Uncertainty in Life Cycle Inventory data

Whitepaper

Addressing uncertainty in LCI data with particular emphasis on variability in upstream supply chains

By Christoph Koffler, Martin Baitz, Annette Koehler

PE INTERNATIONAL | January 2012

Content

Nomenclature .................................................................................................................... 1 1

Quantifying uncertainty in Life Cycle Inventories............................................... 2

2

Aspects of data uncertainty due to variability in supply chains .......................... 4

2.1

Influence of varying import/production country for same technology................ 5

2.2

Influence of varying technology in the same country ......................................... 7

2.3

Coefficients of variation ...................................................................................9

3

Summary ....................................................................................................... 10

Annex A - known technology and unknown country of origin ............................................... I Annex B - unknown technology and known country of origin .............................................XI

Credits Cover graphics: i-stockphoto

Nomenclature

AP

Acidification Potential

EP

Eutrophication Potential

GWP

Global Warming Potential

LCA

Life Cycle Assessment

PED

Primary Energy Demand (non-renewable)

POCP

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

1

1

Quantifying uncertainty in Life Cycle Inventories

Uncertainty in LCA can be split into two parts: •

Data uncertainty (the uncertainty of the modeled, measured, calculated, estimated data within each unit process as such).

•

But quantifying the uncertainty in the background systems (hundreds of upstream processes including mining, extraction, refining, etc.) and then performing error propagation calculation is typically neither practical nor feasible due to cost and time constraints in an

LCI model uncertainty (uncertainty in-

industrial setting. In addition, one should be

troduced in the results of a life cycle

wary of data with seemingly precise uncer-

inventory analysis due to the cumula-

tainty values to each inventory flow, as these

tive effects of model imprecision, in-

are usually best estimates rather than having

put uncertainty and data variability).

been calculated with the accuracy that those values imply.

Uncertainty in LCA is usually related to measurement errors determination of the relevant data, e.g., consumption or emission figures.

Since the ‘true’ values (especially for background data) are often unknown, it is virtually impossible to completely avoid uncertain data in LCA. These uncertainties then propagate through the model and show in the final re-

A common rule of thumb estimates that the best achievable uncertainty in LCA to be around 10%. This was supported by a 2005 Ph.D. thesis on the forecast of environmental impacts in the design of chemical equipment (Kupfer, T. Ph.D. 2005). Nevertheless, the actual degree of uncertainty can vary significantly from study to study.

sult. Small uncertainties in input data may

The overarching question that really needs to

have a large effect on the overall results, while

be answered therefore is:

others will be diminished along the way. This article addresses PE International’s recom-

can be done practically and with reasonable

How robust is my overall result when taking into account the combined data and LCI model uncertainties?

accuracy.

The effort to come up with a reasonable esti-

Quantifying the uncertainty unc ertainty of primary data points on company specific processes

mate can be significantly reduced by following

can be relatively straight forward and easy for a company to calculate using the mean

1) Understand the model structure and its

mendations for addressing the quantification of uncertainty in an LCA study, and how this

value and its standard deviation over a cercertain number of data points. points . The number of date data points and their d ate and mode of measurement should then be documented for full transparency. 1

a two-step approach:

dependencies Keep it simple at first and start by setting up your model with the values you have. Then try to develop an understanding of the most relevant aspects of your LCA model, i.e., of those life cycle phases, contributors, or data points

1

industry data is based on yearly averages with

closed for reasons of confidentiality, so most

little or no indication of the variance.

Unfortunately, this information is often not dis-

2

that have the largest impact on your result.

using that set of numbers. By repeating this

This is usually done by a contribution or ‘hot

procedure a multitude of times (10,000 runs is

spot’ analysis and a subsequent sensitivity

usually a good choice), it will produce a prob-

analysis. Both of these functions are available

ability distribution based on 10,000 individual

to GaBi users in the LCA balance sheet

results. The lower the standard deviation deviation associated with it, the more certain or ‘pr ‘prepr e-

through the Weak Point Analysis and the GaBi Analyst.

Here is an example: the contribution or ‘hot spot’ analysis of an energy-using product may show that the use phase is dominating the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, closely followed by the production of a printed circuit board and logistics. Sensitivity analyses may then show that the parameters that influence these contributors the most are the split between online and stand-by mode during use, the amount of precious metals in the circuit board, and the distance from the Asian production facility to the local distribution center.

cise’ cise’ your result is. If the upper and lower bounds as well as the probability distribution in between were chosen correctly, then the resulting mean value is also closer to the ‘real’ value, value , i.e., more ‘accurate’ than the value you get when doing a simple balance calculation based on your basic parameter settings (see below).

2) Test the robustness of your model results The next step then is to focus your efforts on estimating the level of uncertainty of each of the identified key parameters. Do some more research to establish upper and lower bounds for the relevant parameters. Theoretical min/max values, literature values, etc. can provide additional insights here. The higher the uncertainty, the larger these intervals will be. You may even be able to find data that allows for the calculation calculation of a standard ded eintervals. viation or confidence intervals

If you want to make the assessment even more robust towards any additional, unknown uncertainties, you may increase the ascerascertained intervals around your key parameters by a certain ‘safety factor’ factor ’ of, e.g., +/- 10 %, +/- 20 %, etc. If these additional uncertainties do not affect the standard deviation across the 10,000 runs, it is again an indicator of the robustness of your results.

You can then assess the combined effect of these uncertainties using the MonteMonte- Carlo simulation available in the GaBi Analyst. By defining uncertainty intervals around your key parameters, the Monte-Carlo simulation is able to produce a statistical estimate (mean value) of the end result (e.g., X kg of CO 2 equivalents) as well as its standard deviadeviation across all simulation runs. To do this, it simply draws random numbers from the defined intervals and calculates a single result 3

2

Aspects of data uncertainty due to variability in supply chains

While chapter 1 addressed data and LCI model

The analysis focuses on chemical products and

uncertainty assuming that the practitioner

their intermediate products.

has been able to select the most appropriate or ‘representative’ datasets for the product system under study, this chapter will attempt to quantify relevant aspects of variability in background data due to its technological and geographical representativeness.

As already stated in the previous chapter, +/10 % uncertainty seems to be the minimum

Disclaimer: The following analyse analys es are specific to the products and datasets available in the 2006 releases of the GaBi databases, databases , Service Pack 17.. The results cannot be generalized to 17 other products or data sources.

overall uncertainty, even if the model is set up with high quality data containing low errors.

The model’s degree of representativeness regarding supply chains and technology routes depends on the specific situation under consideration. It varies due to specific supplier companies, geographical / national import situations, etc.

How well the background data matches the specific situation at hand can only be anancollection swered by doing a primary data coll ection for each specific supply situation and then compare it with the average situation reprepresented by the background data. data .

The background data as such may be very precise and of extreme high representativeness within the situation where it was once set up. The aim of this chapter is to estimatepossible variations in background data due to the mismatch between the average and actual supply chain in a specific situation. To do so, two types of possible misrepresentation introduced by the user of the data are assessed: •

the influence of varying the import / production country, and

•

the influence of varying the technology route in the same country to supply the same material or substance.

4

2.1

Influence of varying import/production country for same technology

The following chemical substances were analyzed regarding their variability with regard to their geography.

Table 2: Chemical substance datasets available for various countries in GaBi Acetic acid from methanol

Hydrogen (Steamreforming fuel oil s)

Acetone by-product phenol methyl styrene (from Cumol)

Hydrogen (Steamreforming natural gas)

Adipic acid from cyclohexane

Maleic anhydride (MA) by-product PSA (by oxidation of xylene)

AH-salt 63% (HMDA via adipic acid)

Maleic anhydride from n-butane

Ammonium sulphate by-product caprolactam

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) spent acid recycling

Benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) from acetone and hydrogen cyanide

Benzene (from toluene dealkylation)

Methylene diisocyanate (MDI) by-product hydrochloric acid, methano

Benzene by-product BTX (from reformatee)

Phenol (toluene oxidation)

Caprolactam from cyclohexane

Phenol from cumene

Caprolactam from phenol

Phosphoric acid (wet process

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (amalgam)

Phthalic anhydride (PAA) (by oxidation of xylene)

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (diaphragm)

Propylene glycol over PO-hydrogenation

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (membrane)

Propylene oxide (Cell Liquor)

Ethanol (96%) (hydrogenation with nitric acid)

Propylene oxide (Chlorohydrin process)

Ethene (ethylene) from steam cracking

Propylene oxide by-product t-butanol (Oxirane process)

Ethylbenzene (liquid phase alkylation)

p-Xylene (from reformate)

Ethylene glycol from ethene and oxygen via EO

Toluene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product carbon dioxide from air

