Water Balance: Water scarcity issues in India.

Research in Architecture II

F.Y.B, Sem II, 2021-22

Title : Water Balance: Water scarcity issues in India

Submitted By

Rutveek Patel

Faculty Guide

Ar.Jayalaxmi deshmukh

Faculty Coordinators

Ar. Shraddha Manjrekar

Ar. Ramiya Gopalakrishnan

CONTENTS:

JOURNALENTRY

JOURNALENTRY1

JOURNALENTRY2

JOURNALENTRY3

ASSIGNMENTS

ASSIGNMENT1 LITERATURECOLLECTION MATRIX

ASSIGNMENT2 STRUCTUREOFRESEARCHPAPER

ASSIGNMENT3 ORGANIZATIONOFLITERATURE REVIEW

ASSIGNMENT4 LITERATUREREVIEW

ASSIGNMENT5 DATACOLLECTION

ASSIGNMENT6 FINDINGSANDDISCUSSIONS

ASSIGNMENT7 FINALPAPER

PRESENTATION

JOURNALENTRY

Research in Architecture

~ Rutveek Patel

JOURNAL ENTRY 1

Literature Review:

-Literature review is done to summarize and synthesize the justification and ideas of existing knowledge of a particular field without adding any other new contributions

-It is done to get clear overview of the current status of knowledge or research about a topic, question or field -It is done to understand the data collection procedures and tools used and their impact on the body of knowledge

-It is done to explore the theoretical approaches of a particular research study and also to understand the future directions on the topic in terms of theory, methodology, questions for further study.

Importance of Literature Review:

-It indicates the current research of a particular topic or field and provides the interpretation of existing research

-Helps in analyzing the impact of the latest information for relevancy and coherency

-Scrutinized research gaps at initial stage can be further explored

-Justifies the research for setting up a research question

-Helps in illuminating on how knowledge has changed within the study field

-By comparing the results with existing literature, the review increases the significance of the result

-Enhances the subject vocabulary

Literature Review framework:

-Firstly, the scope would be determined using filters and limits like study type, language, regional area of study, date range so as to reduce the number of articles needed for the review

-Next, initial keywords of the research question need to be identified. In my case, the subheadings under which research will be done are as follows-

-Human-centered design (spaces)/ Empathy in architecture

-How non-empathetic spaces are created

-Examples of non-empathetic space in housing society

-Common space and its relationship with the built environment

-How empathy acts as a tool to boost sociability

-After finding the focus of the research, paper would be organized by first writing the introduction paragraph to give quick idea of the topic and the central theme Next paragraph will be the main body containing discussion of sources and would be either organized chronologically (in my case- publication chronology), thematically, or methodologically. Lastly, where might the discussion proceed from reviewing

literature must be concluded in the last paragraph -Finally, organization would be composed by using evidence, adding quotes, summarizing and synthesizing by rephrasing the study’s significance and relating it to my own research study field.

Literature Review and referencing:

Literature reviews are performed to summarize and summarize the rationale and ideas of existing knowledge in a particular area without adding new contributions. -The literature cited section is at the end of the work and contains a complete reference of each text citation used in the work -Citations usually include author, date, title, and source of publication -In each entry, list the authors in the order they appear in the article being read -If there are up to 12 authors, include all of them -Enter the title exactly as it appears in the journal article -References section entries must be included in the author's alphabetical list -Add the initials of each author as long as it is on the first page of the article -All words in the journal title must be spelled out completely -Capitalize only the first word of the article title and the appropriate names -Do not provide information about the database used to access the article -If the journal is only available online and there is no equivalent print, provide the DOI number.

JOURNAL ENTRY 2

1. Write a brief on various ways of representing data in a research paper

Data is a collection of numbers, facts, observations, measurements, graphs, ahead in order to reach a decision" Quantities, information etc, "Collection to be examined and considered to move ahead in order to reach a destination”

Representation of Data

Choosing the correct size fonts, colors etc such that it adds to the visual aid of presentation of information

Nature of data:

Nominal data is data that can be labeled or classified into mutually exclusive categories within a variable These categories cannot be ordered in a meaningful way.

- Ordinal data is a kind of categorized data with a set order on scale to it.

• Discrete data are characterized by gaps, gaps in the skate for which no real values may ever be found such data are usually expressed in whole numbers.

- Continuous data arise from the measurement of continuous attributes or variables in which individuals may differ by amounts just approaching zero.

There are two different types of data :

1) Qualitative data :

- It is a descriptive and conceptual finding collected through questionnaires, interviews etc.

- It is the data describing the attributes or properties that an object possesses

- These are categorized into classes that may be assigned numeric values.

Qualitative data are classified into :

a) Nominal data

- Gender - Male/ Female

- Hair color

- Blonde/ Brown

- Ethnicity

- Hispanic/ Asian.

b) Original data:

- First, second, third

- Letter Grade - A, B, C

- Status - Low/ medium

2) Quantitative data :

- Data expressing a certain quantity, Amount or Range usually, there are measurement unit associated with the data example meters, In the case of height of the person

a) Discrete Data : The no of workers in the company

- The no. of student in the class

b) Continuous Data : The heights of children

JOURNAL ENTRY 3

Ethics in Research:

Research involves application of basic morals and principles while conducting and exploring knowledge which are listed down below

1) Principle A: Beneficence and Non-maleficence

-Researchers should endeavor to protect the rights and well-being of those they work with professionally

-This includes clients seen in clinical practice, animals involved in research and experiments, and everyone else with whom they interact professionally

-This principle encourages researchers to strive to eliminate prejudices, affiliations, and prejudices that may affect their work which includes acting independently in the study and not allowing affiliation or sponsorship to influence outcomes

2) Principle B: Fidelity and responsibility

-Researchers must have a moral responsibility to ensure that others working in their profession also comply with high ethical standards

-This principle suggests the need to engage in activities to improve peer ethical compliance and behavior

-Mentoring, participating in peer reviews, raising ethical concerns and fraud are examples of ways to implement this principle -Researchers must also encourage giving some of their time to community improvement

3) Principle C: Integrity

-Researchers should be honest, accurate and truthful in science, teaching and practice of psychology

-One should never try to deceive or create or manipulate results in some way to achieve the desired result and need to pursue transparency and honesty in practice

-If the study is fraudulent, researchers must make efforts to mitigate the effects The deception of this type of research must be justified and the possible benefits must outweigh the possible disadvantages

-The use of deception should be minimized, stress-free and disclosed as soon as possible

4) Principle D: Justice

-This principle states that one have the right to access and benefit from psychological advances where justice refers to the responsibility of being just and impartial

-It is important to treat people equally and constantly practice in their respective field to be aware of their skill levels and limitations of their expertise so as not to condone unjust practises

5) Principle E: Respect for people’s rights and dignity

-One needs to respect the dignity, privacy, and confidentiality rights of those they work with professionally

-Should also strive to minimize their prejudices and recognize diversity-related issues and the concerns of specific groups

-For example, there may be specific concerns related to age, socio-economic status, race, gender, religion, ethnicity, or disability and should consider these factors when working with members of such groups

Fabrication of Data:

-Fabrication in research refers to making up of data or results and is considered as a serious research misconduct

-The impact of research misconduct can be analyzed through the damage to the individuals, the reputational cost to the employer, which involves publishers and editors of the paper, financial costs, opportunity cost, and extensive social costs

-Presenting fake data as true can have a serious negative impact on the general public and the scientific community and hence should be prevented across all scientific research disciplines to comply with research ethics

-Researchers must have a moral responsibility to act in accordance with high ethical standards and be honest, accurate and truthful with their data and results.

