Life in the universe 4th edition bennett test bank

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Life in the Universe, 4e (Bennett) Chapter 6 The Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth 1) Why have studies of the geological record not enabled us to determine how life on Earth originated?

A) the first living organisms would have left absolutely no trace of their existence B) life was planted on the Earth by an advanced civilization so there is no evidence in the geological record to find C) the geological record does not extend back to the time that life originated D) the oldest rocks are too deep inside the Earth for us to retrieve Answer: C 2) Which approach is currently proving to be the most promising way of determining how life on Earth originated?

A) studies of Martian meteorites B) studies of organisms living around deep-sea ocean vents C) studies of the fossil record D) laboratory simulations of conditions present on the early Earth Answer: D 3) The first life to originate on Earth must be A) at least as old as the oldest fossils B) exactly the same age as the oldest fossils C) younger than the oldest fossils D) much older than the oldest fossils Answer: A 4) If a fossil were to be discovered which was 3.7 billion years old this would tell us that life on Earth must have arisen A) exactly 3.7 billion years ago B) at least 3.7 billion years ago C) less than 3.7 billion years ago D) much later than 3.7 billion years ago Answer: B 5) Stromatolites are A) fossils of the first organisms to introduce oxygen into the atmosphere B) fossils of the first multicellular organisms C) layers of sediment that once contained colonies of ancient microbes D) fossils of the first eukaryotes Answer: C

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6) Stromatolites date back to approximately A) 4.6 billion years ago B) 3.5 billion years ago C) 3.85 billion years ago D) 4.0 billion years ago Answer: B 7) Modern day living stromatolites which resemble ancient stromatolites very closely have been found in A) the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico B) South West Greenland C) Western Australia D) Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. Answer: C 8) Microfossils are A) fossilized microbes B) the remains of very small dinosaurs C) the remains of the very first multicellular organisms D) the remains of the tiny organisms which were first to colonize onto land Answer: A 9) Why is the claim of the discovery of microfossils controversial?

A) they are found in rocks from the Hadean Eon B) it is not clear whether they are of biological or mineral origin C) the rocks they are found in are probably contaminated by terrestrial bacteria D) they are too small to be of biological origin Answer: B 10) Currently, the strongest evidence for microfossils dates to approximately A) 4.0 billion years ago B) 3.5 billion years ago C) 3.4 billion years ago D) 3.9 billion years ago Answer: C 11) Microfossils found in northwestern Australia in 2011 appears to have used compounds based on which element for metabolism?

A) sulfur B) oxygen C) nitrogen D) carbon Answer: A

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12) Microfossils found in northwestern Australia in 2011 appear to have been A) photoheterotrophs B) chemoheterotrophs C) photoautotrophs D) chemoautotrophs Answer: C 13) Microfossil evidence suggests that life A) originated when the Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago B) originated about 3.4 billion years ago C) existed 3.85 billion years ago D) existed and was well established by 3.4 to 3.5 billion years ago Answer: D 14) Why can studies of carbon isotopes be used to detect the presence of past biological activity in rocks?

A) living organisms absorb only the most common carbon isotope B) living organisms remove all carbon from rocks C) living organisms absorb certain carbon isotopes more easily than others D) carbon isotopes are found only in living organisms Answer: C 15) A sample of an ancient sedimentary rock contains slightly less of the isotope carbon-13 than found in inorganic material. One possible explanation for this is that A) it was a meteorite that fell from the sky B) some kind of radioactive decay occurred in it in the past C) it used to be at the bottom of an ancient ocean D) some kind of biological activity occurred in it in the past Answer: D 16) Carbon isotope evidence from rocks found on an island off the coast of Greenland, although controversial, suggests that life may have A) existed and was well established by3.4 to 3.5 billion years ago B) originated about 3.4 billion years ago C) existed 3.85 billion years ago D) originated when the Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago Answer: C 17) The rocks found in Greenland with carbon isotope ratios suggestive of life are A) igneous B) sedimentary C) metamorphic D) a mixture of sedimentary and metamorphic Answer: B

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18) Current geological evidence suggests that life A) took billions of years to appear B) appeared as soon as the Earth formed C) appeared quite early in Earth's history D) appeared relatively recently in Earth's history Answer: C 19) Where in the "Tree of Life" will current organisms be located that are most closely related to the common ancestor of all life on Earth?

