Local Production and Urban Regeneration: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Book

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION:

experimentation of a wooden building component Design of a sustainable building component that can trigger virtuous ZERO Km industrial supply chains

pasqualedesantis

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

Thanks to my Relators for their patience and for trying to teach me how to use a method in everything I do.

Thanks to who has always filled my belly.

Thanks to who for more than a few years fill my heart.

Thanks to everyone else and myself in particular.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

index 01 - PREMISE 1.1 PREMISE................................................................................................................................................................................. 01 1.2 THE ANTHROPIC SYSTEM AND ITS BORDERS..................................................................................................................... 05 1.3 CONNECTION OF THE PRODUCTIVE FABRIC....................................................................................................................... 07 1.4 DESIGN OF THE SUPPLY CHAIN........................................................................................................................................... 08 1.5 PRODUCT DESIGN.................................................................................................................................................................. 09 1.6 SUPPLY CHAIN AND PRODUCT - CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................ 10

02 - ANALYSIS 2.1 ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................................................................................11 2.2 ANTHROPICAL ACTIONS AND ENVIRONMENT.....................................................................................................................13 2.3 HYDROGEOLOGICAL CRITICALITY..........................................................................................................................................14 2.4 NEW ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES....................................................................................................................................15 2.5 ANTHROPICAL ACTIONS AND INDUSTRY............................................................................................................................. 16 2.6 NEW INDUSTRIAL STRATEGIES............................................................................................................................................. 17 2.7 ANTHROPICAL ACTIONS AND ENERGY.................................................................................................................................18 2.8 NEW ENERGY STRATEGIES.................................................................................................................................................... 19 2.9 CONCLUSIONS - TOWARDS THE PROJECT.......................................................................................................................... 20

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

03 - THE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM 3.0 TARGETS................................................................................................................................................................................. 23 3.1 CHOICE OF RAW MATERIAL................................................................................................................................................... 25 3.2 STATE OF ART......................................................................................................................................................................... 33 3.3 THE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM PE2014A000026................................................................................................................... 37 3.4 PROJECT OF THE ELEMENTS................................................................................................................................................ 41 3.5 PRODUCTION CYCLE.............................................................................................................................................................. 42 3.6 THERMO-ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE................................................................................................................................... 44 3.7 STRUCTURAL CHECKS OF THE ELEMENTS......................................................................................................................... 47 3.8 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT PE2014A000026.......................................................................................................................... 59 3.9 ASSEMBLY............................................................................................................................................................................... 63

04 - CASE STUDY 4.1 CASE STUDY PE2014A000026.................................................................................................................................................65 4.2 IDENTIFICATION AND CONTEXT............................................................................................................................................ 66 4.3 THE 6 APRIL EARTHQUAKE....................................................................................................................................................68 4.4 SURVEY OF THE EXISTING......................................................................................................................................................73 4.5 INTERVENTION HYPOTHESIS.................................................................................................................................................77 4.6 ENERGY MANAGEMENT......................................................................................................................................................... 78 4.7 WATER MANAGEMENT........................................................................................................................................................... 80 4.8 PROJECT................................................................................................................................................................................. 85 4.9 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................................................................ 91

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

The problem of the procurement of raw materials has always affected the Italian territory since ancient times, where a great agri-food production abundance has always corresponded to an endemic lack of natural resources useful for industrial productions and transformations, a factor that has determined in the various ages a need for constantly growing imports from neighboring territories for almost all the resources necessary for industry and construction.

The age of this problem has contributed significantly to the lack of a true search for possible alternative solutions LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis construction system

1.1 PREMISE

case study

01

1

The rest of Italy, on the other hand, lives in a state of backwardness that has now become cultural, reaching its peak in the Center and in the South.

The South, even more than the remaining national territory, has lived for half a century in a condition of insensitivity to technological innovation and to all the progress that it potentially entails, a perceptible indifference at all levels of planning, starting from economic-political visions of the territory and its future completely lacking in depth and foresight to arrive at the pathological lack of architectural and constructive quality of urban transformations.

