Thesis Research: Gender Neutral Design & The LGBTQ Community

GEND ER-NEUT RAL DE S I G N & T HE LGBT Q COMMU N I TY University of Strathclyde Liew Pei Chi (hannah) 201755156

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Declaration of Authorship COURSE NAME Declaration “I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and has been composed by myself. It contains no unacknowledged text and has not been submitted in any previous context. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information, text, illustration, tables, images etc. have been specifically acknowledged.

I accept that if having signed this Declaration my work should be found at Examination to show evidence of academic dishonesty the work will fail and I will be liable to face the University Senate Discipline Committee.�

Name:

_______________Liew Pei Chi____________________________________

Signed:

_________________Hannah

Date:

_______________ _19.08.2019____________________________________

Department of Architecture Level 3, James Weir Building 75 Montrose Street Glasgow G1 1XJ

Liew____________________________

t:+ 44 (0) 141 548 3023/3097/4219 e: architecture@strath.ac.uk

The place of useful learning The University of Strathclyde is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, number SC015263

ABSTRAC T

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T hi s p ap e r de ve l op s an i n-de p t h s t udy t o h e lp ar c hi t e c t s e ns ur e b e t t e r i nc l us i on of p e op l e w it h t h e foc us on L G BT Q gr oup al l al ong w i t h b ac k g ro u n d s t udi e s of t he I nc l us i ve de s i gn and Q u e e r Move m e nt . T he p ap e r i nc l ude s c as e s t udi e s w h ic h w e r e anal yze d t o i de nt i fy k e y de s i gn fe at ur es o f a ge nde r -ne ut r al s p ac e . T hi s m e t hodol ogy fi r s t o f f e rs ar c hi t e c t s t o ob s e r ve t he p hys i c al t r ac e s o f a n y ac t i vi t i e s t hat t ak e p l ac e and how t he oc c u p a n t s r e ac t t o s p ac e . T he p ap e r t he n unfol ds t o w a rd s m or e p r o-ac t i ve i nc l us i on of t he de s i gn t o w a rd s not onl y t he L GBT Q us e r gr oup s b ut e ve r yo n e b y l ook i ng i nt o t he p r i nc i p l e s and de s i gn c ons i de ra t io n for ar c hi t e c t s as fur t he r r e fe r e nc e s . T hi s p a p e r di s c us s e s how t hi s m e t hodol ogy r e l at e s t o i nc lu s iv e and uni ve r s al p r i nc i p l e s us e ful t o de s i gn frie n d ly environments. This paper closes on prevalent models of ge nde r -ne ut r al de s i gn i n ar c hi t e c t ur e and h o w t he y ar t i c ul at e w i t h p hys i c al /m e nt al di s abilit ie s .

TABLE OF CONTENT \ Declaration

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\ Abstract

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\ Acknowledgement

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\ Introduction - Aim & Objectives - Research Methodology

11 13 14-15

\ Literature Review

16-26

\ Chapter 1: Inclusive Design - Introduction - Background - Design Principles of Inclusive Design - Inclusive Design in the United Kingdom - Universal Design for Instruction (UDI)

29 30-31 32-33 34 35-37 38-40

\ Chapter 2: Queer Architecture - Queer Terms - Queer Theory - Queer Space - The First LGBTQ Story from History: Oscar Wilde & Lorde Alfred Douglas - LGBTQ - Pride of Place - Why LGBTQ Places Matter?

- LGBTQ Heritage and Landmarks in the United KIngdom

42 43 43-44 48-50 51 52-53 54-55 56-59

\ Chapter 3: Gender Neutral Design - Gender-Neutrality - Gender-Neutral work space design - Gender-Neutral language - Gender-Neutral in Industrial Design - Gender-Neutral / Unisex Fashion

\ Chapter 4: Case Study 1 - Gender Neutral Sanitary Design: Unisex/ - Inclusive Restroom/ Toilet - Restroom Signage - Types of Unisex Bathroom - Secondary School and University in the United Kingdom - Stalled !

Case Study 2 - Royal Vauxhall Tavern - History - Location - Façade - Interior - Drag Performances and the Audiences

60 61-62 63 64-67 68-71

73-74 75-76 77-78 79-80 81-82 86-87 88 89 90 91 92-93

\ Conclusion

94-95

\ List of Figures

96-97

\ Bibliography

98-106

AC K NOWLED GEMENT

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T he I ni t i al i nt e r e s t of t hi s t op i c w as s p ur r e d b y a s t or yb ook fr om S t r at hc l yde l i b r ar y. T he H id d e n V oi c e s of C hi na r e c or de d s t or i e s of Ch in a w om e n and how t he c ons e r vat i ve p ol i c y i n Ch in a c aus e s a ge nde r une q ual s oc i e t y t hat b r i n g s n o fr e e dom b ut s or r ow t o t he m . I have p r op o s e d a b ab y and w om e n s he l t e r as m y fi nal ar c hi t ec t u re s t udi o de s i gn and w oul d l ove t o e x p l or e mo re ab out ge nde r -ne ut r al ar c hi t e c t ur e i n t hi s p a p e r.

I w oul d l i k e t o s how ap p r e c i at i on for t he s u p p o rt and s up e r vi s i on p r ovi de d b y Pr ofe s s or B ra n k a D i m i t r i je vi c . Pr of Br ank a has gi ve n a d v ic e and c he c k e d on m y p r ogr e s s . Pr of Br ank a le d he l p e d i n de fi ni ng m y t he s i s t op i c as I b e g a n t o q ue s t i on m any i s s ue s r e l at e d t o ar c hi t e c t u re , w hi c h is val uab l e for my de ve l opme n t .

I w oul d l ove t o p r e s e nt m y ut m os t gr a t it u d e t o m y p ar e nt s for t he i r unc ondi t i onal l ove a n d s up p or t t hr oughout t he s e ye ar s . I w oul dn’ t h a v e m ade i t s o far w i t hout you guys . I ap p r ec ia t e t hat m y b r ot he r , V e r n Haou, s up p or t e d me b y c he c k i ng m y gr am m ar m i s t ak e s fr om t ime t o t i m e e ve n t hough he has a ful l -t i m e j o b .

S p e c i al t hank s to my fr i e nds w ho have b e e n k e e p i ng m e s ane dur i ng t ough t ime s and gi vi ng m e s up p or t and m ot i vat i o n t o ove r c om e al l t he ob s t ac l e s i n s t udyi ng ab ro a d .

I NTROD UC TI ON

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D o you k now t hat t he s e x s e p ar at e d t oi l e t t h a t w e ar e us i ng e ve r y day b r i ngs a s e ns e of di s c r i m i n a t io n and struggle to the gay or transgender people? What i f t he y t hi nk t hat t he y do not b e l ong t o t he s ex t h e y l ook l i k e ? Fr om t he Pi nk N e w s s ur ve y ( 2017) , 2 % o f t he hum an p op ul at i on, ar ound one m i l l i on ar e g a y , b i s e x ual , l e s b i an p e op l e i n t he UK . N e ve r t he le s s , if you ar e an L GBT Q , your ge nde r i s p r ot e c t e d u n d e r t he Eq ual i t y A c t w he r e you c an us e t he b at h ro o m or ac c e s s any p ub l i c s e r vi c e s t hat fi t s your ge n d e r.

How e ve r , m os t of t he p e op l e do fe e l i ns e c u re w al k i ng dow n t he s t r e e t or e ve n fe e l s ham e w h e n t he y w al k i nt o t he b at hr oom ( T r ans e q ual i t y, 2 0 1 5 ).

A r c hi t e c t s or de s i gne r ar e oft e n t oo ob s e s s e d w i t h de s i gni ng a b ui l di ng b as e d on t he ae s th e t ic s p oi nt of vi e w w hi l e ne gl e c t i ng t he s p at i al qu a lit y for hum an us e . G ood ar c hi t e c t ur e s hou ld b e uni ve r s al and fr i e ndl y t o e ve r yone . T he ar gu me n t i n t hi s p ap e r i s t o p r om ot e i nc l us i ve de s ig n a s t he ap p r oac h i n ar c hi t e c t ur e de s i gn t o c re a t e a ge nde r -ne ut r al s oc i al r e al m . I t i s c r uc ia l t o c ons i de r e ve r yone w hi l e de s i gni ng p r oduc ts a n d e nvi r onm e nt as var i ous us e r s r e q ui r e di f f e re n t ne e ds . T he i nt e nt i on b e hi nd t he di s c us s i on is t o s t i m ul at e t he de s i gn c ons i de r at i on of ge n d e r, age and di s ab i l i t y dur i ng t he de s i gn p r o c e s s .

Eve r y hum an b e i ng i s e q ual and e ve r yone h a v e t he r i ght s t o b e t r e at e d fai r l y and w i t h r e s p e c t .

T he p ot e nt i al of de ve l op i ng ge nde r ne ut r al d e s ig n w i l l b e ob s e r ve d and di s c us s e d t hr oughou t t h e p ap e r . T he ob je c t i ve i s t o i nve s t i gat e t he de m a n d s of i nc l us i ve de s i gn i n t he L G BT Q s oc i e t y w h ile s how i ng how ge nde r -ne ut r al t hi nk i ng has b e e n ap p l i e d i n ar c hi t e c t ur e t hr ough c as e s t u d ie s .  

AI M

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T o p r om ot e ge nde r -ne ut r al ar c hi t e c t ur al de s ig n .

OBJEC TI V ES 1.

T o unde r s t and de s i gn p r i nc i p l e s of i nc lu s iv e de s i gn.

2.

T o unde r s t and how q ue e r ar c hi t e c t ur e is de fi ne d.

3.

T o i de nt i fy e x am p l e s of i nc l us i ve , ge nd e rne ut r al de s i gn.

R E S E AR C H M E T HO DO LO G Y

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Q u a litativ e r esear ch method i s used to und erst and t h e r eality an d it is usef ul i n devel opi ng t he t heory by q u estion in g th e val i di ty of the arguments.

(Bor den an d R a y , 2014) B esi des, thi s research meth od is u sed to c ol l ect and anal yze i nf ormat i on i n v a r iou s for ms like, non- num eri c d ata, emot i ons an d feelin g s, etc. As much as d et ai l expl orat i ons ar e en cou r a g ed, smal l obsevati ons or num bers w h ich a r e in ter esti ng or val uabl e f or i n- depth resea r ch . Qu alitati ve research method coul d be ca r r ied ou t in d i f f erent w ays, f or i nstance, ob ser v a tion s, documentati on, f ocused i n ter v iews, etc. ( Blaxt er, Hughes and Ti ght, 1996)

O b s e r vi ng t r ac e s i s an unob t r us i ve m e t hod (W e b b e t al , 1966) . I t doe s not i nfl ue nc e t he b e havi o r t h a t c aus e d t he t r ac e . O n t he ot he r hand, ob s e rv in g e nvi r onm e nt al b e havi or has b e e n c hos e n a s w e ll b e c aus e i t i s i nt e r r e l at e d t o t he fi r s t r e s e a rc h m e t hod. O b s e r vi ng b e havi or m e ans s ys t e m a t ic a lly w at c hi ng p e op l e us e t he i r e nvi r onme n t s , i ndi vi dual s , p ai r s of p e op l e , s m al l gr oup s and la rg e gr oup s ( Z e i s e l , 1981) . By ob s e r vi ng p e op l e o n e c an unde r s t and how t he y b e have . T hi s al l ow s t h e r e s e ar c he r t o unde r s t and i f t he b ui l di ng i s fr ie n d ly t o e ve r y us e r gr oup . Pe op l e t e nd not t o re p o rt t he t r ut h t o t he i nt e r vi e w e r ’ s ac t i vi t y b ec a u s e t he y t hi nk i t i s di s gr ac e ful and t he r e fore t h e r e s ul t s fr om q ue s t i onnai r e s c oul d b e i nac c u ra t e .

Howev er , q u an tita t i ve research method i s, as the t er m su g g ests, is a m et hod to col l ect and anal yze da ta in n u mer ic f orm. It i s m ore sui t abl e f or relativ ely la r g e-scal e research w i th sets of st ati st i cs as ev iden ce. A s di scussed above, d ata f rom qu estion a ir es cou ld be m i sl ead i ng and d ata i s j ust op in ion s bu t n ot ‘ facts’ (B l axter, Hughes and Ti ght, 19 9 6 ). T h e str en g th of usi ng a quanti t ati ve research meth od will be pr eci si on as the dat a i s col l ect ed t h r ou g h r eliab le measurement and i t i s repl i cabl e.

After lookin g in to bot h of t he research m et hod s, qu alitativ e r esea r ch m et hod has been sel ected beca u se it is more appropri ate f or t hi s paper as th e a im of th e paper i s t o st i m ul ate i ncl usi ve desig n in p u blic b ui l d i ngs to be m ore user- f ri endl y f or LGBT Q g r ou p. The anal ysi s w i l l be based on ex istin g case stu d i es about publ i c bui l d i ngs or per for ma n ce ev en ts. The observati ons of physi cal t r a ces b y th e u ser groups w i l l be record ed d ow n t h r ou g h p h otog r a phs, sketches or di agram s. The resea ch er s will fin d and record the rel f ect i ons of pr ev iou s a ctiv ity that happened i n that part i cul ar s pa ce, r eg u lar an d syst em ati c observati ons w i l l be mor e con sistent and rel i abl e (Zei sel , 1981).

T he r e s e ar c h s t ar t s w i t h t he b ac k gr ound of i nc lu s iv e de s i gn and de s i gn p r i nc i p l e s t hat de s ig n e rs have b e e n us i ng. I t w i l l c ont i nue w i t h Q u e e r A r c hi t e c t ur e b y l ook i ng i nt o t he L G BT Q gr oup s a n d anal yzi ng t he us e r b e havi or w i t h p hot ogra p h s .

Fol l ow b y t he ge nde r -ne ut r al r e s e ar c he s t h a t c oul d b e found i n c ur r e nt s oc i e t y, not onl y f ro m ar c hi t e c t ur e p e r s p e c t b ut p r oduc t de s i gn, gr a p h ic , l anguage , w e b p age , e t c . L as t b ut not l e as t, c a s e s t udi e s of i nc l us i ve de s i gn and ge nde r -n e u t ra l s p ac e i n t he b ui l t e nvi r onm e nt w i l l b e s t u d ie d .

LI T E R A T U R E R E VI E W

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Th is ch ap ter dem onstrates the overvi ew dev elopmen t of g end er- neutral desi gn and t he L GBT Q commu n ity . The i ni t i al approach i s about gen der in eq u ality i n the archi t ecture prof essi on, an d th e r esea r ch expands to di scover the relation sh ip b etween gender and archi tecture.

Th e aim of th e literature revi ew i s to show t hat s ociety is ev olv ing w i th expand i ng gend er i den tities, wh ile the bui l t envi ronm ent has to adap t an d ser v e t he current com m uni t y bett er.

t ow ar ds m al e ove r t he fe m al e , m as c ul i ne o v e r fe m i ni ne , of fe m al e ar c hi t e c t s ar e e v id e n t i ne q ual i t y i n s t at us and m at e r i al c i r c um s t a n c e s .

Mor e ove r , ge nde r b i as e s and ge n d e re d s oc i e t al s t r uc t ur e s oc c ur w he r e c har ac t e ris t ic s , i nt e r ac t i ons , and b e havi or s ar e ac c e p te d o r not , t ot al l y de p e ndi ng on ge nde r di ffe r e n t ia t io n ( C as t i l l a, and Be nar d, 2010) . ( R i dge w ay, 2 0 0 8 ).

Fair h a s disclosed t hat among the w orl d ’s 100 most sig n ifican ce archi tecture f i rms onl y 3 of t hem ar e led b y la dies and j ust t w o w i th ad m i ni st rati on t ea ms th a t ar e more than 50 percent f emal e.

Th e ov er v iew fou nd that l adi es possess f i ar 10 per cen t of th e h ighest- ranki ng occupati ons at t h e wor ld’ s lea din g d esi gn f i rms, w hereas 16 f i rm s hav e n o women at al l i n seni or posi ti ons. (Fai r, 20 1 7 ) H ilde Hey n en anal yses on B at t ersby’s w ork t o con ten d th e ty pi cal trad i t i on of archi tect- asgen iu s h a s a lwa y s avoi d ed w omen f rom obt ai ni ng t h e P r itz ker P r iz e, the hi ghest i nternati onal recog n ition of meri t i n archi t ecture. The onl y f emale win n er wa s Zaha Hadi d ; Heynen proved t h e wor k of Z ah a Hadi d i s descri bed i n strong ma scu lin e ter ms, i l l ust rati ng t he j ury appeared t o cr edit a fema l e w i nner by underl i ni ng the ‘ma len ess’ of th e w ork (Mat t hew son, n.d .).