A) at the branch between animals and plants B) very close to the root C) at the branch between Archaea and Eukarya D) very far from the root Answer: B 20) Organisms close to each other on the "Tree of Life" A) are genetically very different B) look very similar to the eye C) are genetically identical D) are genetically very similar Answer: D 21) Organisms far from each other on the "Tree of Life" A) are genetically very similar B) are genetically very different C) look very similar to the eye D) are genetically identical Answer: B 22) As life on Earth evolved, its DNA A) changed gradually into RNA B) stayed the same C) became gradually less complex D) became gradually more complex Answer: D 23) Life probably did not originate on the land surface because A) impacts would have destroyed any life that appeared B) water was not plentiful on land C) there was no ozone layer to shield out harmful UV rays D) organic materials were not present on the land Answer: C

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24) In the 19th century, Charles Darwin suggested that life may have originated A) in shallow ponds on land B) deep beneath the oceans C) beneath the surface of the Earth D) in the atmosphere Answer: A 25) Current evidence suggests that life on Earth A) originated in shallow ponds on land B) was delivered from elsewhere in meteorites C) was deliberately planted by an advanced civilization D) originated close to deep-sea volcanic vents or underground Answer: D 26) In order for organic molecules to have formed on the early Earth, what do we know could not have been present in the atmosphere in significant quantities?

A) oxygen (O2) B) nitrogen (N2) C) carbon dioxide (CO2) D) argon (Ar) Answer: A 27) In the original Miller—Urey experiment it was assumed that carbon and nitrogen in the early atmosphere were present as A) carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) B) carbonates (CO3-) and nitrates (NO3-) C) methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) D) carbon and nitrogen atoms Answer: C 28) In modern Miller—Urey experiments it is assumed that carbon and nitrogen in the early atmosphere were present as A) methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) B) carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) C) carbonates (CO3-) and nitrates (NO3-) D) carbon and nitrogen atoms Answer: B

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29) Under what conditions will prebiotic molecules NOT be manufactured in Miller—Urey experiments?

A) if ammonia (NH3) is present in the flask B) if methane (CH4) is present in the flask C) if oxygen (O2) is present in the flask D) if carbon dioxide (CO2) is present in the flask Answer: C 30) Which of the following was an important source of prebiotic molecules (e.g., amino acids) on the early Earth?

A) molecules produced on the surface by impacts B) molecules produced by chemical reactions near deep-sea ocean vents C) molecules transported to the surface by impacts D) all of these Answer: D 31) In 2014, when scientists used a laser to simulate the conditions generated when a large impact hits a mixture of prebiotic molecules, they were able to produce A) all 20 amino acids used in life B) all four DNA bases used in life C) complex carbohydrates D) simple proteins Answer: B 32) The transition from chemistry to biology occurred A) gradually in a number of distinct steps B) very quickly in in one single step C) very quickly in a number of distinct steps D) gradually in one single step Answer: A 33) The first self-replicating molecule was probably A) a simple carbohydrate B) DNA C) a simple protein D) RNA Answer: D 34) What is the "chicken-and-egg" type problem we face when trying to decide which came first–proteins or nucleic acids?

A) proteins and nucleic acids probably looked very different before the origin of life B) nucleic acids cannot replicate without proteins, and proteins cannot be made without nucleic acids C) early proteins and nucleic acids were very similar to each other D) proteins and nucleic acids are always present together at the same time Answer: B 6 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

35) Why do we think that RNA was probably the first self-replicating molecule?