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

-5%

2010

By focusing on building, architecture and landscape planning, we can recognize the typological exemplification of the problem and its consequences.

Most of the building components are produced, if not in foreign countries, in Italian territories traditionally and culturally linked to them [Trentino-Alto Adige, Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia] where the supply of natural resources and the conditions of greater openness to technological innovation have made possible the birth of productive realities with a strong ecological footprint, great added value and a symbiotic link with the territory.

0

2009

premise analysis construction system case study

2

in the national territory and above all the search for a production process and an interdisciplinary planning that could mitigate the problem through different choices from those historically made.

-10%

-15%

-20%

-25%

-30% Construction Supply Chain: Overall Production [Source: www.ediltecnico.it]

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

2013

400

200

0 Volume Trading Real Estate Market The temporal inhomogeneity of demand in the construction sector results in an incredibly variable volume of use.

By simplifying the construction process it is possible to use unskilled labor, which can work flexibly in multiple supply chains.

[Sources: Cresme su dati ISTAT, ANCE]

The tangible results today, after half a century of this management, are both of a qualitative building, territorial and urbanistic nature and, albeit in an apparently less correlated way, economic and social.

Low quality of life, low aesthetic and urban quality of urban centers, lack of urban vegetation and pollution at all levels are the characterizing elements of our territories, orphans even of economic well-being for which all this had become bearable and sustainable.

The only scenario that could be envisaged for the future is the birth of a new project that envisages the integration and multidisciplinary mixture of very different worlds that have never before faced each other at every stage of development, pushing the sustainability analysis of a project outside the classical parameters,

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis

2009 1996

1991 1985

600

construction system

2006 2000

800

case study

For decades this system was sustainable because it coincided with the oversizing of the market and with the incidence of speculative bubbles, which made any operation economically attractive regardless of its nature and type, all accompanied by the absence of even the slightest awareness of future repercussions from part of the political, managerial and entrepreneurial classes at all levels.

1000

3

1956

2010

case study

construction system

analysis

premise

evaluating the incidences that they can have not only in absolute value but also in relation to others, thus arriving at a truthful analysis where the parametric effects on society can be scientifically and not ideologically evaluated or through philosophies of thought.

<1.5% 1.5% - 3% 3% - 4.5% 4.5% - 6% 6% - 8% <8% Soil Consumption [Source: ISPRA 2013]

4

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

Over time, detecting and defining these systems and their relative limits and boundaries has become increasingly complex as they themselves become increasingly blurred and undefined.

Strengthened by empirical results from this century and an intense human settlement and by analyzing with greater attention the hierarchies, the relationships and the transformations in the environmental system we could and we should ask ourselves the following question: there still exist, if they ever existed, an anthropic system and one not anthropic, distinct and separate?

The answer is no. They never existed. Or rather they existed until the natural system dictated the times of human transformation. Since man has simply stopped gathering fruit, since he has began to cultivate the soil, select flora and fauna, since he began to actively deal with his LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

analysis construction system

- The anthropic system, including all the systems and the transformations deriving from or directly dependent on the development of human activities; - The natural system, which instead includes everything it is usually defined as not included in anthropic systems.

case study

Usually the environmental system is understood as the system comprising two other sub-systems, distinct and separated from one another:

premise

1.2 THE ANTHROPIC SYSTEM AND ITS BORDERS

5

premise analysis

condition, this distinction became smaller. It is today more than yesterday and it will be more and more in the future.

systems able to adapt to transformations and absorb perturbations

We know today that every transformation, every activity and human product influences and in turn is influenced by what was once called the "natural system".

FRAGILE SYSTEMS

We can therefore come to the conclusion that the environmental system and the anthropic system are the same thing, and that there are no absolutely unrelated systems between them, but simply systems that have and receive influences to varying degrees depending on their spatial and temporal interconnections.

systems incapable of absorbing disturbances.

