用於以 here 或 there 起首的感嘆句； Here it′is ！ (它在這兒呢！) There she′is！ (她在那兒呢！) Here you′are！ (你要的東西在這裡。喏，給你！) Here we′are！ (我們終於到了！) Here they′come！ (他們來了！) There he′goes！ (他在那兒走著呢！他向那邊去了！) Here comes our′teacher！ (老師來了！) * There goes the′bell！ (鈴響了) * [提示] Here, there +人稱代名詞 + 動詞 + ！ Here, there +動詞 + 名詞 + ！ (5) 用以代替未來式： come, go, start (出發) , leave (離開)等動詞和表未來時間的副詞連用時， 用現在式代替未來式。 Do you come tomorrow？ (你明天來不來？) I start [or leave] tomorrow evening. (我明晚動身) Tomorrow is (= will be) Sunday. (明天是星期日) [口語]
在表示時間或條件的副詞子句(when～, if～)中，用現在式代替未來式。 He will visit you when he comes to Taipei. (他來臺北時會來拜訪你) If it is fine tomorrow, he will come. (假如明天天氣好，他就會來) ［誤］If it will be fine tomorrow, he will come. (6) 用以代替現在完成式： I hear (= have heard) that he is ill. (聽說他病了) I forget (= have forgotten) his name. (我忘了他的名字) ●應注意事項● ▲主詞和動詞的人稱與數必須一致。 1. Verb “to be”： Affirmative (肯定) Negative (否定) 單 I am (= I’m) I am not (= I’m not) = You’re not You are (= You’re) You are not = You aren’t He is (= He’s) = He’s not He is not She is (= She’s) = He isn’t = She’s not It is (= It’s) She is not 數 = She isn’t = It’s not It is not = It isn’t 複 We are (= We’re) = We’re not We are not = We aren’t = You’re not You are (= You’re) You are not = You aren’t = They’re not They are (= They’re) They are not
= They aren’t
數
Interrogative (疑問) Negative Interrogative(否定疑問) Am I？ Am I not？ * (= Aren’t I？) 單 Are you？ Are you not？ (= Aren’t you？) Is he？ Is he not？ (= Isn’t he？) Is she？ Is she not？ (= Isn’t she？) Is it？ Is it not？ (= Isn’t it？) 數 複 Are we？ Are you？ 數 Are they？
Are we not？ (= Aren’t we？) Are you not？ (= Aren’t you？) Are they not？ (= Aren’t they？)
I am the tallest in the class. (我是班裡個子最高的) He and I are classmates. (他和我是同學) My brother is an officer. (我哥哥是一個軍官) One of these books is mine. (這些書中有一本是我的) The books on the desk are yours. (書桌上的書是你的) One plus two is three. (一加二等於三) You are a Chinese. (你是中國人) You are not an American. (你不是中國人) Are you Japanese？ (你們是日本人嗎？) We are not Japanese. (我們不是日本人) Is he not a student？ (他不是學生嗎？) = Isn’t he a student？ Are they not Americans？ (他們不是美國人嗎？) = Aren’t they Americans？
［句型］ Verb “to be” I am [I’m] You are [You’re] He is [He’s] She is [She’s] It is [It’s] We are [We’re] You are [You’re] They are [They’re] Am I Are you Is he
Complement (補語) a student [teacher]. an American. (not) happy [hungry]. here [there]. students [teachers]. (not) Chinese [Japanese]. Americans. a teacher？ (not) happy？ here？
There is (有) ( Here is 這裡有 ) + 單數主詞 (或不可數主詞) 2. There are (有) ( Here are 這裡有 ) + 複數名詞 There is an university in the city. (本市有一所大學) There are two colleges here. (此地有兩個學院) There is not (= isn’t) much water left. (剩下的水不多) There are not (= aren’t) many people present. (出席的人不多) Is there any book？ (有什麼書嗎？) Are there any books？ (有什麼書嗎？) Are there some books？ (有一些書嗎？) Here is the book. (書在這裏) Here are some pictures. (這裏有一些圖畫)
［句型］ There is There are
+ 單數主詞 (或不可數主詞) + 複數主詞 a book on the desk. There is some money here. (There’s) a lot of gold there. not much time [hope]. a little wine [coffee]. no book [water]. (not) two bottles of wine. some students there. There are a lot of children here. not many people present. a few sheep in the picture. very few flowers there. no books. a pen on the table？ Is there any water left？ much hope？ any letters for me today？ Are there many mice in the house？ 3. Verb “to have”： 單數‧複數
第三人稱單數
I, We He You, You have She has They It I have a sister. (我有一個姐姐[妹妹]) [表所有] John has two sisters. (約翰有兩個姊妹) The Huangs have a car. (黃家有一部汽車) April has thirty days. (四月有三十天) Have you a watch？ (你有錶嗎？) [疑問] (= Do you have a watch？ [美]) Haven’t you a watch？ (你沒有錶嗎？) [否定疑問] (= Don’t you have a watch？ [美]) I have not (= I haven’t or I’ve not) a watch. [否定] 第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱
(= I do not have a watch. [美]) (我沒有錶) Has he any brother(s)？ (他有兄弟嗎？) [疑問] (= Does he have any brother(s)？ [美]) Hasn’t he any brother(s)？ (他沒有兄弟嗎？) [疑問] (= Doesn’t he have any brother(s)？ [美]) He has not (= hasn’t) any brother(s). (他沒有兄弟) [否定] (= He does not have any brother(s). [美]) Does he have a holiday on Saturday？ [表習慣] (星期六他放假嗎？) [英‧美] He does not often have a cold. (他不常感冒) [英‧美] Do you have to finish it today？ [表義務] (今天你必須完成它嗎？) [美] You do not have to come every day. (你不必天天來) [英‧美] ［句型］ Object (受詞) have ‧ has I have [I’ve] a car. We have [We’ve] two brothers. You have [You’ve] some friends. He has some paper. She has a lot of books. They have [They’ve] a lot of money. Have you [Do you have] a dictionary？ Have they [Do they have] any sister (s)？ Haven’t you [Don’t you have] many books？ Hasn’t she [Doesn’t she have] much money？ I have not [haven’t] a car. We do not have any paper. He has not [hasn’t] many books. She does not have much money.