Toluene by-product BTX (from reformate)

Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product ethylene glycol

Toluene by-product styrene

Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) via adipic acid

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) by-product toluene diamine, hydrochloric acid (phosgenation)

Hydrochloric acid by-product methylene diisocyanate (MDI)

Xylene mix by-product benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

5

These routes were analyzed (as available)

various chemicals analyzed, as well as the

concerning boundary conditions in various

90 % and 10 % percentiles.

countries like:

Two cases were calculated for each route,

Australia (AU), Belgium (BE), China (CN), Ger-

assuming that the actual location of the sup-

many (DE), Spain (ES), France (FR), Great Brit-

plier is unknown in a given LCA project: choos-

ain (GB), Italy (IT), Japan (JP), Netherlands (NL),

ing the data set with the lowest burden while

Norway (NO), Thailand (TH), Unites States (US)

the one with the highest burden would have been appropriate (‘choose min’; relative er-

The following figure shows the resulting max-

ror = (min-max)/max) and vice versa (‘choose

imum variations of all analyzed materials and

max’; relative error = (max-min)/min). The

substances for selected impact categories. The

resulting values are therefore the relative

respective technologies are kept constant and

‘worstworst- case errors’ errors ’ based on the considered data sets.

only the country of origin is varied. The figure shows the maximum variability across the

500% 400% 300% 200% 100% 0% -100% -200% PED

AP

EP

GWP

POCP

10% percentile

-21%

-65%

-56%

-41%

-59%

choose min

-68%

-95%

-79%

-82%

-93%

choose max

209%

1870%

380%

461%

1288%

90% percentile

27%

189%

129%

70%

143%

Figure 1: Maximum relative errors regarding randomly chosen geography geography

Figure 1 shows that when assuming that the

different country-specific data sets are availa-

technology route for a certain substance is

ble in the GaBi database.

known and the specific country of origin route is not, the maximum uncertainty of the related impacts is between - 65 % and +189 % for 80 % of all chemical substances for which

Some of the analyzed substances seem to be highly sensitive concerning their geographic reference. The per-substance results can be found in Annex A. These individual errors can

6

be applied to specific studies to estimate the

for process chains where energy and the re-

sensitivity of the overall result.

spective emissions in energy supply are domi-

Summarized it can be said that when taking the background information of the GaBi MasterDB in to account, the sensitivity concerning country of origin seems to be more relevant

2.2

nating the impacts. However, in selected cases country specific emission or efficiency of the synthesis as such and differences in country specific upstream supply are also relevant.

Influence of varying technology in the same country

The following chemical substances were analyzed regarding their variability with regard to their technology route in the same country.

Table 2: Chemical substance datasets available for various technology routes in GaBi Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis diaphragm

Ethylene-t-Butylether from C4 and bio ethanol

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis membrane

Hexamethylene diamine via Adiponitrile

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis amalgam

Hexamethylene diamine via adipic acid

Acetic acid from vinyl acetate

Hydrochloric acid primary from chlorine

Acetic acid from methanol

Hydrochloric acid by-product allyl chloride

Acrylamide catalytic hydrolysis

Hydrochloric acid by-product chlorobenzene

Acrylamide enzymatic hydration

Hydrochloric acid by-product epichlorohydrine

AH salt 63% HMDA from adipic acid

Hydrochloric acid by-product Methylene diisocyanate

AH salt 63% HMDA from acrylonitrile

Hydrogen Cracker

Ammonium sulphate by-product acetone cyanhydrin

Hydrogen Steamreforming fuel oils

Ammonium sulphate by-product Caprolactam

Hydrogen Steamreforming natural gas

Benzene from pyrolysis gasoline

Maleic anhydride from n-butane

Benzene from toluene dealkylation

Maleic anhydride by-product phthalic anhydride

Benzene by-product BTX

Maleic anhydride from benzene

Benzene by-product ethine

Methyl methacrylate from acetone and hydrogen cyanide

Butanediol from ethine, H2 Cracker, allotherm

Methyl methacrylate spent acid recycling

Butanediol from ethine H2 Steam ref. natural gas,

Oleic acid from palm oil

autotherm Chlorodifluoroethane from 1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Oleic acid from rape oil

Chlorodifluoroethane

Phenol by toluene oxidation

by-product

Dichloro-1-

fluoroethane Dichlorpropane by-product epichlorohydrin

Phenol by-product acetone

Dichlorpropane by-product dichlorpropane

Phosphoric acid (54%)

Ethanol catalytic hydrogenation with phosphoric acid

Phosphoric acid (100%)

Ethanol hydrogenation with nitric acid

Propylene oxide Cell Liquor

Ethylene glycol by-product Ethylene oxide

Propylene oxide Chlorohydrin process

7

Ethylene glycol from Ethene and oxygen via EO

Propylene oxide Oxirane process

Ethylene glycol from Ethyleneoxide

Toluene from pyrolysis gasoline

Ethylene oxide by-product carbon dioxide

Toluene by-product BTX

Ethylene

oxide

by-product

ethylene

glycol

via

Toluene by-product styrene

by-product

ethylene

glycol

via

Xylene from pyrolysis gasoline

CO2/methane Ethylene

oxide

CO2/methane with CO2 use Ethylene-t-Butylether from C4

Xylene from reformate

The following figure shows the resulting max-

route of the supplier is unknown in a given

imum errors across all analyzed materials and

LCA project: choosing the technology-specific

substances for selected impact categories.

data set with the lowest burden while the one

Here, the respective countries of origin are

with the highest burden would have been

kept constant and only the technology route is

appropriate

varied. The figure shows the maximum errors

ror = (min-max/max)) and vice versa (‘choose

across the various chemicals analyzed, as well

max’; relative error = (max-min)/min). The

as the 90 % and 10 % percentiles.

resulting values are therefore again the rela-

(‘choose

min’;

relative

er-

tive ‘worst‘worst- case errors’ error s’ possible based on the

Again, two cases were calculated for each

available data sets.

country, assuming that the actual technology

500% 400% 300% 200% 100% 0% -100% -200% 10% percentile

PED

AP

EP

GWP

POCP

-34%

-57%

-61%

-71%

-66%

choose min

-96%

-94%

-93%

-96%

-96%

choose max

2409%

1596%

1332%

2609%

2731%

52%

132%

156%

248%

197%

90% percentile

Figure 2: Maximum relative errors regarding randomly chosen technology

8

Figure 2 shows that when assuming that the

route than the country of origin since all val-

country of origin for a certain substance is

ues are higher for the latter.

known and the specific technology route is not, the relative error of the related impacts is between - 71 % and +248 +248 % for 80 % of all chemical substances for which different technologies are available in the GaBi database. When comparing the values to the ones in chapter 2.1, it seems fair to state that it is worse to not know the specific technology 2.3

Yet again, some of the analyzed substances seem to be highly sensitive concerning the choice of technology. The per-substance results can be found in Annex B. These individual values can then be applied to specific studies to estimate the sensitivity of the overall result towards them.

Coefficients of variation

As seen in chapter 2.1 and 2.2, the maximum relative error can easily reach several orders of

modulus of the mean value. value Due to the use of the modulus, the coefficient is always a

magnitude for the ‘choose max’ cases. These

positive value.

numbers can be misleading, though, since they heavily depend on the magnitude of the respective denominator, i.e., the minimum values. A more unbiased way to look at the variability across the evaluated datasets is to calculate the coefficients coefficients of variation across the absolute indicator results, which is defined as the standard deviation divided by the

Impact

The following table displays the maximum coefficients of variation across chemical production datasets for each impact category separately. Again, knowing the country of origin but not knowing the specific techtechnology route can be considered worse than the opposite case. The coefficients of variation are significantly higher for the latter case.

known technology / unknown country of origin

unknown technology / known country of origin

PED

32%

88%

AP

92%

98%

EP

63%

123%

GWP

47%

89%

POCP

86%

132%

9

3

Summary

The report at hand tried to answer two ques-

1.Worry about the appropriate choice of da-

tions: first, how do I assess the uncertainty of

tasets before you worry about uncertainty on

my LCI model with the GaBi software (chapter

elementary flow level. Especially the selection

1), and second, how large are the uncertainties

of the most representative technology route

across different data sets assuming that either

has a large influence on the resulting envi-

the country of origin or the technology route

ronmental profile. The most ‘certain’ dataset

is not known.

can introduce a massive error to your model if

While it is known that the LCI model uncertainty can hardly be kept below 10% once the

it is not representative to the process / product at hand.

most appropriate datasets have been chosen,

2. When the most representative datasets

the uncertainty around this choice can be

have been identified and deployed, worry

significantly higher. For most of the consid-

about the accuracy of your model structure

ered datasets, the relative error is between -

and parameter settings. Here the described

75% and +250%, while the coefficient of varia-

functionalities of the GaBi Analyst can help

tion is roughly between 90% and 130%.

you understand the dependencies and assess

Based on these results, the following conclu-

the overall effect on your results.

sions can be made:

PE INTERNATIONAL AG Hauptstraße 111 - 113 70771 Leinfelden - Echterdingen Germany

Authors Dr. Christoph Koffler Dr. Martin Baitz

Phone +49 711 341817 - 0

Dr. Annette Koehler

Fax

Yijian Wu

+49 711 341817 - 25

www.pe-international.com

About PE INTERNATIONAL PE INTERNATIONAL is one of the world’s most experienced sustainability software, content and strategic consulting firms. With 20 years of experience and 20 offices around the globe, PE INTERNATIONAL allows clients to understand sustainability, improve their performance and succeed in the marketplace. Through market leading software solutions, Five Winds Strategic Consulting Services and implementation methodologies PE INTERNATIONAL has worked with some of the world‘s most respected firms to develop the strategies, management systems, tools and processes needed to achieve leadership in sustainability.