1

SavingtheWaterhole:Astudy ofIndia'sDepletingWater ResourcesandEmerging SolutionsofRevival. Incidpapers

2 Spirals:TheBrillianceof WaterEngineering.

JournalofIndianinstitute ofarchitects

SunandaSatwah IGBC-AP, GRIHA-CPandGRIHAEvaluator.

TowardsBetterManagement ofGroundWaterResources inIndia. March2019

MuktaLatkar-Talwalkar Architect, UrbanPlanner,Indologistand EnvironmentalEducator. November2019

3 WaterResourcesIssuesand ManagementinIndia WMR_India C.P.Kumar

www.indianinstituteof architects.com

www.indianinstituteof architects.com

Journalofscientificand engineeringresearch July2018 WRM_India_JSAER.com

http://cgwb.gov.in/documents/papers/ incidpapers/Paper%201-B.M.Jha.pdf

https://indianinstituteofarchitects. com/pdf/jiia/NOV_2019.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publicati on/328213691_Water_Resources_ Issues_and_Management_in_India

4 SustainableWaterResources Management ABibliometric Overview Incidpapers AmadorDuranSanchez,JoseAlvarez GarciaandMariadelacruzdel Rio-Rama. waterresourcemanagement September2018 studylib https://www.mdpi.com/2073-44 41/10/9/1191

5 WaterManagementIssuesin Chennai,India studylib S.Sethuram. WaterManagementIssues May2014 studylib

https://studylib.net/doc/18110898/ case-study--water-managementissues-in-chennai--india 10.13140/RG.2.2. 29414.06721

6 Waterbalanceasanindicatorof naturalresource. Sciencedirect David.p.thoma GlobalEcologyand Conservation. December2020 Sciencedirect https://www.sciencedirect.com/science /article/pii/S2351989420308416

7 Evaluatingwaterbalancevariables underlanduse. MDPI

8 Anintegratedwaterbalancemodel forassessingwaterscarcityina data-sparseinterfluvein easternIndia. tandfonline ShreyashiSantraMitra

9 Evaluatingthepotentialofimproving

10 Evaluatingthepotentialofimproving

11 DeterminedtheLevelofGreenBuilding PublicAwareness:ApplicationandStrategies

1

SavingtheWaterhole:Astudy ofIndia'sDepletingWater ResourcesandEmerging SolutionsofRevival.

SunandaSatwah IGBC-AP, GRIHA-CPandGRIHAEvaluator.

InIndia,thescarcityofwaterwillturninresult inincreasedcostoffoodandenergy generation,impactingeconomicgrowth.

Indiaislargelydependentonmonsoonsforits waterrequirements,Droughtsandfarmer suicidesarecommon.Urbanflooding,polluted watersources,leaks,eutrophicationandsiltation ofwaterbodiesposeadditionalchallengestoa waterstressednation.

2 Spirals:TheBrillianceofWater Engineering.

MuktaLatkar-Talwalkar:Architect, UrbanPlanner,Indologistand EnvironmentalEducator.

Managingthequalityofwateralongwiththe quantity,foranintendedpurposewasequally significant.

Waterhasalwaysbeenavitalsignificantsource fortheexistence,developmentandgrowthof populationsinceancienttimes.

Outof17SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs) ofAgenda2030,tendealdirectlyorindirectlywith water,watershortagewillcompromisethemission ofNITIAyog India'sresponsetoUN'sSDGs.

ThenextWarwillbefoughtoverwater'observed formerUNGen.Sec.Mr.Ghali.

"Neelkanthwaterpalacewhirlpoolissuperbinits precisionengineeringwherewaterflowsin (counter-clockwise)andthenout(clockwise)tothe valley.Thisgeometryhasbeendescribedinthe westernworldasanArchimedesspiral."

Itisbeleivedthat,"inthosedays,(these)channels werepackedwithsandandsomenaturalzeolites topurifyin-comingwater."

3 WaterResourcesIssuesand ManagementinIndia C.P.Kumar Waterisoneofthemostessentialnatural resourcesforsustaininglife.

Integratdewatermanagementisvitalforpoverty reduction,environmentalsustenance,and sustainableeconomicdevelopment

4 SustainableWaterResources Management ABibliometric Overview

AmadorDuranSanchez,JoseAlvarez GarciaandMariadelacruzdel Rio-Rama.

Conflictsovercompetitionintheuseofwater arelikelytoincreaseassocietiesfacesocial, economicandpoliticalchallenges especially aggravatedbyclimatechange.

Themainobjectiveofthisarticlewastoshowan imageoftheinternationalscientificproduction relatedto"SustainableWaterResources Management"byusingthecomparative bibliometricstudyofthedocumentsindexed

5 WaterManagementIssuesin Chennai,India

S.Sethuram.

Chennai,atypicallylargecityinsouthIndia, faceswaterandclimatechangerelatedthreats tothealreadygrowingwaterscarcity.

Theaimsofthispaperwere:todescribewater security,policychangesandtoanalysethe policiesandadaptationstrategies.

Mostofthewaterplanninganddevelpmentinthe countryhasbeendoneasperadministrative boundariesratherthanbyusingriverbasinsasthe hydrologicalunit.

ThevariabilityofwaterresourcesacrossIndia demandsabasin-by-basinanalysis.

Theanalysisofscientificpublicationsthrough biblometricreviewsisakeyelementintheresearch process,notonlyasatoolcapableofexamining existinginformationinordertoshowtrends but alsoasameasureofitsimpactonthrenvironment.

Themethodsformeasuringsustainabilityincluded criteriasuchasReliability,reversibilityand vulnerabilityofthewatersupply integrityofthe environmentalsystembyconsideringthewater quantityandquality.

Adaptationplanninghasbeenachievedinwater systems,andyettherearemanycaseswherewater managementhasbeeninadequateforfloodand drought,protectionofdrinkingwaterandsanitation andtomeetdemand(IWA&WWC,2012).

AccordingtotheWorldWaterCongress,water managementneedsquickandproactiveactionthat cansecuresourcesandsustainthem.Inorderto securesources,policymustfindsolutionsfor pollution,increasedpopulation,climatechange andpoorly-governedsystems(IWA&WWC,2012).