A) it is able to replicate at high temperatures found near deep-sea ocean vents B) it is much simpler than DNA C) in laboratory studies researchers have shown that it is able to catalyze its own replication D) it is able to replicate using carbohydrates rather than proteins Answer: C 36) RNA catalysts in cells are referred to as A) enzymes B) ribozymes C) ribosomes D) chemzymes Answer: B 37) Why do we think that DNA was probably NOT the first self-replicating molecule?

A) it is able to replicate using carbohydrates rather than proteins B) it is far to complex to have been the first self-replicating molecule C) it is able to replicate at high temperatures found near deep ocean vents D) laboratory have shown that it is able to catalyze its own replication Answer: B 38) The first molecules of RNA were probably made A) on the surfaces of clays or other minerals B) deep within the earth C) in the atmosphere D) in space and then transported to the Earth in meteorites Answer: A 39) Why are clay surfaces good at promoting the formation of biological polymers?

A) they are the only types of material monomers will stick to B) they bring monomers close together, allowing them to react with each other C) they are very common on the Earth D) clays are made of biological polymers Answer: B 40) What is one reason that early life formed cells?

A) cell walls prevent heat from escaping B) cells concentrate molecules together so they react more easily C) only cells can replicate D) biological reactions can occur only within cells Answer: B

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41) What is one reason that early life formed cells?

A) only cells can replicate B) cell walls prevent heat from escaping C) cells help to protect fragile biological molecules from the outside environment D) biological reactions can occur only within cells Answer: C 42) One type of early protocell (pre-cells) probably consisted of small droplets of A) water B) clay C) concentrated amino acids D) nucleic acids Answer: C 43) One type of early protocell (pre-cells) probably consisted of small droplets of A) water B) clay C) lipids D) nucleic acids Answer: C 44) What was one reason that RNA was eventually replaced by DNA as the molecule of choice for storing genetic information?

A) the bases that make up DNA became much more common B) DNA is far more stable than RNA C) DNA can catalyze its own replication D) the double helix of DNA is better able to correct errors in replication Answer: D 45) One theory for the origin of life suggests that the earth and Life were created by some omnipotent being. This is referred to as A) panspermia B) intelligent design C) naturism D) chemical evolution Answer: B 46) One theory for the origin of life suggests that life was transported to Earth in meteorites. This is referred to as A) naturism B) intelligent design C) panspermia D) chemical evolution Answer: C

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47) Most meteorites from the inner solar system originate from A) the Moon B) Mars C) Mercury D) Venus Answer: A 48) For microbes to survive the journey in a meteorite from another solar system body to the Earth they would have to survive the A) impact that blasted the rock off of the surface of its home world B) high energy particles and radiation in space C) entry through our atmosphere D) all of these Answer: D 49) One theory for the origin of life suggests that life formed spontaneously from increasingly complex chemical reactions on the Earth. This is referred to as A) intelligent design B) naturism C) panspermia D) chemical evolution Answer: D 50) Based on current scientific evidence, the theory that has been most successful at explaining the origin of life on Earth is A) naturism B) panspermia C) intelligent design D) chemical evolution Answer: D 51) Why is the chemical evolution model preferred by scientists over other theories for the origin of life on Earth?

A) it is the theory that best fits the available data B) because we have been able to create Life in the laboratory C) because it was written down in ancient scriptures D) because the other theories have been shown to be incorrect Answer: A 52) Based on current scientific evidence, what is the likelihood that life on Earth was created by some omnipotent being?

A) very unlikely but not impossible B) impossible C) certain D) very likely Answer: A 9 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

53) Based on current scientific evidence, what is the likelihood that life on Earth was transported to Earth in meteorites?

A) impossible B) very likely C) certain D) possible Answer: D 54) Based on current scientific evidence, what is the likelihood that life on Earth formed spontaneously from increasingly complex chemical reactions?

A) very likely B) certain C) impossible D) very unlikely Answer: A 55) To date, meteorites have been identified originating from which planets and moons?