4.
第三人稱單數主詞 + 現在式動詞 ～ es
～s
I speak Chinese and he speaks Japanese. (我說中國化而他說日語) They say he loves her. (他們說他愛他) She says the hen lays an egg every day. (她說這隻母雞每天生一個蛋) ［句型］ 主
詞
I We You They These boys My friends The Greens Mr. and Mrs. A
John [He] Mary [She] Her brother
School [It]
現在式動詞 like it. know him. want to do it. swim well. study English every day. usually get up early. go there often. seldom come here. likes it. knows him. wants to do it. swims well. studies hard. always speaks English. never gets up early. often comes to see us. sometimes goes by bus. begins at eight o’clock. ◇現在式動詞～s,～es 的形成◇
「字尾 s, x, ch, sh + es」： pass (通過) → passes [-ɪz] fix (安排，修理) → fixes [-ɪz] teach (教) → teaches [-ɪz] wish (希望) → wishes [-ɪz] 「子音 + y → i + es」： try (試) → tries [-z] study (學習) → studies [-z] ［提示］「母音 + y + s」： plays [-z] (遊玩) lays [-z] (置，產卵) 「字尾 o + es」
go (去) → goes [-z] do (做) → does [-z] 其餘動詞字尾 + s： Know (知) → knows [-z] get (得) → gets [-s]
◇現在式 -s, -es 的發音◇ 在 [k] [p] [f] 等無聲子音之後要讀 [s]： speaks [spiks] (說) helps [hɛlps] (幫助) laughs [lɑfs] (笑) wants [wɑnts] (欲) 在母音和 [l] [m] [n] [g] [b] [v] …..等有聲子音之後要讀 [z]： goes [goz] (去) buys [baɪz] (買) comes [kʌmz] (來) tells [tɛlz] (告訴) lives [lɪvz] (住) ends [ɛndz] (結束) [s] [z] [ʃ] [tʃ] [dʒ] + es 時，讀 [ɪz]： dresses [′drɛsɪz] (穿衣) rises [′raɪzɪz] (升) washes [′wɑʃɪz] (洗) catches [′kætʃɪz] (捕) judges [′dʒʌdʒɪz] (判斷) 子音 + y → ies 時，讀[z] studies [′stʌdɪz] (學習) flies [flaɪz] (飛) 應注意的特殊例： say [se] → says [sɛz] do [du] → does [dʌz]
5.
do not (= don’t) does not (= doesn’t)
+原式 = 現在式否定句
We live in Taiwan. (我們住在臺灣) We do not (= don’t) live in Japan. (我們不住在日本) He teaches English. (他教英語) He does not (=doesn’t) teach French. (他不教法語) The house belongs to me. (這房子是我的) It does not belong to him. (這不是他的)
［句型] 主
詞
I We You They My friends The children Tom [He] Betty [She] The dog [It]
not
do does
原 式
like it. know her. do not teach English. (don’t) have a car. play tennis. get up early. does not live here. (doesn’t) go there often. come every day.
6. Do Does
+ 主詞 + 原式 + ……? ＝現在式疑問句
You like it. (你喜歡它) Do you like it？ (你喜歡它嗎?) He knows it. (他知道這個) Does he know it？ (他知道這個嗎?) They do not (＝don’t) know him. (他們不認識他) Do they not (＝Don’t they) know him? (他們不認識他嗎?) He does not (＝doesn’t) do it. (他不做這個) Does he not (＝Doesn’t he) do it? (他不做這個嗎?) 【句型】 Do, Does (現在式) Do Don’t Does Doesn’t
主詞 I we you they he she it
原式 like to go? know Japanese? live in Taipei? go there often? often see him? study hard at home? have a bicycle?