Atanationallevel,thesemeasurescanbe incorporatedthroughgovernmentpolicies,intelligent watermanagementplansandimplementations, scientificapplicationofsoilandwaterremediation, incentivizingwatersavingandpenalizingwastageand contamination.

Atthemunicipallevel,ensureeverybuildingcomplexhas asewagetreatmentplantandRWHscheme,laypermeable pavingandroads,maximizegreencover,providemonetary incentivesortaxsubsidiesforwastewaterrecycling,install watermonitorsandlowflowfixtures,awardwater conservationefforts,encourageincorporatinggreen ratingsystemsinconstructionsuchasGRIHA,IGBC,LEED, etc

Waterconservationmeasureshavebeenobservedtobe successful,whentheyarecommunity-driven. Asenseofownership,civicresponsibilityandpersonal associationwithwaterisimportanttoinspirechangeatan individuallevel.

Thearchaeologicalexcavationsalsorevealanelaborate networkofwatersystemusedforkeepingtheinteriors coolaswellassupplywatertothebuilding.

Thewater,suppliedthroughthenetwork,flowsthrough thespiralsandcollectsinthecentralwell/chamberwhich allowsthedirttosettledowntogetclearandcleanwater

Themundaneaspectsofwatersupplyandwaterdischarge weremadevisuallyandacousticallyappealingandhence inclusiveintothebuildingdesign.

Developmentofindigeneouslow-costsensorsforclimatic, hydrologic,andwaterqualityvariables.

Optimizingecologicalmanagementpracticesconsidering carbonsequestrationpotentialofvegetativemeasures.

Rainfallestimation Developmentofphysically-basedwatershedmodelsfor rainfallandrunoff,andfloodroutinganalysis.

Thissectiondetailstheprocessfollowedtodevelopthe bibliometricandoverlappingstudybetweenthe multidisciplinarydatabasesWoSandScopusinrelationto thescientificproductiononSustainableWaterResources Management.

Thisanalysisprovidesusefulinformationforboth academicsandprofessionalsbyprovidingaseriesof significantindicatorstoassessthebibliographicmaterial.

Certainadministrativeprogramsforadaptationinclude upgradingcustomeradvisories(fortheuser),improving utilitymeasures,reducingwaterloss,surveyingand provisioningeffectualinformatics,practicalapproachand goalsettingforfuturemanagement,enhancingeducation andcreatingawareness,improvinglocalparticipationand managinggrievancesandfeedback.

Majordistributionrelatedadaptationstrategiesare:inspect andrenovatepipelines,maintainvalvesandsumps, improveserviceforsetupofRWHandARequipment, renovatesupplyinfrastructures(includingdamsandcanals), installandmaintaintransferconduitsandincreasesupply throughdesalinationplants.

Tosaveavailablewaterandharvet more,isneedofthehour

Lakesshouldnotbelosttosiltation; rawwaterreservoirsshouldnotbe compromisedwithimpurities;leaks shouldbecurtailed;riversshouldbe revivedandgroundwatertableraised.

Thispaperprobesintotraditional knowledgeofthepeople,biomimicry, andinnovativetechnology.

Approachesandpoliciesrelevanttoour country,thatwouldassistinmanagingwater resourcesresponsiblyandaddressthe increasedwaterdemandsforourfuturecities.

Theadvancementsmadein waterengineeringatthemegaaswell asthemicroscalecanthusbe observedandappreciated.

Thispapersetsouttheadvancements madeinwaterengineeringcenturies ago.

Theaboveaestheticandartistictechnical specifiesstronglyhighlightthefactthatthe microspecifiesofwaterengineeringweregiven utmostimportanceintheoveralllayputwith aptimportancetothetiniestofthedetailsof thesystem.

Thispaperinevitablylinkstothe mappingandforecastoflivelihood patternsinhumansociety.

Aneffortisbeingmadetobuildorupgrade100 moderncitiesaspartofSmartCitiesinitiative.

Thispaperprobesaseriesofideason researchrelatedtotheareaof SustainableWaterResources Management.

Thispaperisusefulforfuturestudies,atthesame timeascomparingthecoverageandoverlapthat onthisparticularfieldismadebytwoofthemain existingdatabasesinthemarket. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science

Thispaperconcludestheconditionof watermanagementinChennai(asof2012 /2013):Poorwatersecurity.Results suggestthatwatersupplyisirregular, unreliableandinadequate.Thisisdueto accessibilityissuesincertainareas.

Theaimsofthispaperwere:todescribewater security,policychangesandtoanalysethepolicies andadaptationstrategies.

ASSIGNMENT 3 : STRUCTURE OF RESEARCH PAPER

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCING AREA OF RESEARCH

1.2 STUDYING THE VARIOUS FACTORS AFFECTING WATER CRISIS

2.LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 SURVEY OF ALL POSSIBLE DATA RELATED TO WATER MANAGEMENT AND WATER SCARCITY ISSUES IN INDIA.

2.2 SORTING THE DATA AND KEEPING IT LIMITED TO INDIA.

3.DATA COLLECTION

3.1 TO STUDY APPROACHES OF VARIOUS USER GROUPS FROM PEOPLE . A QUESTIONNAIRE WAS PREPARED FOR THE PEOPLE SUPPORTING THEIR VIEWS REGARDING REUSING AND RETREATING WATER .

3.2 WATER STRESS AREAS WERE IDENTIFIED VIA STATISTICS .

3.3 PROBABLE INTERVENTIONS WERE STUDIED . -TYPES OF RAIN-WATER HARVESTING :

1. IN RURAL AREAS.

2. IN URBAN AREAS

4.CONCLUSION

-BASED ON THE STUDIES DONE A CONCLUSION WOULD BE DERIVED.

-A CONCLUSION ON HOW WE AS AN ARCHITECT CAN OVERCOME WITH THE WATER SCARCITY ISSUES IN INDIA BY PROVIDING ARCHITECTURAL INTERVENTIONS

WaterBalance:ScarcityissuesinIndia

Abstract

Waterisoneamongtheforemostimportantsubstancesforsurvival MostoftheruralregionsinIndiaare stillfacingwaterscarcityissues.Peoplearestillfacingchallengestoaccesscleanwater.Wearefacing numerouschallengesforwaterbecauseofrapidincreaseinpopulation,urbanizationandindustrialization Inthisscenario,managementofwaterresourcesshouldbethepriorityforincreasingwaterdemandandto predictwatershortages.Thesurveyresultsimpliedthatwateruseefficiencyismuchneeded.Dischargeof untreatedwastewaterisoneofthemostgeneralperformancesthreateningthelocalenvironment Inview oftherapidincreaseinpopulation,urbanization,andindustrialization,thedemandforwaterformeeting variousrequirementsiscontinuouslyincreasing.Contemporarily,thegrowinginterestindevelopmentof greenbuildingsisobservedwhilereflectingtheneedforcreatingenvironmentallyresponsivebuilt environments.Nevertheless,thecontemporarycomplexwastewatertreatmentsprocessrequires significantenergyresourcesleadingtoelevatedemissionlevels Likewise,diversewastewatertreatment practicesmayrequireconsiderableenergyconsumptionanddeterioratingsustainabilityprovisions

