Ethical dilemmas and decisions in criminal justice 10th edition pollock solutions manual

Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice 10th Edition Pollock Solutions Manual Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankdeal.com/dow nload/ethical-dilemmas-and-decisions-in-criminal-justice-10th-edition-pollock-solution s-manual/

CHAPTER 7 – Police Corruption and Responses CHAPTER 7 CONTENTS Economic Corruption Abuse of Authority Criminal Cops Costs of Corruption Explanations of Deviance Reducing Police Corruption Conclusion Chapter Review Study Questions Writing/Discussion Exercises Key Terms Ethical Dilemmas LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Provide examples of two types of police misconduct: economic corruption and abuse of authority.

2. Describe individual explanations of corruption and potential solutions.

3. Explain organizational explanations of corruption and potential solutions.

4. Describe societal explanations of corruption and potential solutions.

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CHAPTER SUMMARY This chapter describes some of the unethical behaviors of police officers. It is important, of course, to emphasize that the vast majority of police officers are honest and hardworking. However, the important question is, why do good officers protect bad officers? The chapter also briefly describes international examples of corruption and presents the standard explanations for police corruption.

CHAPTER OUTLINE ▪ ▪ ▪

There are two broad categories of misconduct: o Economic corruption o Abuse of authority A long list of commissions and task forces have investigated police corruption.

Fyfe and Kane identified a long list of types of misconduct: o Profit-motivated crimes o Off-duty crimes against persons o Off-duty public-order crimes o Drugs o On-duty abuse o Obstruction of justice

© 2019 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

o Administrative/failure to perform o Conduct-related probationary failures

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I. Economic Corruption LO 1: Provide examples of two types of police misconduct: economic corruption and abuse of authority.

▪ Corruption has been described as “acting on opportunities, created by one’s authority, for personal gain at the expense of the public one is authorized to serve.”

▪ Baksheesh, a euphemism for graft, is endemic in many developing countries where officials, including law enforcement officers, expect it before doing the job they are supposed to do.

▪ In 1973, the Knapp Commission used the terms grass eaters and meat eaters.

Economic corruption includes gratuities, kickbacks, overtime schemes, misuse/appropriation of departmental property, payoffs, ticket “fixing,” bribery/extortion, and theft from burglary scenes or from drug raids.

A. Gratuities ▪ Gratuities are items of value received by an individual because of his or her role or position rather than because of a personal relationship with the giver.

▪ Opposing arguments include the following: • Police are professionals, and professionals don’t take gratuities.

• Gratuities are incipient corruptors because people expect different treatment in return.

• Gratuities are an abuse of authority and create a sense of entitlement.

• Gratuities add up to substantial amounts of money and can constitute as high as 30 percent of an officer’s income.

• Gratuities can be the beginning of more serious forms of corruption.

• Gratuities are contrary to democratic ideals because they are a type of feefor-service for public functions that are already paid for through taxes.

• Gratuities create a public perception that police are corrupt.

▪ Kania argues that only when either or both the giver and taker have impure intent are gratuities wrong.

▪ The “blue discount suit” was a term that indicated how officers felt about gratuities, explaining how officers expected merchants to extend free merchandise.

B. Graft ▪ Graft refers to any exploitation of one’s role, such as accepting bribes or protection money. Graft also occurs when officers receive kickbacks from tow truck drivers, defense attorneys, or bail bond companies for recommending them.

▪ Examples range in seriousness from “cheating a little” on overtime to sophisticated schemes that utilize police powers for private gain.

Class Discussion/Activity What gratuities would you consider acceptable? Have the class do the Acceptable Gratuities exercise below. © 2019 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

What If Scenario What if you were a cop and a grateful business offered you free dry cleaning? Would you take it?

Media Tool Watch the video about civil forfeiture at this website. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mevVt5sHDNA What is civil forfeiture? How does it work? What are the good and the abusive aspects of this program? If the police were indeed abusing forfeiture, what type of economic corruption would this represent?

See Assignment 1 7

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II. Abuse of Authority ▪ Barker and Carter and Fyfe and Kane discuss police abuse of authority that can be summarized as follows: o Physical abuse—excessive force, physical harassment, and retaliatory brutality o Psychological abuse—disrespect, harassment, ridicule, excessive stops, intimidation, and deception in interrogation o Legal abuse—unlawful searches or seizures, manufacturing evidence, perjury, planting evidence, and hiding exculpatory evidence A. Professional Courtesy and Ticket Fixing ▪ Professional courtesy is the practice of not ticketing an officer who is stopped for speeding or for other driving violations.