T he i ne q ual i t y i n ge nde r p r op or t i on w i l l a f f e c t t he offi c e de s i gn t o s ui t t he dom i nant u s e r gr oup . Unfor t unat e l y, m uc h of offi c e de s ig n is s t i l l e s t ab l i s he d i n t r adi t i onal p ar am e t e r s , b y t h e i nfl ue nc e of Mode r ni s t m ove m e nt . W hen t h e dom i nant gr oup i s m e n, t he de s i gn i s fo c u s e d on t hat s p e c i fi c us e r gr oup . T he r e has a lw a y s b e e n a m al e b i as i n how offi c e s ar e p l a n n e d , how t he y l ook and how t he y fe e l ( A g a rw a l, 2018) . Be s i de s , m al e and fe m al e ar c h it e c t s t e nd t o have di ffe r e nt de s i gn s t yl e s for b u ild in g s w hi l e i t c oul d m ak e a di ffe r e nc e t o s o c ie t y .

T he s oc i e t al p e r c e p t i ons of s e x ual or i e n t a t io n ar e c hangi ng. C onve nt i onal m al e and f e ma le p e r s onal i t i e s and r ol e s ar e b e i ng q ue s tio n e d and r e -de fi ne d. I n t he p r e s e nt s e x and i d e n t it y s c e ne s , i t i s e x c e p t i onal l y c r i t i c al t ha t t h e de s i gn of e nvi r onm e nt s s up p or t s and e m po w e rs t he ow ne r s hi p and ac c e p t anc e w i t hi n t h is di s c our s e of ge nde r -fl ui di t y ( A gar w al , 2 0 1 8 ).

W ith ou t dou bt, g ender- based st ereotypes and bias con tr ib u tin g to t he pow er of t hese st atem ent s an d h a v e str u ctu red a m ore extensi ve soci et y.

Pr iv ileg in g h ig h er st atus t o m en i n archi t ecture an d lessen in g th e work of w omen i s an exampl e of how a r ch itectu r e does not si t outsi de of the soci et y an d cu ltu r e with in w hi ch i t i s l ocated. Due t o t hi s act of differ en tiati on w hi ch t ypi cal pri vi l eges

T he s e r i ous at t e m p t s t o p l ac e t he s oc i al as p e c t s a t t he c e nt e r of de s i gn t he or y ar e goi ng dow n s lo p e d from the history of Architecture. An attempt has been m ade t o p r oduc e and k e e p up a c ons i s t e nt pic t u re of p r ofe s s i onal t he or y and p r ac t i c e as s oc i at e d w it h a de p ol i t i c i ze d fi ne ar t ( W ar d, 1996) . I n a nu t s h e ll, p l ac i ng c r e at i vi t y as t he c e nt r al c om p one n t o f ar c hi t e c t ur e de s i gn ap p e ar s t o b e e s s e nt ia l f o r

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empower in g ar ch it ects t o make sense of thei r w or k, n ot g en der pri vi l eges (Pl ato, 2015).

How e ve r , w i t hi n t he Uni t e d K i ngdom , m os t h o me s ar e not ab l e t o b e ac c e s s e d b y w he e lc h a ir, p ave m e nt s and s t r e e t s ar e fi l l e d w i t h t y p e s of fur ni t ur e or r ub b i s h, w he r e as m os t o f t h e c om m e r c i al and p ub l i c b ui l di ngs gi ve n l imit e d de s i gn c ons i de r at i ons t o al l ow di s ab l e d p e o p le t o ac c e s s e as i l y. ” ( Hal l and I m r i e , 2001)

Th e ter m “u n iv er sal d esi gn” w as created by t he Ar ch itect R on a ld Mace to depi ct the concept of desig n in g bu ilt en vi ronment and prod ucts to be aesth etic an d a ccessi bl e by everyone, regardl ess of th eir a g e, g en de r, abi l i t y, or st atus i n l i f e (Mace et al, 1 9 9 1 ) H owev er, i t w as Sel w yn Gol d sm i t h, the au th or of Desig n in g f or the Di sabl ed (1963), w ho i n tr odu ced th e concept of f ree access f or peopl e w ith disa b ilities. T he d ropped curb i s hi s most s ig n ifica n t cr eation w hi ch i s present l y a st and ard f ea tu r e of th e bu ilt envi ronm ent . Uni versal d esi gn i s also kn own a s in clu s i ve d esi gn, desi gn f or al l , desi gn f or ev er y on e, etc. Uni versal desi gn encourages an d p r omotes th e c onveni ence of varyi ng person needs a n d p r efer ences (Agarw al , 2018).

Th e ter m D esig n for Al l (Df A) i s a desi gn phi l osophy f ocu sin g on th e use of system s, servi ces and pr odu cts by a s many peopl e as possi bl e w i t hout t h e r eq u ir emen t for an adj ust m ent (EIDD - Df A Eu r ope, 2 0 0 4 ).

“ D e s ig n f o r A ll is d esign for human d iv ersit y, s o c ial in c lu s io n and equalit y” (EI DD S t o c k h o lm D e c la rat ion, 2 00 4).

DfA or Un iv er sal Desi gn encourages m anuf act urers an d su p p lier s to create new t echnol ogi es and i n n ov a tion s for ev eryone. Advanced technol ogi es pr ov ide z er o b a r r iers accessi bi l i t y t o t he el d erl y an d peop le with di sabi l i t i es, as w el l as t eenagers an d families. (E I D D - Df A Europe, 2004).

‘ N ot e ve r y di s ab i l i t y i s vi s i b l e . ’ ( C r ohns and c o lit is , 2019) .

80% of di s ab l e d p e op l e have a hi dde n di s a b ilit y , w hi c h i s e q ual t o 4 out of 5 i ndi vi dual s . 6 1 % o f p e op l e w i t h C r ohn’ s or C ol i t i s di s e as e e x p e r i en c e d adve r s e i nc i de nt s l i k e ve r b al or p hys i c al ab u s e f o r us i ng t he ac c e s s i b l e t oi l e t s w hi c h t he y ur g e n t ly ne e de d. ( C r ohns andc ol i t i s , 2019) . Uni s e x b ath ro o m c oul d p r e ve nt s i m i l ar i nc i de nt s fr om hap p e n in g w i t h i t s i nc l us i ve de s i gn and s t r e s s on e q u a lit y de s p i t e di s ab i l i t i e s or ge nde r s .

A l m os t e ve r y i ndi vi dual di s c ove r t he i r s e lf o f b e l ongi ng t o a m ar gi nal i ze d p op ul at i on at s o me p oi nt i n t he i r l i fe . W he r e as m any p e op l e t h in k o f non-t r adi t i onal s e x ual i t i e s as onl y gay or l e s b ia n , b ut t he r e i s a w i de r ange of c at e gor i e s w i t h mo s t i ndi vi dual s w ho di d not fi nd t he m s e l ve s fi t i n t o a n y of t he c at e gor i e s . ( Paul us , 2013) L GBT Q yout h ar e ob s e r ve d t o have hi ghe r ra t e s t o s uffe r fr om p s yc hol ogi c al s t r e s s i f c om p a re d t o he t e r os e x ual yout h. T he l e s b i an, gay, and b is e x u a l ( L G B) t e e nage r s ar e m or e l i k e l y t o c om m it t o i nc i de nt s l i k e s ui c i de as w e l l ( K e l l e he r , 2 0 0 9 ).

Unfor t unat e l y, uni ve r s i t y, r e s i de nc e hal l a n d s p or t s c l ub s ar e vot e d as t he l e as t s afe p l a c e s t o hangout ( Gal e and W al d, 2017) . I t b r i ngs m e n t a l s t r e s s and anx i e t y t o t he adol e s c e nt s L G BT Q y o u t h ( T r ans e q ual i t y, 2015) . .

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Th e tea ch in g and l earni ng envi ronment of i n stitu tion s h a v e to creat e a m ore i ncl usi ve and div er se for stu dents t o f eel w el com e and saf e (M atth ewson , n .d.)

T he Mar r i age ( S am e -S e x C oup l e s ) A c t 2013, w h ic h p e r m i t s s am e -s e x m ar r i age i n Br i t ai n and Wa le s , w as p as s e d b y t he UK Par l i am e nt i n J ul y 201 3 a n d c am e i nt o c ons t r ai n on 13 Mar c h 2014, w it h t h e fi r s t s am e -s e x m ar r i age s t ak i ng p l ac e on 29 M a rc h 2014. ( A s s e t s , 2013) .

In th e in ter v iew by Oakl eaf and Ri chmond, one of t h e pa r ticipa n ts, stated t hat he avoi d s sw i mmi ng i n pu blic p ools an d usi ng l ocker rooms al t oget her.

He was n ot th e onl y i ntervi ew ee t o express a hig h lev el of fear t ow ards l i m i nal / publ i c spaces l ike locker r ooms, restroom s and pool s. Publ i c recr ea tion fa cilities w ere i denti f i ed as the m ost da n g er ou s places and of ten act i vel y avoi d ed by p a r ticipa n ts. T he t ransgender group pref ers an isolated r estr oom f aci l i t y to make them f eel c omfor ta b le a n d bri ng l ess att ent i on f rom the pu blic (Oa kleaf, and Ri chm ond , 2017).

“ W e h av e t o b e c ogniz ant of t he fac t t hat s o m e b o d y c o u ld make an issue of one of o u r m e m b e r s u s ing t he bat hroom, so t hat h e lp s . ” E ar l ( O akleaf, and R ic hmond , 20 17 ).

T he Uni t e d K i ngdom has a r i c h hi s t or y of q ue e r p a s t b ut as a s ham e t he s e s t or i e s oft e n r e m ai n u n t o ld t o t he c ur r e nt s oc i e t y ( Hi s t or i c e ngl and, n. d .). Th e fi r s t l ove s t or y i n t he U. K i s i n t he ye ar 1893, Os c a r W i l de and L or d A l fr e d D ougl as w e r e t he mo s t t r agi c i n t he hi s t or y. W i l de w as de t ai ne d mu lt ip le t i m e s for hi s “ c r i m e ” of hom os e x ual i t y, s u f f e re d fr om b ank r up t c y and e x i l e , and fe l l t o an un t ime ly de at h. ( Pop ova, n. d) .

- 1951, t he fi r s t k now n Br i t i s h t r ans w om an i s R ob e r t a C ow e l l w ho had s e x r e as s i gnm e nt s ur ge r y and as s i gne d w i t h a ne w b i r t h c e r t i fi c at e .

- 1977, Gay and l e s b i an T r ade s Uni o n C ongr e s s ( T UC ) i s t he fi r s t c onfe r e nc e t o di s c us s w or k p l ac e r i ght s .

- 1980, S c ot l and de c l ar e d t hat a r e l at i ons hi p ‘ i n p r i vat e ’ b e t w e e n t w o m e n ove r t he age of 21 i s de c r i m i nal i ze d w i t h in t he c ount r y.

- 1988, D e nm ar k i s t he fi r s t c ount r y in t he w or l d t o ap p r ove l e gal r e c ogni t i on t o s am e -s e x p ar t ne r s hi p ( S t one w al l , 2016) .

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Aar on Betsky is the f i rst person w ho connects ar ch itectu r e a n d queer t heory i n hi s book, Queer Spa ce (Cottr ill, 1 9 9 7). B etsky proposed f ami l i ar gay ar ch itectu r al desig n such as the cl oset , t he i nt eri or an d th e h edon istic urban l i f estyl e as t he utm ost s pa ces to ex p r ess queer i denti t i es (Heuvel , and G or n y , 2 0 1 7 ). Betsky’s hypot hesi s corresponded w ith th e femin ist movement of t he 1990s, w hi ch c en ter ed on th e sexual i ty m easurements and s lowed down ar chi t ecture devel opment (B et sky, 19 9 7 a ). On th e other hand , i t al so hel d a very c on tr ov er sia l idea of ‘otherness’ as cri ti ci zed by Ma r y M cLeod withi n the w ay i t portrayed the heter otopias of queer space as yet i t i s essent i al f or ev er y day life ( McL eod, M, 1996).

t o e x p and t hi s fi r s t hyp ot he s i s of a q ue e r ap p ro a c h i n ar c hi t e c t ur e ; he r ap i dl y jum p s t o S t ra ig h t R e vi val i s m fr om t he Gay Ec l e c t i c i s t s . Pe ople s e e hi s r e s e ar c h i n di ffe r e nt p e r s p e c t i ve s , one mig h t anal yze J e nc k s ’ s q ue e r ar c hi t e c t ur al l ang u a g e i n var i ous w ays . O ne c oul d s e e i t as an a c t o f s oc i al and c ul t ur al ap p r op r i at i on of t he id e a di ffe r s fr om t he p as t t r e nd and m ove t ow ar d s t h e e c onom i zat i on of t he ge ne r at i on.

Th e r elation sh ip betw een space and gay i d ent i t i es ar e comp lica ted, t here i s no ‘queer space’ but on ly spa ce ‘ p u t to queer use.’ (Sand ers, 1999). The pr op osa l of ‘ pu tting space i nt o queer use’ i s an i n dep en den t design rel y on a concept. How ever, ‘pu ttin g to q u eer use’ i s al read y expected i n the c u r r en t society a nd broadl y ut i l i zed t he i dea of ‘qu eer in g , lookin g back at the ori gi n hi st ory of qu eer th eor y in archi t ecture, observati ons are s tr esses on con ceptual shi f ts. Agreeabl y, C harl es Jen cks attempted to characteri ze the param et er of postmoder n ism i n the 1970s and he w as t he pr ima r y cr itics with the ‘gay’ presence i n desi gn (J en cks, 1 9 9 1 ) .

Ir on y , tr a v esty a n d parod are used t o d i st i ngui shed t h e ‘ Ga y E clectic’ f rom t he others. W hi l e Jencks’s rewr itin g of a r ch it ectural hi st ory, several gay ar ch itects like P h ili p Johnson, Robert Stern and Ch ar les M oor e ar e f i gured prom i nent l y, i t has s h own a n oth er ex a mpl e of mal e pri vi l ege. (Gorny, an d H eu v el, n .d.). Sadl y, Jencks d i d not cont i nue

A t t he s am e t i m e , t he r e i s no i nt e r c onn e c t io n between being a gay architect and gay architecture.

J e nc k s p r ove s t hat not onl y gay ar c hi t e c t c o u ld p r om ot e a q ue e r i ng ap p r oac h of i r ony and d o u b le c odi ng t o ar c hi t e c t ur e . Be s i de s , R ob e r t V e n t u ri and hi s fi r s t b ook , C om p l e x i t y and C ont r ad ic t io n i n A r c hi t e c t ur e ( 1966) c an s e r ve as a c as e s t u d y he r e . ( Gor ny, and He uve l , n. d. ) . W i t h s uc h p rio r c onc e p t ual s hi ft s i n t he de ve l op m e nt of q ue e rin g ar c hi t e c t ur e , i t he l p s i n t he de ve l op m e nt of Q u e e r t he or y. T he r e ar e var i ous c ont e s t i ng p r op os it io n s .

N ow adays i n r e l at i on t o t he jus t i fi c at i on fo r t h e de fi ni t i on of q ue e r and q ue e r i ng ar e ar g u a b ly w i t hi n t he q ue e r fi e l d. Gay, l e s b i an and t r ans g e n d e r i de nt i t i e s b e c am e t he m ai ns t r e am c ul t u re in w e s t e r n s oc i e t i e s w hi l e at t he s am e t i m e t he ma le ‘ gay’ i de nt i t y has de ve l op e d i nt o a w i de ra n g e of di ffe r e nt i de nt i t i e s , oft e n i nt e r s e c t i ng w i t h o n e anot he r . T he ac r onym of fi r s t L G BT ( L e s b i an , G a y , Bi s e x ual and T r ans ge nde r ) , has e x p ande d f u rt h e r t o L G BT Q or L GBT Q I w i t h t he de b at e on m ax imu m i nc l us i ve ne s s L G BT Q I or ot he r var i at i ons . T he re a re ar gum e nt s w i t h t he Q s t andi ng for Q ue s t i on in g o r Q ue e r w hi l e I s t ands for I nt e r s e x ual ( T he L e s b ia n , G ay, Bi s e x ual & T r ans ge nde r C om m uni t y C e n t e r, n. d) .