習題 29 (一)Choose the correct word(選擇正確的字) 1. Mary and I (am, is, are) cousins. 2. I, who (am, is, are) his friends, should help him. 3. My feet (is, are) clean and yours (is, are) dirty. 4. Who(is, are) those women? 5. Where (is, are) your house? 6. How much (is, are) ten plus two minus five? 7. One of his brothers (is, are) very tall. 8. Most of the clerks in that office (is, are) Chinese. 9. The Japanese sitting over there (is, are) John’s friends. 10. A number of students (is, are) absent. 11. The number of the workers (is, are) never under 1,200. 12. Somebody (is, are) in the room. 13. My family (is, are) all well. 14. Iron (is, are, was) heavier than wood. 15. There (is, are, have) twelve months in a year. 16. There (is, are, have) some mice in the house. 17. (Is, Are, Have) there any ink in the bottle? 18. There (is, are) nothing in it. 19. There (is, are) a lot of people in the park. 20. There (is, are) a lot of chalk in his pocket. 21. There (is, are) five pieces of chalk in the box. 22. There (is, are) plenty of time. 23. There (is, are) not much water in the lake. 24. There (is, are) no money left. 25. Here (is, are) something for you. 26. How many persons (there are, are there) in your family? 27. Mr. and Mrs. White (have, has) a new car. 28. The Browns (have, has) a large store. 29. Their father (have, has) a large store. 30. Tom does not (have, has) a car. 31. My brother (study, studys, studies) very hard. 32. John’s parents (live, lives, are live) in Tainan. 33. Bill sometimes (come, comes, coming) by bus.
34. A good student seldom (go, goes, to go) to the movies. 35. The house (belong, belongs, is belong) to Mr. Smith. 36. People (say, says) that he is very rich. 37. Nine (come, comes) after eight. 38. Here (come, comes) George. 39. Many a student (wish, wishes) to go abroad. 40. Chinese (live, lives) on rice and wheat. 41. (Do, Are) you afraid of him? 42. (Do, Are) you think he will come? 43. If it (rains, will rain), he will not come. 44. The moon (move, moves, moved) round the eatth. 45. He (do, does, is) not know my name. 46. What(do, does, are) these children want? 47. Where does Tom (work, works, to work)? 48. Nobody (like, likes, is like) to make friends with him. 49. Their house (do, does, is) not like ours. 50. What (do, does, is) it look like? (二)Put these sentences into the negative: (改為否定句) Example: I am busy. → I am not busy. 1. There are two girls in the garden. 2. John and Bill live on Park Street. 3. Mr. Wang goes to Taipei every day. 4. They have three children. (三)Change these sentences to questions: (改為問句) Ex: You are happy. → Are you happy? 1. Mary’s father is a doctor. 2. The class begins at eight o’clock. 3. The boys often play tennis. 4. John has a bicycle. (四)Pronunciation:發音(下面每題有三個字，其中有兩個字其畫橫線部分的發音 相 同，試將發音不同的那個的號碼填寫在左邊括弧內) ( ( ( ( (
Ex. (3)swims sings thinks ) 1. begs picks laughs ) 2. loves rubs drops ) 3. sees feels meets ) 4. catches rides rises ) 5. does goes knows
( ) 6. lays plays says
(五)Substitution. 換字(每個空格限填一字) 1. Mr. Brown is an English teacher. ＝Mr. Brown _____ English.. 2. Bill is not a good swimmer. ＝Bill _____ not _____ well. 3. What’s the meaning of this word? ＝What _____ this word ____? 4. We have a lot of rain in August. ＝It often _____ here in August. 5.A week has seven days. ＝____ ____ seven days. 6.Tom must work hard at school. ＝Tom ____ to work hard at school. (六)Translation:翻譯(每個空格限填一字) 1.她總是走路上學。 She always ______ to school. 2.日出於東而沒於西。 The sun _____ in ____ ____, and ____ in ____ _____. 3.一年有四季；春，夏，秋，冬。 ____ ____ four seasons in a year; _____, _____, _____ and _____. 4. 閨年二月有二十九天。 In a leap year, _____ _____ twenty-nine days. 5. 蜜味甜。 Honey _____ sweet. 6. 比爾每天晚上幾點鐘就寢。 What time _____ Bill _____ to bed every night?