▪ Justifications for not ticketing other officers are diverse and creative. One troubling aspect of professional courtesy for traffic offenses is that the practice has a tendency to bleed over into other forms of misconduct.

▪ The idea that officers are above the law is insidious.

▪ One step more serious than not ticketing an officer solely for preferential reasons is “fixing” a ticket that has already been written.

B. On-Duty Use of Drugs and Alcohol ▪ Elements of police work (especially undercover work) that lead to drug use include • exposure to a criminal element, • relative freedom from supervision, and • uncontrolled availability of contraband.

▪ Police officers, as is true for many other types of employees, have been subject to drug testing.

▪ Officers have some due process rights, however, and they must be notified of the policies and procedures involved in the agency’s drug testing, have access to the findings, and have available some sort of appeal process before sanctions are taken.

▪ Alcohol use is more socially acceptable than drug use, and it has also been cited © 2019 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

as a problem.

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C. Sexual Misconduct ▪ A few police officers use their position of authority to extort sex from female citizens.

▪ The National Police Misconduct Reporting Project reported that 9.3 percent of all civilian complaints on police involved sexual misconduct, the second most common form of misconduct after excessive use of force.

▪ Kraska and Kappeler’s continuum of sexual invasion (from least to most serious) is as follows: • Viewing a victim’s photos or videos for prurient purposes • Field or custodial strip searches • Illegal detentions • Services for sex • Sexual assault ▪ Sapp’s inventory of sexual misconduct includes the following: • Nonsexual contacts that are sexually motivated (nonvalid traffic stops) • Voyeurism • Inappropriate contact with crime victims • Sexual demands of suspects or offenders ▪ Prostitutes, homeless, and minority women are extremely vulnerable to sexual extortion by police officers. The power differential makes consent extremely problematic.

Class Discussion/Activity Which category of deviant behavior would the class think is higher for cops than for the general population? Which might be lower? Have the class provide rationales for their answers.

What If Scenario What if you were a female cop and you experienced sexual harassment? Would you report it?

Where would you draw the line between not reporting a behavior and reporting it to your supervisor? If you were a male cop, how would you answer the questions?

Media Tool Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter deals with the mistreatment of women and girls throughout the world in this TED Talk. Do you agree with his reasoning? How does this impact policing? https://www.ted.com/talks/jimmy_carter_why_i_believe_the_mistreatment_of_women _is_the_number_one_human_rights_abuse?language=en

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III. Criminal Cops ▪ In the 1980s, the “Miami River Rats” committed armed robberies of drug deals, and at least one homicide.

▪ In the 1980s, the “Buddy Boys” in New York operated almost openly in a precinct rife with lesser forms of corruption. © 2019 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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In the 1990s, Michael Dowd testified that he and other officers accepted money for protecting illegal drug operations, used drugs and alcohol while on duty, robbed crime victims and drug dealers of money and drugs, and even robbed corpses of their valuables.

In the 1990s, the Rampart scandal involved a rogue anti-gang task force.

Additional scandals occurred in Indianapolis, New Orleans, Boston, and Philadelphia.

IV. Costs of Corruption ▪ The costs to communities are considerable. First, there is the cost of lost prosecutions.

▪ Many cities and police departments have also faced large judgments or agreed to large settlements.

▪ There are two ways that cities become responsible: • If the plaintiff can show a pattern and practice that led to the actions of the officer; or • Cities routinely indemnify an officer against lawsuit judgments.

▪ Chicago paid nearly $5.4 million just to settle three cases of misconduct in 2012– 2013; more than a half-billion dollars was spent to resolve police brutality cases between 2004 and 2014.

▪ Boston spent more than $36 million to resolve 2,000 legal claims and lawsuits against the police department between 2005 and 2015.

▪ New York City, in the fiscal year 2014, paid out nearly $217 million.

▪ There is no evidence to indicate lawsuits are a deterrent to errant police officers.

• The lawsuit doesn’t appear in the officers’ personnel records.

• Officers believe that city lawyers are too quick to settle “nuisance” claims.

• Lawsuits seem to be independent from the department’s own discipline system.

