Business and Society Ethics Sustainability and Stakeholder Management 10th Edition Carroll
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Chapter 10
Ethical Issues in the Global Arena
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Describe the ethical and social challenges faced by multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in the global environment.
2. Summarize the key implications for managers of the following ethical issues: infant formula controversy, Bhopal tragedy, factory collapses, sweatshops, and human rights abuses.
3. Define corruption and differentiate between bribes and grease payments, and outline the major features of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
4. Identify and discuss strategies companies may employ for improving global business ethics.
TEACHING SUGGESTIONS
INTRODUCTION – This chapter serves dual purposes. First, it introduces the students to ethical issues in the global marketplace, including two infamous examples that demonstrate some of the difficulties encountered by operating in multiple nations. Second, it offers several takes on ways to improve ethical performance in the global economy, using four different popular strategies.
KEY TALKING POINTS – Students will likely have a vague notion of multinational corporations (MNCs) and the difficulties of operating in widely divergent nations and cultures. However, they are unlikely to know any of the details about cases like Nestlé and infant formula, or the Union Carbide Bhopal incident. The textbook offers concise synopses of both cases,
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which should be eye-opening revelations for most students. The chapter also examines two issues that arise as a result of legal and cultural differences between countries: sweatshops and bribery / corruption. Instructors may want to cover (1) the Nike case (see Case 15) in class when exploring issues related to sweatshops and (2) the most recent SEC / DOJ investigation of corporate violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. After spending a sizeable portion of the chapter identifying and discussing the ethical problems inherent in global operations, the authors then provide four strategies of improving ethical performance in multinational markets.
Some of the most intractable ethical issues arise in developing countries, due to the vast differences in the level (or stage) of economic development in the home and host countries. For example, a company based in the United States is more likely to encounter difficult ethical issues by operating in Sudan than if it opened a branch in Germany. Part of this difference in ethical standards is due to culture (northern European countries are more culturally similar to the United States than is Sudan), but a significant portion can also be traced to historic and continuing discrepancies in the position of countries in the world economy.
Immanuel Wallerstein proposed a world-system theory, in which he identified core regions that benefited most from the capitalist world economy, and peripheral zones, such as Africa and Latin America. His book, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1976) provides a compelling case for how theses differences developed and how the core regions continue to profit from exploitation of the peripheral regions. While Wallerstein offers a historical account of how the world economic system developed, David Korten writes about the current effects of the world system. His books When Corporations Rule the World (San Francisco: BerrettKoehler Publishers, 1995) and The Post-Corporate World: Life after Capitalism (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 1999) both explore and denounce the effects that corporations from developed countries have on the economies and social lives of underdeveloped nations. Touching on these ideas may help the students see the problems of operating a global business in a larger context than simply trying to match ethical systems.
PEDAGOGICAL DEVICES – In this chapter, instructors may utilize a combination of:
Cases:
14-Something’s Rotten in Hondo
15-Nike, Inc. and Sweatshops
16-Coke & Pepsi in India
17-Chiquita – An Excruciating Dilemma
18-Dole’s DBCP Legacy
21-Big Pharma’s Marketing Tactics
30-Targeting Consumers - (& Using Their Secrets)
34-Hidden Price of Fast Fashion
40-Tragedy in Bangladesh
41-Software Sojourn
Ethics in Practice Cases: Is the Fair-trade Movement Sustainable?
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Helping Factories to Pass Sweatshop Audits – Using Cheating Consultants Violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act or Not?
Spotlight on Sustainability: Earth Hour: A Global Ethical Sustainability Movement
Power Point slides: Visit http://academic.cengage.com/management/carroll for slides related to this and other chapters.
