Field trip to bali (booklet)

Biogeotourism overseas field trip to

BALI 5 – 10 July 2016

Biology X Geography X Tourism

Class: _______ Name:________________________ ( )

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Table of Contents Introduction .....................................................................................................................................3 Maps ....................................................................................................................................................4 Itinerary ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Geology ...............................................................................................................................................9 Climate ............................................................................................................................................. 17 Ecosystems .................................................................................................................................... 18 Agricultural Activities in Indonesia .......................................................................................22 Tourism ............................................................................................................................................28 Major tourist spots ...................................................................................................................... 34 Important notes ............................................................................................................................42 Grouping ..........................................................................................................................................45 Accommodation (Hotel) ............................................................................................................46 Accommodation (Camp) ............................................................................................................47 Travel journal ................................................................................................................................49 Publication of magazine ............................................................................................................51

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Introduction Bali is a land that seems to have a magnet at its very heart. It is a feeling that is difficult to understand unless experienced but once visited you are surely compelled to come back and you may even want to stay forever, such is its pull. Maybe its Bali’s beauty, maybe the friendly people, or maybe even the influence from spirits that certainly abide in this place.

Bali goes under many names. Some call it “the island of the gods”, others Shangri-La. “The last paradise”, “the dawning of the world” and “the centre of the universe” are yet more names for this truly beautiful tropical island inhabited by a remarkably artistic people who have created a dynamic society with unique arts and ceremonies.

Bali is small, just 140 km by 80 km and lies between Java, the most highly populated and influential of all the islands, and Lombok, one of the quieter and moderately slower paced islands. Like many islands, Bali has developed a world of its own. It not only captures what is special about Indonesia but also has a uniqueness of its own.

Daily life on Bali is culturally linked to satisfying and appeasing the gods, spirits and demons in the midst of breathtaking panoramas of cultivated rice terraces, impressive volcanoes and pristine beaches. Bali’s main volcano, Gunung Agung, is still active and sometimes explosive and is considered sacred among local people as it is believed to be the centre of the universe.

Lying just 8° south of the Equator, Bali can boast a tropical climate with just two seasons a year and an average temperature of around 28° Celsius. It has a whole range of different environments and activities for the tourist, many of which are covered in these homepages.

Economically and culturally, Bali is one of the most important islands of Indonesia. Rice is grown on irrigated, terraced hillsides; other crops include sugar cane, coffee, copra, tobacco, fruits and vegetables. Cattle and hogs are also raised. The Balinese are skilled artisans, particularly in woodcarving and in fashioning objects of tortoiseshell and of gold, silver and other metals. The Balinese are noted for their traditional dance, the distinctive music of the gamelan and for their skills in weaving cloth of gold and silver threads, Songket, as well as for embroidering silk and cotton clothing.

Bali of today is one of the twenty six provinces of the Republic of Indonesia, divided administratively between eight districts that take their names and boundaries from the island’s old Hindu kingdoms.

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Maps

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6

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Itinerary 第一天：2016年7月5日 (星期二) 上午

下午

晚上

午餐 航機上 ➔ ➔ ➔

07:40香港國際機場集 ➔ 合 乘坐國泰航空飛機前往 峇里島 10:10起飛一香港國際 機場

晚餐 海鮮晚餐

15:00抵達一伍拉·賴國 際機場

➔ ➔

金巴蘭海灘日 落 返回酒店

住宿 當地3星級酒店 第二天：2016年7月6日 (星期三) 上午 早餐 酒店 ➔ ➔

下午

晚上

午餐 加勒比海盜船

海龜生態課程 海龜放生保護區

➔ ➔

晚餐 當地餐廳

鯊魚養殖場 情人崖

➔

返回酒店

住宿 當地3星級酒店 第三天：2016年7月7日 (星期四) 上午 早餐 酒店 ➔

➔

下午 午餐 自備午餐

Kintamani Batur火山登 ➔ ➔ 山體驗 (4-6人一組有專業教練陪 同登山) ***建議於出發前，視乎當 地天氣選擇當地火山作健 行活動*** 去程約3小時

住宿 當地3星級酒店

回程約3小時 聖泉寺

晚上 晚餐 ➔

當地餐廳 返回酒店

8 第四天：2016年7月8日 (星期五) 上午

下午

早餐 酒店 ➔

晚上

午餐 當地餐廳

梯田農耕活動考察

➔ ➔

➔ ➔

晚餐 當地餐廳

➔ 前往烏布村 烏布皇官 一試穿傳統峇里服飾 一學習當地舞蹈 烏布傳統市集 Ubud Pasar 於皇宮前廣場欣賞峇里 島舞蹈

返回酒店

住宿 當地3星級酒店 第五天：2016年7月9日 (星期六) 上午

下午

早餐 酒店 ➔

午餐

咖啡園考察活 ➔ ➔ 動及體驗

當地餐廳

晚餐 露營晚餐DIY

山中湖 前往SUPERMARKET準備 露營住宿用品 Bedugul露營專區

➔

晚上

晚間觀星活動

➔

住宿 露營 第六天：2016年7月10日 (星期日) 上午

下午

早餐 露營早餐DIY ➔

皇家樹林保育區

午餐 ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

當地餐廳

➔ 紅樹林生態考察 前往峇里島機場 乘搭港龍航空返回香 ➔ 港 18:35起飛一伍拉·賴 國際機場

晚上 晚餐

航機上

23:35抵達一香港國際 機場 約00:05 (11/7)香港國 際機場解散

*行程及膳食的先後次序，可能會就當地交通情況作出適當的調整

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Geology

Why do people live beside the volcano and in its caldera?

I.

General geology of Indonesia Indonesia is a meeting point of several tectonic plates. Indo-Australian Plate is moving northward, Eurasia Plate moves southeast direction. Both Filipino and Pacific plate move westward. The Indo-Australian plate was moved northward and partly subducted under the Eurasian plate. The subduction zone can be traced from northern tip of Sumatra until the Lesser Islands, that creates deep submarine trench. Most of the earthquakes also concentrate in this subduction zone. This subduction also triggers the formation of volcanic range from Sumatra, Java to Lesser Islands.