B.過去式 (Past Tense) 用以表示過去的事實、動作、狀態、經驗或習慣等： Columbus discovered America in 1492. (哥倫布於 1492 年發現美洲) John went to Taichung yesterday. (約翰昨天去台中) I did not go to the movies last nigh. (昨天我沒有去看電影) What did you have for breakfast? (早餐你吃了些什麼?) I had milk and an egg. (我吃了牛奶和一個蛋) He was there a few days ago. (前幾天他在那裡) They were here last year. (去年他們在這裡) I bought this hat when I was in Taipei. (我在台北時買了這項帽子) Did you ever meet him? (你曾經見過他嗎?) I met him once. (我見過他一次) He often came to see us. (他常來看我們) He used to take a walk in the morning. (他慣常在早晨散步)
˙應 注 意 事 項˙ 1. 除 Verb “ to be”外，大多數動詞只有一種過去式。 2. Verb “to be”的過去式下： 第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱
單數
複數
I was You were He [She, It] was
We were You were They were
He was present. (他出席了) They were absent. (他們缺席) Were you there? (你 [們] 在哪裡嗎?) Were you not there? (你 [們] 沒在哪裡嗎?) (＝Weren’t you there?) I was not (＝ wasn’t) there. (我沒在那裡) We were not (＝ wasn’t) there. (我們沒在那裡)
She said, “I am happy.” (她說，「我是快樂的」) She said (that) she was happy. (她說她快樂)
【句型】 was，were I John [He] Mary [She] was The cat [It] We [You, They] were Was he [she, I] Were you [we, they]
Complement(補語) happy [hungry].(?) present [absent].(?) (not) tired [surprised].(?) (n’t) born in Taipei. (?) here yesterday. (?) (not) at home. (?) in the garden. (?)
3. There was (有)+單數主詞或不可數主詞 There were (有)+複數主詞 There was a book on the table this morning. (今天早晨有一本書在桌子上) There were two letters for you yesterday. (昨天有兩封你的信) There was little rain last year. (去年雨量少) There were few good book. (良書少) Was there anything in the box? (盒子裡有什麼東西嗎?) There was not (＝wasn’t) anything in it. (＝There was nothing in it.) (裡面什麼都沒有) 4. 過去式常和表過去時間的下列副詞並用： ～ago(~前)----five minutes ago (五分鐘前), an hour ago (一小時前), a few days ago (目前，幾天前) (＝the other day), two weeks ago(兩星期前), three months ago(三個 月前), four years ago (四年前) last～(上一~)----last night(昨夜),last week(上星期),last Sunday(上星期日),last month(上一個月), last year (去年), last summer (去年夏天), last September(去年九 月) yesterday (昨天), yesterday morning (昨天早晨), yesterday afternoon(昨天下 午),yesterday evening(昨晚), the day before yesterday(前天) this morning (今晨), just now (剛才)
【句型】 主詞
I We You He She They
The sun It
過去式 walked to school played tennis wrote a letter read a book bought it swam in the river studied algebra went there came here heard that saw him met her ate an egg had coffee shone brightly rained hard
表過去時間副詞 yesterday morning. yesterday afternoon. yesterday. last night. last week. last Sunday. last year. two years ago. three months ago. an hour ago. a few days ago. the other day. this morning. just now. yesterday. last night.
did not + 原式＝過去式否定句
5.
I saw him. (我看見了他) I did not see him.(我沒有看見他) He did it. (他做了這個) He did not do it. (他沒有做這個) We had to buy it. (我們不得不買它) We did not have to buy it. (我們不必買它的) 【句型】 主詞
did not
原式
I We You He She It They
did not (didn’t)
go. come. do it. say that. see him. meet her. write a letter. read a book. study Japanese. buy them. eat an egg. have to do it.
6. Did +主詞+原式 …… ? ＝ 過去式疑問句
He went fishing. (他去釣魚) Did he go fishing? (他去釣魚嗎?) They studied algebra. (他們學過代數) Did they study algebra? (他們學過代數嗎?) You did not know that. (你不知道那個) Did you not know that? (你不知道那個嗎?) = Didn’t you know that? 【句型】 Did
Did Didn’t
主詞 I we you he she it they
原式 go? come? do it? say so? see him? meet her? write a letter? swim in the river? eat it? have tea?
－ 習題 30－ (1) Change the verbs in these sentences into the Past Tense: (將下列各句的動詞改為過去式) Ex. I like it.→ I liked it. 1. I am fond of it. 2. We are good friends. 3. Is he taller than you? 4. John has breakfast at seven o’clock. 5. He drinks a cup of milk. 6. He puts it on the table. 7. School begins at 8:00. 8. He eats lunch at school. 9. He writes to her. 10. The boys stop talking. 11. They can not read it. 12. We try our best. 13. I do my homework. 14. Do you buy anything for him? 15. What does he do? 16. She does not like to go. 17. There is something wrong. 18. They cost me ten dollars. 19. It hurts my eyes. 20. She says the hen lays an egg every day. (二)Fill in the blanks with the correct tense (present or past tense) of the verbs in parentheses：(用各題括弧內動詞正確的時式［現在式或過去式］填在空白裡) 1. John ______ (get) up at 6:20 this morning. 2. He ______ (get) up early every morning. 3. Mary _____ (study) English every day. 4. She _____ (study) English last year. 5. Yesterday _______ (be) Tuesday. 6. Betty ______ (go) to school by bus yesterday morning. 7. She ______ (go) to church every Sunday. 8. Where _____ you ______ (go) last Sunday？ 9. Last week they ______ (come) to see me every day.