A) Mars only B) All terrestrial planets C) The Moon and Mars D) The Moon only Answer: C 56) The possibility of life being transferred from another planet like Mars largely depends on whether that life can survive A) being lasted from the parent planet B) inside the meteorite with very little water present C) long enough in space to make the journey to Earth D) the impact onto the Earth's surface Answer: C 57) If we eventually find life on Mars, we could tell if panspermia may have occurred between Mars and Earth if A) the biochemistry of Martian life is very different than life on Earth B) the biochemistry of Martian life is very similar to life on Earth C) Martian life shows evidence for natural selection D) Martian life is cellular Answer: B 58) The first living organisms probably resembled A) single-celled eukaryotes B) multicellular eukaryotes C) single-celled prokaryotes D) multicellular prokaryotes Answer: C

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59) The very first living organisms on the Earth were probably A) chemoheterotrophs B) photoautotrophs C) photoheterotrophs D) chemoautotrophs Answer: D 60) The first living organisms interacted with the atmosphere A) sexually B) symbiotically C) aerobically D) anaerobically Answer: D 61) Compared to life today the rate of diversification in early organism was probably A) exactly the same as it is today B) much slower than it is today C) much faster than it is today D) just slightly slower than it is today Answer: C 62) The first living organisms to develop photosynthesis were probably A) purple and green sulfur bacteria B) trilobites C) cyanobacteria D) stromatolites Answer: A 63) Aerobic organisms first started building up oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere around A) 4.6 billion years ago B) 3.5 billion years ago C) 4.0 billion years ago D) 2.5 billion years ago Answer: D 64) What do we mean by "The Oxygen Crisis" in relation to the evolution of life on Earth?

A) the extinction of older anaerobic life as oxygen builds up in the atmosphere B) the time period before the development of the ozone layer C) a period when evolution accelerated so rapidly that there was insufficient oxygen available D) the destruction of oxygen in the early atmosphere Answer: A

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65) The "oxygen crisis" occurred around A) 2 billion years ago B) 3.5 billion years ago C) 2.5 billion years ago D) 4 billion years ago Answer: A 66) The first eukarya appeared A) 4.6 billion years ago B) around 3.5 billion years ago C) 4.0 billion years ago D) at least 2.1 billion years ago or perhaps even earlier Answer: D 67) What is one piece of evidence that some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts within eukaryotes used to be independent prokaryotes that were incorporated into eukaryotic cells?

A) the DNA inside organelles is not made of the same four bases as the DNA in the host cells B) organelles float around independently inside eukaryotic cells C) prokaryotes are seen incorporating into cells today D) organelles are very similar to present-day bacteria, suggesting a common ancestor Answer: D 68) What is one piece of evidence that some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts within eukaryotes used to be independent prokaryotes that were incorporated into eukaryotic cells?

A) prokaryotes are seen incorporating into cells today B) organelles float around independently inside eukaryotic cells C) the DNA inside organelles is not made of the same four bases as the DNA in the host cells D) they have their own DNA and reproduce independently of the host cell Answer: D 69) The relationship between organelles and their host cells can best be described as A) viral B) sexual C) symbiotic D) parasitic Answer: C 70) All multicellular organisms are A) Bacteria B) Prokaryotes C) Archaea D) Eukarya Answer: D

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71) The first multicellular organism appears around A) 542 million years ago B) 1.2 billion years ago C) 65 million years ago D) 3.5 billion years ago Answer: B 72) Today, which organisms have the highest biomass?

A) fungi B) plants C) animals D) microbes Answer: D 73) The highest level of classification of plants and animals is a A) kingdom B) phylum C) class D) order Answer: B 74) Plants and animals belong to the phylum A) annelida B) echinodemata C) cnidaria D) chordata Answer: D 75) The Cambrian Explosion began approximately A) 2.1 billion years ago B) 542 million years ago C) 1.2 billion years ago D) 65 million years ago Answer: B 76) What happened at the start of the Cambrian Period?