The center part of Indonesia also experienced another subduction of Pacific plate that move southwesterly under the Eurasian plate. This subduction creates the formation of volcanoes in the North Sulawesi, Sangihe and Halmahera. The Australian and Pacific plate collides in the eastern part of Indonesia and formed the mountain range in central Papua, with Puncak Jaya / Carstenz Pyramide as the highest peak.

The diagram below is showing a cross-section of the subduction zone beneath the islands of Java, Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa in Indonesia. The Indo-Australian tectonic plate (on the left) dives under the Eurasian plate (on the right).

When the Indo-Australian plate reaches a depth greater than 100km, the water it contains lowers the fusion point of the surrounding rocks, which creates magma. This magma is hotter and less dense than the rocks around and therefore starts to migrate towards the surface, where it eventually generates volcanism typical of subduction. The chain of volcanoes is more or less always at the same distance (around 300km) from the trench, which is the surface limit between Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates.

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II.

What is a “Caldera”?

Calderas are some of the most spectacular geological features on earth. A caldera forms when extreme pressure builds up in a volcano’s magma chamber and violently erupts emptying its contents into the atmosphere. The volcanic cone partially collapses into the resulting void.

Calderas consist of large ‘cauldron’ shaped depressions, with steep sides. Their formation is amongst the most violent and devastating of geological events. Famous calderas in the USA include Crater Lake and Yellowstone. The largest known explosive eruption in the past 25 million years is Indonesia’s Toba volcano. It’s eruption 74,000 years ago ejected an estimated 2880km3 of material and is thought by some scientists to have brought on a ‘volcanic’ winter, decimating the human race.

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Formation of a caldera A caldera is usually a large volcanic crater that form by an ______________ volcanic eruption.

A large magma chamber is ________________ by a volcanic eruption or by subsurface magma movement.

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As magma is erupted, cracks open up around the summit, which begin to _______________. The unsupported rock that forms the roof of the magma chamber.

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When the dust has settled, water fills the new caldera to form a ___________. It is called crater lake.

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III.

Formation of Mt. Batur

Around 23,000 BC during the cataclysms that marked the fore last shift of the earth’s poles, an explosion of incredible magnitude formed the gigantic Batur caldera which today has a diameter of ca. 13 km – one of the largest and most impressive in the world. Before that eruption Mt Batur rose about 3,800 m above sea level and it was thus higher than Mt Agung (3,142 m).

Before and after the eruption

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Batur caldera was formed Another heavy eruption took place around 10,500 BC – at the time of the last shift of the earth’s poles – and formed a smaller, secondary crater with a diameter of ca. 7,5 km in the southeastern part of the larger caldera, nowadays marked by the Bali Aga villages of Songan and the popular panoramic viewpoint of Penelokan, with the current volcanic cone in its center. The Batur caldera therefore actually consists of a gigantic, double elliptic crater with a total diameter of 10 x 13 km.

As the magma gets trapped this way, great reservoirs of liquid magma accumulate within the volcano, building up pressure until the earth can no longer contain it.

Mt. Batur as we know it today was formed by an eruption in 1917; it is a still active, secondary volcanic cone sporting numerous subsidiary vents around its flanks. Measured from the floor of the crater it rises within the circling embrace of the caldera to a height of ca. 700 meter (1,717 meter above sea level).

The eruptions of Mt Batur have been registered since 1804 and since that time 22 eruptions of the volcano have occurred. Since 1917 Mt Batur erupted three more times (1926, 1974, 1994), on each occasion shifting a little more to the west, creating new sub craters that are referred to as Batur I, II and III respectively.

Lake Batur is the largest lake of Bali. It is crescent shaped and it can be found in the smaller, secondary caldera of the Batur volcano, right at the foot of Mount Abang. Due to its height not only the temperature of the area is always cool but also the water of the lake.

To the local people who live in the small villages around lake Batur, the lake is a sacred site. The communities around the lake live mainly on agriculture and fishing and, in a lesser extent, on tourism.

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SUNRISE ON MT. BATUR

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IV.

Discussion: 1. How and when did the Batur caldera form?

2. What is a stratovolcano?

3. Draw a series of annotated diagrams to show the formation of Mt. Batur.

4. Why do people live beside the volcano and in its caldera?

5. Why are Bali’s volcanic soils special?

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6. What else are Bali’s volcanic rocks used for?

References: 1. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Geology_of_Indonesia/Plate_Tectonic 2. http://www.earthobservatory.sg/resources/maps/subduction-zone-beneathjava-bali-and-lombok-islands-indonesia 3. http://www.wonderfulbali.com/batur-volcano-and-lake-batur/ 4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBGmXsZHInw#t=18

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Climate

Find a. the annual mean temperature of Bali. _________ b. the annual range of temperature of Bali. _________ c. the annual total rainfall of Bali. _________ Jot down the weather conditions of each day during the trip.

Date Location / Latitude Altitude (m) Temperature Relative humidity Weather conditions

5 July

6 July

7 July

8 July

9 July

10 July

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Ecosystems Mangrove â—? What is mangrove?

Mangrove is unique inter-tidal wetland ecosystem found in tropical and subtropical shores, which receive inputs from regular tidal flushing and from freshwater streams and rivers. (Fig,1) It is characterized by high temperature, fluctuating salinity, alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions, periodically wet and dry, unstable and shifting substratum. Plants residing in these areas are facing a lot of stresses and difficulties. Mangrove communities are unique and have its own fauna and flora species.

Fig.1

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Although the environment in mangrove is harsh, the biodiversity of mangrove is huge.

The unique environment provides a large habitat for different organisms to survive.

Complicated food web (Fig.2) is possible and different forms of biological interactions (Fig.3) can be formed.

Fig,2

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Fig.3

Q1.