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Some peop le may assum e that there i s no c on n ection between gender and archi tecture, bu t th a t is n ot tr u e. L GB TQ students are f requent l y affected b y discr i mi nat i on w hi ch af f ect s thei r aca demic p er for mance as w el l . Students w ho f a ced discr imin a tion and out ri ght bul l yi ng are un der g oin g difficu lt i es t o manage personal anxi et y an d it in ter r u p ts the perf orm ance abi l i t i es i n a gr ou p. I t is imp or tant f or t he cam pus com m uni t y t o cr eate a safe surround i ng f or L GB TQ students an d p r otect th eir di gni ty. B y creati ng an i ncl usi ve en v ir on men t, it coul d ease the di rect connecti on between a n x iety and perf orm ance. The cam pus s h ou ld pu t th e sa fe t y of L GB TQ students i n t he f i rst place to prevent incidents. A friendly and welcoming atmosp h er e will cr e ate a posi t i ve i mpact on thei r per for ma n ce in class and achi eve a bet t er resul t aca demically . (Kell er, and Dauenhei m er, 2003).

“U D addresses th e ch al l en ges an d ba r r i e r s by exten di n g th e acco m m o dati o n se r vi c e m o del to tran sf o rm th e bro ader ra n ge o f teach i n g practi ces n eeded to c r e a te i n cl u si ve l earn i n g en vi ro n m en ts� (P l i n e r , an d Jo h n so n , 2004).

Th e in clu siv e desig n coul d be appl i ed to change t h e LGBT Q I ssu es. I t i s essent i al to poi nt out t he key c omp on en ts of in clusi ve d esi gn and how the d esi gn pr in ciples of in clu si ve desi gn can be ext ended , UD en h an ces th e experi ences of L GB TQ st udents.

Th e desig n p r in ciples w i l l t hen be f urther di scussed t h r ou g h ou t th e pa per, and i t i s appl i cabl e not onl y t o th e b u ilt en v ir onment but al so onto prod uct desig n , tech n ology and system . The parti cul ar pr in cipa l aim is to proacti vel y create a f ri endl y an d wa r m stu dy envi ronment f or al l students and t u tor s, n ot on ly in cl assroom s but the cul t ure w i thi n t h e u n iv er sity or col l ege (Incl usi veDesi gnHub, 20 1 8 ).

T he r e ar e c ur r e nt l y e i ght p r i m ar y gui di ng p r i n c ip le s for c r e at i ng and i m p l e m e nt i ng UD ( Bur gs t a h le r, 2007) . T he s e p r i nc i p l e s ar e di r e c t l y ap p l i c a b le t o t he ne e ds of L GBT Q s t ude nt s on c am p us an d a re a c al l for c hange t o ac c om m odat e t he s t u d e n t s t hat at t e nd c l as s e s w i t h p hys i c al di s ab i l i t ie s o r i nc onve ni e nc e d m ob i l i t y.

Ge nde r -ne ut r al s p ac e s and de s i gns ar e r e la t e d t o i nc l us i ve de s i gn w i t h t he foc us on g e n d e r or i e nt at i on. T hi s c onc e p t t ac k l e s t he ge n d e rb i as e d or one -s i de d s t r uc t ur e and ar c hi t e c tu re o f c om m on ar e as s har e d b y e ve r yone . T he s e s p a c e s ar e t he n de s i gne d t o e l i m i nat e any hi nt s of b e in g b i as e d t ow ar ds a s p e c i fi c ge nde r . For e x a mp le , t he r oom for b ab y gi r l i s us ual l y p i nk w hi l e b lu e i s for b ab y b oy ( D hanoa, 2019) . Ge nde r -n e u t ra l ar c hi t e c t ur e i s r e q ui r e d t o e ns ur e t he s e s p a c e s and de s i gns w i l l not favor one ge nde r o v e r anot he r and c ons t r ai n s oc i e t y’ s r i gi d ge nde r ro le s on p e op l e . A s a r e s ul t , t hi s c onc e p t e m p owe rs a ll m al e s , fe m al e s , ge nde r -ne ut r al and t he LG B TQ c om m uni t y t o fe e l c om for t ab l e and s afe i n t h e ir s ur r oundi ng e nvi r onm e nt s .

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Emer g in g fr om bot h L GB TQ di scri m i nati on soci al i ssu e a n d sh eer opport uni t y, archi tects and l ocal au th or ities a r e p u r sui ng changes to gend er- neutral ba th r oom sig n a g e and d esi gn i n publ i c spaces l ike ba r s, r estau r ant s, and cof f ee shops. Maj or c ities in clu din g Wa shi ngt on D.C , New York, Aust i n, Seattle, a n d oth er s have establ i shed an i nd i vi d ual ’s rig h t to a pu blic r est room t hat sui t s t hei r gend er i den tity . Sev er al citi es have al so passed l aw s on t h e g en der -n eu tr al si gnage pol i cy f or si ngl e- use restr ooms. N ew Y or k and Denver revi sed t hei r l ocal plu mbin g sy stem to al i gn t he f i xture requi rement w ith moder n laws ( SPUL A, 2017).

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‘Finding an emotional connection between things, services and people is very important to what we as designers do or what we should be doing’ (Seymour)

CHAPTER 1:

INC L USI V E / UN IV E R S A L D E S IG N I NT R O DUC T I O N

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Th e ap p lica tion of I ncl usi ve Desi gn (ID) i n the L GB TQ s ociety h a s b een promi nent, and i t exi sts si nce 19 6 3 . T Selwy n Goldsmi th, the aut hor of Desi gni ng f or th e Disab led (1 963), pi oneered t he concept of f r ee a ccess with out barri ers f or di sabl ed peopl e.

Obser v a tion s will be carri ed out f rom t he L GB TQ c u ltu r e per sp ectiv e to prevent d i scri mi nat i on and s tig ma tiz a tion . T oday, our soci ety conti nues t o hav e poor ly desig ned bui l d i ngs and envi ronments, c r eatin g ex clu sion s f or al l . Incl usi ve Desi gn (ID) s h ou ld b e in teg r a ted w i thi n our bui l t envi ronm ent , usin g both con cept s of equal i ty and equi ty.

G en der -n eu tr al soc i al real m w i l l create a f ri endl y an d a ccessible su r round i ng f or everyone.

“In cl u si ve Desi gn i s n ei th er a n ew g e n r e o f desi gn n o r a separate speci al i sm . I t i s a gen eral appro ach to desi gn i n g i n w h i c h desi gn ers en su re th at th ei r pro du cts a n d servi ces address th e n eeds o f th e w i d e s t po ssi bl e au di en ce, i rrespecti ve o f ag e or abi l i ty. Two m ajo r tren ds h ave dri ven th e gro wth o f In cl u si ve Desi gn (al so kn o w n [ i n Eu ro pe] as Desi gn f o r Al l an d as U n i v e r s a l Desi gn i n th e U SA po pu l ati o n agi n g and th e gro wi n g m o vem en t to i n tegrate di sa b l e d peo pl e i n to m ai n stream so ci ety” ( Gov 2006).

‘ T o e n s u r e e q u a l c hanc es of part ic ipat ion i n s o c ial an d e c onomic ac t iv it ies, everyone o f an y ag e , w ith or wit hout any d isabilit y, m u s t b e ab le t o ent er and use any part of t h e b u ilt e n v ir o nment as ind epend ent ly as p o s s ib le ’ ( C in i, 19 97 ).

In clu siv e Desig n is the d esi gn of an envi ronment or spa ce th at coul d be accessed by everyone reg a r dless of g en de r, age or di sabi l i t y. An i ncl usi ve en v ir on men t is n ot j ust w i thi n the bui l d i ngs but al so ap p lies to an y pu bl i c spaces. The consi d erati on of g en der div er sity i n space rem oves the barri ers created through the separation of gender. It enables ev er y on e to p a r tici pat e equal l y, conf i d ent l y and i n dep en den tly in everyday act i vi ti es. To achi eve t h is u n iqu e desig n i m pact t o the bui l t envi ronm ent , desig n er s an d pr of essi onal s shoul d thi nk ahead an d in teg r a te th e needs of pot ent i al users at al l s ta g es in th e desig n process, starti ng f rom d raf t i ng desig n b r ief, sp a tial pl anni ng, d et ai l ed desi gn, c on str u ction stag e and t he compl eti on of the pr oject (I n clu siv eD esi gnHub, 2018).

T he e s s e nc e of I nc l us i ve D e s i gn of e a rlie r ap p r oac he s i s t o de s i gn for di s ab l e d and e ld e rly p e op l e as a s ub -s e t of t he hum an p op ul at i o n a n d i t has i nt e gr at e d i nt o a m or e r e c e nt i nt e r na t io n a l m ai ns t r e am de s i gn op t i on t ar ge t i ng t he c u rre n t s oc i al i s s ue . Eve r y l oc al aut hor i t y has di f f e re n t w ays t o i nt e r gr at e t he e l de r and p e op l e w it h di s ab i l i t i e s i nt o t he m ai ns t r e am s oc i e t y de p e n d in g on t he c ul t ur e s and s oc i al c ondi t i ons .

Bas e d on t he D i s ab i l i t y D i s c r i m i nat i on A c t 1 9 9 5 , Uni t e d K i ngdom ( D D A , 1995) has e x t e nde d a n d i nc l ude ac c e s s i b i l i t i e s t o t he s e r vi c e s . Be s id e s , Eur op e p r ovi de d fr e e ac c e s s t o i nfor m a t io n and r e l at e d s e r vi c e s as w e l l t hr ough i n t e rn e t and c om m uni c at i ons t e c hnol ogy (I CT) ( Eq ual i t yhum anr i ght s . c om , 2013) .

B AC K G R O U ND

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Th e fir st p u blished ref erence to Incl usi ve Desig n a p p ea r ed i n August 1994 i n a paper Th e Case for I n clusi ve Desi gn presented at the 12 th T r ien n ial Congress of t he Internati onal Er g on omics A ssoci at i on i n Toronto C anada. Thi s pa p er con clu ded that : “f resh approaches of t he k in d r efer r ed to h ere are need ed t o bri dge the pr esen t g u lf between m ai nstream d esi gn and desig n for th e eld erl y, especi al l y w i th regard to t h e sca le of demographi c change. The concept of I n clu siv e Design coupl ed w i t h storyt el l i ng an d scen a r io b u ildi ng techni ques can turn w hat i s often con sider ed as a branch of d esi gn f or disab ility in to an exci ti ng gatew ay t o product i n n ov a tion a n d a more user- f ri endl y f uture f or al l .

As a ttitu des towar d s agi ng and di sabi l i t y change an imp or tan t r ole i s emergi ng f or ergonom i cs i n t h e desig n a n d a ssessm ent of everyday prod ucts an d en v ir on men ts, t o ensure that they al l ow f or t h e br oa dest possi bl e range of abi l i ti es i n t hei r user pr ofiles� (Coleman, 1994).

Th er e a r e ex a mple s of how t he concept coul d be ap p lies in p r a ct i ce t o hel p manuf acturers and retailer s to see th e potent i al com m erci al benef i t s f or th eir b u sin ess. It sum m ari zed i nto a si m pl e c on cep t for a b etter und erst and i ng t o t he publ i c.

Howev er , Un iv er sal Desi gn t hat presented by Ma ce, a discr ete desi gn concept w i th pri nci pl es i s differ en t fr om Un i versal Desi gn (Col em an, 1994).

Su b seq u en tly , I n clusi ve desi gn has been f ocused on en g ag in g th e UK desi gn com m uni t y and uni versi t y t o cr eate liv e bui l t proj ect s as a rol e model .

B esides, I n clu siv e Desi gn can be a support i ng k n owledg e b a se on bui l di ng a convi nci ng busi ness dev elopmen t with i t s user- research method s and t ools.

T he fi r s t b ook b y C l ar k s on, C ol e m an, K e at es a n d L e b b on ( 2003) w as an ove r vi e w p ub l i c at i o n w it h I nc l us i ve D e s i gn as a gl ob al p e r s p e c t i ve f o r t h e agi ng p op ul at i on and t he s oc i al i nc l us i o n f o r p e op l e w i t h di s ab i l i t i e s . T hi s b ook gat he r e d w it h t he c hap t e r s on b e s t p r ac t i c e s , i nc l us i ve d e s ig n t ool s , r e s e ar c h m e t hods and anal ys i s on f u t u re c hal l e nge s . T he s e ar e t he val uab l e c ont r i bu t io n s not onl y fr om t he i ndus t r y and i nt e r nat i onal ex p e rt s as w e l l as fr om a b r oad c r os s -s e c t i on of d e s ig n and r e s e ar c h c om m uni t y.

PRINCIPLES OF INCLUSIVE DESIGN

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“ W h e n y o u in c lud e t he ext remes of ev e r y b o d y , t h at ’ s t o say, d ifferent ly-abled p e o p le o f all s o r ts, t hen you prod uc e t hings t h at ar e b e t t e r for all of us. ”(Wolff, 2 01 8) Un iv er sa l desig n a ims t o be gender- neut ral and be ab le to ser v e different user groups w i th d i f f erent needs. T h e Commi ssi on f or Archi tecture and t he B u ilt E n v ir on men t (CAB E), publ i shed i n 2006 and pr omoted th e fol l ow i ng pri nci pl es of i ncl usi ve desig n to cr eate a f ri end l y and neutral bui l t en v ir on men t: • Inclusive – to ensure everyone can easily access with dignity under a safe situation.

• Responsive – to make sure the needs of every user groups are taken into considerations.

• Flexible – to provide options for people to use it in different ways that suit them best.

• Convenient – to ease the accessibility so everyone can use it without too much pressure nor effort.

• Accommodating – make sure the environment is friendly for all people, despite of their gender, age, race or mobility.

• Welcoming – to eliminate barriers between people and while using the space to avoid uncomfortable or discrimination.

• Realistic – More solutions to suit everyone’s needs and be realistic to realise one solution may not fit everyone.

INCLUSIVE DESIGN IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

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D i s a b i l i ty D i s c ri m i na ti o n A c t ( D D A ) ,1995 T he D i s ab i l i t y D i s c r i m i nat i on A c t ( D D A ) is a p r ot e c t i on for p e op l e t hat has a p hys i c a l o r m e nt al i m p ai r m e nt t hat has an adve r s e e f f e c t on c ar r yi ng out dai l y ac t i vi t i e s . For m e r l y, DDA is agai ns t di s c r i m i nat i on i n l i fe i nc l ude d s e r v ic e s , t r ans p or t , e duc at i on, e m p l oym e nt , e t c . Howe v e r, D D A has now b e e n r e ap l c e d b y t he Eq ual i t y Ac t , 2010, e x c e p t for N or t he r n I r e l and ( R N I B, n. d).

E q ua l i ty A c t, 2010 T he p r i m ar y p ur p os e of for m i ng t hi s A c t i s t o u n if y t he s e ve r al A c t s and R e gul at i ons ( Eq ual Pa y Ac t , 1970, S e x D e s c r i m i nat i on A c t , 1975 and Ra c e R e l at i ons A c t 1976) and for m e d t he b as i s o f a n t idi s c r i m i nat i on l aw for G r e at Br i t ai n. T hi s s i ng le Ac t has a p r e c i s e ai m and i t i s e as i e r t o unde rs t a n d for t he p e op l e . T he l aw p r ot e c t s p e op l e r e ga rd le s s of t he i r age , ge nde r r e as s i gnm e nt , m ar i t al s t a t u s , b e i ng p r e gnant , di s ab l e d, r ac e , r e l i gi on , s e x and s e x ual or i e nt at i on. Fur t he r m or e , p e op l e w it h p r ot e c t e d c har ac t e r i s t i c s c oul d m ak e c om p la in t s i f t he y had m e t di r e c t / i ndi r e c t di s c r i m i n a t io n , har as s m e nt or vi c t i m i zat i on.