V. Explanations of Deviance LO 2: Describe individual explanations of corruption and potential solutions.

LO 3: Explain organizational explanations of corruption and potential solutions.

LO 4: Describe societal explanations of corruption and potential solutions.

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A. Individual Explanations ▪ The rotten-apple argument—the officer alone is deviant and it was simply a mistake to hire him or her.

▪ Deviant officers go through what Sherman called a “moral career.”

▪ Following are some rationales that police might easily use to justify unethical behavior: • The public thinks every cop is a crook, so why try to be honest?

• The money is out there; if I don’t take it, someone else will.

• I’m only taking what’s rightfully mine; if the city paid me a decent wage, I wouldn’t have to get it on my own.

• I can use it because it’s for a good cause.

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Greene, Piquero, Hickman, and Lawton found 15 characteristics were significantly related to receiving departmental disciple in the Philadelphia Police Department including the following: • Being younger • Being previously rejected for hire • Experiencing military discipline • Scoring low on some sections of academy training • Receiving academy discipline Fyfe and Kane identified correlates related to termination: • College-educated officers were less likely to be terminated.

• Women were more likely than male officers to be terminated during their probation, although male officers were more likely to be terminated for brutality and bribery.

• Black officers were also more likely to be terminated.

• People under 22 were more likely to be terminated as well as those who had prior negative employment histories, dishonorable discharges, and/or did poorly in the academy.

• Also at high risk were those with prior citizen complaints, prior criminal history, and a history of public-order offense.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an explanation for some types of police misconduct. Factors involved in developing PTSD symptoms include the following: • Witnessing the death of a law enforcement officer or viewing the body at the scene, especially when the victim was a friend or partner • Accidentally killing or wounding a bystander, especially if the victim is a child • Failing to stop a perpetrator from injuring or killing someone • Killing or wounding a child or teenager, even if the life of the officer was threatened by the person injured or killed • Viewing the body of a child victim, particularly if the officer has children (especially if the officer’s child is the same age and sex as the victim) • Interacting with grieving family members or friends of homicide victims • Feeling caught in a violent riot, especially if the officer cannot use deadly force to defend himself or herself for fear of hurting children in the mob • Viewing particularly bloody or gruesome scenes • Observing an event involving violence or murder, but not being able to intervene • Being undercover and constantly “on guard” because of the likelihood of being hurt, killed, or discovered • Being threatened by suspects who have been indicted, are being tried, or are incarcerated (Hamidi and Koga, 2014)

B. Organizational Explanations 1. Small Work Groups • Small work groups are exemplified by special units and narcotics task forces. © 2019 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

2. Perverse Incentives • As noted in an earlier chapter, organizational incentives may encourage unethical behavior. When there is pressure to achieve a goal without a corresponding message that ethical means are just as important, organizational actors are tempted to take shortcuts.

3. Organizational Culture • “Noble-cause” explanation of some types of deviance is an organizational explanation of corruption.

• Continuum of compromise is the term used to illustrate what happens to the officer. The first element is a “perceived sense of victimization,” which refers to what happens when officers enter the profession with naïve ideas about what the job will be like. Cynicism leads to distrust of the administration and the citizenry. At that point, the officer is alienated and more prone to corruption.

• The officers’ sense of entitlement can lead to corruption.

• There is a pervasive sense among rank-and-file police that administrators are not to be trusted.

• Research reveals that close supervision, especially by midlevel managers such as sergeants, reduces the use of force and incidents of misconduct by officers.

• A component of leadership was openness and referred to leaders encouraging subordinates to talk to them about ethical dilemmas.

• All research indicates that to ensure ethical employees, the organization must treat workers ethically.

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C. Societal Explanations ▪ Lax community standards over certain types of behavior (gambling, prostitution) and lack of support from prosecutors and the courts (or corruption at that stage of the system) lead to police corruption.

▪ We also ask the police to take care of social problems, such as the homeless, even if they have to step outside the law to do so.

▪ The police role as enforcer in a pluralistic society is problematic. If the police do not represent all groups, their authority is seen as oppressive.

Class Discussion/Activity Have the students rate the explanations offered for deviance from those that explain the most to the least. Students should be prepared to explain their rating system.

What If Scenario What if you were a supervisor, shift commander, or precinct captain? How would you try to be a “good” leader? Do you think you possess the personal characteristics to be a good leader?