10

Annex A - known technology and unknown country of origin PED uncertainty for known technology and unknown country of origin Ethylbenzene (liquid phase alkylation) AH-salt 63% (HMDA via adipic acid) Phenol (toluene oxidation) Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product ethylene glycol via CO2/methane Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) via adipic acid Caprolactam from cyclohexane Methyl methacrylate (MMA) from acetone and hydrogen cyanide Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product carbon dioxide from air Propylene oxide (Chlorohydrin process) Propylene oxide (Cell Liquor) Toluene by-product BTX (from reformate) Benzene (from toluene dealkylation) Ethylene glycol from ethene and oxygen via EO Ethanol (96%) (hydrogenation with nitric acid) Propylene glycol over PO-hydrogenation Benzene by-product BTX (from reformatee) Benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline) Adipic acid from cyclohexane Methyl methacrylate (MMA) spent acid recycling Xylene mix by-product benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline) Propylene oxide by-product t-butanol (Oxirane process) Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) by-product toluene diamine, hydrochloric acid (phosgenation) Phthalic anhydride (PAA) (by oxidation of xylene) Toluene (from pyrolysis gasoline) Ethene (ethylene) from steam cracking Methylene diisocyanate (MDI) by-product hydrochloric acid, methano Hydrogen (Steamreforming fuel oil s) Acetic acid from methanol Phenol from cumene Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (amalgam) p-Xylene (from reformate) Acetone by-product phenol, methyl styrene (from Cumol) Maleic anhydride from n-butane Hydrogen (Steamreforming natural gas) Maleic anhydride (MA) by-product PSA (by oxidation of xylene) Hydrochloric acid by-product methylene diisocyanate (MDI) Ammonium sulphate by-product caprolactam Caprolactam from phenol Phosphoric acid (wet process) Toluene by-product styrene Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (membrane) Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (diaphragm)

-200%

-1% -2% -2% -3% -3% -3% -4% -4% -4% -5% -5% -5% -5% -5% -6% -6% -7% -8% -8% -8% -8% -8% -9% -9% -9% -10% -12% -12% -13% -16% -16% -17% -21% -21% -32% -35% -37% -39% -45% -47% -52% -68% -100%

PED

1% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 4% 4% 4% 5% 5% 5% 6% 6% 6% 6% 8% 8% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 11% 14% 14% 15% 18% 19% 21% 26% 27% 47% 54% 59% 64% 83% 89% 108% 209%

0%

(min-max)/max (max-min)/min

100%

200%

300%

400%

(min(min- max)/max

(max(max- min)/min

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (diaphragm)

-68%

209%

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (membrane)

-52%

108%

Toluene by-product styrene

-47%

89%

Phosphoric acid (wet process)

-45%

83%

Caprolactam from phenol

-39%

64%

Ammonium sulphate by-product caprolactam

-37%

59%

Hydrochloric acid by-product methylene diisocyanate (MDI)

-35%

54%

Maleic anhydride (MA) by-product PSA (by oxidation of

-32%

47%

Hydrogen (Steamreforming natural gas)

-21%

27%

Maleic anhydride from n-butane

-21%

26%

Acetone by-product phenol, methyl styrene (from Cumol)

-17%

21%

p-Xylene (from reformate)

-16%

19%

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (amalgam)

-16%

18%

Phenol from cumene

-13%

15%

Acetic acid from methanol

-12%

14%

500%

xylene)

I

PED

(min(min- max)/max

(max(max- min)/min

Hydrogen (Steamreforming fuel oil s)

-12%

14%

Methylene diisocyanate (MDI) by-product hydrochloric

-10%

11%

Ethene (ethylene) from steam cracking

-9%

9%

Toluene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

-9%

9%

Phthalic anhydride (PAA) (by oxidation of xylene)

-9%

9%

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) by-product toluene diamine,

-8%

9%

Propylene oxide by-product t-butanol (Oxirane process)

-8%

9%

Xylene mix by-product benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

-8%

9%

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) spent acid recycling

-8%

9%

Adipic acid from cyclohexane

-8%

8%

Benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

-7%

8%

Benzene by-product BTX (from reformatee)

-6%

6%

Propylene glycol over PO-hydrogenation

-6%

6%

Ethanol (96%) (hydrogenation with nitric acid)

-5%

6%

Ethylene glycol from ethene and oxygen via EO

-5%

6%

Benzene (from toluene dealkylation)

-5%

5%

acid, methano

hydrochloric acid (phosgenation)

Toluene by-product BTX (from reformate)

-5%

5%

Propylene oxide (Cell Liquor)

-5%

5%

Propylene oxide (Chlorohydrin process)

-4%

4%

Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product carbon dioxide from air

-4%

4%

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) from acetone and hydrogen

-4%

4%

-3%

3%

cyanide Caprolactam from cyclohexane Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) via adipic acid

-3%

3%

Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product ethylene glycol via

-3%

3%

CO2/methane Phenol (toluene oxidation)

-2%

2%

AH-salt 63% (HMDA via adipic acid)

-2%

2%

Ethylbenzene (liquid phase alkylation)

-1%

1%

II

AP uncertainty for known technology and unknown country of origin Ethylbenzene (liquid phase alkylation) Phenol (toluene oxidation) Methylene diisocyanate (MDI) by-product hydrochloric acid, methano Methyl methacrylate (MMA) from acetone and hydrogen cyanide Ammonium sulphate by-product caprolactam Propylene oxide (Chlorohydrin process) Benzene (from toluene dealkylation) Toluene by-product BTX (from reformate) Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) via adipic acid AH-salt 63% (HMDA via adipic acid) Caprolactam from cyclohexane Maleic anhydride from n-butane Phosphoric acid (wet process) Adipic acid from cyclohexane Acetic acid from methanol Methyl methacrylate (MMA) spent acid recycling Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product carbon dioxide from air Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product ethylene glycol via CO2/methane Propylene oxide by-product t-butanol (Oxirane process) Toluene (from pyrolysis gasoline) Benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline) Ethanol (96%) (hydrogenation with nitric acid) Xylene mix by-product benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline) Propylene oxide (Cell Liquor) Caprolactam from phenol Propylene glycol over PO-hydrogenation Ethylene glycol from ethene and oxygen via EO Acetone by-product phenol, methyl styrene (from Cumol) Phenol from cumene Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) by-product toluene diamine, hydrochloric acid (phosgenation) Hydrogen (Steamreforming fuel oil s) Phthalic anhydride (PAA) (by oxidation of xylene) Maleic anhydride (MA) by-product PSA (by oxidation of xylene) Benzene by-product BTX (from reformatee) p-Xylene (from reformate) Ethene (ethylene) from steam cracking Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (amalgam) Toluene by-product styrene Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (membrane) Hydrogen (Steamreforming natural gas) Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (diaphragm) Hydrochloric acid by-product methylene diisocyanate (MDI)

-200%

-7% -11% -14% -26% -31% -31% -34% -35% -36% -39% -39% -40% -40% -40% -42% -44% -45% -46% -46% -49% -49% -49% -51% -55% -55% -56% -57% -57% -58% -58% -61% -63% -63% -66% -68% -76% -79% -80% -89% -90% -94% -95% -100%

AP

8% 12% 16% 35% 44% 46% 52% 53% 55% 63% 63% 66% 67% 67% 73% 80% 82% 85% 85% 95% 96% 98% 106% 121% 124% 127% 132% 135% 136% 140% 153% 170% 170% 197% 212% 311% 383% 394% 797% 880% 1442% 1870%