Environmental stresses encountered

Adaptations from mangrove organisms

Example species

Anoxic soil

High salinity

Water loss

Unstable substratum

Q2. Write down some examples of species interaction you observed in the mangrove park.

Q3. Discuss the ecological values of mangrove in Bali.

20 Tropical rain forest ● What is TRF? Fig.4

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Tropical rain forest occurs in particular areas in the Earth (Fig.4), these areas have no dry season and the temperature is around 22- 34oC. The tropical rain forest present in Bali is called lowland equatorial evergreen rain forest, which is similar to the one in Amazon.

Tropical rainforests exhibit high levels of biodiversity. Around 40% to 75% of all biotic species are indigenous to the rainforests. Rainforests are home to half of all the living animal and plant species on the planet. Two-thirds of all flowering plants can be found in rainforests. A single hectare of rainforest may contain 42,000 different species of insect, up to 807 trees of 313 species and 1,500 species of higher plants. Tropical rainforests have been called the "world's largest pharmacy", because over one quarter of natural medicines have been discovered within them. It is likely that there may be many millions of species of plants, insects and microorganisms still undiscovered in Fig.5 tropical rainforests.

Nutrient cycle in TRF (Fig.5) Plenty of dead plant material and the hot, damp conditions on the forest floor allow rapid decomposition. A great amount of decomposer (Fig,6) are present for the process. The high temperature speed up the recycling process and it provides plentiful nutrients that are easily absorbed by plants roots. But because these nutrients are in very high demand from the rainforest’s fastgrowing plants, together with the leaching effect by frequent rainfall, they do not remain in the soil long, and close to the surface of the soil.

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Possible decomposers found in TRF Mushroom/Fungi small insects termites earth worm bacteria Q1. Why tropical rainforest can support large diversity?

Q2. What are the environmental stresses faced by the organisms in TRF?

Q3. Give some adaptations/strategies that TRF communities use to overcome different stresses.

Q4. What are ecological values of TRF in Bali?

Q5. Compare mangrove and TRF, which one is more important in the earth?

References: 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove 2. https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/conservation/con_wet/con_wet_man/con_wet_man.html 3.http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/kling/rainforest/rainforest.html 4. http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/rainforest.htm

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Agricultural Activities in Indonesia Indonesia is the world’s fifth most populated country. The land area of Bali is about 5600 sq.km, which accounts for 0.29% land area of the country. With a large population (2012: 4.22 million), population density in Bali is high (2012: 673 people/sq.km; much higher than the national average, i.e. 124 people/sq.km.). In general, the country has a lower middle income level and a large proportion of the people in Bali suffers from poverty.

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Poverty Rates in Indonesia (2009) (below the official poverty line - approximately USD 1.55 per day in constant purchasing power terms) Source: http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/agricultural-policies/46341215.pdf Indonesia is a major world producer of agricultural products. Agriculture is important in the country as it accounts for a large proportion in employment and is also an important source of income.

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Employment Structure of Indonesia Source: http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/indonesia/structure-of-economy.html

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Main Indonesia Agricultural Export Products Source: http://www.slideshare.net/PPI_Italia/opportunities-and-constraints-for-indonesiancommodities-trading-in-italy-cyprus-and-malta The climate and soil characteristics of Bali are favourable for farming. Agriculture is very intensive on the island. Farming activities are of two scales, i.e. smallholder farming (rice or cash cropping) and large foreign-owned or privately owned plantation estates. Smallscale farming is usually carried out on small plots of about 0.8–1 ha, using traditional farming methods and tools. Rice is grown on irrigated, terraced hillsides; other crops include sugar cane, coffee, copra, tobacco, fruits and vegetables. Cattle and hogs are also raised. Of the estate grown crops, rubber, tobacco, sugar, palm oil, hard fiber, coffee, tea, cocoa, and cinchona are the most important.

Seeing the importance of self-sufficiency in certain agricultural products, e.g. rice which is the main staple food for the majority of the population, the government has started revitalization programs for smallholding farmers in order to raise production since 2007 & through expansion of arable acreage, improved farm techniques (especially the use of fertilizers and improved seeds), extension of irrigation facilities, and expanded training for farmers. At the same time, sustainable farming methods including fish-rice and organic farming have also been introduced.

FIELD STUDY QUESTIONS: In this fieldtrip, students have to describe and explain the characteristics of farming by using the framework of Farming System. Moreover, problems of farming and solutions to the problems have to be identified.

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REFERENCES: Economic development of Indonesia http://data.worldbank.org/country/indonesia Agriculture in Indonesia http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/IndonesiaAGRICULTURE.html#ixzz4ABnbiaOK http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/Indonesia/Agriculture Rice growing Growing Rice in Indonesia (Video Clip – 2m39s) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iur5n1v9MDk Indonesia Rice-Fish Farming (Video Clip – 6m15s) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lygkXADlUsY Coffee plantation http://www.indonesia-investments.com/business/commodities/coffee/item186 The Journey of the Coffee Bean (Video Clip – 7m24s) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xD-pLgLgZGo Government policy http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=256

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CASE STUDY OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN INDONESIA: ______________________________________________________________ Answer the following field study questions and take photographs as evidence to support the findings!

1. What are the characteristics of the farming activity being studied? a. Scale: smallholder / large-scale plantation / Others (please specify) _________________________________________________ b. Type of work: arable / pastoral / mixed c. Intensity of inputs per unit area: high (intensive) / low (extensive) d. Production work: mainly rely on manual labour / machinery e. Level of technology: f. Main purpose of farming: subsistence / commercial g. Main output: _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ h. Market (if any): local / overseas 2. What are the characteristics of physical inputs affecting the characteristics of the farming activity being studied? a. Describe the climatic characteristics of the region and explain if they are favourable or unfavourable for the farming activity. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ b. Identify the soil type and state whether it is favourable or unfavourable for the farming activity.