Media Tool What is PTSD? How prevalent is it in police work? What are the main points of the video? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j00XI0I8eUA

© 2019 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

See Assignments 2 and 4

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VI.

Reducing Police Corruption ▪ There are several authors who have proposed comprehensive lists of tactics to reduce police misconduct and corruption.

▪ Metz suggested several ways in which police administrators can encourage ethical conduct among officers including the following: • Eliminate unenforceable laws • Set realistic goals and objectives for the department • Provide ethical leadership • Provide a written code of ethics • Provide a whistleblowing procedure that ensures fair treatment • Improve training in ethics • Use covert high technology surveillance A. “Rotten Apple” Responses • “Rotten apple” approaches to reducing misconduct focus on the individual officer.

1. Improving Screening • Background checks, interviews, credit checks, polygraphs, drug tests, and other screening tools are used to eliminate inappropriate individuals from the pool of potential hires.

• The most common pre-employment screening tool that is used by law enforcement agencies is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).

• The so-called Big Five (extroversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness) are reliable measures of personality and, of those, conscientiousness seems to be the most relevant to job performance.

2. Education and Training • Education has been promoted as a necessary element to improve the ethics of policing; however, education itself is certainly not a panacea.

• Various models of ethics training exist, but there is not enough data to understand the most effective approaches.

3. Integrity Testing • Integrity testing occurs when a police officer is placed in a position where he or she might be tempted to break a rule or a law and monitored to see what he or she will do.

4. Early Warning or Audit Systems • Early warning systems look at number of complaints, use-of-force reports, use-of-weapon reports, reprimands, or other indicators to identify officers.

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Intervention may include more supervision, additional training, counseling, reassignment, transfer, referral to an employee assistance program, fitness for duty evaluation, and/or dismissal.

• Walker reports that early warning systems vary in the elements they count and where they set the threshold of concern.

• These programs are only as effective as the elements that go into the triggering system and the interventions that occur after the identification of a problem.

Body Cameras • Video has been an incredibly powerful tool to support allegations of brutality and abuse of authority.

• Critics argue that misbehaving police officers could simply turn off the camera when they wanted to, although procedures in place create disincentives for officers to do so.

• The cost of the cameras and storing the unimaginable amount of video that would be collected make widespread use unfeasible.

• Invasion of privacy with such cameras is a major issue.

• Rules regarding whether and when police officers should turn off the cameras is being worked out in those jurisdictions that have purchased or are making plans to purchase them.

Public Databases of “Bad” Cops and the National Decertification Index • As a result of many people not trusting police departments to root out individuals who should not have the power and authority inherent in the position, individuals and groups have constructed databases of wrongful actions.

• Developers of such lists or databases argue that the position of police departments has always been that instances of serious wrongdoing are rare and problem officers who have a pattern of wrongdoing are rarer still.

• Such efforts to create these databases are designed to bring light to the subject of police misconduct.

• One of the problems of no national decertification consistency is that officers who have engaged in misconduct or even criminal behavior may simply move on and get another law enforcement job.

B. “Rotten Barrel” Responses 1. Internal Affairs Model, Civil Service, and Arbitration • The internal affairs model provides the mechanism whereby the department investigates and punishes the miscreant officer.

• Part of the problem with the internal discipline model is that citizens may be discouraged from reporting misconduct of police to other police; especially if the process is complicated or intimidating.

• Policy officers don’t seem to trust the internal discipline mechanisms any more than citizens do.

© 2019 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Even when internal affairs and police department administrators decide to punish an officer with a suspension or termination, arbitrators often reverse the punishment.

2. Civilian Review/Complaint Boards • A civilian review/complaint board is an outside agency or board that includes citizens and monitors and/or investigates misconduct complaints against police.

• Police still investigate and conduct disciplinary proceedings.

3. Changing the Culture • In successful change efforts, the department has reconceptualized its mission, developed measurements of what matters most, improved recruiting, changed training to emphasize human right as least as much as crime fighting, and changed the incentive and reward structure to encourage service-oriented policing as much as crime control.

• Changing the culture in a police department requires addressing elements of the subculture, for example, the blue curtain of secrecy, as well as examining whether organizational justice is perceived by officers.

4. Ethical Leadership • Attempts to cover up scandals are usually unsuccessful and, arguably, only make the situation worse when the corruption is inevitably exposed.

