1. People + Process & Technology

People, Process & Technology

By Amal Shah Faculty of Design CEPT University

Teaching Associates Chandni Chhabra, Sachi Motiwala & Shikha Mehta

IR3609 | Monsoon Semester 2020

What ?

Role in Built Environment

Practice Knowledge Techniques Resources Operation Skills Collaboration

Culture Community Context

People

Why?

Process

Technology

Relevance to Field

How ?

Influence on Projects

Meaning and Value to Design Design Ecology

Association Experience Derivation Perception

Data Transfer Accuracy Optimization Communication Efficiency Control Limits Operation

Form-Morphology Materiality

Aesthetics Function Construction What else?

Ability to understand and analyse -Comprehensive overview of factors in built environment and design.

-Influence of sub-factors in a design project.

-Deduce Decision-making in projects.

-Apply factors and sub-factors in a design process.

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People People

People in a design process People as ‘stakeholders’ in a design process Community, culture & traditions People & built environment Developing technological aids and tools Associations to technique, form & material

1. People, Process and Technology

Process Process

2. Process, Technology and People

4. People, Process and Technology

Technology

Technology as an Enabler? As a Driving Force?

3. Technology, People and Process

5.

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Technology as an Outcome?

Case Study 1 Case Study 2

Stages of a ‘Design Process’ People involved in a design process Sequencing a design process Derivational factors of a process Influence of context, culture & traditions

Technology Technology as an aid or a tool?

Technology developed by people Technology as an outcome Role of technology in shaping a design process Derived from technique, form & material 3

People

Technology

Process

People

1. People, Process and Technology 4 Prepared by the Technology Team | Faculty of Design | CEPT University

People

People? ‘the members of a particular nation, community, or ethnic group.’ ‘(of a group of people) inhabit (a place)’ ‘A person (plural people or persons) is a being that has certain capacities or attributes.’

Cognitive, emotional and social aspects associated with the built environment as well as physical effort and input in the design process.

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Process

Technology

People

Process

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Process

Process? ‘a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end.’ ‘the word ‘process’ implies a particular mode of thought as well as a particular technology or material method of production, to which it is inextricably linked.

Design Process?

Conceptual Process, Iterative Process, Space Planning Process, Design Development Process, Communication Process, Manufacturing, Fabrication Process, Production Process, Construction Process, Assembly Process, etc 7 Prepared by the Technology Team | Faculty of Design | CEPT University

Technology

Process

People

Technology

3. Technology, People and Process 8 Prepared by the Technology Team | Faculty of Design | CEPT University

Technology

Technology? ‘a manner of accomplishing a task, especially using technical processes, methods, or knowledge.’

Etymological understanding - ‘Techne’ : the science of craft . ‘Logia’ : the skill or art of the hand.

Technology evolves and advances based on human needs and an effort of enhancement of human lifestyle.

It is affected by people, society and culture.

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Week 01

People + Process & Technology

People

‘People in a design process’ Process

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People

‘People in a design process’ Process

By the user:

For the user:

For multiple users:

Processes defined by the user to resolve functional aspects

Processes defined with the idea of user-interface

Processes defined with a focus on ease of access for a larger user-group

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People

‘People in a design process as stakeholders’ Process

A member/ group/ community/ organization who is impacted by the outcome of the project/ has an interest in the project and hence plays a role in the process.

It can be from a social, ethical, economic, technical perspective with a direct or indirect influence.

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People

3D Visualizers

Community

Clients

Interior Designer

Users

Land Owner

Labourers/W orkers/ Unions

Structural Engineer

Fabricator

Draftsmen

Community

Clients

Users

Interior Designer

Project Manager

Craftspeople

Architect

Animators

Model makers

Structural Engineer

Allied Sciences Experts

Allied Industry Experts

Consultants-P erformance, Software

Manufacturer

Services Suppliers/ Consultants

Facilities Manager

Contractor

Labourers/W orkers/ Unions

Government Authorities

Accountants/ Legal /License

Vendors

Transport Managers

Structural Engineer

Manufacturer

ConsultantsLight/ Acoustic/etc.

Fabricator

Labourers/W orkers/ Unions

3D Visualizers

3D Visualizers

Process

Technology

Architect

Allied Industry Experts

Occupants & Neighbours

Craftspeople

Occupants

Users

Architect

Community

Allied Industry Experts

Contractor

ConsultantsLight/ Acoustic/etc.

Specialists Design/ Engineering

Consultants-P erformance Software

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People

Process

By the user: Processes deďŹ ned by the user to resolve functional aspects

Source: Google images

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People

Process

For the user: Processes deďŹ ned with the idea of user-interface

Source: Google images

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People

Process

For multiple users: Processes deďŹ ned with a focus on ease of access for a larger user-group

Source: Google images

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Process

Stages of a ‘Design Process’ 01

Evaluation of design

Post-process: Finishing/Outcome

Pre-process: Concept

06?