Latosols (common soil in TRF; reddish in colour, acidic & infertile) / Andisols (volcanic ash soil, dark in colour & usually fertile) ____________________________________________________________________ c. Describe the natural relief of the site and state if it is favourable for farming. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

26 d. Others (if any): _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3. What are the characteristics of human inputs affecting the characteristics of the farming activity being studied? a. Labour (Number; type – family /employed; others) _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ b. Capital investment _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ c. Level of technology _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ d. Others (if any): _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

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4. Problems and Solutions Problems

Causes

Solutions adopted by farmers

Remarks (if any) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

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Tourism ✰

Referring to the following chart, what are the characteristics of visitor profile in Bali?

The Ultimate Travel Insights Guide To Bali | TripAdvisor

What are the implications about Bali tourism from the above information?

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If you were a tour operator/ hotel manager in Bali, what type of tourism product would you provide to the travelers?

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2. Sustainable Tourism

Reference: Making Tourism More Sustainable - A Guide for Policy Makers, UNEP and UNWTO, 2005, p.11-12

Referring to the above definition, is tourism developing in a sustainable way in Bali?

Evaluate the sustainability in tourism by checking the accomplishment of the 12 aims below.

12 Aims of Sustainable Tourism 1) Economic Viability: To ensure the viability and competitiveness of tourism destinations and enterprises, so that they are able to continue to prosper and deliver benefits in the long term.

2) Local Prosperity: To maximize the contribution of tourism to the economic prosperity of the host destination, including the proportion of visitor spending that is retained locally.

3) Employment Quality: To strengthen the number and quality of local jobs created and supported by tourism, including the level of pay, conditions of service and availability to all without discrimination by gender, race, disability or in other ways.

4) Social Equity: To seek a widespread and fair distribution of economic and social benefits from tourism throughout the recipient community, including improving opportunities, income and services available to the poor.

5) Visitor Fulfilment: To provide a safe, satisfying and fulfilling experience for visitors, available to all without discrimination by gender, race, disability or in other ways.

6) Local Control: To engage and empower local communities in planning and decision making about the management and future development of tourism in their area, in consultation with other stakeholders.

7) Community Wellbeing: To maintain and strengthen the quality of life in local communities, including social structures and access to resources, amenities and life support systems, avoiding any form of social degradation or exploitation.

8) Cultural Richness: To respect and enhance the historic heritage, authentic culture, traditions and distinctiveness of host communities.

9) Physical Integrity: To maintain and enhance the quality of landscapes, both urban and rural, and avoid the physical and visual degradation of the environment.

10) Biological Diversity: To support the conservation of natural areas, habitats and wildlife, and minimize damage to them.

11) Resource Efficiency: To minimize the use of scarce and non-renewable resources in the development and operation of tourism facilities and services.

12) Environmental Purity: To minimize the pollution of air, water and land and the generation of waste by tourism enterprises and visitors. ✰

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Aims

✓/ ✗

Your observation: situations & examples in Bali tourism development

1. Economic Viability 2. Local Prosperity 3. Employment Quality 4. Social Equity 5. Visitor Fulfilment 6. Local Control 7. Community Wellbeing 8. Cultural Richness 9. Physical Integrity 10. Biological Diversity 11. Resource Efficiency 12. Environmental Purity

Discussion questions: ✰ Can Bali become a top tourism destination in the world? Why? (Consider the following factors: geographic location, transportation, infrastructure, availability of physical and human tourism resources) ✰ What are the positive and negative impacts of developing tourism on Bali?

(Consider 4 different aspects: economic, socio-cultural and environmental) ✰ What is the most memorable or impressive experience in this field trip? Why is this experience so special to you? ✰ What should we do to contribute to sustainable tourism?

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Newspaper reading:

Bali tourism development getting out of control: Communities The Jakarta Post- Ni Komang Erviani Denpasar, Bali | Fri, April 8 2016

Balinese community leaders have called on the government to implement policies that encourage sustainable tourism on the island.

"We urgently need government policies to seriously take control of the rapid development of Bali tourism," said Bali Community Leaders Alliance (ATMB) coordinator Agung.

Established last year, many Balinese community leaders have joined in the alliance, including tourism practitioners. Agung said ATMB had given several recommendations to government institutions, including the Tourism Ministry and Bali Tourism Agency regarding the suggested policies. Among the alliance’s recommendations is a suspension on new hotel construction in southern Bali. It said that Bali needed to stop developing new tourist accommodation for at least the next 5 to 10 years. "The increasing number of tourist accommodation in Bali has caused unfair business competition, which led to a hotel price war," Agung said.

The Indonesian Hotel and Restaurant Association ( PHRI ) Bali chapter recorded a total of 120,000 hotel rooms across Bali at the end of 2015, most of which were located in southern Bali. The agency alleged that many people offering rooms had not obtained the necessary permits to do so.

PHRI Bali chairman Ardhana said the price war had hit Bali’s tourist sector, as many new hotels were offering low prices. An oversupply of hotel

rooms has also caused low occupancy. "The average hotel occupancy rate is now around 60-70 percent. If this situation persists, many hotels will cease operations," said Ardhana, who is also a member of the alliance.

The increasing number of tourists to the island in the last decade has boosted tourism-related investment. Bali has seen 15 percent foreign tourist arrival growth each year. Last year, more than 4 million foreign tourists visited the destination, excluding foreign tourists traveling to Bali indirectly via domestic flights and sea transportation. The island also welcomed at least 7 million domestic tourists in 2015.

"Unfortunately, the development of Bali tourism is not being controlled. We allege that there are many hotels operating without legal permits.

The development of new facilities also tends to damage the surrounding environment," Agung said. Besides a suspension on new hotel construction, the alliance also urged the government to consistently enforce Bali's spatial planning and culture tourism bylaws, which were aimed to protect the region’s culture and nature from uncontrolled development.

Bali's 2009 spatial planning bylaw offers stronger protection for the island’s ecological integrity by strictly regulating development plans at vulnerable sites such as the construction of tourist and business facilities near sacred sites, on cliffs, riverbanks, lakeshores and coastlines.