0%

(min-max)/max (max-min)/min

100%

200%

(min(min-

300%

400%

500%

(max(max- min)/min

max)/max Hydrochloric acid by-product methylene diisocyanate (MDI)

-95%

1870%

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (diaphragm)

-94%

1442%

Hydrogen (Steamreforming natural gas)

-90%

880%

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (membrane)

-89%

797%

Toluene by-product styrene

-80%

394%

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (amalgam)

-79%

383%

Ethene (ethylene) from steam cracking

-76%

311%

p-Xylene (from reformate)

-68%

212%

Benzene by-product BTX (from reformatee)

-66%

197%

Maleic anhydride (MA) by-product PSA (by oxidation of xylene)

-63%

170%

Phthalic anhydride (PAA) (by oxidation of xylene)

-63%

170%

Hydrogen (Steamreforming fuel oil s)

-61%

153%

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) by-product toluene diamine, hydro-

-58%

140%

Phenol from cumene

-58%

136%

Acetone by-product phenol, methyl styrene (from Cumol)

-57%

135%

Ethylene glycol from ethene and oxygen via EO

-57%

132%

chloric acid (phosgenation)

III

AP

(min(min-

(max(max- min)/min

max)/max Propylene glycol over PO-hydrogenation

-56%

127%

Caprolactam from phenol

-55%

124%

Propylene oxide (Cell Liquor)

-55%

121%

Xylene mix by-product benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

-51%

106%

Ethanol (96%) (hydrogenation with nitric acid)

-49%

98%

Benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

-49%

96%

Toluene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

-49%

95%

Propylene oxide by-product t-butanol (Oxirane process)

-46%

85%

Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product ethylene glycol via

-46%

85%

Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product carbon dioxide from air

-45%

82%

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) spent acid recycling

-44%

80%

Acetic acid from methanol

-42%

73%

CO2/methane

Adipic acid from cyclohexane

-40%

67%

Phosphoric acid (wet process)

-40%

67%

Maleic anhydride from n-butane

-40%

66%

Caprolactam from cyclohexane

-39%

63%

AH-salt 63% (HMDA via adipic acid)

-39%

63%

Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) via adipic acid

-36%

55%

Toluene by-product BTX (from reformate)

-35%

53%

Benzene (from toluene dealkylation)

-34%

52%

Propylene oxide (Chlorohydrin process)

-31%

46%

Ammonium sulphate by-product caprolactam

-31%

44%

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) from acetone and hydrogen cya-

-26%

35%

-14%

16%

Phenol (toluene oxidation)

-11%

12%

Ethylbenzene (liquid phase alkylation)

-7%

8%

nide Methylene diisocyanate (MDI) by-product hydrochloric acid, methano

IV

EP uncertainty for known technology and unknown country of origin Phenol (toluene oxidation) Propylene oxide (Cell Liquor) Propylene glycol over PO-hydrogenation Ethylbenzene (liquid phase alkylation) Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product ethylene glycol via CO2/methane Caprolactam from phenol Propylene oxide (Chlorohydrin process) Caprolactam from cyclohexane Acetic acid from methanol Methyl methacrylate (MMA) from acetone and hydrogen cyanide Toluene by-product BTX (from reformate) Benzene (from toluene dealkylation) Hydrochloric acid by-product methylene diisocyanate (MDI) Methylene diisocyanate (MDI) by-product hydrochloric acid, methano Methyl methacrylate (MMA) spent acid recycling Propylene oxide by-product t-butanol (Oxirane process) Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) via adipic acid Hydrogen (Steamreforming fuel oil s) Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product carbon dioxide from air AH-salt 63% (HMDA via adipic acid) Ammonium sulphate by-product caprolactam Adipic acid from cyclohexane Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) by-product toluene diamine, hydrochloric acid (phosgenation) Ethylene glycol from ethene and oxygen via EO Toluene (from pyrolysis gasoline) Benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline) Xylene mix by-product benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline) Phosphoric acid (wet process) Benzene by-product BTX (from reformatee) Ethanol (96%) (hydrogenation with nitric acid) Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (amalgam) Acetone by-product phenol, methyl styrene (from Cumol) Phenol from cumene Phthalic anhydride (PAA) (by oxidation of xylene) p-Xylene (from reformate) Maleic anhydride (MA) by-product PSA (by oxidation of xylene) Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (membrane) Hydrogen (Steamreforming natural gas) Ethene (ethylene) from steam cracking Maleic anhydride from n-butane Toluene by-product styrene Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (diaphragm)

-200%

-1% -4% -7% -9% -13% -14% -15% -15% -17% -18% -18% -19% -32% -32% -36% -36% -37% -37% -39% -40% -42% -43% -45% -45% -46% -46% -48% -50% -52% -52% -53% -53% -55% -57% -60% -66% -72% -74% -74% -78% -79% -79% -100%

EP

1% 4% 8% 10% 15% 16% 17% 18% 21% 23% 23% 23% 47% 47% 55% 56% 58% 59% 65% 68% 74% 74% 80% 82% 85% 85% 94% 101% 106% 108% 113% 114% 123% 132% 151% 194% 253% 285% 291% 361% 369% 380%

0%

(min-max)/max (max-min)/min

100%

200%

300%

400%

(min(min- max)/max

(max(max- min)/min

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (diaphragm)

-79%

380%

Toluene by-product styrene

-79%

369%

Maleic anhydride from n-butane

-78%

361%

Ethene (ethylene) from steam cracking

-74%

291%

Hydrogen (Steamreforming natural gas)

-74%

285%

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (membrane)

-72%

253%

Maleic anhydride (MA) by-product PSA (by oxidation of

-66%

194%

-60%

151%

500%

xylene) p-Xylene (from reformate) Phthalic anhydride (PAA) (by oxidation of xylene)

-57%

132%

Phenol from cumene

-55%

123%

Acetone by-product phenol, methyl styrene (from Cumol)

-53%

114%

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (amalgam)

-53%

113%

Ethanol (96%) (hydrogenation with nitric acid)

-52%

108%

Benzene by-product BTX (from reformatee)

-52%

106%

Phosphoric acid (wet process)

-50%

101%

Xylene mix by-product benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

-48%

94%

Benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

-46%

85%

V

EP

(min(min- max)/max

(max(max- min)/min

Toluene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

-46%

85%

Ethylene glycol from ethene and oxygen via EO

-45%

82%

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) by-product toluene diamine,

-45%

80%

Adipic acid from cyclohexane

-43%

74%

Ammonium sulphate by-product caprolactam

-42%

74%

AH-salt 63% (HMDA via adipic acid)

-40%

68%

hydrochloric acid (phosgenation)

Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product carbon dioxide from air

-39%

65%

Hydrogen (Steamreforming fuel oil s)

-37%

59%

Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) via adipic acid

-37%

58%

Propylene oxide by-product t-butanol (Oxirane process)

-36%

56%

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) spent acid recycling

-36%

55%

Methylene diisocyanate (MDI) by-product hydrochloric acid,

-32%

47%

Hydrochloric acid by-product methylene diisocyanate (MDI)

-32%

47%

Benzene (from toluene dealkylation)

-19%

23%

Toluene by-product BTX (from reformate)

-18%

23%

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) from acetone and hydrogen

-18%

23%

Acetic acid from methanol

-17%

21%

Caprolactam from cyclohexane

-15%

18%

methano

cyanide

Propylene oxide (Chlorohydrin process)

-15%

17%

Caprolactam from phenol

-14%

16%

Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product ethylene glycol via

-13%

15%

Ethylbenzene (liquid phase alkylation)

-9%

10%

Propylene glycol over PO-hydrogenation

-7%

8%

Propylene oxide (Cell Liquor)

-4%

4%

Phenol (toluene oxidation)

-1%

1%

CO2/methane

VI

GWP uncertainty for known technology and unknown country of origin Caprolactam from cyclohexane Ethylbenzene (liquid phase alkylation) Ammonium sulphate by-product caprolactam Methyl methacrylate (MMA) from acetone and hydrogen cyanide Methylene diisocyanate (MDI) by-product hydrochloric acid, methano Phenol (toluene oxidation) Propylene oxide (Cell Liquor) Propylene glycol over PO-hydrogenation Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) via adipic acid Acetic acid from methanol AH-salt 63% (HMDA via adipic acid) Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product ethylene glycol via CO2/methane Propylene oxide (Chlorohydrin process) Hydrogen (Steamreforming fuel oil s) Benzene (from toluene dealkylation) Adipic acid from cyclohexane Ethanol (96%) (hydrogenation with nitric acid) Benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline) Toluene by-product BTX (from reformate) Xylene mix by-product benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline) Caprolactam from phenol Phthalic anhydride (PAA) (by oxidation of xylene) Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product carbon dioxide from air Methyl methacrylate (MMA) spent acid recycling Hydrochloric acid by-product methylene diisocyanate (MDI) Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) by-product toluene diamine, hydrochloric acid (phosgenation) Hydrogen (Steamreforming natural gas) Toluene (from pyrolysis gasoline) Phenol from cumene Acetone by-product phenol, methyl styrene (from Cumol) p-Xylene (from reformate) Propylene oxide by-product t-butanol (Oxirane process) Benzene by-product BTX (from reformatee) Ethene (ethylene) from steam cracking Maleic anhydride (MA) by-product PSA (by oxidation of xylene) Phosphoric acid (wet process) Ethylene glycol from ethene and oxygen via EO Maleic anhydride from n-butane Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (amalgam) Toluene by-product styrene Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (diaphragm) Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (membrane)