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S cot t i sh Execu t i ve D evelopm ent D epar tment Pl a n n i n g a n d Bu i l ding Standar ds Advice Note: In cl u si ve Desi g n . (2001)

Scottish Association of Building Standards Managers, 2009 ( S A BS M ) : Inc l us i ve D e s i g n H a nd b o o k

Scottish E x ecu tiv e Devel opment Depart m ent Plan n in g an d Bu ildi ng St and ard s Ad vi ce Not e: In clu siv e Desig n . (2001) Th is docu men t (Scott i sh Executi ve,2001) set s out th e Scottish E x ecuti ve’s expect ati ons t o del i ver hig h stan da r ds of d esi gn pl anni ng i n d evel opm ent an d r edev elopment proj ects. The desi gn- based Plan n in g A dv ice Not e (PAN) seri es, w hi ch has f ollowed on a n d compl emented Desi gni ng Pl aces, ha s bu ilt u p a r an ge of advi ce on good pract i ce.

Th is P A N looks a t the w ays t o i m prove so that s p a ces can b e u sed by everyone. The obj ecti ve of inclu siv e desig n is to w i d en the user group i n any e n v ir on men t. Howe ver, t o achi eve t hi s, not onl y th e ar ch itects b u t everyone i nvol ved i n creati ng s p a ces, for in sta n ce, bui l d i ng ow ners, devel opers, d esig n p r ofession al s, l ocal authori ty of f i cers and e tc. h av e to u n derstand f und amental d esi gn c on sider ation s for t hi s w i der user group.

Th er e is an additional speci f i c l egal requi rem ent to b e con sider ed w hi ch i s t he need s of di sabl ed people u n der th e terms of Di sabi l i ty Di scri mi nat i on leg isla tion to cr ea te a more i ncl usi ve envi ronm ent .

A n ew du ty for ev eryone, i ncl ud i ng publ i c bod i es, loca l au th or ities a nd pri vate sectors to acti vel y pr omote eq u ality f or t he d i sabl ed (Di sabi l i t y Discr imin ation A ct, 2005). The hi ghl i ght of t hi s new du ty will b e th e promot i on of i ncl usi ve desi gn w h er e ev er y sector has to pl ay thei r part i cul ar rol e to cr ea te a fr ien dly soci et y.

T he Bui l di ng ( S c ot l and) R e gul at i ons 2004 p r o v id e s gui de l i ne s on t he m i ni m um b ui l di ng r e q ui r e m e n t f o r ac c e s s i b i l i t y ar ound and w i t hi n t he b ui l di ngs w h ic h ar e c ons t r uc t e d, c onve r t e d, al t e r e d or e x t e n d e d .

T hi s de s i gn gui de ai m s t o p r ovi de addit io n a l i nfor m at i on and gui danc e i n t e r m s of i nc lu s iv e de s i gn. I t p r ovi de s e x am p l e s of i nc l us i ve d e s ig n , e . g fr om c ar p ar k s , and i n de s i gni ng c or r i d o rs t o t he ac c e s s i b l e s ani t ar y fac i l i t i e s t o s t i m ul a t e t h e ar c hi t e c t ’ s t hi nk i ng ab out al l p op ul at i on w h e n de s i gni ng fac i l i t i e s .

U N I VE R S AL ( UDI )

DE S IG N

FO R

INS TRU CTIO N

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UD I is a n a p p lica tion of uni versal desi gn on the e du ca tion al fr amework ai ms to create a l earni ng e n v ir on men t th a t c oul d be accessed f reel y not on ly for stu den ts w i t h speci al needs but f or al l s tu den ts.

A ll th e pot ent i al needs of al l pupi l s ha v e b een con si d ered w hen d esi gni ng and d eliv er in g in str u ction. Unnecessary barri ers have been iden tified a nd el i mi nat ed i n the teachi ng an d lea r n in g en vi ronm ent w hi l e m ai ntai ni ng academic stan da r d (B urgst ahl er and Cory, 2008).

UD I is p r oa ctiv e and i t benef i ts al l students. For i n stan ce, p r ov idin g a si gn l anguage i nterpret er f or a stu den t wh o i s deaf w hi l e desi gni ng st udent accommoda tion . Uni versal desi gn pri nci pl es can be a p p lied to p r oducts desi gns and envi ronm ent s.

Accor din g to th e Center f or Uni versal Desi gn (CUD ) at N or th Car ol i na State Uni versi ty(1999), UDI c a n be th e g u ideli nes f or t he d esi gn of product s an d en v ir on men ts t o be usabl e by al l students an d teach er s without the need f or a change or sp ecializ ed design. The pri nci pl es of UDI i s t o s tr en g th en th e academi c si tuati on of students to all possible asp ect s w hi l e l earni ng. For i nstance, a wide r a n g e of del i very m et hod s i n t eachi ng, accessib ility to physi cal spaces or f aci l i t i es, i n for ma tion r esou r c es, technol ogy l abs, personal i n ter action s, an d a ssessm ent s.

Below are examples of instruction that employ principles of UD. They are organized under eight performance indicator categories, with a general guideline for each (Burgstahler, 2007).

B esides, UDI cou ld al so appl y t o certai n i nst ructi onal f acilities, tea ch in g m ateri al s, and strategi es w hi l e d esig n in g for stu dents. For exampl e l ectures, c lassr oom discu ssions, l abs, group w ork, f i el d w ork, an d demon str ations. The uni versal l y d esi gned c u r r icu lu m p r ov ides st udents w i th a w i d e range of a b ilities, eth ni c backgrounds, d i sabi l i ti es, l ear n in g sty les, language ski l l s, and m ul t i pl e m ean s of r ep r esentati on, acti on, expressi on, and e n g ag emen t ( Bu r g st ahl er, 2007).

1.

Class climate. Designers should focus on both inclusiveness and diversity as the main design aspects. In order to encourage students to be active in discussions about disability-related topics, a friendly course structure and a positive environment helps in managing the class atmosphere.

2.

Interaction. Communications with the students are the most effective and direct way to understand student’s feelings and situation.

However, communication methods have to be consistent and accessible to all students in multiple ways. For example, it could be a group discussion or private consultations. Tutors should encourage interactions among students by preparing some group works and team-building activities.

3.

Physical environments and products. Ensure facilities on the campus are easily accessed by everyone. All the activities, equipment or materials must consider characteristics of all students to be used in a safe environment. For instance, the tutor should brief the safety procedures or supervised the students during practical class 4.

Delivery methods. Make sure the delivery methods throughout the class are friendly, open and easily understood by all learners. Multiple methods could be carried out to suit the class and allow students to pick the best learning option. It builds up a connection with the tutors and it neutralizes the leaning environment. For example, hands-on activities, field trip, movie class, etc will motivate and engage students with the learning materials.

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5.

Information resources and technology.

Lecture notes, teaching or course materials have to be informative yet flexible. For example, prepare information resources in multiple formats like online slides or printed books to suit all students. Early distribution of class syllabus allows students to read through before the course begins so they will have an idea on the course and be prepared for assignments.

6.

Feedback. Always encourage and accept feedback from the class. Regular feedback sessions before the due date of submission help in understanding the situation of students and keep tracking on the progress of assignments.

7.

Assessment. Use multiple accessible methods and tools for regular assessment. Adjust the course structure or teaching method according to the student progress. For instance, it could be assessed in a group or through exams, as well as individual achievement.

8.

Accommodation. The accommodation on the campus should be flexible for students. Location or facilities should be reachable for everyone including students with special needs. For example, relocate classroom location or providing multiple options for getting materials, etc.

In conclusion for this sub-chapter. Universal Design of Instruction (UDI) has carefully considered all the possibilities to create an inclusive environment with the eight design principles. The inclusive design includes everything from architecture, space, facilities, teaching method to class climate. However, there is a lack of consideration in design for different gender. These principles could serve as a design framework and guidelines while designing a genderneutral space.  

CHAPTER 2:

QUEER AND LG B TQ A R CH ITE CTUR E

QUEER TERMS

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Qu eer ex plain ed as od d, strange, and abnorm al fr om th e Lex ico dict i onary (L exi co Di cti onari es | E n g lish , n .d.) . I t was cl ai med as a pej orat i ve used to descr ibe a n y on e out of pl ace i n a het eronorm ati ve society by man y sc hol ars w i t h d i verse di sci pl i nes ( Cottr ill, n .d) (H eteronorm ati ve: A w orl d vi ew that pr omotes h eter osexual i t y as t he pref f ered sexual or ien ta tion ) ( E n .wi ki pedi a.org, n.d .) Rooted i n mea n in g “odd, unusual , or haunti ng,” queer wa s misu n der stood and ent ered acad em i a as a blan ket ter m a n d became a bad ge f or gays and lesb ian s in th e 1 990s soci et y. How ever, queer sh ou ld n ot be mistaken f rom L GB TQ, L GB TQ i s t he acr on y m for lesb ian, gay, bi sexual , t rangender, qu estion in g an d in tersex gender i denti t i es. Queer allows an aly sis th a t i s cri ti cal and separate f rom th e in div idu a ted i denti t i es but L GB TQ ref ers t o ster eoty pical g r ou ps (Cot t ri l l , n.d ) How ever, i n l at e 1 9 8 0 , th e O x for d Engl i sh Di ct i onary reports that ‘ q u eer ’ is n ow r eclai m ed as a neutral and posi t i ve ter m with th e in ten ti on of i ncl udi ng al l experi ences an d iden tities r ather t han def i ni ng and l i mi ti ng th em. I t cou ld be used i n compl ex gend er and sex u ality issu es. I n cl usi vi ty becam e the spi ri t that we u se th e ter m ‘ q ueer’ (Engl i sh Heri tage, n.d.).

QUEER THEORY

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T he t e r m “ q ue e r t he or y” w as c r e at e d fr om T e re s a de L aur e t i s ’ J our nal i n 1991, i t ’ s a p i e c e o f w o rk ab out fe m i ni s t c ul t ur al s t udi e s . T e r e s a e x p la in s he r t e r m w i t h at l e as t t hr e e i nt e r r e l at e d p r o j e c t s at p l ay t o b ac k up t hi s t he or y. S he de ni e d t h a t he t e r os e x ual i t y as t he b e nc hm ar k for s e x u a l for m at i ons and i t t r ans l at e d i t as a c hal l e n g e t o t he b e l i e f t hat l e s b i an and gay s t udi e s ar e o n e s i ngl e e nt i t y and i t c oul d b e a s t r ong r e as o n f o r s e x ual b i as . T e r e s a p r op os e d t hat q ue e r t h e o ry c oul d r e p r e s e nt al l of t he s e c r i t i q ue s t og e t h e r and m ak e i t p os s i b l e t o r e t hi nk e ve r yt hi ng a b o u t s e x ual i t y. ( G ui de s , 2018)

QUEER SPAC E Q ue e r s p ac e c an b e de fi ne d as s p ac e /s p ac es t h a t c r i t i q ue t he di vi s i ons of s e x ual i t y, ge nde r , c la s s , and r ac e t hr ough p ol i t i c al , c ul t ur al , s oc i al, re a l, e p he m e r al , ge ogr ap hi c and hi s t or i c al c on t e x t s . ( C ot t r i l l , n. d)

“B y i ts very n atu re, qu eer space i s so m e th i n g th at i s n o t bu i l t, o n l y i m pl i ed, an d u s u a l l y i n vi si bl e. Q u eer space do es n o t co n f i d e n tl y establ i sh a cl ear, o rdered space f o r i ts e l f . I t i s al to geth er m o re am bi val en t, o pen , s e l f cri ti cal o r i ro n i c, an d eph em eral . Q u e e r space o f ten do esn ’t l o o k l i ke an o rder y ou can reco gn i ze, an d wh en i t do es, i t s e e ms l i ke an i ro n i c o r rh eto ri cal twi st o n su c h a n o rder.” (B etsky,1997)

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Qu eer spa ce, in other w ord s, i t coul d be vi sual i zed as a da r k, n ig h tlife t hat maxi mi zes experi ences wh er e sh adows a nd secrecy al l ow f or the body to ex plor e itself an d ot hers. A utopi a of corporeal ex p r ession th a t b ears no prod ucti ve purpose.

Qu eer sp a ce is an i nvi si bl e netw ork betw een peop le an d p laces. How ever, w i th t he AIDS epidemic, th is in v isi bl e net w ork d i sappeared. In th is dissip a tion , th e proporti on of gay m al es grow mor e like h eter on ormat i ve i ndi vi dual s and l i ves ( Cottr ill, n .d).

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“Society as we have constituted it, will have no place for me, has none to offer; but Nature, whose sweet rains fall on just and unjust alike, will have clefts in the rocks where I may hide, and secret valleys in whose silence I may weep undisturbed. “ (Hunt, 2016)

THE FIRST LGBTQ STORY FROM HISTORY: OSCAR WILDE AND LORDE ALFRED DOUGLAS

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Q u eer spa ce, in other w ords, i t coul d be vi sual i zed as a da r k, n ig h tlife that maxi mi zes experi ences w h er e sh adows a nd secrecy al l ow f or t he body t o ex plor e itself an d others. A utopi a of corporeal ex pr ession th a t bears no prod ucti ve purpose.

Q u eer sp a ce is an i nvi si bl e net w ork betw een peop le an d p laces. How ever, w i t h t he AIDS ep idemic, th is in v isi bl e netw ork d i sappeared. In t h is dissip a tion , th e proport i on of gay m al es grow mor e like h eter on orm ati ve i ndi vi dual s and l i ves (Cottr ill, n .d) .

I n ye ar 1893, t he l ove s t or y b e t w e e n O s c ar W ild e and L or d A l fr e d D ougl as w e r e t he m os t t ra g ic vi c t i m s of our s ham e ful p as t i n hi s t or y.

W ild e w as i m p r i s one d m ul t i p l e t i m e s for hi s “ c r i m e ” o f b e i ng hom os e x ual i t y, he s uffe r e d b ank r up t c y a n d b ani s hm e nt and fe l l t o an unt i m e l y de at h j u s t b e c aus e he i s gay. ( Pop ova, n. d) . W i l de d e n ie d t he c har ge s agai ns t hi m b ut he di d not de n y h is l ove for D ougl as . He p r e s e nt e d l ove l e t te rs t o fi ght for hi s l ove b e t w e e n W i l de and D oug la s t o t he c our t w i t h Pr os e c ut or C har l e s Gi l l . ( E n g lis h He r i t age , n. d. )

“Th ei r af f ai r was i n ten se, bus tl i n g wi th dram ati c tem pestu o u sn ess, but u n derpi n n i n g i t was a pro f o u n d an d gen u i n e l o ve.” (Po po va, n .d)

Fig ur e 1 : p h o t o gra p hs o f Osc a r W ilde a nd Alfred Do u gla s fro m 1893, H u lt on A r c hiv e

However, Wilde’s enormous capacity for passionate and profound love was also one of the most romantic gifts of his life. (English Heritage, n.d.) He became one of London’s most popular playwrights in the early 1890s. (En.wikipedia.org, n.d.) Popular comedies like ‘Lady Windermere’s Fan’ (1892), ‘An Ideal Husband (1895)’ and ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ (1895) were performed in Paris in 1896.

(The British Library, n.d) In February 1895, Douglas’s father, the Marquis of Queensberry, accused Wilde of being a ‘somdomite‘. (The infamous misspelling of sodomite used by Lord Alfred Douglas’ father which it refers to a person who engages in anal intercourse.) (Yourdictionary.com, n.d.) On the other hand, Wilde sued him back for being libel, lost, and was subsequently found guilty of gross indecency. Wilde was convicted on retrial and sentenced to two years hard labor. He was not only bankrupt but ill from the imprisoned. (Beckson, 2019). He has spent the rest of his life in Europe and reunited briefly with Douglas after his release.

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To con clu de th is sub- chapter, Oscar W i l d e had t o r ev eal h is per sonal l i f e and suf f ered al l t he accu sation s fr om the publ i c. Neverthel ess, hi s t a len ts an d cr ea tions w ere negl ect ed by soci et y on ce h e was imp r isoned. How ever, l ovi ng som eone c ou ld n ev er b e a ‘cri me’. L ove i s a Hum an Ri ght (Slog a n for P r ide London 2008)

LGBTQ

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L G BT Q i s an ac r onym for l e s b i an, gay, b i s e x u a l, t r ans ge nde r and q ue e r or q ue s t i oni ng. L G B TQ is us e d t o de s c r i b e a c om m uni t y w i t hout o r w it h ge nde r i de nt i t y t hat i s out of t he ge nde r b i nary (Th e L e s b i an, G ay, Bi s e x ual & T r ans ge nde r C om m u n it y C e nt e r , n. d) . T he r e as on t hat us i ng t hi s ac ro n y m i s b e c aus e p e op l e do not w ant t o b e c at e go riz e d unde r t w o s e x ual i nde nt i t i e s ( Engl i s h He r it a g e , n. d. ) .