Keywords–Climatechange,Waterresources,Wastewater, Sustainable,Greenenvironment,Future

Introduction

Water is essential to humans No work is complete without water Even human body comprises of 60% water. Water is life. Due to climate change, the issue of water is becoming more critical. India supports 17% of global population but only has 4% of resources are already been over used. Sustainable development balances the use ofwaterandhelpstoenhancetheneeds.Currently80%ofwaterinIndiais used by Agriculture and 15% by industry. This ratio can change in future. The demand for water is also rising.Reuseandmanagementofwaterisbestoptionfordecreasingscarcity.

Aim

TostudytheWaterBalance:WaterscarcityissuesinIndiaandtostudytheprobablesolutions

Objective

ToovercomethewaterscarcityissuesinIndia

LiteratureReview

Adaptation planning has been achieved in water systems, and yet there are many cases where water managementhasbeeninadequateforfloodanddrought,protectionofdrinkingwaterandsanitationandto meet demand. A good approach to manage resources will enable water security and administer smooth adaptationandpolicyresponsestofutureclimaticconditions.Avarietyofadaptationstrategieswerewont to control water stress and manage water in Europe, the US and other regions of the globe. Demand,

through conservation, management,andutility,andservicemanagementarethemainstrategiesemployed by several researchers as samples of successful adaptation strategies. Water security is the availability, accessibility, affordability and allocation of sufficient good and clean water for people Climate change causes acute imbalances inwaterresourcesbothashoreandstumped Theaimsofthiscasestudywere:to describe supply demand initiatives, to analyze policies and adaptation strategies and to provide recommendations The key problem analyzed is the poor supply demand management that has led to water security andscarcityissues,andthereforethepossiblesolutiontothepresentproblemwithinpolicy planningandfocusondemandrelatedconservationpractices

Therearethreesidestowatermanagement,wateradministrationandutilitymanagement,and supplyanddemandsidemanagement Certainadministrativeprogramsforadaptationincludeupgrading customeradvisories,improvingutilitymeasures,reducingwaterloss,surveyingandprovisioning effectualinformatics,practicalapproachandgoalsettingforfuturemanagement,enhancingeducationand creatingawareness,improvinglocalparticipationandmanaginggrievancesandfeedback Thewater resourcemanagementislikeanyothermanagementsystem;itisoftenflawedandfailing.Likewise, India,ChinaandSouthAfricaareinthemidstofintroducingnewtechnologies,administrativemeasures andconservationtechniquesinordertoimprovetheiradaptability Administratorsusestrategiestocreate andimplementpoliciestomanagewatertocreatesecurityandadapttostressfactors.Although,thereis needtomeettherequirementsofdemandonthewatertable,itisequallyessential to considerthegeneral aspect,people,environment,economicconditionsandclimate.

REFERENCES:

Barry S. Levy, & Victor W. Sidel. (May 2011). Water Rights and Water Fights: Preventing and Resolving Conflicts Before They Boil Over. Water Rights and Water Fights: Preventing and Resolving Conflicts Before They Boil Over, (pubmed central), 5. 10.2105/AJPH.2010.194670

B.M.Jha, & S.K.Sinha. (2021). Towards Better Management of Ground Water Resources in India. 1(cgwb), 25. https://doi.org/10. 3390/w1208220

ClaudiaAgudelo-Vera, & Karel J Keesman. (oct 2013). Evaluating the potential of improving residential water balance at building scale. Water Research, (research gate), 21. 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.040

Enda O’Connell. (17 june 2015). TowardsAdaptation of Water Resource Systems to Climatic and Socio-Economic Change. water resource management, 31(springer link), 31. 10.1016/j.watres. 2013.10.040

Karel J.Keesman, & Huub H.M.Rijnaarts. (December 2013). Evaluating the potential of improving residential water balance at building scale. water research, 47(sciencedirect), 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.040

Loucks, W. J. C. (n.d.). Water management: Current and future challenges and research directions. Water resources research, (advance earth and space science), 32. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016869

ASSIGNMENT 6 - FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

Referring to this status of natural resources depletion, sustainable design of green built environments is crucial to the longer-term planning of cities and concrete areas. Efficient use of natural environment and energy resources, preservation of natural resources and Enhancement of economic well being are essential for sustainable developments.

Particular attention should be paid to the invention, redevelopment, analysis and enhancement of environmentally sustainable design approaches in regard to green development of future cities. Application of wastewater treatment contributes to the improved performance of low energy, ultralow energy (and eventually zero energy) buildings.

The variability of water resources across India demands a basin by basin analysis. Variation in rainfall means replenishment is unevenly distributed over time.This makes the management of water including storage facilities for recharge, even more important than simply absolute quantity of water availability.Alocalized water management approach is the need of the hour. It should empower village and neighborhood communities and build their capacity to manage, allocate and value their water resources.Any water policy must think about the concept of the worth of water. It must encourage all stakeholders, including communities, to expand their minds to graduate from allocating a quantum of water to allocating a quantum of advantages. Of course, this quantum of advantages will be dynamic. it'll inevitably be linked to the mapping and forecast of livelihood patterns in human society.And these keep evolving.

Fourth year Research in Architecture Year 2021-22

SMEF’S Brick School of Architecture Pune

WaterBalance:WaterscarcityissuesinIndia

Author:RutveekPatel

Co-Author:ArJayalaxmideshmukh

SMEF'sBRICKSchoolofArchitecture,Pune,Maharashtra

Abstract

Water is one among the foremost important substances for survival. Most of the rural regions in India are still facing water scarcity issues. People are still facing challenges to access clean water We are facing numerous challenges for wates because of rapid increase in population, urbanization and industrialization. In this scenario, management of water resourcesshouldbethepriorityforincreasingwater demand and to predict water shortages. The survey results implied that water use efficiency is much needed. Discharge of untreated wastewater is one of the most general performances threatening the local environment. In view of the rapid increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization, thedemandforwaterfor meeting various requirements is continuously increasing. Contemporarily, the growing interest in development of green buildings is observedwhilereflectingthe need for creating environmentally responsive built environments. Nevertheless, the contemporary complex wastewater treatment process requires significant energy resources leading to elevated emission levels. Likewise, diverse wastewater treatment practices may require considerable energy consumption anddeteriorating sustainabilityprovisions.

Key Words – Climate change, Water resources, Wastewater, Sustainable, Greenenvironment,Future.