ANTI-FRAGILE SYSTEMS systems capable of improving following transformations and disturbances

case study

construction system

RESILIENT SYSTEMS

6

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

analysis construction system

In other words, when we think of a new production process or of any territorial transformation, we no longer need to focus our forecasting analyzes trying to understand IF the system influences others, but trying to gather useful information on WHEN and in WHICH measure and this will happen.

case study

When we think of a new production process grafted onto a territory, we rarely think about what the real systemic implications on existing interconnections could be.

Usually we tend to plan the possible consequences (positive or negative) on a single system, be it economic, occupational, environmental or urban, rarely trying to understand the degree of connection of the reference system with all the other systems, but above all assuming that all these systems are passive receptors of its transformations.

In other words, everything is simplified to a domino effect, to a linear calculation.

In reality the behavior of a transformation in a reference territory is much more similar to the behavior of a dead leaf in fall, of uncertain trajectories and of the unpredictable temporal duration.

premise

1.3 CONNECTION OF THE PRODUCTIVE FABRIC

7

premise analysis construction system case study

8

In the near future in all likelihood the best results will be gathered through a systematic and interdisciplinary planning by individuals coming from (apparently) different worlds able to influence, to an extent equal to their involvement, local and global transformations.

In conclusion, there is no process or production chain that does not have an impact on all the systems immersed in the environmental system: it is therefore of primary importance to establish within which spatial and temporal limits these interconnections can be considered positive overall.

1.4 DESIGN OF THE SUPPLY CHAIN Today the planning linked to production processes revolves around a key word: sustainability.

It is therefore possible to venture a new hypothesis of defining sustainability as an approach to planning in which the implications and transformations bring a qualitatively positive value to the reference environmental system, be it global or local.

The direct consequence of this statement is that there is no always sustainable industrial idea, because the intersystemic connections change as the spatial and temporal parameters change.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise

In the future planning of a new industrial chain, it becomes fundamental to take into account the specificities and territorial potentialities.

analysis

The industrial product should today take into account multiple factors that significantly increase the level of design complexity.

The analysis of the sustainability of the industrial product is decisive in the analysis of the life cycle (LCA).

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

case study

1.5 PRODUCT DESIGN

construction system

For example, regarding temporal parameters, it was possible to define coal as sustainable a couple of centuries ago, just as, with regard to spatial parameters, a nZEB skyscraper that challenges the sky from the gentle slopes of the Tuscany hills could certainly not be considered sustainable.

9

Through the definitions of sustainability relating to an industrial chain and an industrial product it is possible to reach the conclusion that a sustainable product does not always correspond to a sustainable supply chain, just as the same applies to inverted parts.

Exemplifying, ours while it could visualize a totally sustainable product but massively realized through a great industrial chain grafted in a small productive reality, from the great potentialities but at the same time fragile and already equipped analogous industrial chains: the result would be the sure economic collapse of an entire production sector.

case study

construction system

analysis

premise

1.6 CHAIN AND PRODUCT - CONCLUSIONS

10

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

The analytical phase was preceded by a careful study of territorial systemic connections.

In the specific case, assuming the inclusion of a new production chain for the production of a wooden building component in the L'Aquila area, it was considered useful to achieve the project objectives the study of the following macro-systems, chosen on the basis of the degree of involvement in the hypothesis of transformation: - Environmental System: investigating in particular the relationships between transformations of anthropic origin and environmental criticalities, trying to LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis construction system

2.1 ANALYSIS

case study

02

11

premise analysis construction system case study

12

understand the phenomenology and the relative degree of correlation, analyzing at the same time by systemic analogy the potential of good examples on the international scene, coming both from theoretical environments and from real environments.

- Industrial System: investigating in particular the relationships between the existing industrial fabric and the world of work, trying to understand its potential for change through the study of the criticalities of the territory by observing data on the variations in the medium-long term of these last thirty years with a particular focus on shock periods of the system [beginning of the financial crisis, seismic event].

predominant ones examined and those hierarchically lower.