The alliance also urged the government to implement the one island management principle for Bali. "Bali is a small island with limited natural resources. It should be managed properly as one island," Agung said. "Priorities should be given to tourism development in the northern, eastern and western part of Bali. We urge the government to improve transportation infrastructure to ease access to other parts of Bali," he added.

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Major tourist spots Bali Airport (Ngurah Rai) Denpasar

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Bali Ngurah Rai InternaLonal Airport, also known as Denpasar InternaLonal Airport, is located in southern Bali, 13 km south of Denpasar. It is Indonesia’s third-busiest internaLonal airport.

AIRPORT CODE

Bali (Denpasar) IATA airport code is DPS and ICAO code is WADD Bali (Denpasar) Airport is operated by: PT Angkasa Pura I LOCATION

Located at 8°44?53?S 115°10?3?E, 14 feet (4 meters) above sea level, Bali – Ngurah Rai InternaLonal Airport (Denpasar) is located 13 km south of Denpasar and 2.5 km from Kuta.

CAPACITY

One runway Runway 09/27 – 9,842 feet, 3,000 meters long – Asphalt DomesLc Arrival and Departure Terminal Area: 9.039 m² InternaLonal Arrival and Departure Terminal Area: 28.630 m² The parking area is 38.358 m².

The total terminal area is 265.60 Ha. The DomesLc Terminal is located in the old building, while the InternaLonal Terminal is located in the L shaped terminal. The airport has 17 gates: 3 in the DomesLc Terminal, and 14 in the InternaLonal Terminal. The DomesLc Terminal has 35 check in counters, and 2 baggage carousels.

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Tanat Lot, Beraban (

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Bali Tanah Lot Temple is located in coastal side of Beraban countryside, Kediri sub district and Tabanan Regency. It is situated in 30 Km in west side of Denpasar town and about 11 Km in south side of Tabanan town. The temple is built on the rock with 3 acre size and reachable in a few minute by walk, because it is just 20 meters from the coastal lip. This temple is very famous among tourist desLnaLons in Bali with spectacular view of sunset. At some nooks of coral reef around Tanah Lot Temple.

Meaning of Word Tanah Lot Temple The word of Tanah Lot is consisted of two words that are Tanah word interpreted as a reef looking like gili or isle. Lot or Lod word has meaning the sea. So Tanah Lot is meaning the small island floaLng on the sea. The locaLon is now called as Tanah Lot has been used at a Megalithic period as a place that looked into holy, proven from the existence of menhir.

Pursuant to environmental condiLon, hence the structure of Tanah Lot Temple is built at irregular reef plain of its angle which is only consisted of one plain yard as Jeroan. Tanah Lot Temple differences with other temples on the island of Bali, Tanah Lot does not have a few pages because it is built on a plain of coral that irregular corners of his home. Inside the actual temple compound itself there are Lered shrines that follow the fundamental elements of Balinese design where the number of levels constructed are symbolic to the complexiLes of the faith. There are other formaLons within the area that indicate that the site is not only of great religious importance, but also maintains archaeological value.

Temple nestled in the ocean has a ritual or ceremony which takes place every 6 months or 210 days. At that Lme all the Hindus from different areas in Bali will come to worship in peace and harmony to invoke.

36

Pura Luhur Ulu Watu (

)

This important temple is perched precipitously on the southwestern Lp of the peninsula, atop sheer cliffs that drop straight into the ceaseless surf. You enter through an unusual arched gateway flanked by statues of Ganesha. Inside, the walls of coral bricks are covered with intricate carvings of Bali’s mythological menagerie.

Only Hindu worshippers can enter the small inner temple that is built onto the jujng Lp of land. However, the views of the endless swells of the Indian Ocean from the cliffs are almost spiritual. At sunset, walk around the clikop to the lel (south) of the temple to lose some of the crowd.

Ulu Watu is one of several important temples to the spirits of the sea along the south coast of Bali. In the 11th century the Javanese priest Empu Kuturan first established a temple here.

The complex was added to by Nirartha, another Javanese priest who is known for the seafront temples at Tanah Lot, Rambut Siwi and Pura Sakenan. Nirartha retreated to Ulu Watu for his final days when he anained moksa (freedom from earthly desires).

A popular Kecak dance is held in the temple grounds at sunset (100,000Rp), when traffic jams form during high season.

Try to observe and idenLfy what coastal erosional features are found along this part of the coast.

Read more: http://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/ulu-watu-around/ sights/religious/pura-luhur-ulu-watu#ixzz4BhNFRJq8

37

Jimbaran (

)

Jimbaran is just south of the airport and Kuta. This was formerly a real backwater of south Bali, just a Lny ďŹ shing village with a daily market. That all started to change in the 1980s and Jimbaran is now home to several world class 5 star beach resorts, plus a few more moderate mid-market hotels. There is however linle in the way of budget accommodaLon and there are also many high-end villas in this area, parLcularly on the ridges of high ground above Jimbaran Bay. This has resulted in monikers such as the "Beverly Hills of Bali" or "Millionaire's Rowâ€?.

The bay itself has a pleasant white sand beach and is very safe for swimming. The three clusters of grilled seafood restaurants on the beach are a major tourist draw in the evenings, as is the truly stunning sunset.

Jimbaran is also home to a Norwegian University, Gateway College, with around 500 students studying athleLcs, philosophy, culture, economics and journalism. The school is located in Kedonganan close to Sari Segara Resort and in Jl, Bantas Kau where it also has a small cafe.

Jimbaran has an increasing number of rather chic shops but there is linle or no nightlife here. It has the advantage of being a linle closer to Kuta and Seminyak and the cultural highlights of Central Bali.

38

Ubud village (

)

Ubud Village is a famous art village in Bali in parLcular of painLngs, besides of arts there are some desLnaLons in Ubud, such as Monkey Forest, Art Market, and Ubud Palace. This village is located 20 km from Denpasar City where this place can be reached within 30 minutes from Gianyar regency. It is situated in 300 meters above sea level and featured by the cool temperatures that mostly bener than the areas in south part of Bali Island. This village has the populaLon about 9.800 people with the pure nature of environments and this area is one of the inspiraLon sources for the foreigner arLst especially from Europe.

