PCCW Technology Report: Intergrating Construction

patricia prayogo.

160720073 Legacies of Modernism: Elizabeth Gray Baldwin + James Longfield ARC 3013 Architectural Technology 3: Intergrating Construction

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A.1 Site Analysis

3

B. Programme Analysis + Strategy

4

C. Pecedent Analysis

5

D.1 Sustainability Strategy

6

D.2 Construction Sequencing Axonometric

7

E. Technical Section

8-9

F. Structural Strategy

10

G. Environmental Strategy

11

I. Accessibility Study: Principle Threshold study

12

J. Critical Reflective Analysis

13

K. Bibliography & List of Illustrations

14

3

A.1 SITE ANALYSIS Peterlee is nestled off the A19 between Newcastle and Darlington.

The town was founded in 1948 as a new town to house local coal miners and their families. During the 1960’s, a new style of modern housing was built throughout Peterlee. The ground conditions are of Dolostone bedrock, however, due to its coal mining history, buildings are restricted to 4 floors.

WIND ROSE

views

The site is a large heath with a slight slope, overlooking parts of Castle Eden Dene and the Pavillion.

CASTLE EDEN DENE

AVG. MONTHLY TEMPERATURE

The proposed design is an educational and leisure centre. Comprising of 4 buildings, each serving a different function; wood workshop, gallery, restaurant, and a nature reserve centre with rental station and reception inside.

RESIDENTIAL PUBLIC SOUTH-WESTERN WINDS

SITE PLAN ANALYSIS

LANDSLIDE RISKS

pa

ss

se ld

wa y

VE

HI CL

EA CC E

SS

A19

helford

bus stop

road

site

site

bus stop

N

RIA

EST

PED

t blun

s

apollo pavilion

bus stop

ny sun

oakersid

e drive

AVG. WEATHER STATISTICS

PREVAILING WINDS

DESIREABLE VIEWS

castle eden dene

PROTECTED AREA

4

B. PROGRAMME ANALYSIS + STRATEGY PROGRAMME OF SPACES

ACCESS & FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIONS Program strategy for workshops.

The main building, “Masters & Apprentice” wood workshops, is oriented east-west to maximise daylight in the north and south faces. Workshops require large windows and high ceilings to avoid the people carrying large objects to bump into ceiling lights and services.

Easy access for delivery, into and out the building, was considered and the placement of functional areas provides a logical circulation that is convinient for the workshop users.

The open plan design ensures good movement and good visibility for safety reasons. The interior courtyards act as skylights to bring in sunlight and to remove stagnant air, in addition to extractors. English ivys are grown within the courtyards to remove airborne toxins produced by the machines and produce fresh air for users.

LOBBY

TOILET

SERVICES

FUNCTION-DRIVEN ROOM HEIGHT

COURTYARD

WORKSHOP

NATURAL VENTILATION EXTRACTED AIR TO HRV

GALLERY INDIRECT SOUTH LIGHT RENTAL SHOP

CONSTANT NORTH LIGHT VISUAL CONNECTION FOR SAFETY CONCERNS

RESTAURANT

VISUAL CONNECTION FOR PASSERBY

5

C. PRECEDENT ANALYSIS GALLERY IN LA PIZARRERA, Spain, 2009

by Elisa Valero Ramon “The shiny panes of glass placed in neat rows on the grass look like features of landscape architecture. It is hard to imagine that below them there is a private gallery containing important works from the Spanish art scene. The new exhibition space, its underground location and ground plan dictated by the need to preserve the garden’s oak trees, connects two existing residential buildings.” - Detail Magazine

Similarly to my design approach, the forms of the buildings are influenced by the environmental constraints of the site. The proposed building design aims to minimise the level of disfigurement of the surroundings.

The “ground lights” is a great precedent for the roof lights in my green roof.

The random plan form of the exhibition area is the outcome of the positions of the trees, the roots of which could not be damaged. The greatest challenge was supplying daylight, which was solved by including 45 virtually horizontal rooflights (approx. 60 x 140 cm).

Steel frames are fitted into the openings in the flat roof in order to support the lamited safety glass flush with the grass (the rooftop planting). To protect agaisnt direct sunlight in summer, a system of aluminium louvres can be fitted into the openings temporarily.

SECTION 1:10 Exhibition room

D.1 SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGY Cyclical Program of buildings and it’s environment.

local timber resource

The Nature Reserve Centre hosts events with the public and regularly plant fast growing trees (Dawn Redwood, Eucalyptus, Silver Birch) in the open heath on the east side of the site.