10. Helen _______ (stay) at home yesterday. 11. She _______ not _______ (come) to school because she was sick. 12. Tom _______ (read) an interesting book last night. 13. He ______ (forget) to bring it to me last time. 14. We _______ (live) in Taipei from 1955 to 1960. 15. My brother _____ (be) born in 1950. 16. How old _______ (be) you when you came to this city？ 17. ______ you ______ (tell) him about it when you met him？ 18. The man put on his hat and _________ (leave) the room. 19. John hurt his legs when he ______ (fall). 20. The plane _______ (take) off about half an hour ago. 21. I _______ (see) him the other day. 22. We _______ (hear) with our ears. 23. We ________ (have) a lot of rain last month. 24. We usually ______ (have) a lot of rain in summer. 25. The boys ________ (picnic) in the park last summer. (三)Choose the correct word：(選擇正確的字) 1. Mary and her brother (was, were, 一) at the party. 2. Were you there, John？Yes, I (am, was, did). 3. How many people (was, were) present？ 4. There (was, were) no children in the house. 5. Nobody (was, were) at home. 6. They thought the question (is, was, were) easy. 7. I (am, was, were) born in Kaohsiung (高雄). 8. We (go, went, gone) to the movies last night. 9. The car (run, ran, running) over a dog. 10. I (lose, lost, was lost) a book a few days ago. 11. Once upon a time, there (live, lives, lived) an old man in a village. 12. Who (discover, discovers, discovered) America？ 13. It (occurs, occured, occurred) two weeks ago. 14. He (plan, planed, planned) to go to Japan. 15. What time (do, did, was) the game begin？ 16. He didn’t (see, sees, saw) me. 17. Do you know who (was it, it was)？ 18. Ask him what (he bought, did he buy) for me. (四) Change the following sentences to: (a) the question form (b) the negative form.
(把下列各句改為(a)疑問句(b)否定句) Ex. You are a doctor. (a) Are you a doctor？ (b) You are not a doctor. 1. John was at home yesterday. 2. There were two pianos in the room 3. You slept well. 4. He read the letter. 5. She did it. 6. Mrs. Green made a dress for Mary. 7. They thought it was nice. 8. The Browns had a large house.
(五) Substitution:換字 (每個空格限填一字) 1. Bob arrived at the station at eight o’clock. = Bob ________ the station at eight o’clock. 2. Mr. Green went away from Taipei the day before yesterday. = Mr. Green ________ Taipei two days _______. 3. I called on Mr. Wells the other day. = I _______ Mr. Wells a ________ days _________. 4. He called me up and told me the news. = He _______ me and told me the news. 5. We came across her in the street. = We ______ her in the street by chance. 6. My uncle came back to Taiwan last week. = My uncle ________ to Taiwan ________ week ________. 7. Did you enjoy yourself？ = ________ you ________ a good time？ 8. Jack borrowed five dollars from me. = I ________ five dollars ________ Jack. 9. She looked after the children while he was away. = She __________ care ________ the children while he was away. 10. Why did you absent yourself from school？ = Why ________ you ________ from school？ (六) Translation:翻譯 (每個空格填一字)
1. 昨天晚上雨下得很大。 ______ _______ very hard _________ night. 2. 前天上課她遲到了。 She __________ late for class the day _______ ___________. 3. 今天早上你幾點鐘起床？ What time ______ you _______ up ________ morning？ 4. 他在多年以前就死了。 He ________ many years ________. 5. 他們始終保持沉默。 They ________ silent all the time. 6. 他放棄了出國的念頭。 He _______ up the idea of going abroad. 7. 我從前在傍晚散步。 I _________ to take a walk in the evening. 8. 他說他必須在就寢以前把習題做完。 He said he _________ to finish the exercise before he ________ to bed.