T he us e s of ac r onym L GBT Q c om e s c l os es t t o de s c r i b e i de nt i t i e s and c ap t ur i ng t he b r e a d t h o f e x p e r i e nc e s for t hos e w hos e s e x ual i t i e s di d n o t f it w i t hi n s oc i e t al nor m s . ( Engl i s h He r i t age , n. d. ).

How e ve r , I t w as L G BT on t he 20t h c e nt ur y w h ile t he addi t i on of “ Q ” onl y adde d on t he 2 1 s t .

T he r e w e r e ar gum e nt s b e t w e e n “ q ue s t i o n in g ” and “ q ue e r ” . “ Q ue s t i oni ng” r e p r e s e nt i ng pe o p le w ho w e r e c onfus e d w i t h t he i r ge nde r i de n t it ie s or s e x ual or i e nt at i ons w hi l e “ q ue e r ” s t ood f o r it s s ac ar s t i c or i gi ns and t r yi ng t o b e ac c e p t e d b y s oc i e t y. ( Gol d, 2019)

P R I DE O F P L AC E

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Pr ide of P la ce is a r esearch proj ect f ocus on L GB TQ her itag e with th e missi on to expl ore t he rel ati onshi p between lesb ian , gay, bi sexual , t ransgender and qu eer (LGBTQ) h er itage and t he bui l t envi ronm ent i n En g la n d. LGBT Q h eri tage i s one of the f undam ent al pa r ts of ou r n a tion al heri t age and t hi s proj ect w i l l s eek to imp r ov e the know l ed ge and archi ves to a mor e comp lete hi story (L eedsbeckett , n.d .).

Th e pr oject tr aces al l t he meeti ng poi nts, event s ven u e an d bu ildings f or the L GB TQ com m uni t y.

An y en ter tain men t hang out pl aces l i ke gay cl ubs an d p u bs, p a r ks or venues t o host equal marri age c er emon ies will be record ed, and houses or bu ildin g s th at liv ed i n by l esbi an, gay or trans peop le will b e tr aced as w el l . Pri d e of Pl ace ai m s t o map E n g la n d’ s L GB TQ heri tage and pl aces.

L GBT Q h er ita g e is a f und amental and i nterest i ng pa r t of E n g la n d nati onal heri t age. (Expl ori ng Su r r ey ’ s P a st, n .d.). Pri de of Pl ace i s l ead by a t ea m of h istor ia n s and schol ars at L eeds B ecket t Un iv er sity ’ s Cen tr e f or Cul ture and t he Arts. The pr ofession als ar e usi ng i nnovati ve crow dsourci ng an d map p in g tech ni ques to i ndi cate l ocat i ons and l a n dsca p es acr oss the count ry that hol d hi dd en an d p u blic p laces w i t h L GB TQ si gni f i cance and histor y . ( Leedsb eckett , n.d.).

But t he i r l ove s t or y and L GBT Q i de nt i t i e s t h a t w e unde r s t and t oday onl y s t ar t e d t o r i s e fr om t h e la s t de c ade , t he 20t h c e nt ur y. A s w e c an s e e f ro m t he l ove s t or y, s am e -s e x l ove and ge nde r di v e rs it y w e r e t r e at e d as m or al s i ns or c r i m i nal a c t s , w as r e je c t e d b y t he s oc i e t y and c om m un it y a s m e di c al or e m ot i onal p r ob l e m s . T hus , t he LG B TQ c om m uni t y and t he i r hi s t or i e s have oft e n b e e n hi dde n, m ar gi nal i ze d or s up p r e s s e d.

Histor ic E n g la n d as t he publ i c associ ati on resp on sib le for th e hi st ori c envi ronm ent . Pri de of Pla ce a ims to br in g more consi d erabl e att ent i on t o th e h istor ies of margi nal i zed, und er- researched an d u n der -r ep r esented groups, w hose contri but i on t o ma ke LGBT Q h istory has not yet been ad equatel y ackn owledg ed. ( H i st ori cengl and. n.d .).

Same-sex lov e a n d gend er d i versi ty have l ong been p a r t of E n g la nd’s hi story si nce 1893; the st ory between O sca r Wil de and L ord Al f red Dougl as.

T he goal s of Pr i de of Pl ac e ar e as be lo w : ( Hi s t or i c e ngl and, u. d) .

• To increase awareness of the significance of LGBTQ histories to the public and to recognize the legacy in connection to England’s buildings and scenes.

• To record and share these histories to the next generations by engaging with community individuals and heritage sector in documenting locations of LGBTQ legacy by recognizing locales.

• To identify a number locations of LGBTQ heritage for incorporation with the National Legacy List for England (NHLE), and to revise existing entries on the NHLE where there are vital LGBTQ histories connected to listed sites which merit to be made better-known.

• To suggest and assign buildings or landscapes that have significance to LGBTQ legacy for consideration for local heritage listing.

• To promote the management of current heritage sites open to the public, as well as incorporating LGBTQ histories in future design projects as the interpretive content and this could be the key part of engaging with the public.

W HY L G B T Q P L A C E S MATTE R

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P laces g iv e a sense of bel ongi ng. The bui l t en v ir on men t is wh ere w e have l i ved, cheri shed, socia lised a nd taken shi el d. Not onl y meet our need s bu t it r eflects ou r lives and desi res. (Hooks,2017)

T ow n hal l s as t he c e nt e r s of l oc al gove r nm e nt a c ro s s t he nat i on have s e e n he at e d de b at e s ab out L G B TQ r i ght s s i nc e t he 1980s . L ondon’ s C ount y Ha ll, t h e s e at of t he G r e at e r L ondon C ounc i l , w as at t a c k e d for p r om ot i ng l e s b i an and gay e q ual i t y. R e c e n t ly , t ow n hal l s have fac i l i t at e d t he c i vi l p ar t ne rs h ip s and m ar r i age s of l e s b i ans and gay m e n, al on g s id e t he uni ons of he t e r os e x ual p e op l e . For e x a mp le , S t Paul ’ s C hur c h i n C ove nt Gar de n w as i n t h e 1 8 t h c e nt ur y. W e c oul d fi nd m e m or i al s of l ove b e t w e e n m e n, or b e t w e e n w om e n i ns i de t he c hur c h. Tra n s p e op l e had t o fool t he c hur c h aut hor i t i e s fo r t h e ir m ar r i age – r e p or t s of t r ans w e ddi ngs ar e f o u n d fr om t he doc um e nt s b e t w e e n t he 18t h t o t h e 2 0 t h c e nt ur i e s . ( Hi s t or i c e ngl and, n. d. ) .

E n g lan d h as th e longest queer hi st ory but sham e to n ot h av e a p r operl y d ocum ent ed hi st ory of t he LGBT Q p a st. Some pl aces are si gni f i cant and st and out among others are since they were used to escape h ostility towar ds same- sex l ove or sex d i versi ty. In cer ta in p er iods, q ueer behavi or w as i gnored or r ejected by society. Cont rad i ct to com m on bel i ef , qu eer peop le wer e not al w ays consi d ered d evi ant .

LGBT Q in div idu a ls have l ong uti l i zed publ i c and pr iv ate b u ildin g s, parks, and st reet s t o creat e thei r own cu ltu r es. ( H istori cengl and, n.d .). Even though th e fa ct th at th eir i d ent i t i es are expressed i n an u n ex p ected wa y n ow adays, havi ng i nf orm ati on of th is h er ita g e g iv es L GB TQ i ndi vi dual s a sense of lon g -estab lish ed communi ti es. For i nstance, most cities a n d town s h a d bars and pubs that w el com ed qu eer p eop le ev en hom osexual i ty w as i l l egal back th en . A cr oss th e tow ns and vi l l ages, some hi stori c bu ildin g s a n d spa ces act ed as m eet i ng and event places for LGBT Q peopl e as w el l . (Morti m er, n.d) T h ea tr es a n d ar tists ’ studi os have been gatheri ng poin ts of a mor e promi nent perm i t f or del i ght and qu eer beh av ior . They w ere and f requentl y sti l l ar e cath olic, boh em i an spaces w here al ternati ve wa y s of liv in g can be envi si oned or experi enced .

Well-kn own in stitu ti ons of the past, such as school s or r elig iou s p laces l i ke m onast eri es, have been ar ea s for same-sex rel ati onshi ps, as w el l as pl aces th at issu ed war n ings and ord ers about t hese desir es. ( H istor icen gl and , n.d.).

Many m or e s or t s of b ui l di ngs and p l ac e s a re s i gni fi c ant t o L G BT Q l e gac y. S t or i e s of doc k y a rd s , s ub ur b an s t r e e t s , c our t r oom s , fac t or i e s , a n d p al ac e s ar e t ol d i n onl i ne .

N um e r ous o f o u r, hom e s of t he affl ue nt and e l i t e , hi s t or i c h o u s e s c ont ai n i ns i ght s i nt o t he q ue e r p as t – al th o u g h t he s e s t or i e s oft e n r e m ai n i nvi s i b l e t o t he c u rre n t s oc i e t y. ( Hi s t or i c e ngl and, n. d. ) .

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Bur de t t -C out t s Me m or i al at S t Panc r as G ar d e n s in nor t h L ondon have b e e n l i s t e d as Gr ade I I b u ild in g as w e l l . T hi s m e m or i al i s t o s al ut e t he t r ans F re n c h am b as s ador and s p y C he val i e r d’ Eon i n t h e 1 8 t h c e nt ur y. C he val i e r d’ Eon l i ve d as a m an f o r 4 9 ye ar s and de c i de d t o dr e s s l i k e a l ady s p y t h e re s t of hi s l i fe aft e r i nvadi ng t he Em p r e s s of R us s i a (B B C N e w s , 2016) .

Figu re 2 : Osc a r W ilde’ s H o me, Kensingt o n from BBC News .

Both houses (Kensington and Chelsea ) of playwright O sca r Wild a r e listed as L GB TQ l andmark t o m ark th e g lor y of LGBT Q hi story. He l i ved i n the tw o h ou ses for a wh ile bef ore detai ned f or t w o years as h ar d la b or in R ead i ng Gaol f or havi ng a sam esex p a r tn er (BBC N ew s, 2016).

Fi gur e4: St Ann Cour t, Cher ts e y f ro m B B C Ne ws .

“Our project is one step on the street for a better understanding of a diverse nation we have, and been for centuries. At a time when notable LGBT venues are under particular threat, this is an important step.” (Diva, 2016)

Fig ur e 3 : B u r d e t t - C ou t t s M emo ria l, St P a nc r a s G a r d e ns f r om B B C New s.

Be s i de s , S t A nn’ s C our t i n C he r t s e y, S ur r e y i s o n e o f t he l i s t e d hom e s t o b e gi ve n a uni q ue t i t l e . I t w a s ow ne d b y ar c hi t e c t C hr i s t op he r T unnar d a n d h is p ar t ne r G L S c hl e s i nge r w he r e hom os e x ual i ty w a s unl aw ful . T he de s i gn of m as t e r b e dr oom c ou ld b e s e p ar at e d fr om ot he r s p ac e s i f t he y gue s t s in t h e hous e ( BBC N e w s , 2016) .

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( F ig u r e 5 ) R oy al Va uxhal l T av er n , Lon don is a w el l kn own LGBT g a theri ng v e n u e . ( H a y d o n Br idg e,u .d) R VT wil l be discu ssed fu r th er as one of th e case stu dies i n th e r esear ch . ( F ig u r e 6 ) Sh ib den Hal l , Halifax, the estate of “the fir st moder n lesbi an”, A n n e Lister , h as been r elisted to r ecor d her sig n ifica n ce as a le sbi an pion eer .

At Sh ibden Ha ll, sh e comp osed a coded dia r y , by usi ng th e Gr eek alph ab et and ma th ematica l sy mbol s, wh ich r ecor ded her lesb ian a ffa ir s (B B C N ews, 2 0 1 6 ) .

Figu re 5 : Ro ya l V a u x ha ll Ta v ern fro m Engl i s h Her i tage.

Fi gur e 7: R ed hous e, Al d ebur gh f ro m B B C Ne ws .

T he l i s t e d hom e of p os t -w ar c om p os e r Be n j a min Br i t t e n i s t o c om m e m or at e hi s l ove affai rs w it h Pe t e r Pe ar s , t he p r ofe s s i onal and p e r s onal p a rt n e r.

T he n, t he w r i t e of W ar r e q ui e m s p e nt m os t o f h is l i fe i n R e d Hous e , A l de b ur gh ( BBC N e w s , 201 6 ).

Lister ’ s r emodel i ng of Sh ibden h a s been seen a s a n illu str ati on of su bv er siv e queer ar ch itectu r e sin ce she adju sted th e design t o ba lan ced between t he consideration of the need for pr iv ate sp a ce and r espectab le r epu tat i on amon g h er n eig h bours ( H istor icen g lan d, n.d .).

Figu re 6 : S hib den H a ll, H a lifa x fro m BBC News .

CHAPTER 2:

GEND ER-NEUTR A L D E S IG N

G E N DE R NE U T R ALITY

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G en der N eu tr a lity i s t he m ovem ent avoi d discr imin ation by not categori ze rol es based on s ex or g en der . I t appl i es to pol i ci es, l anguage, pr odu ct desig n a n d f ashi on (Ud ry,1994). Gend erneu tr al spa ces a n d d esi gns are i ncl usi ve d esi gn w ith th e focu s on g end er ori ent ati on. Thi s concept t a ckles th e g en der- bi ased or one- si ded st ructure an d ar ch itectu r e of com m on areas shared by ev er y on e. T h ese spaces are t hen desi gned t o en su r e th er e a r e n o hi nts of bei ng bi ased tow ards a s pecific g en der an d w i l l not const rai n peopl e w i t hi n t h e society ’ s r ig id gender rol e. (Dhanoa, 2019). As a r esu lt, th is con cept benef i t s al l mal es, f em al es an d th e LGBT Q communi ty t o f eel com f ort abl e an d sa fe in th eir surroundi ng envi ronm ent s.

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A s i nc r e as i ng w om e n, L GBT Q , c ont r ac t w o rk e rs r i s e t o ac hi e ve a hi ghe r p os i t i on i n t he i r c a re e r, or gani zat i ons s t r i k e t o c r e at e a ne ut r al c u lt u re and w or k i ng e nvi r onm e nt t hat i nt e gr at e t h e m w i t hout favor i t i s m ( D i ve r s i t y A us t r al i a, n .d ).

Ge nde r ne ut r al i t y and op e n offi c e w i l l c o n n e c t t he w or k e r s w i t h a fr i e ndl y w or k i ng s p ac e a n d p r ovi de a t hi r d p l ac e for m ob i l e w or k e r s t o s w it c h ar ound. A b l e nde d w or k p l ac e p r ac t i c e e n g a g e s p e op l e fr om al l l e ve l and t he fl e x i b i l i t y i n ge n d e rne ut r al zone s al l ow t e am s or i ndi vi dual s t o b e m or e p r oduc t i ve ( D i ve r s i t y A us t r al i a, n. d ). An i nc l us i ve w or k p l ac e offe r s t he s am e op p or t u n it ie s for de ve l op m e nt and gr ow t h t o al l m e m be rs o f s t aff r e gar dl e s s of ge nde r . T he unde r s t and in g o f ge nde r e q ual i t y and i nc l us i vi t y has t o b e gi n f ro m t he t op m anage m e nt and ac t i ve l y p r om ote t h is w i t hi n t he p hys i c al e nvi r onm e nt as w e l l a s t h e c om p any p ol i c i e s ( A gar w al , 2018) . T he fl e x ib ilit y i n s p ac e s al l ow s e x p ans i on and adap t i on t o t h e e vol ut i on of t he c om m uni t y and s e r ve t he n e e d s of di ffe r e nt gr oup s .

W or k p l ac e s e t t i ngs and de s i gn b e c om e mo re i m p or t ant t han e ve r due t o di ve r s e e m p l o y e e s .