Ubud Market There is no much dierent from other markets located in urban areas, Ubud tradiLonal market as the economic center located in the hearth of Ubud Village, apposite to Puri Saren/ Ubud Palace. The market stretch from the west to the east is divided into two groups with a dierent designaLon. The western block is designated for tradiLonal art market meanwhile the eastern block is designated for a tradiLonal market sell daily basic needs. The market is opened every day around 08.00 – 18.00 hours, event some shops are opened unLl evening.

While the tradiLonal market sell the daily basic needs is opened from 06.00 and even before the opening Lme, there is early morning market opened at 04.00 am. The souvenirs or handicrals are sold at the tradiLonal art market are consisted of mulLfarious of c o n t e m p o r a r y h a n d i c r a l s w i t h relaLvely cheapest prices.

39

Tagallalang Rice Terraces Tegallalang Rice Terraces in Ubud is famous for its beauLful scenes of rice paddies involving the subak (tradiLonal Balinese cooperaLve irrigaLon system), which according to history, was passed down by a revered holy man named Rsi Markandeya in the eighth century.

Tegallalang forms the three most splendid terraced landscapes in Ubud's shared region, with the others being in the villages of Pejeng and Campuhan.

Tegallang alone has an outlook that spreads down before you and away to the rice terraces on the slopes across the valley. The high roadside locaLon is cool and breezy and it is a wellknown spot for tourists to stop and take photos. Painters and nature lovers also enjoy visiLng this spot, and there are numerous art kiosks and cafes near the ledge offering their ware.

Tegallalang rice terraces offer a perfect Bali photo opportunity with its dramaLc views. The vista sprawls down and away to the rice terraces on the slopes across the valley. A local elder, a farmer who owns the land invites visitors to sample his green coconut drink, as well as to purchase woven hats that he makes from coconut leaves as well as posing with visitors for a small fee. This ancient valley has a Lmeless quality whether there are tourists there or not.

The small village of Pakudui, a cralsman’s dominion located in Tegallalang, is a journey of witnessing the splendour of local talent at its best. Here you will find an extraordinary variety of ornamental woodwork and various carvings. The villagers here are avid Balinese cralsmen and have taken up different forms of sculptures, either handed down through generaLons or as a result of an ever-growing creaLve process using the most natural of all media – wood. But through your village tour in Pakudui you will noLce the recurring presence of one parLcular mythical Balinese figure - the Garuda.

Amongst the carved mythical lions, horses, human figures, dogs, dragons, vases, frogs, kangaroos, cats, ornate totems, panels, doors, windows, tables and the many brilliant forms of creaLvity – extending even to large-scale dinosaurs – the Garuda seems to be majesLcally ever present amongst the creaLons.

40

Tirta Empul (

)

Tirta Empul temple (Indonesian: Pura Tirta Empul) is a Hindu Balinese water temple located near the town of Tampaksiring, Bali, Indonesia. The temple compound consists of a pe3rtaan or bathing structure, famous for its holy spring water, where Balinese Hindus go to for ritual puriďŹ caLon. The temple pond has a spring which gives out fresh water regularly, which Balinese Hindus consider to be holy or amritha. Tirta Empul means Holy Spring in Balinese.

Tirta Empul Temple was founded around a large water spring in 962 A.D. during the Warmadewa dynasty (10th-14th centuries). The name of the temple comes from the ground water source named "Tirta Empul". The spring is the source of the Pakerisan river. The temple is divided into three secLons: Jaba Pura (front yard), Jaba Tengah (central yard) and Jeroan (inner yard). Jaba Tengah contains 2 pools with 30 showers which are named accordingly: Pengelukatan, Pebersihan and Sudamala dan Pancuran CeLk (poison).

The temple is dedicated to Vishnu, another Hindu god name for the supreme consciousness Narayana.[1] On a hill overlooking the temple, a modern villa was built for President Sukarno's visit in 1954. The villa is currently a rest house for important guests.

41

EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT MT BATUR VOLCANO HIKE Mt. Batur is the most acLve volcano in Bali and it’s last erupLon was recorded in 2000. The peak sits at 1717 meters (5,633 l.) above sea level and offers breathtaking views of Lake Batur, black lava from the last explosion, and surrounding mountains. Whether you love photography or just want to have the best possible experience, the best way to enjoy this hike is by gejng up bright and early for the sunrise hike. Oh and don’t forget to pack some water!

May through July is deemed the best Lme to go to Bali, but as long as it’s not raining the sights will be stunning. Since Bali is located so close to the equator, the sunset doesn’t change much. You can expect the sun to be sejng from 6-6:30 anyLme of the year that you go.

WHO IS IT FOR?

You might wish to put this trek on your Bali travel iLnerary if: 1. You like outdoor acLviLes. 2. Have an average level of fitness without wanLng to go to your physical limits.

3. You are an avid poster on Instagram, a hobby or professional nature photographer 4. Or you are simply curious to explore new adventures and the natural beauty Bali has to offer.

WHAT YOU SHOULD BRING? AND WHAT YOU WILL NEED DURING DO MOUNT BATUR SUNRISE TREKKING TOUR?

1. HIKING SHOES: Here you will climbing the Mountain from the foot of the mountain Lll the top of the mountain therefore use Hiking Shoes is strongly recommended.

2. JACKET and Long Pants: Use jacket is recommended also because Mount Batur or Kintamani is the coldest area in Bali.

3. CAMERA: This is the most imporLng to bring, from the top of the Mountain you will see amazing sunrise and wondefull view of the lake. You can take a picture than share to your friend.

4. RAW EGGS or Banana, Or Potato: You can steam the egg on the top of the mountain, this is one of the interesLng to do aler you are on the Top beside you see amazing view of Sunrise and Lake view.