C. 未來式 (Future Tense) shall + 原式 = 未來式 will (一)簡單未來式 用以表示未來將發生的動作或狀態； 單 數 複 數 第一人稱
I shall 將～
第二人稱
You
He will 將～ 第三人稱 She It They
I shall (= I’ll) do it. (我將做它)
We shall 將～ You will 將～
We shall be very busy tomorrow. (明天我們將很忙) You will like it. (你［們］將會喜歡它) He will not (= won’t) come next week. (下星期他不會來) Tomorrow will be a fine day. (明天將事晴天) They will have it soon. (他們不久將會得到它) I shall be fifteen years old next month. (下個月我將是十五歲) John will be sixteen next year. (約翰明年將是十六［歲］) We shall not be able to go. (我們將不能去) She will not be there. (她將不在那裏)
［現在式］ I am here. (我在這裏) I was here. (我曾在這裏) ［過去式］ I shall be here. (我將在這裏) ［未來式］ ［現在式］ He goes there. (他去那裏) He went there. (他去了那裏) ［過去式］ He will go there. (他將去那裏) ［未來式］
［比較]
◇縮寫法 (Contractions)◇ I shall → I’ll
shall not → shan’t
I will
will not → won’t
You You’ll He will → He’ll He will not It It’ll = He’ll not They They’ll = He won’t
［句型］ shall．will ( + not)
原
式
I [We] shall (I [we]’ll) I [We] shall not (I [We]’ll not) (I [We] shan’t) You [He, They] will (You [He, They]’ll) You [He, They] will not (You [He, They]’ll not) (You[He, They] won’t)
do it. get up at 6:00. go to school. have lunch at school. come here tomorrow. be there by 2:00. go home by bus. stay at home. be 16 next year. be happy.
●未來式相等語● 1.
be going + to ～ (不定詞) = 將要，可能會，打算 ［提示］ “be going to ～” 常用以表示不久的將來可能發生的事，或表示意 向。 (a) Listen！He is going to speak. (聽！他要說話了) It is going to rain. (天要下雨了) (= It is likely to rain. I think it will rain.) (b) What are you going to buy？ (你打算買些什麼？) I am going to buy a pen. (我要買一枝鋼筆)
2.
be about + to ～ (不定詞) = 即將，就要 ［提示］ “be about to ～” 用以表示最近的將來，多用於文言。 The train is about to start. (火車就要開了) (= The train is just going to start.) The plane was about to take off. (飛機即將起飛)
3. be + to ～(不定詞) = 將，擬，應該 ［提示］ “be to ～” 用以表示將來、意向、義務、預定計劃等。 We are to have (= shall have) an examination tomorrow.
(明天我們將有考試) She is to be (= will be) here by ten o’clock. (他將於十點鐘以前到這裏) They are to meet (= will meet) at the station. (他們擬在車站見面) He is to go. (= He has to go.) (他得去) 4. “go”, “come”, “start”, “leave”等動詞語表未來時間的副詞並用時，可用現在 式或現在進行式以代替簡單未來式。 I leave here tomorrow. (我明天離開這裏) He is coming next week. (他下星期會來)
－ 習題 31－ (一)Change the verbs in these sentences into the future tense： (將下列各句的動詞改為未來式) Ex. You do it → You will do it. 1. I go to school by bus. 2. They come to Tainan by train. 3. John likes it very much. 4. We are glad to see him. 5. I am very happy. 6. Mr. Brown is forty years old. 7. Mary works in this office. 8. Betty studies hard. 9. You have a new car. 10. John has a bicycle. 11. He does not like it. 12. John and Tom do not have lunch at school. 13. There is a game at two o’clock. 14. They are not here. 15. We are not able to go. (二) Choose the correct word：(選擇正確的字) 1. I shall (am, be, to be) at home tomorrow.
2. Tom will (go, goes, going) to the movies tonight. 3. Mr. Smith will (have, has, had) a holiday on Saturday. 4. He will (no be, be not) there. 5. You (will, will be) able to get it. 6. There (won’t, won’t be) enough time. 7. I am sure you (will, will be) succeed. 8. If he doesn’t work hard, he (will, will be) fail. 9. We (shall, shall be) very happy if he comes. 10. Mary (shall, shall be, will, will be) sixteen next week. (三) Contraction：縮寫(將劃底線的兩個字縮寫成一個字) Ex. He’s very kind. 1. He will come tomorrow. 2. John will not take it. 3. I shall be there by two o’clock. 4. We shall not do it. 5. There are not any books on the table. 6. It is not mine. 7. She did not say anything. 8. Do you not like them？ (四) Substitution：換字 (每個空格限填一字) 1. It _______ rain soon. = We _______ _______ rain soon. 2. It is going to be fine tomorrow. = I think it ________ _______ fine tomorrow. 3. Mr. Wang is leaving in a few days. = Mr. Wang _______ _______ in a few days. 4. The plane is about to take off. = The plane ________ just ________ to take off. 5. The boys are to have a meeting on Monday. = The boys _______ ________ a meeting on Monday.