05

02

Pre-process: Design

03

During: Execution

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Process

01

Pre-process: Concept

Source: Google images

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Process

02

Pre-process: Design

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Source: Google images

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Process

03

During: Execution, Production

Kit of Parts Source : Process (Borden, 2014) Source: Google images

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Process

04

During: Construction/ Assembly

Source: Google images

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Process

05

Post-process: Finishing/ Outcome

Source: Google images

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Process

Is a process always ‘defined’?

Is there a specific sequence to these stages?

06?

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People

‘People involved in a design process’

Process

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People

People involved in the Design Process (Built Environment)

â—?

Process

Interior Designer/ Design Firm: User based design process The Ideology of the designer

Image Source: The Interior Design Advocate

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People

People involved in the Design Process (Built Environment)

â—?

Labourers/Workers: Technique based design process

Process

Skills, Knowledge, Input of manual labour, speed, consistency of quality, precision, cost, etc

Image Source: World Construction Today

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People

People involved in the Design Process (Built Environment)

â—?

Process

Craftsmen: Material based design process Skills and value, Knowledge, Input of manual labour, speed of production, consistency of quality, precision, type of production, material and cultural association, impact of interior detailing, cost, etc

Image Source: Google Images

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People

People involved in the Design Process (Built Environment)

â—?

Process

People, as users, occupants, community and society are stakeholders in the design and its process.

Implications on design process

Human Centered Design Image Source: Design Society Development

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People

People involved in the Design Process (Built Environment)

â—?

Process

Production, Manufacturing, Construction Collaborators, Workers, Skilled/ Unskilled Labourers: Can include a number of people involved in all design phases, like fabricators, contractors, industrial producers, etc.

Image Source: Google Images

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People

People involved in the Design Process (Built Environment)

● Process

Interdisciplinary Collaborators Experts/People in allied fields of aeronautics, naval, field, in applied sciences of metallurgy, mechanical and chemical engineering, biology, etc.

Including other practices may be for adding a sense of novelty in the form or material.

Image Source: Google Images

Image Courtesy: arch20, Future Systems

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People

Considerations and Decisions in the design process based on People and Technology

Process

Technology

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People

Process

Technology

Process influenced by People in terms of Culture and Context

●

Communities, Culture, Traditions and Technology

●

Traditional practices, derived patterns, forms,

●

Contextual Relevance and Response

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Input of manual labour and inclusion of skills

●

Aesthetics and Experience

●

Construction Technologies/Method of Construction

●

Materiality, Form and Association

●

Society and Human-centric design

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People

Communities, Culture, Traditions and Technology

â—?

The implications of certain ways of living, traditions, rituals of communities or people living in a particular area on aspects of the design process.

Process

Technology

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Source: Google images

Image Courtesy: Google Images

●

Tatami mats are a traditional Japanese form of proportioning.

●

Traditional Japanese concepts of Shōji, fusuma (sliding doors) Engawa (Japanese verandah) are due to the lifestyle of the people.

Source: Google images

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People

Traditional practices, Derived patterns, Forms and Construction Methods

â—?

A response to context - immediate or on a broader scale can result in a more differentiated architecture and design that hold meaning and value in the culture and as a way of living.

Process

Technology

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Image Courtesy: Azure Magazine

Jean Marie Tijbaou Cultural Center by Renzo Piano â—?

Derivation of form from culture, climate, context, materiality and technology Source: Process (Borden, 2014)

Merge of traditional and modern techniques of construction, context, culture to articulate vernacular geometry.

https://www.archdaily.com/600641/ad-classics-centre-culturel-j ean-marie-tjibaou-renzo-piano

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People

Contextual Relevance and Response â—?

Through location, Climate, local acclimated material technology the distinctiveness of Place emerges, and its sensitivities.

Process

Technology

The traditional construction practice of KathKhuni is an evolved response to the harsh climate, natural material resources, local tools and skills, seismic conditions.

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Image Courtesy: Google Images

People

Input of manual labour and inclusion of skills in the process â—?

Process

Integrating local workers/crafts people's skills, intuition and experience with materials in design construction methods in the design and assembly process can add a contextual root to the project.

Technology

Wa Shan Guesthouse integrates the handskills of traditional wooden craftsmen. Here, the knowledge of the craftsmen about traditional architecture is employed to create the layered roof to retain heat within the space below.

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Image Courtesy: Area Media

People

Materiality, Form, Association â—?

All of this relates back to the association we as the occupants form with the spaces based on its materiality, form and visual perception.

Process

Starbucks Cafe in Japan, by Kengo Kuma uses the concept of thin wood pieces weaving. Here the traditional joinery of Chidori has been improvised to accommodate four pieces in each joint.