LECTURE OUTLINE
I. BUSINESS CHALLENGES IN A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
II. ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE GLOBAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
A. Questionable Marketing and Plant Safety Practices
1. The Infant Formula Controversy
2. Plant Safety and the Bhopal Tragedy
a. Factory Fire and Building Collapse in Bangladesh
B. Human Rights, Sweatshops, and Labor Abuses
1. Fair Labor Association (FLA)
2. Social Accountability 8000 (SA8000)
3. Individual Company Initiatives
4. Alien Tort Claims Act and Human Rights Violations
C. Corruption, Bribery, and Questionable Payments
1. Debates about Bribery
2. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
3. The Growing Anticorruption Movement
a. Transparency International
4. Corruption Perception Index (CPI)
5. Bribe Payers Index (BPI)
a. OECD Antibribery Initiatives
b. UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC)
c. Individual Country Initiatives
III. IMPROVING GLOBAL BUSINESS ETHICS
A. Balancing and Reconciling the Ethics Traditions of Home and Host Countries
1. Ethical Imperialism
2. Cultural Relativism
B. Strategies for Improving Global Business Ethics
1. Global Codes of Conduct
a. Corporate Global Codes
b. The GBS Codex
c. Global Codes Created by International Organizations
2. Ethics and Global Strategy
a. Levi Strauss & Co.
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b. Starbucks
3. Suspension of Activities
4. Ethical Impact Statements and Audits
C. Corporate Action against Corruption
IV. SUMMARY
SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Students should recognize that their answers to these discussion questions should be well reasoned and supported with evidence. Although some answers will be more correct than others, students should be aware that simplistic answers to complex questions, problems, or issues such as these will never be “good” answers.
1. Question: Drawing on the notions of moral, amoral, and immoral management introduced in Chapter 7, categorize your impressions of (a) Nestle, in the infant formula controversy;
(b) Union Carbide, in the Bhopal tragedy; and (c) Google, in moving its search engine out of China. Why is Google planning to return to China?
Answer: One of the things that students must keep in mind is that they have the benefit of hindsight, and that case writers have analyzed the events to point out the errors that occurred in each of these cases. This question requires that we approach the situations as if we were in the time period before these events took place, without knowledge of what is about to happen.
In the Nestlé case, managers probably thought they were doing something not only ethical, but also extremely beneficial to inhabitants of the tropical locales. The company was providing powdered infant formula that was easily transported and that provided the necessary nutrients for the healthy development of small children. It is quite possible that the problems of impure water supplies never entered their minds, and consequently the problems with the mothers’ breast milk drying up would not have been an issue either. The main ethical issue emerges when Nestlé managers did find out about the problems. At that point, I would have to say that they became immoral managers they knew a problem existed, and rather than correct the situation, they elected to deny it and continued to actively market their product.
In the Union Carbide incident, it is a fine line between amoral and immoral management. The key issue in this case is the fact that the plant was constructed pursuant to lower standards than those required in the United States. Presuming that the U.S. standards were in place in order to assure safety, it seems that the Union Carbide managers made a conscious decision to place a higher risk of accident on the employees and citizens of India than it imposed on its American workers. This is a direct violation of Kant’s categorical imperative, “treat people only as ends, never as means.” If Union Carbide had followed this maxim, it would have decided to adhere to the higher standards, simply to ensure the safety of its Indian stakeholders.
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While many critics claim that Google’s exit from China may have been motivated by the company’s desire to protect its intellectual property and as a result of certain security breaches, Google management maintains that its decision was due to the company’s unwillingness to continue to censor content on the Chinese version of its search engine. Although some argue that Google’s original agreement to censor anti-Chinese search results was unethical, and, hence, immoral management, Google stressed that its initial entry into the Chinese market was necessary in order to facilitate additional access to information for Chinese users. Some would classify Google’s decision to reverse course as moral management, since the company has placed a premium on certain personal liberties (e.g., freedom of speech) at the expense of corporate profit. Google is planning to return to China, dealing with local laws as well as providing its services, in order to continue to expand its market. With other social-media platforms like Facebook and Twitter looking to do the same, Google must find this balance in order to compete.