Introduction

Water is essential to human life. Without water, no field of human activity can be complete. In fact, since 60% of the humanbodyiswater,itcanbesaidthatwateris life itself. Today, theworldisdebatingiftheflowofdataismoreimportantthanthe

@ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture 1

SMEF’S Brick School of Architecture Pune flow ofenergy.Buttheflowofwaterisstillmoreimportant.Itisfundamentaltothe economy and to ecology – and to human equity The issue of water is becoming even more critical in sight of global climate change and related environmental concerns.

Water is central to some of the flagship programs in India. This is not surprising since India supports 17% of the global population but has only 4% of the world’s water resources. Easily available water resources have already been widely exploited across most of the earth, and therefore the pressures from development, increase, and global climate change exert additional tensions. More than 35 years have passed since the concept of “sustainable development” was introducedforthe primary time by the planet Conservation Strategy Sustainable development balances the exploitation of natural resources, technological development and institutional change, so as to enhance the potential to satisfy human needs and aspirations, now and in the future. The main challenge facing today’s society is to develop sustainable management that ensures an adequate supply of quality water and at an equivalent time prevents the over-exploitation and degradation of associatedaquaticecosystems.

Currently, 80% of waterinIndiaisusedbyagricultureandonly15%byindustry In the coming years, this ratio may change. The total demand for water will also rise. An effort is being madetobuildorupgrade100moderncitiesasapartoftheSmart Cities initiative. Reuse of water, solid waste management and better sanitation infrastructure and practices are benchmarks to assess Smart Cities. In urban India, 40 billionlitersofwastewaterisproducedeveryday Inordertomeetthechallenges of the overall water scarcity scenario withinthecountry,variousmeasuresareoften taken, such as the development of water harvesting structures, mass awareness among citizens for water conservation, construction of latest water storage structures, interlinking of rivers, renovation, and repairofexistingwaterbodiesetc.

Waterconservationandcuttingdownonwastageholdsthekeytobringingirrigation facilities to eachfarmwithinthecountry.Thismakestheintroductionofsustainable water preservationpracticesandoptimizationofwaterresourcesjustasimportantas the introduction of new irrigation facilities. Methods to treat and re-use municipal waterarealsorequiredtoaugmentirrigationwatersupply

@ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture 2

SMEF’S Brick School of Architecture Pune

1.1Title

WaterBalance:WaterscarcityissuesinIndia

1.1.1SubTitle

WaterscarcityinIndia. LiteratureReview.

Adaptationplanninghasbeenachievedinwatersystems,andyettherearemanycases where water management has been inadequate for flood and drought, protection of drinking water and sanitation and to meet demand. A good approach to manage resources will enable water security and administer smooth adaptation and policy responses to future climatic conditions. A variety of adaptation strategies were wont to control water stress and manage water in Europe, the US and other regions of the globe. Demand, through conservation, management, and utility, and service management are the main strategies employed by several researchers as samples of successful adaptation strategies. Water security is the availability, accessibility, affordability and allocation of sufficient good and clean water for people. Climate change causes acute imbalances in water resources both ashore and stumped. The aimsofthiscasestudywere:todescribesupplydemandinitiatives,toanalyzepolicies and adaptation strategies andtoproviderecommendations.Thekeyproblemanalyzed is the poor supply demand management that has led to water security and scarcity issues, and therefore the possible solution to the present problem within policy planningandfocusondemandrelatedconservationpractices.

(Loucks,n.d.,#)(EndaO’Connell,17june2015,#)

Therearethreesidestowatermanagement,wateradministrationandutility management,andsupplyanddemandsidemanagement.Certainadministrative programsforadaptationincludeupgradingcustomeradvisories,improvingutility measures,reducingwaterloss,surveyingandprovisioningeffectualinformatics, practicalapproachandgoalsettingforfuturemanagement,enhancingeducationand creatingawareness,improvinglocalparticipationandmanaginggrievancesand feedback.Thewaterresourcemanagementislikeanyothermanagementsystem;itis oftenflawedandfailing.Likewise,India,ChinaandSouthAfricaareinthemidstof introducingnewtechnologies,administrativemeasuresandconservationtechniques inordertoimprovetheiradaptability.Administratorsusestrategiestocreateand implementpoliciestomanagewatertocreatesecurityandadapttostressfactors. Although,thereisaneedtomeettherequirementsofdemandonthewatertable,itis equallyessentialtoconsiderthegeneralaspect,people,environment,economic conditionsandclimate.

(SamKayaga,10feb2007,#)

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Eg,Chennai,withagrowingpopulationfaceswatersecurityandglobalclimate change related threats to the already growing water scarcity This city is the fourth most populated metropolitan area in India, after Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi.45%of the population is urban. Among Chennai’s sectors examined, majorly water starved includesomeregionsofSouthwestChennai.

(S.Sethuram,2014,#)

The agriculture sector could also be a serious user of groundwater in India. The generic groundwater planning strategies need to be modified in two respects to affect the planningissuesrelatedtoagriculturalgroundwaterdevelopment.Firstly,the selection variables got to be the crop areas instead ofthepumpingrate.Secondly,the feasibility of the assigned constraints is to be ensured for an indefinitely long time duration. Large areas within the country are contaminated with arsenic and fluoride thanks to geogenic causes. Additionally, groundwater mining has become a serious issue in many parts of the country. An enormous reason for this problem is the poor managementofavailableresources.

(B.M.Jha&S.K.Sinha,2021,#)

Weoveruseourrivers,lakes,groundwaterandothersourcesofwater,butonthe otherhand,weallowcolossalamountstofleeintotheoceanunutilized.Theroleof participatorywatermanagementmustbeemphasizedinaddressingthematterof waterscarcitywithinthecountry Todealwiththisproblem,thegovt,thecivilsociety andthusthelocallevelcommunitiesmustallworktogethertohuntoutwaysto preserve,protectandaugmenttheavailablewaterresource.Thereareexamplesfrom stateslikeMaharashtraandGujaratwheresuchparticipatorymanagementofwater havehelpedturnwaterstarved,barrenfarmlandsintofieldsproducingmultiplecrops duringayear.

(BarryS.Levy&VictorW.Sidel,May2011,#)

Wastewaterisdefinedasthedischargedwaterfromanymunicipalorindustrial source.Furthermore,pollutioncontrolandtreatmentareoneofthemosthealthissues forsocieties.Suchpollutionistheexplanationforvariousmentalandphysical diseases.Furthermore,humanlifeandsocialdevelopmentareespeciallyinfluencedas regardswaterconsumptionandcorrespondingwastewaterproduction.Thankstothe concentrationofsociallifequalityonwaterdemand,wastewatertreatmentforwater recyclingisintroducedasanalternatewaterresourcefordomesticandindustrial purposes.