-200%

0% -2% -3% -4% -4% -5% -5% -7% -8% -8% -9% -9% -9% -12% -12% -12% -13% -15% -15% -15% -17% -17% -18% -18% -22% -23% -25% -25% -27% -30% -31% -35% -36% -43% -44% -47% -51% -65% -68% -70% -74% -82% -100%

GWP

0% 2% 3% 4% 4% 5% 5% 8% 9% 9% 9% 10% 10% 13% 13% 14% 15% 17% 18% 18% 20% 21% 22% 22% 28% 30% 33% 33% 37% 43% 44% 53% 57% 75% 79% 88% 102% 189% 217% 234% 289% 461%

0%

(min-max)/max (max-min)/min

100%

200%

300%

400%

500%

(min(min- max)/max

(max(max- min)/min

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (membrane)

-82%

461%

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (diaphragm)

-74%

289%

Toluene by-product styrene

-70%

234%

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (amalgam)

-68%

217%

Maleic anhydride from n-butane

-65%

189%

Ethylene glycol from ethene and oxygen via EO

-51%

102%

Phosphoric acid (wet process)

-47%

88%

Maleic anhydride (MA) by-product PSA (by oxidation of xylene)

-44%

79%

Ethene (ethylene) from steam cracking

-43%

75%

Benzene by-product BTX (from reformatee)

-36%

57%

Propylene oxide by-product t-butanol (Oxirane process)

-35%

53%

p-Xylene (from reformate)

-31%

44%

Acetone by-product phenol, methyl styrene (from Cumol)

-30%

43%

Phenol from cumene

-27%

37%

Toluene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

-25%

33%

Hydrogen (Steamreforming natural gas)

-25%

33%

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) by-product toluene diamine, hydro-

-23%

30%

chloric acid (phosgenation)

VII

GWP

(min(min- max)/max

(max(max- min)/min

Hydrochloric acid by-product methylene diisocyanate (MDI)

-22%

28%

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) spent acid recycling

-18%

22%

Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product carbon dioxide from air

-18%

22%

Phthalic anhydride (PAA) (by oxidation of xylene)

-17%

21%

Caprolactam from phenol

-17%

20%

Xylene mix by-product benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

-15%

18%

Toluene by-product BTX (from reformate)

-15%

18%

Benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

-15%

17%

Ethanol (96%) (hydrogenation with nitric acid)

-13%

15%

Adipic acid from cyclohexane

-12%

14%

Benzene (from toluene dealkylation)

-12%

13%

Hydrogen (Steamreforming fuel oil s)

-12%

13%

Propylene oxide (Chlorohydrin process)

-9%

10%

Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product ethylene glycol via

-9%

10%

AH-salt 63% (HMDA via adipic acid)

-9%

9%

Acetic acid from methanol

-8%

9%

Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) via adipic acid

-8%

9%

Propylene glycol over PO-hydrogenation

-7%

8%

Propylene oxide (Cell Liquor)

-5%

5%

Phenol (toluene oxidation)

-5%

5%

Methylene diisocyanate (MDI) by-product hydrochloric acid,

-4%

4%

-4%

4%

CO2/methane

methano Methyl methacrylate (MMA) from acetone and hydrogen cyanide Ammonium sulphate by-product caprolactam

-3%

3%

Ethylbenzene (liquid phase alkylation)

-2%

2%

Caprolactam from cyclohexane

0%

0%

VIII

POCP uncertainty for known technology and unknown country of origin Ethylbenzene (liquid phase alkylation) Methyl methacrylate (MMA) from acetone and hydrogen cyanide Acetic acid from methanol Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) via adipic acid Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product ethylene glycol via CO2/methane AH-salt 63% (HMDA via adipic acid) Propylene oxide by-product t-butanol (Oxirane process) Propylene oxide (Chlorohydrin process) Adipic acid from cyclohexane Phenol (toluene oxidation) Caprolactam from cyclohexane Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product carbon dioxide from air Methylene diisocyanate (MDI) by-product hydrochloric acid, methano Hydrochloric acid by-product methylene diisocyanate (MDI) Ethanol (96%) (hydrogenation with nitric acid) Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) by-product toluene diamine, hydrochloric acid (phosgenation) Ethylene glycol from ethene and oxygen via EO Caprolactam from phenol Toluene by-product BTX (from reformate) Propylene oxide (Cell Liquor) Propylene glycol over PO-hydrogenation Benzene (from toluene dealkylation) Methyl methacrylate (MMA) spent acid recycling Toluene (from pyrolysis gasoline) Acetone by-product phenol, methyl styrene (from Cumol) Phenol from cumene Phosphoric acid (wet process) Benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline) Phthalic anhydride (PAA) (by oxidation of xylene) Xylene mix by-product benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline) p-Xylene (from reformate) Hydrogen (Steamreforming fuel oil s) Maleic anhydride (MA) by-product PSA (by oxidation of xylene) Benzene by-product BTX (from reformatee) Ammonium sulphate by-product caprolactam Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (amalgam) Maleic anhydride from n-butane Toluene by-product styrene Ethene (ethylene) from steam cracking Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (membrane) Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (diaphragm) Hydrogen (Steamreforming natural gas)

-200%

-4% -5% -5% -8% -10% -10% -10% -11% -13% -15% -16% -19% -19% -19% -24% -25% -26% -29% -35% -37% -37% -38% -40% -40% -42% -43% -43% -46% -47% -48% -52% -53% -55% -60% -70% -71% -72% -73% -82% -83% -89% -93% -100%

POCP

4% 5% 6% 8% 11% 11% 12% 13% 15% 18% 20% 23% 24% 24% 32% 33% 35% 42% 53% 59% 59% 63% 66% 67% 73% 74% 76% 84% 87% 94% 108% 111% 121% 152% 230% 249% 262% 267% 464% 483% 804% 1288%

0%

(min-max)/max (max-min)/min

100%

200%

(min(min- max)/max

300%

400%

500%

(max(maxmin)/min

Hydrogen (Steamreforming natural gas)

-93%

1288%

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (diaphragm)

-89%

804%

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (membrane)

-83%

483%

Ethene (ethylene) from steam cracking

-82%

464%

Toluene by-product styrene

-73%

267%

Maleic anhydride from n-butane

-72%

262%

Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis (amalgam)

-71%

249%

Ammonium sulphate by-product caprolactam

-70%

230%

Benzene by-product BTX (from reformatee)

-60%

152%

Maleic anhydride (MA) by-product PSA (by oxidation of xylene)

-55%

121%

Hydrogen (Steamreforming fuel oil s)

-53%

111%

p-Xylene (from reformate)

-52%

108%

Xylene mix by-product benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

-48%

94%

Phthalic anhydride (PAA) (by oxidation of xylene)

-47%

87%

Benzene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

-46%

84%

Phosphoric acid (wet process)

-43%

76%

Phenol from cumene

-43%

74%

IX

POCP

(min(min- max)/max

(max(maxmin)/min

Acetone by-product phenol, methyl styrene (from Cumol)

-42%

73%

Toluene (from pyrolysis gasoline)

-40%

67%

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) spent acid recycling

-40%

66%

Benzene (from toluene dealkylation)

-38%

63%

Propylene glycol over PO-hydrogenation

-37%

59%

Propylene oxide (Cell Liquor)

-37%

59%

Toluene by-product BTX (from reformate)

-35%

53%

Caprolactam from phenol

-29%

42%

Ethylene glycol from ethene and oxygen via EO

-26%

35%

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) by-product toluene diamine, hydro-

-25%

33%

Ethanol (96%) (hydrogenation with nitric acid)

-24%

32%

Hydrochloric acid by-product methylene diisocyanate (MDI)

-19%

24%

Methylene diisocyanate (MDI) by-product hydrochloric acid,

-19%

24%

Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product carbon dioxide from air