Which will then be used to supply timber material for the Workshops. The workshops will produce products for display in the Gallery. Large wood cutoffs are for re-use, small scraps are used to fuel the boiler, which partially supply the electricty of building.

The newly planted trees will keep populating the site in years to come, becoming an extension of Castle Eden Dene and removing much of the airborne toxins created by the machines on site.

Workshops

NRC

Gallery

The building strategy is to reduce as much waste and carbon footprint as possible and ultimately become self-sufficient.

timber recovery electricity & CO2

Sustainable resources.

The timber planks used for cladding are Douglas Fir sourced from the nearby forestry, Kielder Forest. This will reduce the cost and environmental impacts with transportation.

Electricity is supplied by Teeside Wind farm (operated by EDF Energy Renewables), located in Redcar, 45km from Peterlee.

Crushed concrete from structures on the site (existing carpark) will be used as an aggregate base, to make the new roads and parking lots. The concrete incorporates recycled materials are more sustainable and use less cement than traditional pavers.

The Afterlife.

What happens to the building after the end of its life?

fuel for boiler saw dust & wood scraps

The open plan design allows flexibility for the building to be used for various different purposes, if the current programme cease to continue.

Ultimately, the timber structural components can be reused or dismantled and downcycled for parts.

7

D.2 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCING

CLT PANELS

Complete superstructure. Install waterproofing, tanking, and drainage. Attach timber planks for exterior cladding. Fit out the interior and complete the landscaping.

The stud walls are installed for non-loadbearing exterior walls. Some walls will be CLT panels to resist shear force.

Window and door frames are fixed in walls during work.

The necessary electrical and plumbing works are carried out before the final finishing.

Continuous glulam columns are placed at 5000mm centres, attached to the concrete floor using steel base plates. Post and beam are connected with an integrated mortise and tenon joint. Stairs are placed so that the subs working inside can get from one floor to the other without depending on ladders.

SIDE VIEWS

Plain cement concrete is laid on the compacted soil to form a solid base. Reinforcement steel bars are tied together and placed on the PCC to form a skeleton in which the concrete is poured. Then shuttering is done to achieve proper concrete shape and so that the concrete doesn’t come in contact with the soil.

Xypex (additive) is mixed with the concrete for the foundation for waterproof protection. The foundation walls also act as retaining walls, and left exposed to the interior.

The plan boundaries are marked in the ground first and the ground inside and outside the layout is cleaned. The excavation pits are trimmed and the bottom is compacted using hand compactors. The proposed foundation is pad foundation, however due to uncertain ground conditions (ex-coal mining area), pile foundations might be necessary.

POST & BEAM JOINT

8

E. TECHNICAL SECTION 1:20 scale SECTION 1

SECTION 2

a

d 1

2

3 4

a. roof garden

5

- Plants - Sedum blanket/ substrate - Zinco Solarbase SB 200 - Fixodrain XD20 - Root barrier 2mm - Kingspan insulation 60mm - Vapour control layer - Plywood 10mm - Glulam beam 420mm

ventilation duct

b. intermediate floor

- Timber floor planks 12mm - Acoustic mat 10mm - Kingspan (Kooltherm K103) 60mm - Plywood 20mm - Glulam beam 420mm

c. custom moirse tenon joint

- please refer to section D.2 for axonometric and diagram of joint

d. roof light

1. Preformed neoprene seal 2. Insulating glass 36mm 3. Steel angle support 50 x 50mm 4. Frame of steel plates 5. Plywood 10mm

e 9

b

e. window

6. Three 4mm low-e glass panes + two 16mm gaps between them, filled with Krypton gas 7. Warm edge spacer bar 8. Aluminium clad frame 9. Preformed metal profile

6 7 8

beams spaced at 5000 mm centres

c ventilation duct

joists at 400 mm centres

9 beams spaced beams at 5000 spaced mm at centres 5000 mm centres

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

GF plan with section plane (not to scale)

ventilation ventilation duct duct

f. column - foundation connection 10. Glulam column 300 x 300mm 11. Steel base plate 12. Aluminium flashing

g. ground floor - foundation

- Timber floor planks 12mm - Plywood subfloor 20mm - Vapour control membrane - Kingspan (K103) insulation 100mm - Concrete 300mm + Xypex (waterproofing additive) - DPM - Sand 20mm (for leveling) - Granular sub base 150mm

i

f

12

10

10

11

11

12

h. foundation

Raft foundation is the proposed foundation. However, additional piles might be necessary at the risk of the historical coal mining grounds of the town.

i. external wall

- Charred timber vertical cladding (Douglas Fir) - Horizontal timber batten (60 x60 mm) - Vertical timber batten 40mm - Breather membrane - Plywood 15mm - Stud frame + insulation 100mm - Vapour control layer - Plywood 15mm

g

h

joists at 400 joists mm centres at 400 mm centres

10

F. STRUCTURAL STRATEGY CLT PANELS FOR SHEAR FORCE prevailing summer breezes

The axo diagram shows the placement of CLT panels in the buildings, in response to the shear forces within the site.