The result, in the majority of analytical processes, was surprising: in the face of a substantial absence of endemic problems deriving from transformations in the system under analysis, critical phenomena and fragilities have been often detected directly correlated with it in other apparently distinct systems.

The analytical focus is then shifted to the relationships of transformations with all the systems touched by it, in order to determine hierarchies of influence that can correctly guide production choices both in space and in time.

- Energy System: exploring aspects of national and territorial energy production, trying to grasp the relationships between energy production and the economic system related to it, trying to reach a redefinition of sustainability of the energy source based on the data and reports collected.

The analytical approach to each system is particularly important: in fact, not only the intrinsic criticalities linked to endemic problems are analyzed, but also the critical issues deriving from the interactions of the reference system with respect to the other systems, both the LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

High

TERAMO

PESCARA L’AQUILA BUSSI POPOLI SULMONA

AVEZZANO

ISERNIA

Stable

Increase

Sharp increase

Comparison between the level of anthropization and the increase in neoplasms in the local dimension.

[Sources: Coldiretti, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, ASL Avezzano Sulmona L’Aquila, Agenzia Sanitaria Regionale Abruzzo]

Moving on to the local dimension, the one most closely correlated with the concept of the supply chain that we are trying to develop, it is possible to notice how landscape quality and the general health status of the local populations are closely interconnected: the incidence of neoplasms is increasing with trend directly proportional to the industrial use of the territories.

In Abruzzo in particular it is possible to notice a considerable increase in neoplasms in highly anthropized and industrialized areas, such as the Pescara valley, the Piana del Fucino and the L’Aquila conurbation, and in territories subject to ascertained environmental criticalities such as in areas near Bussi sul Tirino and Peoples.

The minimum common denominator of these data is always the same: the adoption of an industrial model that has not had and does not have the right design attention, limiting the latter to the simple productive act.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

analysis

Low

construction system

The strong correlation of these two systems means that the environmental system can probably represent the best litmus test of anthropogenic influences.

case study

All anthropic actions and transformations act "immersed" in the environmental system.

premise

2.2 ANTHROPICAL ACTIONS AND ENVIRONMENT

13

premise

2.3 HYDROGEOLOGICAL CRITICALITY

6633 [81,9%]

analysis

Municipalities affected by highly critical areas

Italy is a country that has always been struggling with extremely fragile balances. In the recent past, the lack of attention to the limits of our territories has often led to the development of models that are unsustainable for us as they were going to overload the environment with too high a burden.

construction system

Abruzzo in particular pays for its orography and the abundance of its river basins a fundamental hydrogeological instability, where the danger of flooding inland is countered by the danger of flooding in the small [but extremely important for the economy of the territory ] coastal strip.

The song remains the same: the adoption of an industrial model that has not had and does not have the right design attention.

case study

9%

14

46%

45%

DANGER OF FLOODS BREAKS HAZARD GEOLOGICAL STABILITY

Hydrogeological criticality [Sources: Ministero dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio, Corpo Forestale dello Stato]

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

Linking an industrial supply chain to an environmental process is the best way to create sustainable production and development, as the production phases will tend to follow the biorhythms and to shape the territory.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

analysis construction system

In the reality of L'Aquila correct reforestation policies could act as a driving force for the birth of a solid industrial reality linked to forestry and its products, which would become no longer antagonistic to the territory but a fundamental part, as they would contribute significantly to improving the quality of the air and soils, transforming industrial production into an opportunity to enhance the landscape.

case study

The results obtained in the analytical phase show how important a properly planned industrial production based on the local reality can be for a territory. Future industrial supply chains could and should remedy what they themselves have caused to the territories: creating an industry closely linked to the natural environment could translate into added value for the territory and its populations, which would no longer be obliged to pay the price of economic well-being.