C. Societal Responses • It is difficult to conceive of how society can affect police corruption; however, it is possible that this is the most important part.

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D. Consent Decrees 1. Civil rights cases against police officers are rare. Prosecutors must be able to show that police officers had a clear intent to violate constitutional rights.

2. Consent decrees are mandated reforms, approved by a federal judge, with a court-appointed monitor to oversee progress.

3. The most common targets for change involve policies concerning use of force, citizen complaint procedures, in-car video use, racial profiling, data collection, early warning systems, and expanded training.

4. The major complaint that police and city officials have against DOJ investigations that end in consent decrees is that they are extremely expensive.

5. Police chiefs argue that monitoring has become a “cottage industry” with monitors’ pay sometimes running into millions of dollars with no incentive to end the supervision.

6. More recently, this adversarial and expensive process has been supplanted by collaborative reform, which is utilized when a city or

© 2019 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

police departments asks the DOJ to investigate and is willing to undergo reform.

E. Other Societal Responses 1. The Task Force on Policing was created in response to the Black Lives Matter movement and other protests.

2. A task force in Maryland issued 22 separate recommendations for legislation or policy changes.

3. The Vera Institute of Justice evaluated law changes involving policing.

4. The concern we have over the few who abuse their position should never eclipse the honor and heroism of the majority.

Class Discussion/Activity Angie’s List rates contractors, Rotten Tomatoes rates movies, Rate My Professor rates, well, you can probably guess whom. Is there something inherently wrong with rating police officers?

Where you work now, would you like to have your job performance available for all to see?

What If Scenario What if you were a supervisor responsible for reducing deviant behavior and could choose only one remedy? Which approach do you think would be the most effective way of reducing deviance? Explain.

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VII. Conclusion ▪ In this chapter, the author reviewed the range of deviant behaviors in law enforcement.

▪ Reasons for law enforcement deviance can be categorized into individual explanations, organizational explanations, and societal explanations.

▪ A wide range of suggestions for combating police corruption were also examined.

Class Discussion/Activity Assume there is a strict policy against accepting gratuities. With that in mind, complete the Ethical Dilemmas exercise with the class.

KEY TERMS gratuities: Items of value received by an individual because of his or her role or position rather than because of a personal relationship with the giver. graft: The exploitation of one’s role, such as accepting bribes, protection money, or kickbacks. rotten-apple argument: The proposition that the officer alone is deviant and that it was simply a mistake to hire him or her.

© 2019 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

integrity testing: “Sting” operations to test whether police officers will make honest choices. internal affairs model: A review procedure in which police investigators receive and investigate complaints and resolve the investigations internally. civilian review/complaint board: An outside agency or board that includes citizens and monitors and/or investigates misconduct complaints against police.

ETHICAL DILEMMAS Situation 1 You are a rookie police officer on your first patrol. The older, experienced officer tells you that the restaurant on the corner likes to have you guys around, so it gives free meals.

Your partner orders steak, potatoes, and all the trimmings. What are you going to do?

What if it were just coffee at a convenience store? What if the owner refused to take your money at the cash register?

Example of Analysis: Moral Judgment: Depends on the department’s rule book (often rule books specifically exclude coffee from prohibition).

The analysis will assume there is a policy prohibiting gratuities.

Moral Rules:

Follow the law (and rules of one’s organization).

Don’t use people or one’s profession for inappropriate personal gain.

Don’t take something for nothing.

Ethical system: Ethical formalism would base the decision on duty. One’s duty is to follow the rules. Also, the second part of the categorical imperative states, treat each person as a means and not as an end. The moral rules are consistent with ethical formalism.

Utilitarianism would also condemn the practice of ignoring organizational rules. Even though it might result in a net utility for the officers and for the business owners, the department suffers from the hypocrisy and the community suffers from (perhaps) unequal patrol coverage and a lowered perception of police.

The situation is complex because it seems so innocuous and the officer who refuses to take gratuities looks like a jerk. Officers might deal with the situation in various ways— some leave a tip equal to the price of the meal; some send the money to the restaurant after the fact. Dealing with the partner is a different problem: some officers take their lunch with them to avoid the situation; some make it clear before the situation that they don’t accept free lunches and deal with the partner’s reaction. Classroom discussions are most interesting when there are police officers and restaurant workers in the same class.