-19%

23%

chloric acid (phosgenation)

methano Caprolactam from cyclohexane

-16%

20%

Phenol (toluene oxidation)

-15%

18%

Adipic acid from cyclohexane

-13%

15%

Propylene oxide (Chlorohydrin process)

-11%

13%

Propylene oxide by-product t-butanol (Oxirane process)

-10%

12%

AH-salt 63% (HMDA via adipic acid)

-10%

11%

Ethylene oxide (EO) by-product ethylene glycol via CO2/methane

-10%

11%

Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) via adipic acid

-8%

8%

Acetic acid from methanol

-5%

6%

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) from acetone and hydrogen cyanide

-5%

5%

Ethylbenzene (liquid phase alkylation)

-4%

4%

X

Annex B - unknown technology and known country of origin PED uncertainty for unknown technology and known country of origin DE: Epichlorohydrin DE: Ammonium sulphate DE: Butanediol US: Hydrogen IT: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis GB: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis ES: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis BE: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Chlorodifluoroethane (HCFC 142b) FR: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis AU: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis US: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Chlor aus Chlor-Alkali-Elektrolyse JP: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis US: Ethylene oxid (EO) NL: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali-electrolysis DE: Hydrogen DE: Ethanol (96%) IT: Hydrogen DE: AH salt 63% NL: Hydrogen DE: Oleic acid GB: Hydrogen FR: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) FR: Hydrogen DE: Acrylamide NO: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Ethylene oxide (EO) DE: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) DE: Dichlorpropane DE: Methyl methacrylate (MMA) US: Benzene US: Toluene NL: Benzene IT: Benzene GB: Benzene DE: Acetic acid FR: Benzene DE: Phenol US: Hydrogen (highly pure) GB: Maleic anhydride (MSA) NL: Toluene FR: Xylene mix DE: Xylene mix DE: Ethylene glycol IT: Maleic anhydride IT: Xylene DE: Ethylene-t-Butylether (ETBE) DE: Phosphoric acid US: Phosphoric acid US: Propylene oxide DE: Propylene oxide DE: Toluene IT: Toluene NO: Hydrogen DE: Benzene DE: Hydrochloric acid JP: Hydrogen

-1% -1% -1% -6% -6% -7% -7% -8% -8% -9% -9% -10% -11% -11% -11% -11% -11% -12% -12% -13% -13% -16% -16% -17% -17% -18% -18% -19% -21% -21% -23% -24% -26% -27% -28% -28% -28% -28% -28% -29% -31% -31% -32% -32% -32% -32% -36% -40% -41% -41% -54% -55% -57% -62% -63% -63% -91% -96%

-500%

1% 1% 1% 6% 7% 7% 7% 8% 9% 10% 10% 11% 12% 12% 12% 12% 13% 14% 14% 15% 15% 18% 19% 20% 21% 21% 22% 23% 26% 27% 30% 32% 34% 37% 38% 38% 39% 39% 39% 41% 45% 45% 46% 47% 48% 48% 56% 66% 69% 70% 117% 125% 134% 166% 171% 171% 1004% 2409%

0%

PED

(min-max)/max (max-min)/min

500%

1000%

1500%

2000%

2500%

(min(min- max)/max

(max(max- min)/min

JP: Hydrogen

-96%

2409%

DE: Hydrochloric acid

-91%

1004%

DE: Benzene

-63%

171%

NO: Hydrogen

-63%

171%

IT: Toluene

-62%

166%

DE: Toluene

-57%

134%

DE: Propylene oxide

-55%

125%

US: Propylene oxide

-54%

117%

US: Phosphoric acid

-41%

70%

DE: Phosphoric acid

-41%

69%

DE: Ethylene-t-Butylether (ETBE)

-40%

66%

IT: Xylene

-36%

56%

IT: Maleic anhydride

-32%

48%

DE: Ethylene glycol

-32%

48%

DE: Xylene mix

-32%

47%

FR: Xylene mix

-32%

46%

NL: Toluene

-31%

45%

3000%

XI

PED

(min(min- max)/max

(max(max- min)/min

GB: Maleic anhydride (MSA)

-31%

45%

US: Hydrogen (highly pure)

-29%

41%

DE: Phenol

-28%

39%

FR: Benzene

-28%

39%

DE: Acetic acid

-28%

39%

GB: Benzene

-28%

38%

IT: Benzene

-28%

38%

NL: Benzene

-27%

37%

US: Toluene

-26%

34%

US: Benzene

-24%

32%

DE: Methyl methacrylate (MMA)

-23%

30%

DE: Dichlorpropane

-21%

27%

DE: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA)

-21%

26%

DE: Ethylene oxide (EO)

-19%

23%

NO: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-18%

22%

DE: Acrylamide

-18%

21%

FR: Hydrogen

-17%

21%

FR: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA)

-17%

20%

GB: Hydrogen

-16%

19%

DE: Oleic acid

-16%

18%

NL: Hydrogen

-13%

15%

DE: AH salt 63%

-13%

15%

IT: Hydrogen

-12%

14%

DE: Ethanol (96%)

-12%

14%

DE: Hydrogen

-11%

13%

NL: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali-electrolysis

-11%

12%

US: Ethylene oxid (EO)

-11%

12%

JP: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-11%

12%

DE: Chlor aus Chlor-Alkali-Elektrolyse

-11%

12%

US: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-10%

11%

AU: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-9%

10%

FR: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-9%

10%

DE: Chlorodifluoroethane (HCFC 142b)

-8%

9%

BE: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-8%

8%

ES: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-7%

7%

GB: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-7%

7%

IT: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-6%

7%

US: Hydrogen

-6%

6%

DE: Butanediol

-1%

1%

DE: Ammonium sulphate

-1%

1%

DE: Epichlorohydrin

-1%

1%

XII

AP uncertainty for unknown technology and known country of origin DE: Butanediol DE: Epichlorohydrin DE: Ammonium sulphate US: Ethylene oxid (EO) US: Hydrogen AU: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis BE: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Acrylamide GB: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: AH salt 63% ES: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis IT: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis US: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis FR: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) DE: Oleic acid DE: Ethanol (96%) DE: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) DE: Chlor aus Chlor-Alkali-Elektrolyse NL: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali-electrolysis DE: Ethylene oxide (EO) JP: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis FR: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis IT: Maleic anhydride FR: Benzene NL: Benzene DE: Chlorodifluoroethane (HCFC 142b) DE: Dichlorpropane DE: Ethylene glycol DE: Xylene mix NL: Toluene DE: Phenol DE: Acetic acid NO: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Hydrogen DE: Methyl methacrylate (MMA) FR: Hydrogen FR: Xylene mix DE: Phosphoric acid US: Phosphoric acid IT: Hydrogen NO: Hydrogen GB: Maleic anhydride (MSA) IT: Benzene US: Benzene GB: Benzene US: Toluene IT: Xylene DE: Ethylene-t-Butylether (ETBE) NL: Hydrogen US: Hydrogen (highly pure) DE: Propylene oxide GB: Hydrogen DE: Toluene US: Propylene oxide DE: Benzene IT: Toluene JP: Hydrogen DE: Hydrochloric acid

-1% -1% -2% -3% -5% -5% -7% -8% -10% -10% -11% -12% -13% -13% -14% -14% -16% -17% -18% -18% -21% -24% -25% -26% -30% -31% -32% -32% -32% -33% -33% -35% -35% -36% -37% -38% -39% -39% -39% -41% -42% -43% -47% -52% -53% -54% -60% -63% -69% -70% -71% -71% -73% -76% -76% -82% -90% -94%

-200%

1% 1% 2% 3% 5% 5% 7% 9% 11% 11% 12% 14% 14% 15% 16% 17% 19% 20% 22% 22% 26% 32% 34% 36% 43% 44% 46% 47% 48% 49% 50% 54% 54% 57% 59% 62% 64% 64% 65% 70% 72% 75% 90% 107% 114% 116% 148% 174% 226% 232% 245% 250% 271% 312% 320% 467% 867% 1596%

0%

(min-max)/max (max-min)/min

200%

AP

400%

600%

800%

1000%

1200%

1400%

1600%

(min(min- max)/max

(max(max- min)/min

DE: Hydrochloric acid

-94%

1596%

JP: Hydrogen

-90%

867%

IT: Toluene

-82%

467%

DE: Benzene

-76%

320%

US: Propylene oxide

-76%

312%

DE: Toluene

-73%

271%

GB: Hydrogen

-71%

250%

DE: Propylene oxide

-71%

245%

US: Hydrogen (highly pure)

-70%

232%

NL: Hydrogen

-69%

226%

DE: Ethylene-t-Butylether (ETBE)