(ClaudiaAgudelo-Vera&KarelJKeesman,oct2013,#)

Earlierresultsindicatedthat,foranaveragehousehold,self-sufficiencyinwater supplycanbeachievedbyfollowingtheUrbanharvestApproach(UHA),ina combinationofdemandminimization,cascadingandmulti-sourcing.Toachievethese results,itwasassumedthatallavailablelocalresourcescouldbeharvested.Inreality,

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SMEF’S Brick School of Architecture Pune however,temporal,spatialandlocation-boundfactorsposelimitationstothisharvest and,thus,toself-sufficiency

(KarelJ.Keesman&HuubH.M.Rijnaarts,December2013,#)

Thecreationofasustainablefuturedependsontheknowledgeaswellasparticipation ofthepeople,aswellasanunderstandingoftheconsequencesofindividual behavior.AsthegovernmentandNGOsaretakinginitiativestoawarethegreen buildingconceptsamongpeoplesandtoeducatingthemaboutitsimportance.

(UsmanAminuUmar,June2012,#)

Methodology

Analyzed the water stress areas in India and as water problems are increasing day by day a quantitative methodology was used for further research, a questionnaire was designed to collect information on personal attributes. Therefore, to study approaches of various user groups from folk Aquestionnairewaspreparedforthe folk supporting their views regarding reusing and retreating water. As we looked towards the responses, we need to know that a lot of them were unawareaboutthe wayswastewaterisoftentreated.andtheprobablesolutionhasbeenstudied.

Water stress areas were studied via multiple graphs and after that those areas were studied, after that the google form was circulated to analyze the awareness of the green building services (i.e Water management ) in their area. and after that the probable solutions were studied i.e the different type of Rain-water harvesting in UrbanandRuralareas.

● UrbanArea

1.Rooftoprainwaterharvestingthroughrechargepit.

2.Rooftoprainwaterharvestingthroughrechargetrench.

3.Rooftoprainwaterharvestingthroughexistingtubewells.

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4.Rooftoprainwaterharvestingthroughtrenchwithrechargewell.

● RuralArea.

1.Rainwaterharvestingthroughgabionstructure.

2.Rainwaterharvestingthroughapercolationtank.

3.Rainwaterharvestingthroughrechargeshafts.

4.Rainwaterharvestingthroughdugwellrecharge.

DataCollectionandDataAnalysis

Waterstress

● Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount duringacertainperiodorwhenpoorqualityrestrictsitsuse.

● 54%ofIndiafaceshightoextremelyhighWaterStress

Top5statesfacingwatercrisisinIndia

● Gujarat-248

● Karnataka-176

● Jharkhand-260

● AndhraPradesh-670

● Rajasthan-295

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Reference.

● https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1705797

● https://poshan.outlookindia.com/story/poshan-news-water-scarcity-scares-the-states-of-gujaratand-maharashtra/377897

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★ According to the survey conducted, responses from 70 people were recorded. When asked whether we can overcome the scarcityproblemifwemanagethe inputandoutputofwateratbuildinglevel.Fig.1showstheresults.

Figure1:Showing%ofpeoplethatthinkscarcitycanbeovercomedifinputand outputismanaged.

Therespondentswereaskedwhethertheyfeelthesemethodsshouldbeadaptedand implementedmoreoften.TheresultsfromFig.2showsthatpeoplethinkthese methodsshouldbeimplementedmoreoften.

Figure2:Showingresponsesofpeoplewhetherthesemethodsshouldbe implementedmoreoften.

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Figure3:Showingresponseswhethertheyhaveseenanysuchmethods

Analysis

Afterthesurveyianalyzedthatmanyofthepeoplesthinkwaterscarcitycanbe overcomedifwaterinputandoutputismanagedproperlywithproperwaysandand manypeoplethinkthatthismethodsshouldbeimplementedmoreoften.

Probablemodules:

1WaterEfficiencyInGreenBuildings

Greenbuildingmentionsabuildingstructurethat'sdesignedtobeenvironmentally-friendlyand makesnominalandefficientuseofnaturalresources.Suchbuildingsareresource-efficientand eco-friendlyduringitsentirelifespanrangingfromitsconstructiontodemolition.AGreen buildingdesignlargelyemphasizesonmakingeffectiveuseofnaturalresourceslikewater, energy,etc.whilereducingseveralbadeffectsontheenvironmentandthereforethelesserormore efficientuseofnaturalresources.

2.RainWaterHarvesting.

InRainwaterHarvesting,rainwateriscollectedfromtherooftops,depositedduringareservoir withfiltration.Oncethewaterispurified,itcanbeusedforcultivation,gardening,andother domesticuses.Oneamongthemostimportantusesofrainwaterharvestingisindrierstateswhere there'salowerrateofrainfall.Theywillstorethiswaterandmaylaterpurifyittoformusable waterorcanuseitforlaundryorwateringplants.

3GreyWaterRecycling

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Graywatercanbedefinedasuntreatedwastewaterwhichhasnotcomeintocontact withwaterclosetwaste.Basically,itemanatesfromshowers,bathtubs,bathroom washbasins,washingmachines,anddishwashers.Treatmentofgreywatercan include:

● Filtering

● Settlementofsolids

● Flotationandseparationoflightersolids

● Aerobicoranaerobicdigestion

● ChemicalorUVdisinfection

4.Rain-waterharvestingsolutionthatcanbeusedinruralareashavinglesser rainfall.(EconomicalwayforRainwaterharvesting)thiswatercanbeusedfor farming.

Strategiesandtechniquesforrainwaterharvestinginurbanandrural areas: ● Urbanareas.

1.Rooftoprainwaterharvestingthroughrechargepit.

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Source:centralgroundwaterboard(ministryofwaterresources)

RooftopRainwaterHarvestingisthetechniquethroughwhichrainwateriscaptured fromtheroofcatchmentsandstoredinreservoirs.Harvestedrainwaterareoften storedinsubsurfacespringwaterreservoirsbyadoptingartificialrechargetechniques tosatisfythehouseholdneedsthroughstorageintanks.

2.Rooftoprainwaterharvestingthroughrechargetrench.

Source:centralgroundwaterboard(ministryofwaterresources)

Inalluvialareaswherepermeablerocksareexposedonthelandsurfaceorarelocated atveryshallowdepth,rainwaterharvestingareoftendonethroughrechargepits.The @ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture 11

SMEF’S Brick School of Architecture Pune techniqueissuitableforbuildingshavingaroofareaof100sq.m.Approx.Theseare constructedforrechargingtheshallowaquifers.

3.Rooftoprainwaterharvestingthroughexistingtubewells.

Source:centralgroundwaterboard(ministryofwaterresources)

Inareawhereshallowaquifershavedriedupandexistingtubewellsaretapping deeperaquifer,rooftoprainwaterharvestingthroughexistingtubewellareoften adoptedtorechargethedeeperaquifers.