D e s i gn e l e m e nt s l i k e s p at i al e x p e r i e nc e s , c o lo rs , t he r m al c om for t , b at hr oom de s i gn and w ay fi n d in g s have t o b e r e s e ar c he d and anal yze d t he n e u t ra l e l e m e nt s t hat c oul d b e c ons i de r e d i n de s ig n in g t he p hys i c al e nvi r onm e nt . ( D i ve r s i t y A us t ra lia , n. d) . N e ut r al c ol or s , m ul t i p l e vi s ual s ys t e m s f o r w ayfi ndi ng, uni s e x b at hr oom , t he fl e x i b i l it y o f s p ac e , e t c . s houl d b e i nc l ude d i n t he de s ig n t o al l ow i ndi vi dual s t o ac c e s s t he s p ac e and w o rk p r oduc t i ve l y.

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Th er e ar e a few st eps t o be executed bef ore pr ep a r in g for g en d er di verse and gend er- neutral w or kp lace desig n ( Agarw al , 2018): 1 .

R ev iew and eval uat e t he exi sti ng wor kin g en v ir onm ent w i t h l ocal bui l d i ng sta n da r ds a nd regul at i ons. Uni versal / I n clu siv e desi gn pri nci pl es provi d e g u idelin es for prepari ng a gendern eu tr a l desig n.

2 .

Regular consultation and discussion with th e sta ff about the need s i n t he wor kin g en v ironment and m ake sure th eir v oices a re heard . Thi s encourages th e man ag ement team and staf f t o be open -min ded about gender i ssues and iden tity in th e w orki ng cul t ure.

3 . Clea r and posi ti ve si gnage sh ou ld b e pr ovi d ed around t he of f i ce.

Gen der N eu tral l anguage to avoi d miscommu n icati on and d i scri mi nat i on.

F or ex ample, the si gnage f or uni versal wa sh r ooms s houl d be neut ral and car efu l, to e nsure t ransgender staf f feels comfor tabl e and saf e w hi l e usi ng th e wa sh r oom.

4 .

Cr eate an act i ve and transparent ma n ag emen t system to m oni tor st af f demog r ap h ics and di versi t y. Regul ar commu n ica tions are t he m ost ef f ect i ve an d dir ect way to manage t he of f i ce situ a tion .

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G e nde r -ne ut r al l anguage i s k now n as n o n s e x i s t l anguage , i nc l us i ve l anguage or ge n d e rfai r l anguage . T he ai m of us i ng t hi s l angua g e is t o avoi d ge nde r di s c r i m i nat i on or b i as b y u s in g i nap p r op r i at e w or ds . Be s i de s , i t he l p s t o r ed u c e ge nde r s t e r e ot yp i ng, p r om ot e e q ual i t y a mo n g ge nde r s and c r e at e s a m or e ne ut r al s o c ie t y ( Eur op e an Par l i am e nt , 2018) .

I n or de r t o ne ut r al i ze ge nde r i n t e r m s t o de s c rib e s p e c i fi c job t i t l e s , w e c oul d r e p l ac e p ol i c e o f f ic e rs to describe both genders instead of using policeman and p ol i c e w om an. T he p r onouns he or s he c o u ld b e s w ap w i t h ’ t he y’ r e fe r r e d t o an unk now n pe rs o n or one have a di ffe r e nt ge nde r i de nt i t y. How e v e r, i n 2012, S w e de n has p r op os e d a ge nde r -n e u t ra l p r onoun ‘ he n’ as a t hi r d ne ut r al p r onoun. I t c o u ld b e us e d t o r e fe r t o anyone de s p i t e t he i r s e x o r ge nde r i de nt i t y. ( Gus t afs s on, Bäc k , and L i nd q v is t , 2015) . Ge nde r -ne ut r al p r onouns ar e c ommo n ly us e d am ong t he L GBT Q c om m uni t i e s i n t he U n it e d S t at e s . ( G us t afs s on, Bäc k , and L i ndq vi s t , 201 5 ). At t he s am e t i m e , ge nde r -i nc l us i ve l anguage i s o f t e n us e d am ong l aw s t ude nt s and t he S up r e m e c o u rt of t he S t at e s . ( R os e , 2010) L GBT Q c om m uni t y have s ugge s t e d r e p l ac i n g t h e t r adi t i onal p r onouns l i k e ‘ he ’ or ‘ s he ’ w he r e o n e m us t b e c at e gor i ze d i nt o t he ge nde r b i na ry o f e i t he r m al e or fe m al e . A s w e di s c us s e d t hr ou g h o u t t he p ap e r , t he r e i s a gr ow i ng var i e t y of g e n d e r i de nt i t i e s , w hi c h i t i s i nap p r op r i at e t o addr e s s t h e m w i t h t he t r adi t i onal w ay. I nc l us i ve l anguage is t h e b e s t s ol ut i on for t hi s s oc i al c onfl i c t and s ui t ab le f o r e ve r yone ( Mos e r , and D e ve r e ux , 2016) . L as t b u t n o t l e as t , G e nde r -ne ut r al l anguage i s di ffe r e nt f ro m ge nde r l e s s l anguage w hi c h r e fe r s t o l ang u a g e doe s not c ont ai n gr am m at i c al ge nde r ( Pi t e l , 2 0 1 9 ).

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Gen der N eu tr al de si gn i s a new m ovem ent that r ises fr om th e p a st f ew years. One of the f am ous an d h ot b u ildin g ty pol ogi es i n the archi t ecture f i el d is th e g en der -n eu tr al bathroom / Uni sex toi l et. Due to th e wide r a n g e of consi derat i ons to sui t every socia l g r ou p a n d th e bui l di ng l aw s of every country ar e v ar ies a s well, desi gners and archi tects are st i l l wor kin g on th e compl ete desi gn m et hod ol ogy i n g en der -n eu tr al desi gn.

Howev er , p r odu ct d esi gn and f ashi on f i el d are h a v in g differ en t a tt i t udes t ow ards gend er l abel s.

F or ex ample, Z a r a and Gucci have l aunched g en der -n eu tr al coll ect i ons i n 2018 (W est and Arts, 2 0 1 8 ) . M an y y ou ng brands are conveyi ng t he messa g e th r ou g h gender- neut ral packagi ng and th ey a r e u sin g en vi ronmental l y f ri endl y mat eri al s as well. Gen der -n e ut ral packagi ng d esi gn d raw s atten tion to th e qual i ty and f uncti on of the pr odu cts with ou t stereotypes to any of the gend er bu t is a p r odu ct for everyone (W ensky, 2018).

T h er e ar e few desig n consi derat i ons w hi l e d esi gni ng to av oid bias towar d s any of t he gend ers (V el arde, n .d) :

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Co l o ur

Fi gur e 8: G end er -Neutr al Col our fr om Ora n a V e rl a rd e .

Mos t of us b e e n r ai s e d w i t h t he p e r c e p t i o n s o f b l ue for b oys w hi l e p i nk for gi r l s . Bab i e s ar e o f t e n ge ar e d w i t h t he s e c ol or di ffe r e nc e s i n de s i gn b a s e d on ob s e r vat i ons w hi l e i t affe c t s t he i r p e r c ep t io n s s i nc e young. Ge nde r -ne ut r al c ol our s us ual l y h a v e a m i ni m al i s t i c c ol or s c he m e l i k e l i ght b r ow ns , g re y , b l ac k , w hi t e and b l ue ( not p as t e l or dar k ) .

Fi gur e 9: Photo col l age fr om author .

F e m i ni ne a nd M a s c ul i ne T yp o g ra p hy Fe m i ni ne font s and Mas c ul i ne font s ar e q ui t e e a s y t o di ffe r e nt i at e w hi l e fe m i ni ne font s ar e u s u a lly c ur s i ve , s l ant e d, s m oot h and t hi n b ut m as c u lin e font s have s har p e dge s , s t r ai ght and ge ome t ric l i ne s . T he r e ar e m or e ge nde r -s p e c i fi c font s t h a n ge nde r -ne ut r al font s . T he m os t p op ul ar gen d e rne ut r al font i s He l ve t i c a w hi c h i s w i de l y u s e d fr om c l ot h b r ands , c os m e t i c l ab e l s t o a c or p o ra t e b us i ne s s l ogo. How e ve r , He l ve t i c a c oul d a ls o b e q ui t e l ady w he n i n Ul t r aL i ght w e i ght or m as c u lin e

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L a you t s B oth website or gr a p h ics la y ou t has fema le an d ma scu lin e s ig n ifica n ce.

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Figu re 1 0 : P ho t o c o lla ge fro m a u t ho r.

Th ey h av e simila r charact eri st i cs to the t ypography abov e: Sh ar p lin e s and st rai ght are mascul i ne w h ile cu r v ed a n d sl oped are f em i ni ne. Desi gn e lemen ts su ch as shapes, f ont s and col ours shoul d be con sider ed an d bal anced t o t arget a cert ai n au dien ce. F or ex ampl e, a f emi ne w ebsi te l ayouts inclu de soft p a stel col our (pi nk, pastel bl ue, rose gold, etc) with flowe rs, cof f ees or pots d ecorati ons.

Amaz on or Goog le has t he best gender- neut ral w ebp a g e th at ca t er f or everyone, w i t h neutral c olor s an d min imalist desi gn l ayout.

Figu re 1 1 : P ho t o c o lla ge fro m a u t ho r.

Ima g ery a n d Ph ot ogr aphy Th e colou r r u les appl y t o prod uct i mage and ph otog r a p h y as wel l . Everythi ng i n the phot o bri ngs a messa g e, th e atmosphere, m od el , background ev en small elements l i ke the shoe that model i s w ea r in g can b r in g an i m pact . The overal l out com e f or female or ma le t arget user groups i s di f f erent, dep en din g on th e angl e, l ayout, col or cod i ng and l ig h tin g .

Fi gur e 12: G end er -Neutr al i con fr om Or a n a V e rl a rd e .

ICON I c on oft e n us e d t o vi s ual i ze i nfor m at i on. D ue t o t he de m ands on i nfor m at i on ar e b as i c al l y e ve r yone s o i nfogr ap hi c s ar e us ual l y de s i gne d ne ut r al l y.

How e ve r , t he r e i s i nfor m at i on t hat at t r ac t s fe m al e or vi c e ve r s a. For e x am p l e , s oc i al m e di a i c ons , b ui l di ng t yp ol ogi e s i c on or onl i ne b us i ne s s i c on.

D e s i gn of i c on c oul d s t i l l fol l ow t he c ol our and l i ne p r e fe r e nc e s t hat have di s c us s e d e ar l i e r . O ut l i ne and gl yp h i c ons have no s p e c i fi c c ol our and t he m i ni m al i s t s t yl e fi t s any k i nd of us age .

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b y s oc i e t y ( S ane r , 2017) . C l ot hi ng l i k e fl ar e d j e a n s , c om b at b oot s , k ni t c ap s fr om t he 90’ s has b e e n r e vi ve d for b ot h m e n and w om e n ( T r adl ands , n .d .).

Uni s e x fas hi on has al w ays b e e n i n t he A m e ric a n c ul t ur e s i nc e 1824, w hi c h i s w ay b e for e t h e ris e of ge nde r -ne ut r al de s i gn i n t he ar c hi t e c t ur e f ie ld ( C hr i s m an-C am p b e l l , 2015) . D e s i gne r s l i k e Y v e s S ai nt L aur e nt and C oc o C hane l have l aun c h e d fe m al e t ux e do and t w e e d s ui t s , i t b e c a me a m ai ns t r e am fas hi on s i nc e t he n ( Panop oul ou, 2 0 1 6 ).

Fig u r e 1 3: P ho t o gra p h fro m RI z z o .

Un isex cloth in g is desi gned t o bl ur the l i nes bet w een ma le a n d female d ressi ng st yl es, a f ashi on l i ne to b e wear b y everyone. A new t rend among y ou n g ster s is stea l i ng your boyf ri end/gi rl f ri end’s wa r dr obes (E th ical Uni corn, 2019). On t he ot her side of th e wor ld, in Sout h Korea w eari ng m atchi ng ou tfits ar e th e n ew w ay of expressi ng t hei r l ove ( T r a dla n ds, n .d.). Uni sex f ashi on al l ow s t he shari ng of cloth es with p a rt ners and f ri end s regardl ess of g en der . H owev er , the w ord ‘uni sex’ w as f i rst used by salon s th at p r ovi d e servi ces f or both m en and women (P aoletti, 2 015).

Un isex fa sh ion cert ai nl y bri ngs i m pact t o the tr a dition al g en der st ereotype, w hi ch i s l i mi ti ng peop le to b e th em sel ves. B esi des, thi s m ovem ent is pu sh in g ba ck agai nst the conservati ve t hi nki ng th at men sh ou ld wear t rousers w hi l e w om en shoul d wea r skir ts, a llowing peopl e t o expl ore d i f f erent dr essin g sty les without w orryi ng about bei ng ju dg ed

T he fe m i ni s m m ove m e nt s aft e r W or l d W ar I I w e n t vi r al i n t he 1960’ s , p e op l e b e gan t o r e d e f in e t he p ol i t i c al , s oc i al and s e x ual m or e s t hat w e re c e l e b r at e d i n t he Pos t W W I I e r a ( S ane r , 2017 ). Th e s e x ual r e vol ut i on ac c om p l i s he d a gl or y p e r i o d f o r ge nde r -ne ut r al fas hi on w he r e m ode l s I n Par i s w e re dr e s s e d i n m i ni m al i s t and s l e e k uni s e x p a t t e rn s fab r i c s ( T r adl ands , n. d. ) .

Unfor t unat e l y, uni s e x fas hi on has de c l i ne d a f t e r a p e r i od of t i m e ( Paol e t t i , 2015) . I t had aw k w a rd c ut t i ng and fi t t i ngs for b ot h m e n and w om e n a n d c aus e d m os t of t he c l ot hi ng i s foc us on t he s e x o f t he m ode l . For e x am p l e , t he fe at ur e s for m al e a n d fe m al e l i k e hai r , b r as , e t c w i l l b e t he foc us w h e n t he y ar e t he s am e uni s e x t i ght -fi t t i ng t op on t h e m ( T r adl ands , n. d. ) .

A G E NDE R @ S E L F R IDG E S , LO NDO N.

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T he i nt e r i or r e t ai l of t he r e t ai l s hop has a c a g e l i k e s t r uc t ur e t hat m ade of c hi c k e n w i r e an d it is e x t e nde d ac r os s t hr e e s t or i e s ( T oogood, 2 0 1 5 ).

A l l t he hangi ng c l ot he s ar e c ove r e d up w i t h w h it e c as e s t hat m ade fr om ar t i s t s c anvas w i t h a s ma ll op e ni ng r unni ng fr om t he m i ddl e for a gl i m p s e a t t he c l ot h i ns i de . Eve r y c l ot hi ng l i k e hoodi e s , g o ld e m b r oi de r e d dr e s s , ac c e s s or i e s , s k i r t s or s w e a t s h irt s ar e al l b agge d i n unm ar k e d w hi t e c ove r e d ( B a n k s , 2015) . T he c ol our c ode s for A ge nda i s q ui t e lig h t and ne ut r al , w hi c h i s w hi t e , gr e y and a t ou c h o f p i nk on t he s c ul p t ur e s . T oogood c r e at e d s o me i r r e gul ar s c ul p t ur e s as de c or at i ons ar oun d t h e s p ac e w i t h no b r ands and no l ogos on i t t o a v o id c om m e r c i al c ons t r ai nt s ( Bank s , 2015) .

Fig u re 1 4 : P ho t o gra p h fro m Tsjeng.

A ccor din g to F aye Toogood , the d esi gner of Selfr idg es’ s Gen der- Neut ral retai l store at Oxf ord Str eet, Lon don , ‘ A gend er’ means ‘w i thout gend er’ wh ile a t th e same ti m e i t suggest s a change or idealog y for b ein g genderl ess (Toogood, 2015). The g oals of th e pr ojec t i s t o ref l ect the real i t i es and mov e fash ion towards a gend er- neutral d i recti on.

A g en da con cept has been around si nce 2013 wh en th ey ob ser v ed peopl e no l onger proacti ve in th eir cloth in g departm ent but starts expl ori ng each oth er ’ s a isles (Toogood , 2015). Sel f ri d ges’ aim was to cr eate a shoppi ng space w here m en an d women cou ld com e and spend ti m e t oget her with ou t h a v in g to go to separate d epartm ent al floor s (T sjen g , 2 0 1 5 ). ‘You w oul d choose cl ot hes as an in div idu al r a th er than based on your gend er.’