2. Question: As an MNC seeks to balance and honor the ethical standards of both the home and host countries, conflicts inevitably will arise. What criteria do you think managers should consider as they try to decide whether to use home or host country ethical standards? Does the use of hypernorms help? Explain. Answer: To me, the answer to this question seems quite simple and straightforward use the “higher” ethical standard, regardless of whose it is, how much it costs or the ethical issue involved. One would find it difficult to encounter trouble for using a higher ethical standard. If adhering to the higher standard is cost prohibitive, then the decision would simply be to forego that particular opportunity. If the only way to make a profit is to lower one’s ethical standards, then one should find another way to make money. Further, managers are not free to “pick and choose” the ethical standards of the home or host country depending on the ethical issue involved. Such an approach could lead to management justifying certain actions that would clearly be considered unethical in one of the countries and could lead to ethical relativism. Hypernorms can only help in this instance. Having standards that are universally accepted takes the question of home or host standards out of the question. Though there would still be instances where what some consider to be a hypernorm is not, so further research must be done and consideration must still be given to these questions.
3. Question: Differentiate between a bribe and a grease payment. Give an example of each. Answer: A grease payment is an expected, small, customary payment to an official in order to get him or her to do whatever s/he was supposed to do in the first place. We often think of grease payments as existing only in foreign countries (e.g., paying a customs officer to approve the delivery of personal luggage), but in some sense, paying a bellhop to carry your bags into a hotel, or giving a waiter a tip to deliver your meal could also be viewed in this manner. On the other hand, a bribe is a larger sum that is provided in order to get the recipient to make a choice that favors the briber or to do something that he is not required to do. Paying a government official to select your firm’s contract to provide a service, rather than your competitor’s, would be considered a bribe.
4. Question: Conduct research, for purposes of updating the latest rankings of Transparency International and the activities of the OECD, UNCAC, and individual country initiatives.
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How could countries such as China, India, and Russia most effective improve their TI rankings?
Answer: This question is left to the class instructor as time and events will have altered the information available at the time this is being written. While Russia, China and India are all countries with emerging economies, the textbook notes that these countries could do more do deter bribery and corruption. If these countries want to improve their TI rankings, they not only need to pass more stringent anti-bribery and anticorruption laws, they also need to make sure that the laws are enforced. The best way to accomplish this objective is for each country to make sure that all actions covered by the laws are subject to public scrutiny and that the officials in charge of implementing and following the laws are held accountable.
5. Question: What are the major strategies companies might employ in improving global business ethics? What are the key steps research has shown are important to successful company anticorruption efforts?
Answer: As noted in the text, companies can improve global ethics by (1) developing worldwide codes of conduct, (2) factoring ethics into global strategy, (3) suspending activities when faced with unbridgeable ethical gaps, and (4) developing periodic “ethical impact statements.”
According to a report issued by The Conference Board and the Ethics and Compliance Officers Association (ECOA), the following are five key steps that companies can take to fight bribery and corruption:
1. High-level Commitment by Top Management
2. Detailed Statements of Policies and Operating Procedures
3. Training and Discussion of Policies and Procedures
4. Hotlines and Helplines for All Organizational Members
5. Investigative Follow-Up, Reporting, and Disclosure
GROUP ACTIVITY
Divide students into groups of four to five students. Ask each group to draft a general global code of conduct that could be used by any multi-national corporation. Students should explore which issues might be difficult to implement on a global scale (i.e., issues related to gifts/bribes, discrimination concerns, sexual harassment, etc.). Students should reach a resolution on how to implement global standards in their respective codes regarding these issues. Students also should contemplate the steps that they would need to take to make their code accessible to employees (posting it on the internet, translating it into various languages, etc.).
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
Ask students to categorize the following as a facilitating payment (grease payment), a bribe or neither of these under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Students should explain why they chose a certain answer.
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(1) Jane Jones, who works for XYZ Corporation (a U.S. publicly-traded company), has documents that she needs to clear customs in order to make it to an important business meeting on time. She decides to pay the customs official $500 in order to move to the front of the line.
(2) Same facts as above, but Jane decides to pay the customs official $5000.
(3) Jane gives a steel letter opener with XYZ Corporation imprinted on it to a foreign government official as a gift.
(4) The country where a major foreign client is based was recently hit by a devastating earthquake. Competitors of XYZ Corporation are donating approximately $150,000 each to foreign relief efforts. XYZ Corporation also decides to donate a similar amount.
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