4.Rooftoprainwaterharvestingthroughtrenchwithrechargewell.

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Source:centralgroundwaterboard(ministryofwaterresources)

Interritorieswherethesurfacesoilisimpenetrableandextensiveamountsofrooftop waterorsurfacespilloverisaccessibleinsideanexceptionallybrieftimeof overwhelmingprecipitation,theuseofchannel/pitsisformedtostorethewater duringachannelmediaandalongtheselinesrechargetospringwaterthrough uniquelydevelopedrechargewells.

● Rural areas.

1.Rainwaterharvestingthroughgabionstructure.

Source:centralgroundwaterboard(ministryofwaterresources)

Thisisakindofcheckdamregularlybuiltcrosswiseoverlittlestreamstoration streamstreamswithforallintentsandpurposesnosubmergencepaststreamcourse.a touchbundoverthestreamisformedbyputtinglocallyaccessiblestonesduringa workofsteelwiresandmooredtothestreambanks.

2.Rainwaterharvestingthroughapercolationtank

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Source:centralgroundwaterboard(ministryofwaterresources)

Percolationtankisanartificiallycreatedsurfacewaterbody,submerginginits reservoirahighlypermeableland,sothatsurfacerunoffismadetopercolateand rechargethegroundwaterstorage.

3.Rainwaterharvestingthroughrechargeshafts.

Source:centralgroundwaterboard(ministryofwaterresources)

Inalluvialareaswherepermeablerocksareexposedonthelandsurfaceorarelocated atveryshallowdepth,rainwaterharvestingcanbedonethroughrechargepits.

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4.Rainwaterharvestingthroughdugwellrecharge.

Source:centralgroundwaterboard(ministryofwaterresources)

Existingandsurrendereddugwellscouldbeusedasrevivestructureaftercleaning anddesiltingtheequivalent.Therevivewaterisguidedthroughapipefromdesilting chambertothebottomofwellorunderneaththewaterleveltoabstainfromscouring ofbaseandcaptureofairriseswithintheaquifer.Revivewaterneedtobesans residueandforexpellingthesedimentsubstance,theoverflowwatershouldgoeither throughadesiltingchamberorchannelchamber.Intermittentchlorinationneedtobe accomplishedforcontrollingthebacteriologicaldefilements.

Conclusions

Referring to this status of natural resources depletion, sustainable design of green built environments is crucial to the longer-term planning of cities andconcreteareas. Efficient use of natural environment and energy resources, preservation of natural resources and Enhancement of economic well being are essential for sustainable developments. Particular attention should be paid to the invention, redevelopment, analysis and enhancementofenvironmentallysustainabledesignapproachesinregard to greendevelopmentoffuturecities.Applicationofwastewatertreatmentcontributes to the improved performance of low energy, ultralow energy (and eventually zero

@ SMEF'S Brick School of Architecture 15

SMEF’S Brick School of Architecture Pune energy) buildings. The variability of water resources acrossIndiademandsabasinby basin analysis. Variation in rainfall means replenishment is unevenly distributedover time. This makes the management of water including storage facilities for recharge, even more important than simply absolute quantity of water availability A localized water management approach is the need of the hour. It should empower village and neighborhood communities and build their capacity to manage, allocate and value their water resources. Any water policy must think about the concept of theworthof water. It must encourage all stakeholders, including communities, to expand their minds to graduate from allocating a quantum of water to allocating a quantum of advantages. Of course, this quantum ofadvantageswillbedynamic.it'llinevitablybe linked to the mapping and forecast oflivelihoodpatternsinhumansociety Andthese keepevolving.

Acknowledgement

The completion of this research paper could not have been possible without the guidance of research coordinators Ar. Shraddha Manjrekar, Ar. Ramiya Gopalakrishnan and guide ArJayalaxmi deshmukh Their guidance carried me through allthestagesofwritingmyresearch.Adebtofgratitudeisalsoowedtoall the people, places, and management of Water scarcity issues in India without whose corporation, the study would nothavebeenasuccess.Lastbutnottheleast, IwouldliketothankSMEF’sBrickSchoolofArchitectureforenablingmystudy

References(Minimum10numbers–APAFORMAT)

References

BarryS Levy,&VictorW Sidel (May2011) WaterRightsandWaterFights:Preventing andResolvingConflictsBeforeTheyBoilOver Water Rights and Water Fights: Preventing and Resolving Conflicts Before They Boil Over,(pubmedcentral),5. 10.2105/AJPH.2010.194670

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Fourth year Research in Architecture Year 2021-22

SMEF’S Brick School of Architecture Pune BMJha,&SKSinha (2021) TowardsBetterManagementofGroundWaterResourcesin India 1(cgwb),25 https://doiorg/10 3390/w1208220

ClaudiaAgudelo-Vera,&KarelJKeesman (oct2013) Evaluatingthepotentialofimproving residentialwaterbalanceatbuildingscale. Water Research,(researchgate),21.

10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.040

EndaO’Connell.(17june2015).TowardsAdaptationofWaterResourceSystemstoClimatic andSocio-EconomicChange. water resource management, 31(springerlink),31. 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.040

KarelJ.Keesman,&HuubH.M.Rijnaarts.(December2013).Evaluatingthepotentialof improvingresidentialwaterbalanceatbuildingscale. water research, 47(sciencedirect),12.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.040

Loucks,W.J.C.(n.d.).Watermanagement:Currentandfuturechallengesandresearch directions. Water resources research,(advanceearthandspacescience),32.

https://doiorg/101002/2014WR016869

SamKayaga (10feb2007) Waterdemandmanagement-Shiftingurbanwatermanagement towardssustainability Water Science & Technology Water Supply, 12(researchgate), 12 102166/ws2007095

SrijanaDawadi (10oct2012) EvaluatingtheImpactofDemand-SideManagementonWater ResourcesUnderChangingClimaticConditionsandIncreasingPopulation Journal of Environmental Management, 114(researchgate),114 101016/jjenvman201210015

S Sethuram (2014) WaterManagementIssuesinChennai,India environmental journal, 4(studylib),5 eISSN22490256

UsmanAminuUmar (June2012) DeterminedtheLevelofGreenBuildingPublic Awareness:ApplicationandStrategies green building and sustainable construction, 1,5.10.13140/2.1.5095.6480

Fourth year Research in Architecture Year 2021-22

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Research InArchitecture

Research paper presentation

Water Balance: Water scarcity issues in India

Rutveek Patel

Ar.Jayalaxmi deshmukh

Name of the faculty coordinators

Ar. Shraddha M &Ar. Ramiya G

Contents of the presentation

• Title

• Abstract

• Aim, Objective

• Methodology and Method explored

• Introduction to study area

• Details of Various parameters/ Cases/ Graphs/ Interviews conducted

• Data Collected – pointers and Representation

• DataAnalysis

• Findings and Discussions, Scope for further research/possibilities of design project

• References (APAstyle)

• Plagiarism check (screen shots)

Title

• Abstract

Most of the regions in india area still facing water scarcity. There are still challenges to access clean water. Thus challenges area increasing due to increase in population,industrialization seeing this scenario,management of water resources should be a priority which also helps to predict water shortages.water should be used efficiently.untreated wastewater should never be discharged .demand for water is increasing continuously.