Faye T oog ood.

Furt herm ore, Sel f ri dges has la u n ch ed 5 u n isex col l ecti ons w i t h 40 ad di ti onal selected br a n ds whi ch can be carri ed by any sex ( Ban ks, 2 0 1 5 ) . T h e concept i s t o break d ow n t he bou n dar ies between gend ers (Tsj eng, 2015).

Fi gur e 15: Photogr aph fr om T s jen g .

Fi gur e 15 s how s t he r e t ai l di s p l ay t o t he pu b lic , t he t he m e of t he di s p l ay doe s nt gi ve any h in t o n ge nde r i de nt i t y b ut i t c r e at e s a s e ns e of m y s t e ry t hat at t r ac t s at t e nt i on fr om t he s t r e e t .

CHAPTER 4: 72

C ase Study 1 GE N D E R N E U T RA L S A N IT A RY IN CL U S IV E RE S T ROOM / T OIL E T

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D E S IGN :

U N I S E X/

Uni s e x r e s t r oom , al s o c al l e d ge nde r -i nc lu s iv e / ge nde r -ne ut r al r e s t r oom /t oi l e t t hat i s not d iv id e d b y s e x or ge nde r . T he uni s e x r e s t r oom c an b en e f it s a huge r ange of us e r gr oup s w i t h or w i t hout s pe c ia l c ar e , for i ns t anc e , p e op l e w i t h di s ab i l i t i e s , a mo m w ho has a younge r c hi l d w ho ne e ds a c om p a n io n w hi l e us i ng t he fac i l i t i e s , e t c . A c c or di ng t o t h e N GO Pub l i c Hygi e ne L e t s Us S t ay Hum an ( PH LU SH ) i n Por t l and, O r e gon ( 2015) . N ot onl y m al e /fe ma le b ut any i de nt i t y l i k e t r ans ge nde r , ge nde r qu e e r, i nt e r s e x , e t c ) ar e w e l c om e t o us e t he ge n d e rne ut r al b at hr oom . T he p l anni ng of t he b at h ro o m l ayout i s i nc l us i ve and have fac i l i t i e s for a f a mily as w e l l . ( C ow e l l , 2017b ) .

“As disability access consultants advocating f o r accessi bl e bu i l t en vi ro n m en ts, w e bel i eve th e pro vi si o n o f u n i sex am b u l a n t to i l ets en abl es san i tary f aci l i ti es to b e u ti l i zed by a wi der ran ge o f u ser gro u p s a n d i s a m o re u n i versal l y desi gn ed appr oa c h wi th th e m o st equ i tabl e o u tco m e f o r th e co m m u n i ty” (C o wel l , 2017a).

T he J our nal Par k of R e c r e at i on A dm i ni s t ra t io n (Oakleaf & Richmond, 2017) has conducted a recent s t udy, i nt e r vi e w e d t he e x p e r i e nc e s of t r ans g e n d e r gr oup and r e c or de d t he i r p e r c e p t i ons ab out u s in g p ub l i c s p ac e s . Mos t of t he p ar t i c i p ant s s t r u g g le d w i t h c i s ge nde r as s um p t i ons ( s oc i e t al b e l i e f s t h a t ge nde r i de nt i t y m at c he s t he s e x as s i gne d at o n e ’ s b i r t h) . T he p r e m i s e s oft e n c aus e d ne gat i ve fe e lin g s of fe ar , i s ol at i on, anx i e t y, and avoi danc e of p u b lic fac i l i t i e s b y t r ans ge nde r i ndi vi dual s . Fur t he r mo re , t he m os t dange r ous p l ac e s t hat vot e d b y t h e

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par ticipa n ts a r e publ i c spaces l i ke restroom s w h er e on e of th e i nt ervi ew ees com m ent ed as bein g ‘ sca r y .’

Du e to b ein g ju dged t hrough verbal harassm ent an d a ssa u lt for u sing t he “w rong” t oi l et, peopl e w ill tr y to av oid u sing t he publ i c restroom . In return, th is situ ation ex p oses t he pot ent i al f or heal t h ri sks s u ffer in g fr om an x ie t y, d epressi on, d ehyd rati on, or k idn ey in fection s, whi ch can l ead t o mental and ph y sical disab ility . The Di sabi l i t y Di scri mi nat i on Act (DDA ) in 1 9 9 2 passed by t he UK parl i am ent , “ less fa v or a b le tr eat m ent ref ers to a person bei ng tr ea ted less fav or abl y due t o t hei r d i sabi l i ty” i s d efin ed a s discr iminati on. (Sect i on 5 of t he DDA Dir ect D iscr imin ation) Al so, Secti on 24 of t he DDA r efer s to g oods or servi ces bei ng ref used to a per son du e to th ei r di sabi l i t y. To respond t o t he act, a p er son wh o id ent i f i es as outsi de t he gender bin ar y or someon e requi res supports i n a d i sabl ed bath r oom ma y feel negl ect ed and d i scri mi nat ed ag ain st an d den ied by not provi di ng a uni sex or a m or e welcomin g g ender- neut ral toi l et.

RESTROOM SI GNAGE

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T he ap p r oac he s t o uni s e x r e s t r oom de s i gn i n c lu d e l oc at i on, de s i gn, and as s oc i at e d s i gnage . C h a n g e s i n b ui l di ng c ode s c oul d e m b r ac e and adv o c a t e a ge nde r -ne ut r al ap p r oac h. A us t r al i an S t an d a rd s 1428. 1 i ns t r uc t s t hat e ve r y s i gnage has t o p r o v id e c l e ar vi s ual , t e x t , and Br ai l l e t o l ab e l t he s a n it a ry fac i l i t i e s fe m al e and m al e or uni s e x . Mos t o f t h e b at hr oom s ar e as s i gne d w i t h ge nde r c har a c t e rs or s ym b ol s . Be l ow ar e s om e e x am p l e s of i nc lu s iv e b at hr oom s i gnage t hat ar e s ui t ab l e for ge n e ra l us e . Fi gur e 13 s how s s om e e x am p l e s of ge n d e rne ut r al b at hr oom s i gnage .

Fi gur e 13: Photo col l age f ro m a u t h o r.

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TY PES OF UNI SEX RESTROOM

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“Each sel f -co n tai n ed cu bi cl e i n cl u d e s a to i l et, van i ty u n i t an d h an d dryi n g f ac i l i ti e s beh i n d a f u l l -h ei gh t cu bi cl e do o r. As w e l l as bei n g styl i sh an d pri vate, th ey are a l s o an excel l en t way to m axi m i ze avai l a b l e space an d th e f act th at th ey can be u n i s e x m ean s di f f eren t f aci l i ti es do n ’t n eed to b e pro vi ded, wh i l e sti l l cateri n g f o r al l n ee d s ” (Wash ro o m Wash ro o m . u k).

Fig ur e 1 3 : P hot o c o lla ge fro m a u t ho r.

N ot ev er y disa b ility i s vi si bl e as thousands of peopl e with Cr oh n ’ s or Col i ti s di sease are suf f eri ng i n silen ce. 6 1 % of pa tient s have experi enced physi cal or v er ba l ab u se whi l e usi ng an accessi bl e toi l et.

T h ey ‘ don ’ t look d i sabl ed ’ f rom the out si de but t h ey ar e a ctu a lly suf f eri ng f rom t he si ckness w i t h u r g en t n eed of u sing t he t oi l et (Crohnsand col i t i s, 2019). ‘ Do n ot ju dg e with your eyes.’ Transgender peopl e often g ot discr imi nated by usi ng t he bi nary r estr oom fr om th e i r physi cal appearance, but t h ey ma y h av e a d i f f erent gend er i denti t y f rom t h e in side. ( Oa kleaf , and Ri chm ond , 2017). The in clu siv e desig n coul d change t he si tuati on but t h e commu n ity h a s to respect the hi gh val ue of g en der div er sity with an open mi nd .

T he uni s e x p ub l i c t oi l e t s houl d b e e q ui p p e d w it h fi x i ngs for di s ab l e d p e op l e or p ar e nt s w i t h a k id w ho ne e ds t o us e t he ge nde r -ne ut r al fac i l i tie s . A uni s e x t oi l e t i s m or e c onve ni e nt for p e op l e w h o r e l y on a w he e l c hai r b e c aus e t he y m i ght r eq u ire as s i s t anc e fr om anot he r p e r s on. T he uni s e x t o ile t w i l l b e a b e t t e r op t i on for t he m and p ub l i c s e x s e p ar at e d fac i l i t i e s m i ght l e ad t o di s c o mf o rt ( D e vi ne , 2009) Uni s e x p ub l i c t oi l e t s ar e c om m onl y s e e n i n p u b lic t r ans p or t at i ons , w he r e t he r e ar e l i m i t e d s p ac e , f o r e x am p l e , ai r c r aft l avat or i e s or t r ai n r e s t r oom .

T w o t yp e s of uni s e x t oi l e t s t hat ar e c u rre n t ly p r e s e nt e d fr om Fi gur e 15 t o Fi gur e 18 b e l ow: • T he s i ngl e -oc c up anc y fac i l i t y. O ne e nc lo s e d s i ngl e r oom i s p r ovi de d, and i t w as de s i gne d t o b e us e d b y s e ve r al p e op l e at onc e , s uc h as a mo m w i t h k i ds or s om e one w ho ne e ds he l p .

• Mul t i -us e r fac i l i t i e s . T he de s i gn of t hi s la y o u t w i l l b e op e n w hi l e t he c ub i c l e s ar e s e p a ra t e d fr om t he s har e d s i nk s , or t he r e w i l l b e p r i vate s in k p r ovi de d i n t he s t al l .

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Fi gu re 17: F am ily t oile t int e r ior a t H ong Ko ng

by Hu w n e D o w.

Fi gu re 18 & 18 a : Unis e x t oile t wit h a urina l i n a J apan e se S hink a ns e n e x p r e s s t r a in b y i Ho k u ri k u .

Figu re 1 5 : U nisex p u b lic t o ilet o n t h e s tr eet o f P a ris, Fra nc e b y La Cit t a V it a .

Figu re 1 6 : U nisex p u b lic t o ilet a t Fed er al Reserv e Ba nk in Sa n Fra nc isc o , t he USA by Ted Eyt a n.

(Figure 16) The sinks are located in front of the cubicles and are shared with all the users.

SEC OND ARY SC HOOL AND UNI V : ERSI TY IN 79 THE UNI TED K I NGD OM O ne of t he fi r s t s c hool s w hi c h adop t e d i nc lu s iv e t oi l e t s w as a s e c ondar y s c hool i n S t oc k p or t, n e a r Manc he s t e r , i n 2000. ( S l e i ght , 2017) . Be s i d e s , I n 2015, e ve r y ne w s c hool i n S c ot l and w e r e s e t t o i nt r oduc e uni s e x t oi l e t s i n t he c am p us t o e l i min a t e b ul l yi ng. T he S c ot t i s h Fut ur e s T r us t ( i n c harg e o f t he s c hool b ui l di ng p r ogr am i n S c ot l and) ha s t rie d t o p r ovi de i nc l us i ve t oi l e t s i n one of t he p rima ry s c hool s and t w o s e c ondar y s c hool s , t he re s u lt s ar e s at i s fyi ng s o far ( Mi c hae l , 2015) . I n or d e r t o he l p s t ude nt s w ho m ay b e t e m p or ar i l y c on f u s e d w i t h t he i r ge nde r i de nt i t y dur i ng t he i r p u b e rt y p e r i od, Gl as gow C i t y C ounc i l has announc ed t h a t r e s t r oom s i n s c hool w i l l ne e d t o b e as s i gn e d a s ‘ Uni s e x ’ i ns t e ad of ‘ Gi r l s ’ and ‘ Boys ’ ( Yor k e , 2 0 1 7 ).

I n t he Uni t e d K i ngdom , i nc l us i ve t oi l e t s a re c om m onl y p r ovi de d on uni ve r s i t y c am p u s e s .

S c ot t i s h Uni ve r s i t i e s l i k e S t r at hc l yde and Gl a s g o w Uni ve r s i t y ( fi gur e 19) w hi l e Br i t i s h Uni ve r s i t i e s lik e Br adfor d, S us s e x , and Manc he s t e r as w e l l . Br i g h t o n and Hove c i t y c ounc i l i nt r oduc e d uni ve r s al s y mb o ls on uni s e x t oi l e t s s i nc e 2013.

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STALLED !

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S t al l e d! w as for m e d i n 2015 w i t h t he l e a d o f A r c hi t e c t J oe l S ande r s and hi s t e am fr om Ne w Yor k , i s a di r e c t r e s p ons e t o t he s oc i al e q ui t y is s u e .

S t al l e d! i s a p r ot ot yp e of ge nde r -ne ut r al r e s t ro o m / i nc l us i ve p ub l i c r e s t r oom w i t h a fl e x i b l e and o p e n de s i gn l ayout . T he r e s e ar c h t e am i s w or k i ng c lo s e ly w i t h t r ans t he or i s t S us an S t r yk e r , l e gal s c hol a r Te rry K ogan and p ol i c y anal ys t for ac c e s s i b i l i t y Q u e mu e l A r r oup t o w or k out an i nnovat i ve de s i gn t r y in g t o t ac k l e al l p os s i b l e de s i gn p r ob l e m s ( S PUL A , 2 0 1 7 ).

1. D e ve l op a p e r fe c t p r ot ot yp e for a r e t r ofi t p r oje c t .

2. Pr oduc e c ons t r uc t i on.

3.

Figure 19: Photograph of Unisex washroom in the library of Glasgow University.

(fig u r e 1 9 ) T h e wa shroom i s m ul t i - users desi gns w i t h a r ow of cu b icles on the ri ght w i th shared si nks on th e left. T h e p a r titions of the cubi cl es are covered f r om ceilin g -to-floor t o prevent peeki ng cri me. The atmosph er e in th e restroom i s saf e and f ri end l y to th e u ser s.

s t andar d

de t ai l s

for

ne w

Fr e e s t andi ng de s i gn.

T he i ni t i al ap p r oac h w as t o c r e at e t he b e s t d e s ig n and p r ot ot yp e s t o s ui t t he us e of t he c u rre n t c om m uni t y. N e w b at hr oom de s i gn e x e r c i s e s a re ne e de d i n uni ve r s i t i e s and p ub l i c i ns t i t ut i o n s t o adap t t o t he e vol vi ng s oc i e t y ( S ande r s , 2015 ).

T he p r op os e d l ayout ( fi gur e 19) ar e di vi de d in t o t hr e e p ar t s w hi c h i s e l i m i nat i ng ar e a at t he in n e r p ar t , w as hi ng ar e a i n b e t w e e n and gr oo min g ar e a jus t ne x t t o t he e nt r anc e . A l ounge i s a d d e d at t he c or r i dor t o t r ans for m i t i nt o an ani m a t e d s oc i al s p ac e and c oul d s e r ve as a w ai t i ng a re a .

O p e n c i r c ul at i on e nc our age s p e op l e t o us e t h e fac i l i t i e s fr e e l y w i t hout p r e s s ur e ye t i s ol at e d f ro m t he p ub l i c ar e a. Mor e ove r , c e i l i ng-t o-fl oor s ta lls t o p r e ve nt ‘ p e e k -a-b oo’ op e ni ng w hi c h i t e l i min a t e s t he i ns e c ur i t y for t he l adi e s ( S ande r s , 2015) .

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Fig u re 1 9 : Aeria l v iew o f St a lled’ s a irp o rt rest ro o m pr ototy pe b y Jo el Sa nders.

Th is desig n p r ototype i s l eadi ng t he conversat i on bey on d g en der , el i m i nati ng i nconveni ence f or tr a n sg en der , pa r ent s w i th chi l dren and more c on v en ien t for th e d i sabl ed as w el l . B esi des, i t w i l l pr ev en t th e lon g lines at l adi es rest room w i th the gen der -seg r eg a ted f aci l i t i es. L ast but not l east , Joel San der s en courages archi t ects shoul d m ove towar d a mor e diverse d esi gn model that coul d e mpower differ en t user groups

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‘ Queer space is not the equivalent of queering space, with the former somehow reduced to a kind of product of architectural design. It has instead to do with the formation of a way of life, of a way of being in the world that is at once the position from which experience is lived and a matrice of experience.’ (Gavroche,2016)

Case Study 2

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Roya l Va u xh a l l T a v er n

Fig ure 2 0 : P ho t o gra p hy o f Dra g sho w p erfo rma nc e in R VT by Va uc ha ll Ta v ern.