5. SIMPLE POWER BREAKFAST: When you on the Top of the Mountain, we believe you will feel hungry.

6. You should have prepared some drinks in your rucksack, but if you don’t want to carry heavy drinks you can buy drinks on the way, because there are catering guys carrying backpacks with drinks up the mountain.

42

Important notes 張祝珊英文中學 峇里六天地理生態遊 團體編號：

160705-DPS06S

隨團領隊：

Ms. Zoe Lee

集合日期：

2016年07月05日（二）

抵港日期：

2016年07月10日（日）

集合時間：

07:40

解散時間：

約00:05 2016年07月11日 （一）

集合地點：

香港國際機場一號客運大樓 E行段

解散地點：

香港國際機場 離境大堂

去程航班

回程航班

航空公司：

國泰航空

航空公司：

港龍航空

航班編號：

CX 785

航班編號：

KA 361

航班時間：

10:10起飛一香港國際機場 15:00抵達一伍拉·賴國際機 場

航班時間：

18:35起飛一伍拉·賴國際機場 23:35抵達一香港國際機場

一般注意事項 語言： 時差： 電壓： 消費模式：

主要為印尼語，英語可在酒店、遊客及商業區通行。 龍目島/峇里島時間與香港相同，椰加達、泗水及日惹比香港慢 1 小時。 電壓為 220 伏特，而大部份插頭為兩腳圓插。 印尼貨幣單位為印尼盾(IDR)。於當地一般可使用印尼盾或美金作交易(但當地大部分商 店不接受某些年份所發行的美鈔)。旅客可在大型百貨公司及酒店使用國際信用咭或旅 行支票。 *2001 年以前(特別是 100 元大鈔票)及 CB 字頭之美金酒店均不接受找換。

天氣：

全年氣溫大約為 24度－34度，11 月至 3 月屬雨季。由於天氣常有變化，請各旅客於出 發前留意天氣報告或致電天文台熱線 1878200 或瀏覽天氣網站。

旅程服飾：

全程可穿著簡單夏天服裝。如參觀峇里島之聖泉廟則須穿著有袖上 衣及長褲，女士可穿過膝長裙。旅程中請穿着輕便運動鞋，方便活動。

個人用品：

酒店一般不設牙膏、牙刷、拖鞋等個人衛生用品，團友請自行帶備。可按個人需要自行 帶備風筒，水煲等日用品。由於峇里島屬郊外地區，建議客人帶備蚊怕水/蚊貼。另外 請帶備慣用平安藥物及緊急醫療用品，以應不時之需。如需要長期服用指定藥物，請準 備足夠份量。

43

藥品：

請帶備慣用平安藥物及緊急醫療用品，以應不時之需。如需要長期服用指定藥物，請準 備足夠份量。如需要攜帶藥物入境(特別是：安眠藥、鎮靜劑、興奮劑等)，必須出示醫 生証明書。 香港旅遊業議會(TIC)建議工作人員不要隨便提供藥物給參加者，請參加者自備必需藥 物，以策萬全。

飲用水：

酒店自來水不宜飲用，可飲用滾水。如腸胃狀況欠佳者，宜於當地購買樽裝礦泉水。

財物保管：

夜間避免單獨外出，請謹記將貴重物品如旅遊證件、現金、信用卡、相機、手提電話、 電子產品等隨身攜帶，切勿存放於行李箱內或留在旅遊車上、酒店房間或公共地方。

購物：

木刻、印花（BATIK）布、海產、牛皮及銀器製品等均可在峇里島或爪哇島上購買。

颱風措施：

出發當日遇有天文台懸掛任何颱風訊號，由於航班仍有機會正常升降，請依照原定時間 抵達機場集合。

旅遊保險：

旅遊期間如發生任何意外，可會引致龐大醫療費用、財物損失及其他開支。本公司強烈 要求所有參加者購買旅遊綜合保險。而有關各項保障及賠償均依據保險公司所列明之賠 償細則。

**《參加者於當地如感到身體不適，應立即聯絡領隊或導遊，以協助前往當地醫院就診》** 攜帶物品核對遺漏表： 01⃞ . 旅遊証件、身份証、簽證 02⃞ . 信用卡 (如需)

03⃞ . 當地貨幣及港元

04⃞ . 平安藥物

05⃞ . 團體服(如需)

06⃞ . 便裝或整齊服裝

07⃞ . 便服鞋/運動鞋

08⃞ . 內衣褲及襪

09⃞ . 睡衣及拖鞋

10⃞ . 雨具、風褸、外套

11⃞ . 沐浴洗髮用品(旅行裝) 12⃞ . 牙膏牙刷(旅行裝)

13⃞ . 文具

14⃞ . 相機及記憶卡

15⃞ . 電插頭變換器

16⃞ . 紙巾/濕紙巾

17⃞ . 潤膚用品

18⃞ . 女性用品

19⃞ . 剃鬚用品

20⃞ . 隱形眼鏡藥水及用 品

21⃞ . 鬧鐘

22⃞ . 電芯、電筒

可按行程需要攜帶以下物品： a⃞ . 防蚊用品

b⃞ . 防曬用品

c⃞ . 太陽帽/眼鏡

d⃞ . 泳衣、泳帽

e⃞ . 暖包

f⃞ . 冷帽、頸巾 手襪/手套

g⃞ . 保暖內衣 羊毛襪

h⃞ . 潤膚用品/潤唇膏

44

印尼外遊交流團須知 遨遊國際交流中心為求盡善盡美，為參加者安排一個有意義的旅程。現詳列有關交流團之資料及出發須 知，敬希垂注。 證件：

1.請參加者必須攜帶有效旅遊證件、有效簽證(如需)及有效香港身份證明文件。 *旅遊證件必須有半年以上之有效期，並確保旅遊證件有足夠之空白頁使用。 2.航空公司規定凡持外國護照者(沒有香港身份證)，必須帶同返回當地的機票出發。否 則，航空公司可能拒絕登機返港。