A) the first oxygen-producing bacteria appeared B) the first dinosaurs appeared C) early humans first appeared D) an explosion of genetic diversity appeared, leading to the appearance of the first animals Answer: D

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77) Why do we believe the Cambrian explosion occurred so suddenly?

A) oxygen concentrations reached critical levels necessary to support more complex life B) organisms became sufficiently complex that more diversity became possible C) climate change due the end of the last snowball Earth phase D) all of these Answer: D 78) An explosion of genetic diversity similar to that which occurred during the Cambrian Period hasn't happened recently, most likely because A) evolution of life on Earth is no longer occurring B) such an explosion can occur only for simple organisms and not complex ones C) there are no more ecological niches available to allow this to happen D) of the widespread presence of efficient predators that make it much more difficult for entirely new organisms to appear Answer: D 79) The colonization of life onto land was closely tied to the A) appearance of multicellular organisms B) development of photosynthesis C) oceans being overcrowded D) development of the ozone layer Answer: D 80) The colonization of land by plants appears to have begun about A) 542 million years ago B) 360 million years ago C) 65 million years ago D) 475 million years ago Answer: D 81) One of the first large organisms to develop the means to live on land were probably A) plants B) insects C) reptiles D) mammals Answer: A 82) The first plants probably evolved from A) plankton B) algae C) corals D) seaweed Answer: B

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83) During the Carboniferous Period, A) the carbon dioxide cycle started to operate for the first time B) carbon-rich meteorites impacted the Earth C) the first carbon-based life appeared D) land was covered with dense forests with the appearance of the first insects and amphibians Answer: D 84) The Carboniferous Period began about A) 475 million years ago B) 65 million years ago C) 360 million years ago D) 542 million years ago Answer: C 85) The fossil fuel deposits we use today are the remains of organisms from which period in Earth's history?

A) The Cretaceous Period B) The Carboniferous Period C) The Cambrian Period D) The Archaean Eon Answer: B 86) Chemical reactions which remove oxygen from the atmosphere are known as A) oxidation reactions B) hydrolysis reactions C) precipitation reactions D) acid-base reactions Answer: A 87) Most likely, oxygen was first released into the atmosphere by A) the decomposition of dead organisms B) plants C) cyanobacteria D) oxidation reactions Answer: C 88) The presence of which rocks show that between 2 and 3 billion years ago the atmosphere contained less than 1% of the amount of oxygen it contains today?

A) limestone B) banded iron formations C) silicate clays D) sandstone Answer: B

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89) How long did it take for oxygen to build up in the Earth's atmosphere to its present levels?

A) at least 542 million years B) at least 360 million years C) at least 2 billion years D) at least 3.5 billion years Answer: C 90) The point in time at which oxygen started to build up in the Earth's atmosphere is referred to as the A) great oxidation event B) great oxygen crisis C) great oxygenation event D) great photosynthetic event Answer: A 91) Once oxygen started to be manufactured by cyanobacteria, why did it take so long to build up to significant levels?

A) initially most of the oxygen escaped into space B) oxidation of surface rock and ocean minerals occurred C) initially most of the oxygen produced dissolved in the oceans D) initially most of the oxygen was converted into water by reaction with hydrogen Answer: B 92) The concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere has been near or above its current value for the past A) 200 million years B) 542 million years C) 65 million years D) 360 million years Answer: A 93) If the conditions required for substantial amounts of oxygen to build up in a planetary atmosphere are quite rare, then life on other worlds A) will probably not be present B) will progress much more rapidly because there would be less oxidation C) will progress at a similar rate as that on the Earth, except that it will remain anaerobic D) may still be common but may never be able to evolve past microscopic forms Answer: D 94) Reptiles evolved from amphibians about A) 475 million years ago B) 542 million years ago C) 360 million years ago D) 245 million years ago Answer: D

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95) The most well-known impact crater in North America is A) Crater Lake in Oregon B) Meteor Crater in Arizona C) Great Crater in Iowa D) Odessa Crater in Texas Answer: B 96) What was the last geological period in Earth's history during which the dinosaurs lived?