T h e R oy al Va u x h al l Tavern (RV T) i s one of the fa mou s h a n g ou t pl aces i n sout h L ondon f or t he g ay commu n ity . I t is w el l know n as a sym bol of the g ay commu n ity , with a nat i onal and i nternati onal r epu ta tion sin ce it i s Grade II l i sted i n the year 2015 ( H istor icen g lan d, 2015). From t he earl y 1950s, RV T came to b e ackn owl ed ged as a maj or L GB T venue an d it is th e oldest survi vi ng gay venue at Sout h Lon don ( Br idg e,u .d) A listed building is building with special architectural elemen ts or h istor ic al i nterest t hat recogni zed as bein g v a lu a b le to t he country. B ui l d i ngs l i st ed with th e n a tion al a re l egal l y protected f rom bei ng demolished, extended or altered without permission fr om th e loca l p lanni ng aut hori ty. A Grad e II l i st ed is defin ed as a UK bui l di ng or structure t hat has a

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s p e c i al i nt e r e s t and w or t h e ve r y e ffor t t o p r e s e rv e it . ( Bi dw e l l s , 2018) . R V T i s now one of t he fe w r e m a in in g ve nue s i n L ondon t hat s t i l l s how c as e ne w an d o ld t al e nt e ve r y w e e k . Pr ot e c t i on s houl d b e offe re d t o e ns ur e t he c om m uni t y c om e ar ound and r e ma in s as an i m p or t ant ve nue for m any de c ade s t o c o me ( Br ow n, 2015) R V T oft e n hos t e ve nt s or s ho w s f o r t he m os t t al e nt e d dr ag p e r for m e r s , m us i c i an s , DJs , c om e di ans and D J s i n t he e nt e r t ai nm e nt i n d u s t ry and have ac c om p l i s he d m any s uc c e s s ful c a re e rs .

HI S T O R Y

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T h e R oy al Va u x h al l Tavern w as bui l t bet w een 1 8 6 0 - 1 8 6 2 , designed by the archi t ect Jam es E dmeston sen ior . The RV T w as constructi on on th e p iece of lan d w hi ch w as once know n as Va u x h all P lea su r e Gardens w hi ch had cl osed i n 1 8 5 9 . (H istor icen g land, 2015). It w as bui l t t o be a pu blic h ou se a lth ough som e peopl e bel i eve i t w as a mu sic h all v en u e i nstead . Duri ng W orl d W ar II, ser v iceman a n d g ay men w ere at t ract ed to thi s v en u e wh er e dr a g show s began i n t he bui l di ng. ( R v t, n .d.)

D u r in g th e 1 9 7 0 s, archi t ect R A L ew cock has r efu r bish ed th e in teri or of the bui l di ng, and t he RV T had a long kidney-shaped bar with internal structural colu mn s a n d a perf ormance stage f or drag art i st ( Bu r ston ,2 0 0 7 ). I t p r ovi d es an entert ai nment venue for loca l wor ker s to pl ay dart s i n RV T’s publ i c bar wh ile g ay men were att ract ed t o t he l ounge (Rvt, n .d.) C1 9 , th e pu d w as recogni zed as a vi tal d rag an d ca b a r et v en u e , many w el l - know n drag arti st s h a v e star ted th eir c areer at t he RV T stage.

LOC ATI ON

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Figure 21: Location of RVT by author.

T he R oyal V aux hal l T ave r n i s l oc at e d at t he s o u t h s i de of L ondon w hi c h i s i t ar ound hal f an h o u r aw ay fr om t he c i t y c e nt e r b y p ub l i c t r ans po rt . I t i s l oc at e d al ong t he T ham e s R i ve r t hat c on n e c t s t o t he he ar t of L ondon. W e c an judge fr o m t h e l oc at i on of R V T , L GBT Q s oc i al gr oup w as not o p e n ly ac c e p t e d b y s oc i e t y r e s ul t i ng i n t he l oc at io n o f t he i r hangout s p ot w as a b i t off fr om t he c e n t e r.

How e ve r , R V T w as announc e d as a l i s t e d b u ild in g b y t he aut hor i t y b e c am e huge s i gni fi c anc e t o t h e L G BT Q c om m uni t y t hat t he c ount r y i s r e a d y t o ac c e p t t he m as a p ar t of t he c om m uni t y.

F A C A DE

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I NTERI OR

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Figure 22: photography of RVT by Burston.

Figure 23: Interior of RVT by Elf Lyons.

B u ild in g f aç ad e as a mask t o c over t he s p ac e p e r f o r m anc e and prac t ic e, t hen to allo w s o m e o ne wit h queer id ent it ies ap p e ar e d an d follows t he rules set up by th e h e te r o n o r m a t iv e soc iet y. (Bet sky. 1 99 7)

“Steel co l u m n s are n arrati n g th e q u e e r h i sto ry f ro m th e dem i sed Vau xh al l Pl e a s u r e Garden s i n to th e tavern th ro u gh bu i l d i n g m ateri al i ty, th e o l d-f ash i o n ed am u se me n t en do rsed wi th Tvaern ’s n ew m o dern l e i s u r e .

Hen ce, th e qu eer h i sto ry i s sh i m m eri n g th e f u tu re o f L GB TQ co m m u n i ty.” (C h o i , 2017)

F ig u r e 2 1 sh ows the f açad e of RV T. The upper pa r t of R VT cu r v ed f açade w i t h m i d- V i ctori an ar ch itectu r al la n g uage i s w el l preserved w hi l e t he g r ou n d floor lev el has a contrast i n t erm s of desi gn, color , an d ma ter ial . It made a statem ent f or i ts str on g p r esen ce with the surroundi ngs. The f acade of R VT g iv es th e bu il d i ng an unm i st akabl e mark of a solid con ser v a tiv e c orporat i on. The curved f açad e with twelv e p a n els of the trad i t i onal arch are bui l t with r ed b r icks and i t i s t w o stori es hei ght . The door s a n d win dows are usual l y cl osed most of t he time u n til its op er a ti ng hours. The i nacti ve bui l di ng elemen ts a n d th e heavy scal e of bui l d i ng m ateri al cr eate a sen se of disconnect i on t o t he street scape du r in g th e da y ( Choi , 2017). The appearance of th is mu scu lar fa ca d e becomes evi d ence and act as a ma sk wr ap to preserve the queer space and iden tities fr om th e out si de.

T he s i x r e d s t e e l c ol um ns ar e one of t he r e a l a n d w e l l doc um e nt e d q ue e r e l e m e nt s t hat have b e e n s hi ft e d fr om V aux hal l Pl e as ur e Gar de n t o V a u x h a ll R oyal T ave r n. ( Fi gur e 22) T he r e l at i ons hi p b e t w e e n s i x r e d s t e e l c ol um ns and T ave r n c onve y t he id e a of q ue e r c om m uni t i e s s p ok e t o e ac h ot he r a c ro s s di ffe r e nt hi s t or i c al m om e nt s as a m as k w ra p t o p r e s e r ve t he q ue e r s p ac e and i de nt i t i e s fr o m t h e out s i de ( A ve r y and Gr aham , 2016) .

DRAG PERFORMANCES AND THE AUDIENCES

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T o c onc l ude t hi s c hap t e r , anot he r w ay t o a t t a in ge nde r -ne ut r al s p ac e i s t o de s i gn ap p r o p ria t e p r ogr am s or w i t h a s e r i e s of ac t i ons . R oyal V a u x h a ll T ave r n has ac hi e ve d a s uc c e s s ful e x am ple a s ge nde r -ne ut r al i nt e r i or s p ac e t hat i s t i e d s tro n g ly w i t h t he dr ag p e r for m anc e s . R V T i s not c ons t r u c t e d onl y t hr ough i nhi b i t i on of ar c hi t e c t ur e , al s o w it h t e m p or ar y p e r for m anc e s , hi s t or y and s e x ualit y .

Figure 24: Photo collage from author.

“ My in t e r ac t io n wit h fellow performers and d r ag ac ts e n h anc ed my und erst and ing of th e in e q u alit ie s in t he Lond on performing ar t s s c e n e . ”( L y o ns, 2 01 8) R VT h as alwa y s been f amous w i th am azi ng drag per for ma n ces sin ce t he 80’s unti l now (Rvt, n .d.) . Dr a g p er form ers’ character i s const antl y dev elopin g dep en di ng on the soci et y’s att i t ude, th ey allow th e posi t i ve educati ng i nf l uence i n th e h eter on or ma tive gender st ructure w hi l e al so ma in tain in g th e soc i al i m age of t hem sel ves t o l ook like a ‘ women ’ or ‘ men’(C hoi , 2017). C onsequentl y, with th e blu r r in g and f l exi bi l i t y of gender drag per for mer s, it a ctual l y creates a gender- neut ral spa ce to su it n ot onl y t he perf orm ers but al so th e au dien ces. R oyal V auxhal l Tavern cel ebrates th eir statu s with events l i ke i ts L i pSi nkers, Ducki e, Su n da y Socia l, etc. The di versi t y of entert ai nments offer to th e pu blic bui l d an outst and i ng i m age an d b eca me a u ni que l and m ark t o the L GB TQ commu n ity ( A v er y and Graham , 2016).

CONCLUSION

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W ith r eg a r ds to th e evol uti on of current soci ety in Un ited Kin g dom, consi d eri ng gend er i nequal i t y in pr ofession als, governmental pol i cy in pr omotin g Un iv er sal / Incl usi ve d esi gn, w i d espread gen tr ifica tion an d t he ri se of gender- neut ral s p a ce, n ecessar ily l eaves i mpacts on d esi gner’s th in kin g . D u e to the i ncrease of the aw areness to th e LGBT Q comm uni t y, the com prehensi on of qu eer an d g en der -neut ral space i s overd ue t o the c on tempor a r y societ y.

Gender-Neutral design is a new design methodology w he r e a l ot of young b r ands ar e p r om ot i ng gen d e rne ut r al de s i gn w i t h t he i r p r oduc t s and w e b pa g e s .

O n t he ot he r hand, as w e di s c us s e d s e ve r al c it ie s have s t ar t e d de s i gni ng a ne ut r al s p ac e for di f f e re n t ge nde r s as m any of t he uni ve r s i t i e s and i ns t i tu t io n s have ge nde r -ne ut r al w as hr oom s ar ound t h e c it y c am p us .

W e h av e discu ssed i n t he previ ous chapt ers about how sp a ces ar e chal l enged t o be i ncl usi ve w hen it h as to be sen s i ti ve t o di f f erent user groups w h en sex u ality meets d esi res. In- Dept h research of in clu siv e/ u n iv ersal desi gn provi d es a bett er un der stan din g of creat i ng an i ncl usi ve envi ronment f or ev er y on e, focu si ng on t he d i sabl ed and f am i l y.

Howev er , th e in clu si ve desi gn pri nci pl es coul d be a g u idelin e for desi gni ng a f ri endl y envi ronment bu t ar e still lack of consi derat i on of gender.

Followed b y th e stud y of L GB TQ communi ty, t ryi ng to catch u p with the expand i ng gender i d ent i t i es f r om differ en t p er spect i ves, f or exampl e, j ournal s, on lin e sou r ces, n ew s, art i cl es, et c. How ever, due to th e r ise of th is topi c i n the past f ew years, there ar e limited sou r ces f rom books and hi st ory. Peopl e used to see h omosexual as a cri me. (Popova, n.d).

Th u s, th ey u sed to cover up the i nf ormat i on and histor ies a b ou t LGB TQ unt i l Engl and has f orm ed a s p ecial tea m to tr ace back the l ong l ost hi story.

Tr an sg en der y ou n g adul ts have a hi gher chance of su ffer in g fr om d epressi on, sel f - harm i ng and s u icide (T h e Lesb ian, Gay, B i sexual & Transgender C ommu n ity Cen ter , n.d .). Is a real i ssue t hat t he c u r r en t society h a s to bew are and el i mi nat e the is ola tion to LGBT Q com m uni t y.

R e fl e c t i on on t he c as e s t udi e s of G e nde r -Ne u t ra l / Uni s e x w as hr oom and R oyal V aux hal l T ave rn . Th e c ont e m p or ar y s oc i e t y i s c hangi ng and adap t in g t o t he q ue e r c om m uni t y. T he L G BT Q He r i t age , Ro y a l V aux hal l T ave r n ac t s as an e duc at i onal t ool a n d a l andm ar k for t he c om m uni t y. R V T i s p r e s e nt i n g t h e q ue e r ar c hi t e c t ur e t o t he p ub l i c w hi l e p r e s e rv in g t he ar t and c ul t ur e as a uni t e d c om m uni t y.

In a nutshell, this thesis writing offers us an opportunity w i t h t he s p ac e t o e x p l or e t he p os s i b i l i t i e s b et w e e n ge nde r and ar c hi t e c t ur e . T hr ough t he r e s e a rc h o f I nc l us i ve de s i gn, t he fundam e nt al de s i gn p r i n c ip le s and t hi nk i ng c ont r i b ut e t o t he e x p and of g e n d e r k now l e dge and ac t as t he b as e t o c r e a t e a ne ut r al b ui l t -e nvi r onm e nt . G e nde r -N e ut r al d e s ig n i s de fi ne d as a ne w s t r uc t ur e and m e t hodol o g y t o c r e at e a ne w ani m at e d s oc i al r e al m .

LIST OF FIGURES

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Figure 1: Figure 1: photographs of Oscar Wilde and Alfred Douglas from 1893 from Hulton Archive.

From https://www.english-heritage. org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/oscarwilde/

Figure 11: Photo collage from author.

Figure 21: Location of RVT by author.

Figure 12: Gender-Neutral icon from Orana Verlarde.

From https://visme.co/blog/ feminine-design-masculine-design/

Figure 2: Oscar Wilde’s Home, Kensington from BBC News.

From https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ uk-37438800

Figure 13: Photograph from RIzzo.

From https://theconversation.com/ can-we-tie-unisex-fashion-trends-togender-equality-46720

Figure 22: photography of RVT by Burston.

From: https://web.archive.org/ web/20110910213510/http:// www.timeout.com/london/gay/ features/2433/2.html

Figure 3: Burdett-Coutts Memorial, St Pancras Gardens from BBC News.

From https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ uk-37438800

Figure 14 & 15: Photograph from Tsjeng.

From https://www.dazeddigital. com/fashion/article/24088/1/insideselfridges-radical-gender-neutraldepartment-store

Figure4: St Ann Court, Chertsey from BBC News.

From https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ uk-37438800 Figure 5: Royal Vauxhall Tavern from E nglish Heritage.

From https://www.english-heritage. org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/oscarwilde/ Figure 6: Sh ibden Hall, Halifax from BBC News.

From https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ uk-37438800 Figure 7: Red house, Aldeburgh from BBC News.

From https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ uk-37438800 Figure 8: Gender-Nuetral Colour from Orana Verlarde From https://visme.co/blog/ feminine-design-masculine-design/ Figure 9: Photo collage from author.

Figure 10: Photo collage from author

Figure 13: Photo collage from author.

Figure 14: Signage of not every disability is visible by The Assembly Blog.

From https://assemblyblog. wales/2016/07/07/not-everydisability-is-visible-invisibledisabilities/ Figure 15: Unisex public toilet on the street of Paris, France by La Citta Vita.

From https://www.flickr.com/ people/49539505@N04 Figure 16: Unisex public toilet at Federal Reserve Bank in San Francisco, USA by Ted Eytan.

From https://www.flickr.com/photos/ taedc/30452133290/ family_toilet_interior_Dec-2017_ IX1_01.jpg Figure 18: Unisex toilet with a urinal in a Japanese Shinkansen express train by i Hokuriku.

From https://ihoku.jp/ hokuriku/161516.html Figure 19: Aerial view of Stalled’s airport restroom prototype by Joel Sander.

Figure 23: Interior of RVT by Elf Lyons.

From https://londonist.com/london/ pubs/an-ode-to-the-royal-vauxhalltavern Figure 24: Photo collage from author.

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