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Image Courtesy: ArchDaily

People

People and Applied Technology in the Design Process

Integrated Design Process

Process

Technology

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People

‘ Integrate’ : bring (people or groups with particular characteristics or needs) into equal participation in or membership of a social group or institution.

Process

Integrated Design Practice A holistic approach to process design and Technology which emphasizes the unity of the process and considers the interactions between different unit operations from the outset, rather than optimising them separately.

Also known as Integrated Project Collaboration (IPC) in built environment

Technology

https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/6954-integrated-practice-in-perspective-a-new-model-for-the-archit ectural-profession

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People

Process

â—?

Importance of the duration and entry point of the external collaborators/ external practices involved.

â—?

These collaborators could be manufacturers, people/experts in allied industrial disciplines like aeronautics, nautical industry for production decisions, applied sciences like chemical engineering, biology, mechanical engineering, etc.

Technology

MacLearny Curve: The concept of making decision decisions earlier in the project increases the chance for positive outcomes and the cost of changes is minimized Courtesy: Pre-fab Architecture by Ryan E Smith

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People

Palladio designed the roof of the Basilica at the Piazza dei Signori in Vicenza (1617), as an inverted ship hull and had to bring shipbuilders from Venice to construct it.

Process

Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao would not have been possible without the local shipbuilding and steel industry as production collaborators and the technology to supplement it.

Technology

Image Courtesy: Google Images

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â—?

Project Process

â—?

Integrated Design Process

Construction Team 8.Structural Resolution 9.Construction Drawings 10.Construction/Assembly Process

Construction/ Production Collaborators Integration and Technology for Increase in efficiency, quality, time, optimization Factor of Novelty?

Applied Technology in design process . . ?

Design Team

1. Conception 2.Design Development 3. Design Model 4.Construction Drawings, Model

External Collaborators

Design Team

Production Team

5.Pre-Production Decisions 6.Propose design changes based on structure 7.Production Drawings/Model Production Process

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1.Conception Process 2.Design Development 3.Pre-Production Decisions 4.Production Drawings/Model 5.Construction Drawings, Model 6.Production Process 7.Construction /Assembly Process

Base Image Courtesy : Matt Ostanik, Buildipedia

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People

Associated Digital and Communication Technology

â—?

Process

The requirement of stakeholders to function on multiple needs of the built environment together, lead to the development of technology to support the communication of data simultaneously.

Technology

What role would an Interior Designer play in this Integrated Design Practice?

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Image Courtesy: Google Images

Integrated 3D models with complete embedded design information 46 from all collaborators. Eg - BIM (Building Information Modelling), etc.

People

Conceptual Process What is the Design Idea and Why?

●

Basic need of the design problem

●

Based on Designer’s Ideology

●

Based on consideration of the culture, available technology

●

Functional considerations of the community/category of users

●

Aesthetical considerations of the community/category of people

Process

Technology

Image Courtesy: Inclusive Design Toolkit People and Pre-process:

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People

Iterative /Prototype Process How can the Design Problem be solved and the design idea be taken ahead?

Process

â—?

Interior design ďŹ rm along with external collaborators like industrial collaborators, craftspeople, etc, if needed.

Technology

Image Courtesy: Daniela Design Studio People and Pre-process:

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People

Design Development

â—?

The development can be based on existing technology of resources.

â—?

The process can have increased input of collaborators and production stakeholders for better production considerations in the design process.

Process

Technology Image Courtesy: Process (Borden, 2014)

People and Pre-process:

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People

Design For Manufacturing (DFM), Design For Assembly(DFA) as a methodology for example would incorporate collaborators for inputs on production viability, number of parts, ease of assembly & production, transport, method and manner of assembly on-site, material potential, material optimization, etc.

Process

Technology

â—?

Arup Engineers had an integral involvement in the design process of Metropol Parasol, Spain, for the connection details for optimized rapid erection on-site.

Image Courtesy: Google Images

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People

Communication Flow, Communication Process How to communicate and represent the design output for different purposes and why Process

●

The mode of representation of design data depends on the collaborators involved, and the people involved in carrying out the execution on-site or off-site in an industry/workshop.

Image Courtesy: Google Images

Technology

Image Courtesy: Process (Borden, 2014) People and Pre-process:

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People

Pre-Production Considerations How to execute the design - Decisions on the set of people to involve for construction ●

Value, speed, efficiency, quality, cost

●

Ease of execution and ease of labour

●

Standardization

●

Impact of production process and people involved in the process on aesthetics and function of the project.

Process

Technology

Kit of Parts - Maison Tropicale by Jean prouve Image Courtesy: Process (Borden, 2014)

People and Pre-process:

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People

Process

The Beijing National Aquatics Center is a project wherein the social context determined the technical resolution in the design and assembly process.

Technology

Image Courtesy: Google Images

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2. Process, Technology and People

What are the stages of a design process?

How are different stages of Process influenced by aspects of people and of technology?

What are the common sub-factors between what affects People and what affects Process?

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