A) The Cretaceous Period B) The Tertiary Period C) The Triassic Period D) The Carboniferous Period Answer: A 97) What was the first geological period in Earth's history after the dinosaurs became extinct?

A) The Cretaceous Period B) The Carboniferous Period C) The Tertiary Period D) The Triassic Period Answer: C 98) What is the K-T boundary?

A) a layer of dark sediment in the geological record formed at the same time humans learned to use fire B) a boundary between rocks containing the oldest life and older rocks that contained no life C) a boundary between the Earth's crust and the molten rock beneath it D) a layer of dark sediment in the geological record separating the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods of Earth's history Answer: D 99) Approximately how long ago did the dinosaurs suddenly become extinct?

A) 6 million years ago B) 65 million years ago C) 245 million years ago D) 10,000 years ago Answer: B 100) What is the most compelling piece of evidence that suggests that the dinosaurs were made extinct by the impact of an asteroid 65 million years ago?

A) a layer of sediment laid down at that time which is littered with dinosaur fossils B) dinosaur fossils are found in rock layers older than 65 million years but not younger than 65 million years C) a layer of sediment laid down at that time which is rich in the element Iridium (Ir), an element common in asteroids but less common on the Earth D) the crater from this impact can still be seen in the deserts of Arizona Answer: C 17 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

101) Impacts of large asteroids on the Earth's surface generally result in A) localized destruction close to the impact area B) the destruction of most but not all life on Earth C) the formation of Moons D) total destruction of all life on Earth Answer: B 102) Where did the asteroid that is believed responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs hit the surface of the Earth?

A) in Siberia in Russia B) in the desert in Arizona C) in the middle of the Pacific Ocean D) in the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico Answer: D 103) What is the one piece of evidence that suggests that the dinosaurs were made extinct by the impact of an asteroid 65 million years ago?

A) the crater from this impact can still be seen in the deserts of Arizona B) a layer of sediment laid down at that time contains grains of shocked quartz, solidified rock droplets, and soot from global wildfires C) a layer of sediment laid down at that time is littered with dinosaur fossils D) dinosaur fossils are found in rock layers older than 65 million years but not younger than 65 million years Answer: B 104) Dust and smoke blown up into the Earth's atmosphere from the massive impact of an asteroid 65 million years ago A) removed most of the oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere by oxidation B) rapidly escaped into space, having very little effect on the Earth's climate C) blocked sunlight, causing global temperatures to fall on the Earth and subsequently shutting down photosynthesis for up to a year D) trapped heat in the Earth's atmosphere, causing global temperatures to rise Answer: C 105) Modern mammals are descendants of A) birds that were able to survive the impact that wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago B) sea animals that colonized the land after the impact that wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago C) early mammals that lived under the ground that were able to survive the impact that helped to wipe out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago D) early mammals that killed off the dinosaurs Answer: C

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106) How many mass extinctions have occurred over the last 500 million years?

A) 5 B) 1 C) 4 D) 3 Answer: A 107) The most severe mass extinction during the past 500 million years occurred at the end of which geological period?

A) Devonian B) Triassic C) Permian D) Cretaceous Answer: C 108) The Permian extinction event was mostly likely caused by A) widespread volcanic activity in Siberia B) an asteroid impact C) the onset of a snowball Earth phase D) the reversal of the Earth's magnetic field Answer: A 109) Immediately after the Permian extinction event, the carbon dioxide and methane released by volcanism caused the Earth to A) initiate a snowball Earth phase B) start an ice age C) begin a period of intense global warming D) completely change the composition of its atmosphere Answer: C 110) Which of the following are possible causes for mass extinctions on Earth?

A) episodes of widespread volcanism B) impacts of asteroids C) snowball Earth episodes D) all of these can be responsible for mass extinctions Answer: D 111) Which of the following are possible causes for mass extinctions on Earth?