premise

2.4 NEW ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES

15

2.5 ANTHROPICAL ACTIONS AND INDUSTRY

premise

CHEMICAL 1.6%

TEXTILE 25%

58.6% 14.8%

BUILDING

analysis

FOOD

construction system

1823

1500

1000

0

CHIETI

Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;AQUILA

PESCARA

TERAMO

TOTALE 2010

TOTALE 2009

TOTALE 2008

TOTALE 2007

13,5%

14%

18,6%

13,5%

17,7%

19%

21%

24%

38%

36,8%

26%

30%

30,8%

30,2%

34,4%

32,5%

case study

500

Analyzing the industrial sectors of Abruzzo it is possible to note the importance in economic and above all occupational terms of the building industry which has always been the driving force of the entire industrial sector, even in the national sphere.

The preponderance of this sector could lead to think of a solid and stable market, which has become vital for the territory precisely because of this characteristic.

However, the trend of real estate sales suggests the exact opposite: considering only the last thirty years it is possible to realize how fluctuating this type of market can be and how vulnerable it is to the speculative bubbles of financial markets [note in particular the trend of the 2000-2007 period, page 7].

Particularly significant are also the occupational analyzes related to the events after 2009 in the L'Aquila area: despite the seismic event of April 6th with its destructive train that led to the need to intensify the building activity, reductions of hours are not found in the province of L'Aquila of the redundancy fund for the construction sector.

This last datum in particular suggests a reflection: not always an intensification of the industrial activity corresponds to a benefit for the territory object of such transformation.

ABRUZZO

Sources: ANCE, CCIAA Pescara, Provincia de Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Aquila

16

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

case study

In this way it is possible to cope with market variations efficiently, distributing operators across multiple production chains, creating above all subsistence building that can quantitatively meet territorial needs only when there is a real need for it.

analysis

The use of non-specialized labor increases the occupational flexibility of the industrial sector.

construction system

The wide margins of variation of this industrial sector suggest the implementation of strategies that can make labor work as flexible as possible.

premise

2.6 NEW INDUSTRIAL STRATEGIES

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

17

case study

construction system

analysis

premise

2.7 ANTHROPICAL ACTIONS AND ENERGY

18

Analyzing the energy mix in Abruzzo it is possible to note that, despite the important share of energy from renewable sources [33% against 24% of the national average], this territory still remains substantially dependent on fossil fuels with over half of the energy produced with these modalities, with a clear preponderance of natural gas.

Photovoltaic energy is particularly important among renewable energy sources, the latter recently affirmed [together with wind power] as a direct consequence of the massive incentives paid in 2010-2013.

The sector of biomasses, on the other hand, fails to meet expectations, reduced to 0.5% despite the abundance of typical Abruzzo woodland.

Another figure of particular relevance is the import energy quota, of the same entity both at regional and national level, of uncertain origin as it relates to the mix of the regions of origin.

A further opportunity for reflection should be the fact that the share of renewable energy in Abruzzo is lower than the power actually installed in the territory, a symptom of the fact that incentive-related policies have not fully met their objectives.

ENERGY MIX ABRUZZO

10.65% solid fuels 37.2% natural gas 2.4% oil 3.5% other fuels 17.8% water energy 0% geothermal 4% wind 10.7% photovoltaic 0.5% bioenergy 13.2% IMPORTED

Imported Energy

Renewables 13,2% 33%

53,8% Fossil fuels

Sources: Enel, Eni, GSE, Legambiente

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

Given this it is easy to understand that an increase in forest area does not reduce the presence of cabonium in nature, but manages to "trap" it as long as it is part of its plants. In other words reforestation policies cannot cancel pollution, but they can mitigate it.

Given these premises it is possible to understand the importance that biomasses could have for the territories of the hinterland, since their territories are producers of raw materials and at the same time users, without negatively affecting the quality of air and soils.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis

In the design of this energy source, fundamental importance is constituted by the identification and the choice of the funds from which to collect the raw material: it is absolutely necessary to avoid the substitution of native wood with exotic essences because this would undermine the natural balance of the territory as well as change and homologate the local landscape aspect, demolishing every intention of sustainability.