• Aim

To study the Water Balance:Water scarcity issues in India and to study the probable solutions.

• Objective

To overcome the water scarcity issues in in India.

Methodology

Analyzed the water stress areas in India and as water problems are increasing day by day a quantitative methodology was used for further research, a questionnaire was designed to collect information on personal attributes. Therefore, to study approaches of various user groups from folk .

A questionnaire was prepared for the folk supporting their views regarding reusing and retreating water. As we looked towards the responses, we need to know that a lot of them were unaware about the ways waste water is often treated. and the probable solutions were studied i.e the different type of Rain-water harvesting in Urban and Rural areas.

WATER STRESS AREA STUDIES

A questionnaire was prepared for the folk supporting their views regarding reusing and retreating water.

Probable solutions were studied i.e the different type of Rain-water harvesting in Urban and Rural areas.

Image no 1.1 Methodology

Introduction

Water is essential to human life. Without water, no field of human activity can be complete. 60% of the human body is water, it can be said that water is life itself.This is not surprising since India supports 17% of the global population but has only 4% of the world’s water resources and Easily available water resources have already been widely exploited across most of the earth, Currently, 80% of water in India is used by agriculture and only 15% by industry. In the coming years, this ratio may change.The demand for the water is also rising so reuse and proper management of water is the best solution to reduce water scarcity.

no 1.2 Harvested water can be used in agriculture.

no 1.3 Rain-water harvesting in high rise building.

Image

Image

Details of Various parameters/ Cases/ Graphs/

Interviews conducted

Water stress

● Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts its use.

● 54% of India faces high to extremely high Water Stress

● Graph showing top 5 states facing water crisis in India

Data Collected

Figure 1: Showing % of people that think scarcity can be overcomed if input and output is managed.

Figure 2: Showing responses of people whether these methods should be implemented more often.

Figure 3: Showing responses whether they have seen any such methods.

Analysis

After the survey i analyzed that many of the peoples think water scarcity can be overcomed if water input and output is managed properly with proper ways and and many people think that this methods should be implemented more often.

Probable modules:

1.Water Efficiency In Green Buildings.

2.Rain Water Harvesting.

3.Grey Water Recycling.

4.Rain-water harvesting solution that can be used in rural areas having lesser rainfall.(Economical way for Rainwater harvesting) this water can be used for farming. (fig 3.1)

Fig 3.1

DataAnalysis

Probable interventions:

1.Water Efficiency In Green Buildings.

2.Rain Water Harvesting.

3.Grey Water Recycling.

4.Rain-water harvesting solution that can be used in rural areas having lesser rainfall.(Economical way for Rainwater harvesting) this water can be used for farming.

The probable solutions were studied i.e the different type of Rain-water harvesting in Urban and Rural areas.

● UrbanArea

1.Roof top rain water harvesting through recharge pit .

2.Roof top rain water harvesting through recharge trench.

3.Roof top rain water harvesting through existing tubewells .

4.Roof top rain water harvesting through trench with recharge well.

● RuralArea.

1.Rain water harvesting through gabion structure.

2.Rain water harvesting through a percolation tank.

3.Rain water harvesting through recharge shafts.

4.Rain water harvesting through dugwell recharge.

Findings and Discussions

Referring to this status of natural resources depletion, sustainable design of green built environments is crucial to the longer-term planning of cities and concrete areas. Efficient use of natural environment and energy resources, preservation of natural resources and Enhancement of economic well being are essential for sustainable developments.

Particular attention should be paid to the invention, redevelopment, analysis and enhancement of environmentally sustainable design approaches in regard to green development of future cities. Application of wastewater treatment contributes to the improved performance of low energy, ultralow energy (and eventually zero energy) buildings.

The variability of water resources across India demands a basin by basin analysis. Variation in rainfall means replenishment is unevenly distributed over time.This makes the management of water including storage facilities for recharge, even more important than simply absolute quantity of water availability.Alocalized water management approach is the need of the hour. It should empower village and neighborhood communities and build their capacity to manage, allocate and value their water resources.Any water policy must think about the concept of the worth of water. It must encourage all stakeholders, including communities, to expand their minds to graduate from allocating a quantum of water to allocating a quantum of advantages. Of course, this quantum of advantages will be dynamic. it'll inevitably be linked to the mapping and forecast of livelihood patterns in human society.And these keep evolving.

“WATER IS THE DRIVING FORCE OF ALL NATURE”

-LEONARDO DA VINCI

References & further explorations

Barry S. Levy, & Victor W. Sidel. (May 2011). Water Rights and Water Fights: Preventing and Resolving Conflicts BeforeThey Boil Over. Water Rights and Water Fights: Preventing and Resolving Conflicts BeforeThey Boil Over, (pubmed central), 5. 10.2105/AJPH.2010.194670

B.M.Jha, & S.K.Sinha. (2021).Towards Better Management of Ground Water Resources in India. 1(cgwb), 25. https://doi.org/10. 3390/w1208220

ClaudiaAgudelo-Vera, & Karel J Keesman. (oct 2013). Evaluating the potential of improving residential water balance at building scale. Water Research, (research gate), 21. 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.040

Enda O’Connell. (17 june 2015).TowardsAdaptation of Water Resource Systems to Climatic and Socio-Economic Change. water resource management, 31(springer link), 31. 10.1016/j.watres. 2013.10.040

Karel J.Keesman, & Huub H.M.Rijnaarts. (December 2013). Evaluating the potential of improving residential water balance at building scale. water research, 47(sciencedirect), 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.040

Loucks, W. J. C. (n.d.). Water management: Current and future challenges and research directions. Water resources research, (advance earth and space science), 32. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016869

Sam Kayaga. (10 feb 2007). Water demand management - Shifting urban water management towards sustainability. Water Science &Technology Water Supply, 12(research gate), 12. 10.2166/ws.2007.095

Srijana Dawadi. (10 oct 2012). Evaluating the Impact of Demand-Side Management on Water Resources Under Changing Climatic Conditions and Increasing Population. Journal of Environmental Management, 114(researchgate), 114. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.015

S. Sethuram. (2014). Water Management Issues in Chennai, India. environmental journal, 4(studylib), 5. eISSN 2249 0256

UsmanAminu Umar. (June 2012). Determined the Level of Green Building PublicAwareness:Application and Strategies. green building and sustainable construction, 1, 5. 10.13140/2.1.5095.6480

Insert plagiarism screen shots

This presentation is made by Rutveek Patel

Thank You

Rutveek Patel