A) gamma ray bursts and supernova explosions B) episodes of widespread volcanism C) magnetic field reversals D) all of these can be responsible for mass extinctions Answer: D

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112) A small piece of debris that burns up in the atmosphere is called a A) meteor B) meteorite C) asteroid D) meteoroid Answer: A 113) Meteor add approximately what mass to the Earth each year?

A) a few tons B) millions of tons C) thousands of tons D) tens of thousands of tons Answer: D 114) A large piece of debris that only partially burns up in the atmosphere, leaving a fragment to hit the surface, is called a A) meteor B) hail stone C) meteorite D) meteoroid Answer: C 115) What was special about the Tunguska impact in Siberia on 1908?

A) the object exploded completely before it hit the ground B) the object that hit was a comet and not an asteroid C) the event had been predicted long before it happened D) the impact created the biggest impact crater seen in recorded history Answer: A 116) In 1994, fragments of the Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 were observed to collide with the planet A) Mars B) Saturn C) Jupiter D) Venus Answer: C 117) What was the approximate diameter of the object which denoted in the sky above Chelyabinsk in 2013?

A) 10 km B) 20 meters C) 1 meter D) 100 meters Answer: B

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118) Most of the injuries caused by the Chelyabinsk event in 2013 were caused by A) smoke inhalation B) UV radiation from the fireball C) glass shattered by the shock wave D) the sonic boom as the object passed through the Earth's atmosphere Answer: C 119) The probability of Earth being hit by a 10 km asteroid in the next few hundred years is A) impossible to predict B) very high C) zero D) small but not zero Answer: D 120) The probability of Earth being hit by a 10 km asteroid in the next few hundred million years is A) almost certain B) impossible to predict C) zero D) small but not zero Answer: A 121) Asteroids which could possibly collide with the Earth at some time in the future are known as A) killer asteroids B) Earth-crossing asteroids C) Armageddon asteroids D) potentially hazardous asteroids Answer: D 122) Humans A) and primates evolved from a common ancestor B) and primates evolved directly from dinosaurs C) and primates evolved directly from birds D) evolved directly from modern primates Answer: A 123) The oldest hominid so far discovered dates back to A) 540 million years ago B) 65 million years ago C) a few thousand years ago D) 6 to 7 million years ago Answer: D

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124) The earliest Homo sapiens appeared about A) 25 million years ago B) 6 to 7 million years ago C) 200,000 years ago D) 545 million years ago Answer: C 125) What is one advantage that primates have over other forms of life?

A) the ability to run fast B) extra-large brains C) the opposable thumb D) the ability to walk upright Answer: C 126) How similar are humans and chimpanzees genetically?

A) very different, having only approximately 25% of DNA sequences in common B) very similar indeed, having approximately 98% of DNA sequences in common C) fairly similar indeed, having approximately 60% of DNA sequences in common D) unique, having no DNA sequences in common Answer: B 127) The LEAST significant evolutionary changes in human beings over the past 10,000 to 40,000 years have been A) biological B) political C) technological D) cultural Answer: D 128) The "top-down" approach to creating artificial life starts A) in the laboratory with the raw ingredients of life, and seeks to reproduce life in much the same way that it presumably originated billions of years ago B) with a complex organism and then removes cells that are not absolutely necessary C) with existing organisms and genetically strips them down, then tries to rebuild them into new species D) with animal cells and attempts to clone them Answer: C 129) The "bottom-up" approach to creating artificial life starts A) with simple bacteria and attempts to add DNA sequences to them to make them more complex B) with advanced robots and attempts to make them able to reproduce C) in the laboratory with the raw ingredients of life, and seeks to reproduce life in much the same way that it presumably originated billions of years ago D) with existing organisms and genetically strips them down, then tries to rebuild them into new species Answer: C 22 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

130) What is the main potential concern regarding the creation of artificial life?

A) that they would rapidly evolve and replace existing life on Earth B) that they would be used by hostile nations to build clone armies C) that they might be the source of new diseases or toxins for which terrestrial life would have little resistance D) that they would travel on our robotic space probes and contaminate other planets Answer: C

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