In this situation, each is able to hear the other’s perspective in the neutral setting.

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Situation 2 There is an officer in your division known as a “rat” because he testified against his partner in a criminal trial and a civil suit. The partner evidently hit a handcuffed suspect in the head several times in anger, and the man sustained brain injuries and is now a paraplegic. Although none of the officers you know supports the excessive use of force, they are also appalled that this officer did not back up his partner’s testimony that the suspect continued to struggle, to justify his use of force. After all, punishing the officer wasn’t going to make the victim any better. Now no one will ride with this guy, and no one responds to his calls for backup. There have been incidents such as a dead rat being placed in his locker, and the extra uniform in his locker was set on fire.

One day you are parking your car and see your buddies in the employee parking lot moving away from his car; they admit they just slashed his tires. Each officer is being called into the captain’s office to state whether he or she knows anything about this latest incident. Your turn is coming. What are you going to do?

Situation 3 Officers in your squad are a great bunch but there are a couple who have a habit of telling racist jokes. You have ignored them up to this point because you don’t want to stand out and no one else seems to care, but they joke in front of citizens and you are afraid someone is going to file a complaint. One night you and your partner are eating dinner with these two and they start joking about the African American waitress, using derogatory language. They are loud and you are afraid that she or others in the diner are going to hear them. What should you do? What do you think will happen if you speak up?

Situation 4 You are a police officer testifying in a drug case. You have already testified that you engaged in a buy-bust operation, and the defendant was identified by an undercover officer as the one who sold him a small quantity of drugs. You testified that you chased the suspect down an alley and apprehended him. Immediately before you caught up with him, he threw down several glassine envelopes filled with what turned out to be cocaine. The prosecutor finished his direct examination, and now the defense attorney has begun cross-examining you. He asked if you had the suspect in your sight the entire time between when you identified him as the one who sold to the undercover officer and when you put the handcuffs on him. Your arrest report didn’t mention it, but for a couple of seconds you slipped as you went around the corner of the alley and fell. During that short time, the suspect had proceeded a considerable distance down the alley.

You do not think there was anyone else around, and you are as sure as you possibly can be that it was your suspect who dropped the bags, but you know that if you testify to this incident truthfully, the defense attorney might be able to argue successfully that the bags were not dropped by the suspect and get him acquitted of the much more serious charge of possession with intent to distribute. What should © 2019 Cengage. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

you do?

Situation 5 You (a female police officer) have been working in a small-town police department for about six months. A fellow police officer persists in making comments about how pretty you are, how you don’t look like a police officer, how you shouldn’t be dealing with the “garbage” out on the streets, and so on. He has asked you out more than a dozen times even though you have told him every time that you are not interested and that you want him to stop asking you out and to stop making comments.

Although he hasn’t made any derogatory or offensive comments, his constant attention is beginning to make you not want to go to work. You have a romantic partner, and you are not interested in your fellow officer. You have mentioned it to your FTO, who is a sort of father figure, but he likes the guy and tells you to ignore him. You want to file a sexual harassment charge against him but hesitate because, although you do feel harassed, you don’t feel especially threatened; further, you know that you would encounter negative reactions from the other officers in the department. What should you do?

CLASSROOM ASSIGNMENTS 1. Have students do a little informal research on local policies regarding gratuities. (LO 1) 2. Have students describe in a one-minute paper the individual explanations of corruption and then discuss potential solutions. (LO 2) 3. Have students describe in a one-minute paper the organizational explanations of corruption and discuss potential solutions. (LO 3) 4. Watch the movie Serpico and discuss the causes of corruption displayed in the movie and consider how such a situation can be prevented. (LO 1–4) EXERCISE Acceptable Gratuities?

Indicate which of the following—if offered freely with no apparent exchange expected— are ethically acceptable. Then compare your answers with others. free coffee free gum or candy half-price meal free meal free dry cleaning free admission to clubs free lottery tickets expensive merchandise any of the above to department

only on duty only on duty only on duty only on duty only for uniform n/a only on duty only on duty

on or off duty on or off duty on or off duty on or off duty unrestricted off duty on or off duty on or off duty

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as a whole If you decided that free coffee, meals, and other items are acceptable because they don’t cost much, how do you explain the fact that, over time, the cost of the coffee or meals consumed by police officers would equal that of the more expensive items?

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