-63%

174%

IT: Xylene

-60%

148%

US: Toluene

-54%

116%

GB: Benzene

-53%

114%

US: Benzene

-52%

107%

IT: Benzene

-47%

90%

GB: Maleic anhydride (MSA)

-43%

75%

1800%

XIII

AP

(min(min- max)/max

(max(max- min)/min

NO: Hydrogen

-42%

72%

IT: Hydrogen

-41%

70%

US: Phosphoric acid

-39%

65%

DE: Phosphoric acid

-39%

64%

FR: Xylene mix

-39%

64%

FR: Hydrogen

-38%

62%

DE: Methyl methacrylate (MMA)

-37%

59%

DE: Hydrogen

-36%

57%

NO: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-35%

54%

DE: Acetic acid

-35%

54%

DE: Phenol

-33%

50%

NL: Toluene

-33%

49%

DE: Xylene mix

-32%

48%

DE: Ethylene glycol

-32%

47%

DE: Dichlorpropane

-32%

46%

DE: Chlorodifluoroethane (HCFC 142b)

-31%

44%

NL: Benzene

-30%

43%

FR: Benzene

-26%

36%

IT: Maleic anhydride

-25%

34%

FR: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-24%

32%

JP: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-21%

26%

DE: Ethylene oxide (EO)

-18%

22%

NL: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali-electrolysis

-18%

22%

DE: Chlor aus Chlor-Alkali-Elektrolyse

-17%

20%

DE: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA)

-16%

19%

DE: Ethanol (96%)

-14%

17%

DE: Oleic acid

-14%

16%

FR: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA)

-13%

15%

US: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-13%

14%

IT: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-12%

14%

ES: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-11%

12%

DE: AH salt 63%

-10%

11%

GB: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-10%

11%

DE: Acrylamide

-8%

9%

BE: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-7%

7%

AU: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-5%

5%

US: Hydrogen

-5%

5%

US: Ethylene oxid (EO)

-3%

3%

DE: Ammonium sulphate

-2%

2%

DE: Epichlorohydrin

-1%

1%

DE: Butanediol

-1%

1%

XIV

EP uncertainty for unknown technology and known country of origin DE: Butanediol DE: Epichlorohydrin BE: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Ammonium sulphate GB: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Acrylamide ES: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis US: Hydrogen IT: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Hydrogen DE: AH salt 63% IT: Hydrogen FR: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) AU: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Chlorodifluoroethane (HCFC 142b) DE: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) US: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Methyl methacrylate (MMA) DE: Ethylene oxide (EO) NL: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali-electrolysis DE: Chlor aus Chlor-Alkali-Elektrolyse DE: Ethanol (96%) JP: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Phenol FR: Hydrogen US: Ethylene oxid (EO) FR: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis NO: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Oleic acid NL: Benzene NL: Hydrogen FR: Benzene DE: Phosphoric acid US: Phosphoric acid NL: Toluene US: Benzene GB: Maleic anhydride (MSA) US: Toluene DE: Xylene mix DE: Acetic acid FR: Xylene mix IT: Maleic anhydride IT: Benzene GB: Hydrogen DE: Dichlorpropane US: Hydrogen (highly pure) DE: Benzene NO: Hydrogen GB: Benzene IT: Xylene DE: Ethylene glycol US: Propylene oxide DE: Toluene JP: Hydrogen IT: Toluene DE: Propylene oxide DE: Hydrochloric acid DE: Ethylene-t-Butylether (ETBE)

0% 0% -1% -2% -2% -4% -5% -5% -6% -6% -9% -11% -12% -13% -14% -15% -16% -18% -19% -19% -21% -23% -23% -24% -24% -26% -30% -32% -32% -37% -39% -40% -40% -42% -42% -44% -44% -46% -47% -51% -53% -55% -57% -58% -59% -61% -61% -62% -64% -67% -67% -79% -79% -81% -86% -87% -91% -93%

-200%

0% 0% 1% 2% 2% 4% 5% 5% 6% 7% 10% 12% 13% 14% 16% 18% 19% 22% 23% 24% 27% 29% 30% 31% 32% 36% 44% 46% 48% 59% 64% 66% 67% 71% 74% 77% 80% 84% 90% 102% 111% 124% 130% 139% 144% 156% 157% 163% 175% 199% 205% 372% 382% 439% 619% 664% 961% 1332%

0%

(min-max)/max (max-min)/min

200%

EP

400%

600%

800%

1000%

1200%

1400%

(min(min- max)/max

(max(max- min)/min

DE: Ethylene-t-Butylether (ETBE)

-93%

1332%

DE: Hydrochloric acid

-91%

961%

DE: Propylene oxide

-87%

664%

IT: Toluene

-86%

619%

JP: Hydrogen

-81%

439%

DE: Toluene

-79%

382%

US: Propylene oxide

-79%

372%

DE: Ethylene glycol

-67%

205%

IT: Xylene

-67%

199%

GB: Benzene

-64%

175%

NO: Hydrogen

-62%

163%

DE: Benzene

-61%

157%

US: Hydrogen (highly pure)

-61%

156%

DE: Dichlorpropane

-59%

144%

GB: Hydrogen

-58%

139%

IT: Benzene

-57%

130%

IT: Maleic anhydride

-55%

124%

1600%

XV

EP

(min(min- max)/max

(max(max- min)/min

FR: Xylene mix

-53%

111%

DE: Acetic acid

-51%

102%

DE: Xylene mix

-47%

90%

US: Toluene

-46%

84%

GB: Maleic anhydride (MSA)

-44%

80%

US: Benzene

-44%

77%

NL: Toluene

-42%

74%

US: Phosphoric acid

-42%

71%

DE: Phosphoric acid

-40%

67%

FR: Benzene

-40%

66%

NL: Hydrogen

-39%

64%

NL: Benzene

-37%

59%

DE: Oleic acid

-32%

48%

NO: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-32%

46%

FR: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-30%

44%

US: Ethylene oxid (EO)

-26%

36%

FR: Hydrogen

-24%

32%

DE: Phenol

-24%

31%

JP: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-23%

30%

DE: Ethanol (96%)

-23%

29%

DE: Chlor aus Chlor-Alkali-Elektrolyse

-21%

27%

NL: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali-electrolysis

-19%

24%

DE: Ethylene oxide (EO)

-19%

23%

DE: Methyl methacrylate (MMA)

-18%

22%

US: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-16%

19%

DE: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA)

-15%

18%

DE: Chlorodifluoroethane (HCFC 142b)

-14%

16%

AU: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-13%

14%

FR: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA)

-12%

13%

IT: Hydrogen

-11%

12%

DE: AH salt 63%

-9%

10%

DE: Hydrogen

-6%

7%

IT: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-6%

6%

US: Hydrogen

-5%

5%

ES: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-5%

5%

DE: Acrylamide

-4%

4%

GB: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-2%

2%

DE: Ammonium sulphate

-2%

2%

BE: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

-1%

1%

DE: Epichlorohydrin

0%

0%

DE: Butanediol

0%

0%

XVI

GWP uncertainty for unknown technology and known country of origin BE: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis US: Ethylene oxid (EO) ES: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis GB: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis IT: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Butanediol DE: Epichlorohydrin AU: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis NL: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali-electrolysis US: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Chlor aus Chlor-Alkali-Elektrolyse JP: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: AH salt 63% FR: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) DE: Phenol DE: Ethylene oxide (EO) DE: Ethanol (96%) DE: Acrylamide GB: Maleic anhydride (MSA) DE: Chlorodifluoroethane (HCFC 142b) DE: Methyl methacrylate (MMA) US: Hydrogen (highly pure) DE: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) FR: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis NO: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Dichlorpropane DE: Phosphoric acid US: Phosphoric acid DE: Ethylene glycol DE: Acetic acid DE: Ammonium sulphate US: Benzene FR: Benzene NL: Benzene US: Toluene NL: Toluene IT: Benzene GB: Benzene DE: Xylene mix US: Hydrogen FR: Xylene mix IT: Maleic anhydride DE: Ethylene-t-Butylether (ETBE) IT: Xylene DE: Oleic acid IT: Hydrogen US: Propylene oxide FR: Hydrogen GB: Hydrogen DE: Hydrogen NL: Hydrogen DE: Propylene oxide DE: Benzene DE: Toluene IT: Toluene NO: Hydrogen DE: Hydrochloric acid JP: Hydrogen