行李：

1.所有航機包括內陸機，每人限帶寄艙行李重量不能超過20kg(44 磅)，根據航空公司條例 超過上限之行李，將收取額外運費。 2.寄艙行李限制，每件因超磅而需收費之寄艙行李重量上限不能超過32kg(70磅)或體積超 過203cm(80吋)(長+濶+高)， 不論是組別合併或個人計算行李重量，如有發現超出上限 之行李，乘客必須即時重整有關行李，可安排有關行李寄艙。 3.手提行李只限攜帶一件，尺寸不可超過56x32x23cm(22x14x9 吋)，(此尺寸已包括行李 之滑輪及手柄)及重量不可超過7kg為準。 4. 航空公司行李收費新政策: 個別航空公司已實施行李托運收費新政策，大型運動器材如滑雪用具、水上活動用 具、單車、音樂器材等，均須收取額外附加費，費用將視乎個別航空公司而定。 5. 嚴禁攜帶任何違禁品﹕如毒品、武器、火藥、易燃物品、盜版光碟或瀕危動物製成品。 6. 火機、火柴及暖包類等用品只限於香港登機時作有限度攜帶，回程航班及內陸航班，則 一律不可攜帶登機或寄艙。而利器、刀、指甲鉗等，必須放在行李內寄艙。 7. 根據「國際民用航空組織」規定，旅客為個人自用內含鋰或鋰離子電池芯或電池的可攜 式電子裝置(手錶、計算器、照相機、手機、手提電腦、可攜式攝像機等)應作為手提 行李攜帶登機而不可寄艙；有關備用電池則必須以手提行李攜帶登機，並單個做好保 護以防短路(如放入原零售包裝或個別包裝或以其他方式將電極絕緣)，每個旅客不能 超過 2塊(每個不超過 160瓦時)；詳細規定可瀏覽相關航空公司網頁。 8. 根據「國際民用航空組織」指引﹕所有旅客隨身攜帶之液體、凝膠及噴霧類物品，均需以 容量不超過100 毫升的容器盛載，並應儲存於一個容量不超過一公升、可重複密封的 透明塑膠袋內。故容器超過 100毫升必須放在行李內寄艙。而每名旅客只可攜帶一個 裝有容器的塑膠袋。所有藥物、嬰兒奶粉或食品，經查證後可獲豁免。 9. 以上提及的液體、凝膠等，包括於入閘前或入閘後購買之飲品、禮品(如韓國人蔘酒、面 膜液、化妝護膚品、蜜糖、蜂皇漿/丸等流質用品/食品)、噴霧劑及任何能溢出(如膠 囊內有液體)、塗抹或噴灑的物品，均不可帶入機艙內。 10.以上規定將按各國機場之最後公佈為準。 11.詳細資料可瀏覽民航處 www.cad.gov.hk 或機管局 www.hongkongairport.com 網頁。

海關：

1. 印尼：年滿 21 歲之旅客可免稅攜帶香煙 200 枝、洋酒 1 枝;各種電器、蔬果、植物、肉 類、營利私貨及違例物品等均禁止入。 2. 香港：所有利器必須放入託運行李內，包括任何類型的剪刀、金屬製的指甲銼、鑷子 等。若海關人員查出以上任何物品於手提行 李內， 3. 則將會充公且不獲發還，本公司不負任何責任。每位旅客可隨身攜帶一個打火機，或將 打火機放入手提行李內， 4. 不得存放於託運行李內。凡年滿十八歲、持有香港身份證或持外國護照的旅客則可免稅 攜帶下列數量的應課稅品– 5. a) 酒精濃度高於 30%的酒類可攜帶 1 公升，而酒精濃度在 30%以下之酒類，則可以免 稅攜帶。 b) 十九支香煙或一支雪茄(如多於一支則總重量不超過 25 克)或 25 克其他製成煙草。

45

!

Grouping

46

Accommodation (Hotel) CRYSTAL KUTA HOTEL – BALI

Jl. Bypass I Gusti Ngurah Rai No. 999, Kuta 80361 – Bali, Indonesia Phone: +62 361 846 4618

5 July - 8 July Room No.

Date:

Weather condition:

Itinerary:

Comments

Date:

Weather condition:

Itinerary:

Comments

Mr. Mark Mr. Tsang + Mr. Lo

47

Accommodation (Camp) Bali Outbound and Farmstay (BOF) Jl. Pasar Induk Sayur Baturiti Banjar Baturiti Kaja, Desa Baturiti Po Box 7171 Baturiti

何愷敏

48

Mr. Mark Mr. Tsang Mr. Lo

49

Travel journal Date: Itinerary

Date: Itinerary

Date: Itinerary

Date: Itinerary

Weather conditions Comments

Weather conditions Comments

Weather conditions Comments

Weather conditions Comments

CCSC GEOGRAPHY PANEL PRODUCTION 2016

50

Date: Itinerary

Date: Itinerary

Weather conditions Comments

Weather conditions Comments

51

Publication of magazine Guidelines 1. Each group should be responsible for an enquiry study on one of the following

topics:

Geography: • • • • • • •

Geological characteristics of Bali / formation of caldera / rock type Climatic characteristics of Bali Coffee plantation Paddy rice cultivation on terraced farmland Deforestation in Indonesia Conflicts between environmental conservation and economic development Effectiveness of national park / nature reserve to combat deforestation

Biology:

• Comparison between different ecosystems • Species biological interactions • Ecological conservation

Tourism:

• Sustainable tourism • Tourism development in Bali 2. The enquiry study should contain primary source of data such as observaLon during the

field trip, informaLon collected from interviews, visits or group discussion. The enquiry

report should contain at least 500 words, wrinen in English.

3.

Other than the enquiry report, you should also submit an individual reflecLve statement with at least 200 words (in English) on the last day of the trip, i.e. 20 July 2016. Send the word files to your respecLve teachers.

4.

Submit your themaLc report before end of summer vacaLon, i.e. 15 August 2016. Send your word files to your supervisor.

5.

You are highly encouraged to use graphs, sketch maps and diagrams to present your informaLon.

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CCSC Geography Production 2016