A correct management of the woods should include a mixed supply of wood coming from the maintenance of the autochthonous woods together with the planting of new plants in poor quality funds, such as abandoned, unused or worse contaminated soils.

construction system

Taking into account the abundance of the wooded area of the Abruzzi and L'Aquila in particular [on average 35%] it would be convenient and sustainable to increase the share of renewable energy from biomass in the hinterland.

It is clear that biomasses are sustainable only if the production chains are located and set in such a way as to function symbiotically with the environment.

This happens because the plants in fact have an emission balance of neutral CO2, since during their development they subtract the carbon from the carbon present in the atmosphere, fixing it in itself to grow, only to release it again in the combustion process.

It is therefore possible to reach the conclusion that the use of woody biomasses is sustainable where the territory has a natural forestry vocation, so as to be able to activate, together with the energy, more production chains, expanding its benefits as much as possible in the territorial fabric.

case study

2.8 NEW ENERGY STRATEGIES

19

case study

construction system

analysis

premise

2.9 CONCLUSIONS - TOWARDS THE PROJECT

20

Once the analytical phase is complete, it is possible to establish the correct guidelines for sustainable industrial production, starting from three initial considerations:

agronomic research

The first consideration concerns the fact that a sustainable idea cannot overlook the influences and effects it has on existing systems and that it receives from them.

The second consideration is that the concept of sustainability is not an absolute concept but an approach that can have different results based on the spatial and temporal context.

The third consideration, actually natural daughter of the previous one, is that there can be a sustainable product produced with an unsustainable industrial chain and vice versa. It is therefore important, when thinking of a new product, to identify all the points of contact that it can have with the production area and with the existing social fabric, so as to foresee collateral changes as far as possible.

The entire analytical phase has actually served to understand if the production of a wooden building component can be sustainable in Abruzzo and in particular in the territorial area of L'Aquila, today certainly more fragile than yesterday.

policies of reforestation

detection soils suitable

Pb

Hg Cd

PM

PMPM PM

PM

environmental benefits

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

production fine wood

wood waste

The result translates into a supply chain approach that does not compete with the existing operational fabric, rather it involves it by enhancing the importance of the figures.

Consequently, the employment implications are positive in all sectors: from farmers to craftsmen through technical professions, in no case is the introduction of new units, transfers or increases, the only thing in motion is the know-how, of which become receptors and subsequently active part.

2° refuse

products of second generation

premise case study

cogeneration

In conclusion, every single production process is studied in order to have positive impacts on the three analytical reference macro-systems [environment, industry and energy] remaining at least neutral with respect to all other systems [for example the labor system].

analysis

agronomic research

construction system

agronomic research

The definition of the operative intervention methodology has been hypothesized based on the analytical findings: each process and each step have been studied based on the territorial data.

thermal / electrical energy

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

21

premise analysis construction system case study

22

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

3.1 TARGETS - Creation of a virtuous industrial building cycle that have positive socio-economic-environmental effects on the local territory and that attempt through production and design solutions to solve the problem of the evolution of urban fabrics related to man and the landscape.

toward a new

premise

- Research and identification of types of raw materials existing in the territory or that can easily be introduced into it by scientifically evaluating all the benefits and possible disadvantages that these choices would entail in the medium and long term.

case study

ANALITIC METHOD

analysis

new chain

construction system

03 LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

23

new chain

premise analysis

- Attention to the whole production chain up to the eventual disposal, trying to delay the latter as much as possible regardless of the eco-compatible nature of the element through design choices that produce completely reversible building systems and above all that this eventuality becomes economically convenient for sector operators.

- Complete reversibility of the system in order to make the increasingly flexible urban fabrics to the continually evolving executives, thus making urban planning and planning errors also reversible.