(二) Shall 與 Will Shall 與 Will 的用法可分為「無意志未來」與「意志未來」兩種： A. 無意志未來
單純地表示未來的動作或狀態而不含個人意志者： 人稱 一 二 三
敘 述 句
疑
I [We] shall～ 將～ You wll～ He [They]
問
句
我 Shall I [we]～？ Shall [美 Will] you～？ 你 將～ 嗎？ 他 Will he [they]～？
I shall be sixteen years old next year. (明年我將是十六歲 We shall have rain tomorrow. = It will rain tomorrow. (明天會下雨) If you work hard, you will succeed. (假如你用功，你將會成功) Shall I be in time？ (我將來得及嗎？) Yes, you will. (是的，你將來得及) No, you will not (= won’t). (不，你將來不及) Shall we get there before dark？ (我們將在天黑以前到那裏嗎？) Yes, we shall (= we’ll). (是，我們將會的) No, we shall not ( = we’ll not). (不，我們將不會的) Yes, you will. (是，你們將會的) No, you will not. (不，你們將不會的) Shall you [美 Will you ] be able to come tomorrow？ (明天你將能來嗎？) Yes, I shall. (是的，我將能來) No, I shall not. (不，我將不能來) Will he succeed？ (他會成功嗎？) Yes, he will. (是，他會) No, he won’t. (不，他不會) Will they be here？ (他們會來這裏嗎？) Yes, they will be here. (是的，他們會來這裏) No, they won’t be here. (不，他們不會來這裏) ［句型］ shall．will
主
詞
原
式
Shall
I we
Shall [Will] Will
get there before dark？ be in time？ you
he she
Will
be able to come？ succeed？ be happy？
it
rain？ be fine？ they come be here？
Will
［提示］ 無意志未來的問答形式如下： 問句 (將～？)
回答 (將～)
Shall I ～？…………………………….. You will (not) * Shall you ～？……………………….. I shall (not) Will he ～？……………………………. He will (not) 第一人稱問句只用 Shall, 不用 Will。 ［正］Shall I［we］～？ ［誤］Will I［we］～？ 在美國多以 “Will you？”代替 “Shall you？”。 在口語中常用 I’ll, We’ll, You’ll, He’ll, It’ll 等。縮寫形以代替 “I ［We］shall”, “I ［We］will”, “You ［ He, It］will”等，但加重語 氣時則不可用縮寫形。 B. 意志未來 (1)表發言者的意志 人稱 一
單
數
I will 我要～
複
數 We will 我們要～
You shall 我要你～ You shall 我要你們～ He She shall 我要他［她，它］～ They shall 我要他們～ It
二 三
I will help you. (我將幫助你；我願意幫助你) I′will carry out my plan. (我一定實行我的計劃) I′will not do such a thing. (我決不做這種事) You′shall do it. (= I will make you do it. You must do it.) (你必須做它；你得做它；我要你做它) You′shall have it tomorrow. (= I will let you have it tomorrow.) (你明天可以拿到；我明天給你) You′shall not leave. (= I will not allow you to leave.) (你不可以離去；我不許你離去) He′shall live. (= I will let him live.) (我將讓他活著，我不殺他) ［句型］ shall ‧ will I [We] will (我要～) I [We] will not You shall (我要你們～) You shall not He [She] shall (我要他～) He [She] shall not They shall (我要他們～) They shall not
原
式
do it. see him. go there. be here. come tomorrow. have it.
［提示］ 表決心、強制、諾言、禁止、許可等的 shall 和表決心的 will 須重 讀。 Will 一字原來的意思是 “願”、 “欲”，含有「意志」的觀念。Shall 原來的意思是 “應該”，含有「義務」或「必要」等觀念。 如：You shall go. (你得去；你必須去) He shall come. (他得來；他必須來) 第一人稱無意志未來，如 “I shall punish you.” (我將處罰你)也略含 有「我不得不處罰你」之意。
(2)詢問對方的意向 人稱
單
數
複
數
一
Shall I ～？
二
Will you ～？ 你願意～嗎？ Will you ～？ 你們願意～嗎？
三
你要我～嗎？ Shall we ～？ 你要我們～嗎？
he ～？ Shall she ～？ 你要他［她， Shall they ～？ 你要他們～嗎？ it ～？ 它］～嗎？
Will you go？ (你願意去嗎？請你去好嗎？) Yes, I will. (是的，我願意去) No, I will not. (不，我不要去) Shall I read it？ (你要我讀它嗎？我來讀它好嗎？) Please do. (請) (Yes, you shall. 是的，你得讀它) No, you shall not. (不，你不可以讀它)
Shall we go home？ (我們回家好嗎？) All right. Let’s go home. (好，我們回家吧) Shall he come？ (你要來他嗎？) Yes, he shall. (是的，他得來) No, he shall not. (不，我不要他來) ［提示］ 意志未來問句，用 will 問時答 will，用 shall 問時則答 shall。 “Will you～？” (請你)與 “Would you～？” (請您～)常用以表 示請求。 Will [ or Would ] you lend me your dictionary？ (請你把字典借給我好嗎？) (= Please lend me your dictionary.) “Won’t you ～？” 常用以表示邀請。 Won’t you go？ (你不要去嗎？) Yes, I will. (我要去) (3)表句中主詞的意志 人稱
單
數
複
一
I
二
You
三
will He (要～，決～， 願意～) She
數
We You
will (要～，決～， 願意～) They
It I will do my best. (我決盡力而為) You will tell me about it, won’t you？ (你願意告訴我這件事吧？) He must go, whether he will or not. (不論他願意與否，他必須去) ［句型］ Will (要，願意，一定) I [We] will
原 do it.