-500%

0% -2% -3% -4% -5% -7% -10% -10% -13% -13% -14% -16% -17% -18% -19% -19% -21% -21% -23% -25% -26% -27% -29% -38% -38% -40% -42% -42% -47% -48% -51% -52% -53% -53% -54% -55% -59% -60% -63% -63% -64% -65% -66% -68% -70% -71% -71% -73% -74% -75% -79% -80% -82% -83% -86% -88% -91% -96%

0% 2% 3% 4% 5% 8% 11% 11% 15% 15% 17% 19% 21% 22% 24% 24% 26% 27% 30% 33% 34% 38% 40% 60% 61% 65% 73% 74% 90% 91% 105% 108% 112% 113% 117% 122% 143% 150% 167% 168% 175% 183% 195% 216% 234% 245% 251% 266% 282% 299% 372% 411% 445% 495% 620% 758% 968% 2609%

0%

(min-max)/max (max-min)/min

500%

1000%

1500%

2000%

2500%

3000%

XVII

GWP

(min(min- max)/max

(max(max- min)/min

JP: Hydrogen

-96%

2609%

DE: Hydrochloric acid

-91%

968%

NO: Hydrogen

-88%

758%

IT: Toluene

-86%

620%

DE: Toluene

-83%

495%

DE: Benzene

-82%

445%

DE: Propylene oxide

-80%

411%

NL: Hydrogen

-79%

372%

DE: Hydrogen

-75%

299%

GB: Hydrogen

-74%

282%

FR: Hydrogen

-73%

266%

US: Propylene oxide

-71%

251%

IT: Hydrogen

-71%

245%

DE: Oleic acid

-70%

234%

IT: Xylene

-68%

216%

DE: Ethylene-t-Butylether (ETBE)

-66%

195%

IT: Maleic anhydride

-65%

183%

FR: Xylene mix

-64%

175%

US: Hydrogen

-63%

168%

DE: Xylene mix

-63%

167%

GB: Benzene

-60%

150%

IT: Benzene

-59%

143%

NL: Toluene

-55%

122%

US: Toluene

-54%

117%

NL: Benzene

-53%

113%

FR: Benzene

-53%

112%

US: Benzene

-52%

108%

DE: Ammonium sulphate

-51%

105%

DE: Acetic acid

-48%

91%

DE: Ethylene glycol

-47%

90%

US: Phosphoric acid

-42%

74%

DE: Phosphoric acid

-42%

73%

DE: Dichlorpropane

-40%

65%

NO: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali elec-

-38%

61%

-38%

60%

-29%

40%

US: Hydrogen (highly pure)

-27%

38%

DE: Methyl methacrylate (MMA)

-26%

34%

DE: Chlorodifluoroethane (HCFC 142b)

-25%

33%

GB: Maleic anhydride (MSA)

-23%

30%

DE: Acrylamide

-21%

27%

trolysis FR: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA)

XVIII

DE: Ethanol (96%)

-21%

26%

DE: Ethylene oxide (EO)

-19%

24%

DE: Phenol

-19%

24%

FR: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA)

-18%

22%

DE: AH salt 63%

-17%

21%

JP: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali elec-

-16%

19%

trolysis DE: Chlor aus Chlor-Alkali-Elektrolyse

-14%

17%

US: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali elec-

-13%

15%

-13%

15%

-10%

11%

DE: Epichlorohydrin

-10%

11%

DE: Butanediol

-7%

8%

IT: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali elec-

-5%

5%

-4%

4%

-3%

3%

US: Ethylene oxid (EO)

-2%

2%

BE: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali elec-

0%

0%

trolysis NL: Chlorine from chlorine-alkalielectrolysis AU: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

trolysis GB: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis ES: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

trolysis

XIX

POCP uncertainty for unknown technology and known country of origin IT: Hydrogen DE: Butanediol DE: Phenol BE: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Dichlorpropane GB: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis ES: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis FR: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) DE: Ammonium sulphate IT: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis AU: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Ethanol (96%) DE: Acrylamide US: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis FR: Hydrogen DE: Chlorodifluoroethane (HCFC 142b) DE: Epichlorohydrin GB: Maleic anhydride (MSA) DE: Chlor aus Chlor-Alkali-Elektrolyse NL: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali-electrolysis JP: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: AH salt 63% NO: Hydrogen US: Hydrogen DE: Hydrogen FR: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis FR: Benzene NO: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) DE: Phosphoric acid US: Phosphoric acid DE: Propylene oxide DE: Xylene mix FR: Xylene mix IT: Benzene US: Propylene oxide GB: Benzene US: Benzene NL: Benzene US: Ethylene oxid (EO) NL: Toluene US: Toluene IT: Xylene US: Hydrogen (highly pure) GB: Hydrogen DE: Ethylene oxide (EO) DE: Benzene DE: Methyl methacrylate (MMA) DE: Ethylene-t-Butylether (ETBE) NL: Hydrogen DE: Acetic acid DE: Ethylene glycol IT: Maleic anhydride DE: Toluene IT: Toluene DE: Hydrochloric acid JP: Hydrogen DE: Oleic acid

-500%

-1% -1% -2% -3% -8% -8% -8% -8% -9% -9% -9% -9% -9% -11% -13% -15% -18% -20% -21% -21% -22% -23% -26% -28% -29% -31% -34% -36% -39% -39% -40% -42% -44% -47% -50% -51% -52% -53% -53% -54% -54% -55% -61% -63% -66% -66% -67% -67% -72% -73% -73% -76% -76% -78% -80% -87% -96% -96%

1% 1% 2% 4% 8% 9% 9% 9% 9% 10% 10% 10% 10% 12% 15% 18% 22% 25% 27% 27% 29% 29% 35% 38% 40% 44% 51% 56% 64% 65% 66% 72% 80% 90% 101% 105% 108% 112% 114% 116% 118% 121% 158% 169% 193% 194% 199% 202% 260% 272% 276% 310% 311% 351% 403% 669% 2381% 2731%

0%

(min-max)/max (max-min)/min

500%

1000%

1500%

2000%

2500%

3000%

XX

POCP

(min(min- max)/max

(max(max- min)/min

DE: Oleic acid

-96%

2731%

JP: Hydrogen

-96%

2381%

DE: Hydrochloric acid

-87%

669%

IT: Toluene

-80%

403%

DE: Toluene

-78%

351%

IT: Maleic anhydride

-76%

311%

DE: Ethylene glycol

-76%

310%

DE: Acetic acid

-73%

276%

NL: Hydrogen

-73%

272%

DE: Ethylene-t-Butylether (ETBE)

-72%

260%

DE: Methyl methacrylate (MMA)

-67%

202%

DE: Benzene

-67%

199%

DE: Ethylene oxide (EO)

-66%

194%

GB: Hydrogen

-66%

193%

US: Hydrogen (highly pure)

-63%

169%

IT: Xylene

-61%

158%

US: Toluene

-55%

121%

NL: Toluene

-54%

118%

US: Ethylene oxid (EO)

-54%

116%

NL: Benzene

-53%

114%

US: Benzene

-53%

112%

GB: Benzene

-52%

108%

US: Propylene oxide

-51%

105%

IT: Benzene

-50%

101%

FR: Xylene mix

-47%

90%

DE: Xylene mix

-44%

80%

DE: Propylene oxide

-42%

72%

US: Phosphoric acid

-40%

66%

DE: Phosphoric acid

-39%

65%

DE: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA)

-39%

64%

NO: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali elec-

-36%

56%

FR: Benzene

-34%

51%

FR: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali elec-

-31%

44%

DE: Hydrogen

-29%

40%

US: Hydrogen

-28%

38%

NO: Hydrogen

-26%

35%

DE: AH salt 63%

-23%

29%

JP: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali elec-

-22%

29%

-21%

27%

trolysis

trolysis

trolysis NL: Chlorine from chlorine-alkalielectrolysis

XXI

DE: Chlor aus Chlor-Alkali-Elektrolyse

-21%

27%

GB: Maleic anhydride (MSA)

-20%

25%

DE: Epichlorohydrin

-18%

22%

DE: Chlorodifluoroethane (HCFC 142b)

-15%

18%

FR: Hydrogen

-13%

15%

US: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali elec-

-11%

12%

trolysis DE: Acrylamide

-9%

10%

DE: Ethanol (96%)

-9%

10%

AU: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali elec-

-9%

10%

-9%

10%

trolysis IT: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis DE: Ammonium sulphate

-9%

9%

FR: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA)

-8%

9%

ES: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali

-8%

9%

-8%

9%

DE: Dichlorpropane

-8%

8%

BE: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali

-3%

4%

DE: Phenol

-2%

2%

DE: Butanediol

-1%

1%

IT: Hydrogen

-1%

1%

electrolysis GB: Chlorine from chlorine-alkali electrolysis

electrolysis

XXII