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a panelised glued-laminated mass timber structural product, comprising sawn timber sections, laid-up in layers, with each layer at right angles to the adjacent layer. CLT floor and wall elements have consequently been used to form the principal vertical and lateral load resisting systems of multi-story buildings around the world.

TIMBER COLUMN

Timber columns are securely hinged to the concrete walls with steel base plates. The concrete walls act as retaining walls to resist force as parts of the buildings are excavated fairly deep. The design proposes continuous columns to transfer load directly to the concrete walls and to the foundations for a more stable structure.

prevailing winter winds

CONCRETE WALLS

8.25mm overlap

15mm expansion gap

Timber cladding (Tounge & Groove).

tapered tounge & groove for easy insertion

Boards: 128mm width x 19mm thick Timber species: Douglas Fir Coating finish: Enviropro exterior coatings (reccommended re-coating every 2-4 years)

9.75mm area for screw

Fixing: conclead fixed with 50mm stainless steel screw All corners require proprietary corner stops with EPDM closed cell gasket and sealent.

horizontal batten

vertical cladding planks

board proole

11

G. ENVIROMENTAL SCHEMATIC BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN SCHEME

HRV SYSTEM & FRESH AIR SCHEME

header tank

1

5

courtyard plants

4

wc

SECTION NS

1. Rain water is channeled from the roof via guttering and standard down pipes. The water is then fed in to the water tank, upon entry the water is filtred throughly.

2. Rainwater passed through the vertical holes in the surface is moved through pipe into the water tank.

2

AVERAGE RAINFALL IN PETERLEE

rainwater downpipes pipe for irrigation

sand filter

3. The underground storage tank will pump water back to the point of use.

4. Harvested water is directly used for irrigation.

5. Or stored in the header tank. The water is used to feed toilets and other rainwater tap with gravity flow.

3

overflow pipe rainwater & header tank made of HDPE because it is chemical resistant and corrosion proof. Durable and low maintenance.

rainwater filter

12

H. FIRE COMPLIANCE protected stair A.

Material specifications.

Refuges are provided for wheelchair uses to wait short periods of time for assistance escaping from the building (they should not be left alone indefinitely until the fire service arrives or the fire is extinguished). The points of refuge or door swings should not interrupt the flow and width of the escape route.

A

Glulam columns (300x300mm) and beams (420x300mm): When fire encases a glulam beam, a carbonized layer forms (charring) around the structural core, which restricts the external supply of oxygen and heat and thus significantly impedes the subsequent burn-off.

The burn-off rate of glulam is 0.7mm/min. The columns and beams have at least a 100 mins fire resistance.

door width: 1200mm PLAN

rise: 185 mm going: 260mm width: 1400mm refugee size: 4500 x 2400 mm

Apprentice workshop

to carpark

SECOND FLOOR

high risk area/ close to flammable escape doors (lead to outside) protected staircase

Masters workshop

Mineral wood insulation within external walls and protective stairs walls: Mineral wool insulation is an ideal fire protection material because it is non-combustible (meeting the ISO 1182 standard) and it does not conduct heat. Mineral wool can resist temperatures above 1,000°C, making it ideal for fire-retardant uses Charred timber cladding (Shou Sugi Ban style): The process of applying heat and fire to the exterior of a wood product for a short period of time changes both the cellular structure and thermodynamic conductivity of the wood. Then additionally the outer layer of charred wood acts as an insulator. The carbon layer created as a result of the charring process preserves the timber and makes it more resistant to rot, fire and insect attack.

farthest distance point to safety exit

SECTION Means of warning and prevention.

Electrical fire detection and warning system is installed in accordance with BS 5839-1 A

Portable extinguisher is available at each floor.

A safe-smoking policy is implemented throughout the buildings.

FIRST FLOOR

13

I. ACCESSIBILITY STUDY: Threshold study/ principle entrance APPROACH TO ENTRANCE “Access for all� (Part M) regulates that the deisgn should provide a suitable means of access for poeple from the entrance point at the boundary of the site, and from provided car park on site, to the building. And that routes between buildings within a complex are also accessible.

Changes in level are difficult for many people to negotiate, therefore the approach from disabled car park to the principal entrance is of smooth limestone pavement surface with a gentle gradient of 1:25, for convinient access.