式
I [We] will not You will You will not He [They] will He [They] will not
see him. study Japanese. work hard. go there. come tomorrow.
●應注意事項● 1. 第二人稱 You will 與第三人稱 He [They] will 可用以表示： 無意志的未來 主詞的意志。 They will work. ( 他們將工作 他們願意工作 ) He will not come. ( 他將不來 他不願意來 )
2. 副詞子句中的現在式 = 未來式 表示未來的時間或條件的副詞子句 (if～, when～, before～, after～, till～, as soon as～等)用現在式以代替無意志未來式。 ［正］If it rains, I shall not go. (如果下雨我就不去) ［誤］If it will rain, I shall not go. When he comes, please tell him to wait. (他來時請告訴他等一下) Please wait till I come back. (請等我回來) 3. 副詞子句動詞如用 will, 則表示意志未來。 ［比較］ If the comes, give him this book. (他來的話，請給他這本書) If he will come, we shall be very happy. (假如他願意來，我們將很高興) 4. 名詞子句動詞不可用現在式代替未來式 I don’t know when he will be back. (我不知道他什麼時候會回來) 一 when he will be back 是名詞子句，用作及物動詞 know 的受詞。 (三)Should 與 Would
Shall 的過去式 should 與 will 的過去式 would 常在過去式句中表示「過去的未 來」，其用法和 shall 與 will 的用法相似。 I think (that) we shall be late. I thought (that) we should be late. (我以為我們將會遲到) I hope (that) he will like it. I hoped (that) he would like it. (我希望他會喜歡它) He says (that) he won’t (= will not) do it. He said (that) he wouldn’t (= would not) do it. (他說他不願意做它)
［句型］ 現 在 式
shall ‧ will
I say [think, hope, know] I shall have a holiday. we shall be late. He says [thinks, hopes, knows] (that) he will come on Sunday. she will go to Japan. They tell me they won’t be here.
過
去
式
should ‧ would
I said [thought, hoped, knew] I should have a holiday. we should be late. He said [thought, hoped, knew] (that) he would come on Sunday. she would go to Japan. They told me they wouldn’t be here.
－ 習題 32 一 (一) Choose the correct word：(選擇正確的字)
1. Don’t stop me, I (shall, will) do it. 2. I am afraid I (shall, will) be late. 3. We (shall, will) have rain tonight. 4. (Shall, Will) we go for a walk？ 5. (Shall, Will) you get that for me, please？ Yes, I (shall, will). 6. Won’t you come, Bob？Yes, I (will, won’t). 7. Shall they go？Yes, they (shall, will). 8. When (shall, will) this train get to Taipei？ 9. What (shall, will) I do？ 10. What (shall, will) he do？Let him do this. 11. If you don’t hurry, you (shall, will) miss the train. 12. If you pass the examination, you (shall, will) have a bicycle. 13. My father (shall, will) buy me a watch. 14. Wait here till your father (comes, will come) back. 15. I will get up as soon as the sun (rises, will rise). 16. If you (meet, will meet) him, please tell him that I (shall, will) be glad to go. 17. If it (is, will be) fine tomorrow, my uncle (shall, will) come to see us. 18. I don’t know if it (rains, will rain) this afternoon, but if it (rains, will rain), I will go by bus. 19. Do you think (she will, will she) be here？ 20. He said he (will, would) try his best. 21. We hoped that we (should, would) arrive in time. 22. I knew that he (should, would) succeed. (二) Translation：翻譯 (每個空格填一個字) 1. 明年我將是十八歲了。 I ______ ______ eighteen next year. 2. 請你幫我一點忙好嗎？ _______ you _______ me a favor, please？ 3. 不願工作者不得吃。 One who ________ not work, _______ not eat. 4. 比爾說：「我不願意做。」他父親說：「你必須做」 “I _________ do it,” said Bill. “You _________.” said his father. 5. 約翰告訴我說湯姆將參加宴會。 John told me that Tom __________ attend the party. (三) Substitution：換字(每個空格填一個字) 1. Please open the window.
= _________ _________ open the window, please？ 2. I will not let you do it. = You __________ not do it. 3. Let him read it. = He __________ read it. 4. Do you want me to go？ = ___________ I go？ 5. Do you wish her to come at once？ = _________ ________ come at once？ 6. I hope we shall have fine weather. = I hope __________ __________ be fine.