(Part M1/M2, 1.13)

DISABLED PARKING BAY The purpose of a designated parking bay is to allow the safe transfer of a passenger or driver to a wheelchair and transfer from the parking bay to the access route to the building without undue effort, barriers to wheelchairs or hazards from tripping. 2 designated parking bays is provided on firm and level ground, closest to the principal entrance and alternative entrance of the building. The surface of the accessibility zone is of the same material as the road, firm and non-slip concrete. (Part M1/M2, 1.18)

principal entrance

MAIN ENTRANCE APPROACH

14

J. CRITICAL REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS

A lot of the time architecture can make a great difference to people’s lives, but at the cost of the environment’s. With

this design, I strive to provide what the community is lacking (in architecture) while avoiding as much as possible to take anything from the community (aka. the surrounding environment). I realise that prevention is the best method for avoiding damage but it is almost impossible to build without creating some sort of environmental casualties. The sustainable resourcing of materials has been a top priority for my design. Locally sourced timber from Keilder Forest is used for the cladding and structures, which minimises the carbon footprint in transportation and supporting a sustainable forestry in the UK. The choice of charred timber cladding is for aesthetic purposes, as well as to weatherproof it naturally. And it’s not just the methods and materials used to construct a building that affects the environment. How it’s built to operate has a huge impact as well. Wind power is the second largest source of renewable energy after biomass in the UK and I wanted to make use of it.

However, I realised that installing onsite windmills, would not generate enough energy for it to be cost effective, therefore the building’s primary energy source is supplied by a nearby wind farm. There has been a lot of design considerations that was made in the interest of the building’s carbon footprint, however there are some small changes that i think could have made improvements, like using reclaimed wood instead of new ones. I am pleased to say that a lot of good long-term design considerations were made to address issues of environmental impact during construction and the building’s life cycle, and most of it have been successful in the end design. I realised that timber is the material protagonist in the design, but it has also become the antagonist. The building uses a lot of wood, and eventhough it is a sustainable material, and the building program has plans to replenish the site with trees. I am concerned that it wont be enough restore the amount of trees that was used to create the building itself. On the flip side, most of the building design decisions were appropriate for longevity and long-term planning, and its safe to say that I am pleased with the end result.

15

K. BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

LITERATURE SOURCES

Page 3: Wind rose, average monthly emperature, average weather statistics. Available from https://en.climate-data.org/europe/united-kingdom/england/peterlee-10603/

Ching, F.D. and Mulville, M., 2014. European building construction illustrated. John Wiley & Sons.

Chudley, R. and Greeno, R., 2006. Building construction handbook. Routledge.

Page 5: Images by Fernando Alda. Available from https://www.detail-online.com/article/gallery-in-la-pizarrera-14598/ Page 5: Plans & section detail. Available from https://www.detail-online.com/article/galleryin-la-pizarrera-14598/

Deplazes, A. ed., 2005. Constructing architecture: materials, processes, structures. Springer Science & Business Media.

Guthrie, P., 2003. The architect’s portable handbook: First step rules of thumb for building design. McGraw-Hill.

Guzowski, M., 2010. Towards zero energy architecture. Laurence King, London.

Page 11: Average rainfall in Peterlee. Available from https://en.climate-data.org/europe/united-kingdom/england/peterlee-10603/ Page 12: Design for horizontal escape. Available from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/441669/BR_PDF_AD_B2_2013.pdf Page 13: Diagram 2 & Table 1. Available from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/441786/BR_PDF_AD_M2_2015.pdf

HM Government (2010). Approved Document B (fire safety) volume 2: buildings other than dwellinghouses (2006 edition incorporating the 2010 and 2013 amendments). London: HM Government.

HM Government (2015). Approved Document M - Access to and use of buildings: Volume 2 - Buildings other than dwellings. London: HM Government.

Jodidio, P., Köper, K.B. and Bosser, J., 2011. Temporary architecture now! (pp. 978-3836523288). Cologne: Taschen.

Kolb, J., 2008. Systems in timber engineering: loadbearing structures and component layers. Walter de Gruyter.

All diagrams and illustrations are personal unless otherwise stated.

Lennon, T. (2008). The fire performance of timber facades. [ebook] Scotland: BRE Global. Available at: https://www2. gov.scot/resource/doc/217736/0121259.pdf [Accessed 17 Apr. 2019]. Östman, B., Mikkola, E., Stein, R., Frangi, A., König, J., Dhima, D., Hakkarainen, T. and Bregulla, J., 2010. Fire safety in timber buildings. Technical guideline for Europe. SP, 19.

Park, R. and Paulay, T., 1975. Reinforced concrete structures. John Wiley & Sons.