- Attention to the intrinsic architectural qualities and performance of the system by making design choices that can make the work of the sector operators easier and help them to obtain a greater quality both architectural and environmental.

case study

construction system

- Research and identification of know-how and capabilities industrial transformation of the building components of the territory, developing the project the entire project based on the real possibilities of the local system.

24

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

PM10

Cd

PM3

â&#x201A;Ź

PM3

PM10

In order to be suitable for use in the building industry, this material must have requirements related to both physical-mechanical behavior and the economic side.

The study of the optimal wood for the realization of this production chain went further: the choice of wood is guided not only by the two previous factors, but also by the environmental factor, intended as an opportunity for environmental requalification even before that of industrial and socio-economic.

For the reasons listed above the choice of wood was conditioned by the following parameters: - Physical and mechanical characteristics - Production costs - Environmental benefits - Environmental criticalities - Side benefits - Energy Based on these parameters, the choice was immediately directed towards rapid rotation forests, called SRF [Short Rotation Forestry] or KUP acronym.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

analysis

â&#x201A;Ź

Pb

Hg

construction system

PM10

case study

"Wood is the plant tissue that forms the stem of plants, in particular from trees and some shrubs. [...]" Wikipedia

premise

3.1 CHOICE OF RAW MATERIAL

25

premise analysis

"[...] According to the FAO, the eco-sustainable planting and management of new forest extensions, in addition to combating the greenhouse effect and alleviating flood events, could create 10 million new jobs in the world . The Over the centuries the agronomic sciences have been able employment potential of sustainable forest management to select and improve some species of plants with respect (in tourist areas, urban parks, timber exploitation, mountain to others in order to make them more suited to the intend- areas, etc.) is one of the topics addressed by the "World ed industrial purposes or to the climates or land of abode. Forest Week", presented jointly with the "Committee on Forestry" of FAO, in the meeting of 16-20 March 2009 in It is good to point out that these forests, although potential- Rome. â&#x20AC;?Wikipedia ly a great resource for the economy and industry, are sustainable only if they do not replace the existing forest area, as the greater profitability of these species could trigger dangerous processes of replacing the existing woods with this new cultivation concept, demolishing biodiversity and endangering the biological balance of the ecosystem, as well as eliminating the landscape value of these places that could become homogeneous cultivar.

This objective is pursued through the choice of plants with a faster growth than the average, which therefore allows a greater yield and better delivery.

case study

construction system

The Short Rotation Forestry forests are managed in such a way as to obtain the raw materials deriving from the plants for the most disparate industrial uses with more rapid modalities than the natural woods.

26

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

It is therefore essential for sustainability purposes to pay particular attention to the identification of the funds suitable for this type of planting, favoring uncultivated and abandoned lands, with poor landscape quality, so that this type of industry is inserted in a truly sustainable manner in the tissues existing premises.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

analysis construction system

Currently the vast majority of production is used to feed the biomass market, with lights and shadows as in most cases the benefits arising from the increase in forest area are countered by a substantial lack of territorial coordination and a real planning of energy and agricoltural policy above all, with the result that often these crops go to replace surfaces destined for the cultivation of quality products with high territorial identity value but less profitable.

case study

On the national scene, especially in the last decade, we are witnessing an intensification of the forestry activity thanks to this new concept of forest.

Even plants traditionally grown in Italy such as poplar are the subject of research and selection in order to adapt them in the best possible way to increasingly harsh climatic conditions and to increasingly variegated industrial purposes.

premise

THE SRF AND FORESTRY CONTEXT IN ITALY

27

premise analysis construction system case study Fonte: www.paulowniagreene.ro

28

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Paulownia wood has sound-absorbing and thermal, electric and hygroscopic insulation properties and has been used for centuries in Japanese cabinet-making for the production of kimono cabinets and musical instruments, thanks to being an exceptional resonance wood. It is the wood used for the production of Geta, the characteristic LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

analysis construction system

The Paulownia, also known as the "princess tree", appears in Europe in the early 1800s, imported by the East India Company.

The genus, which has been cultivated for more than 2600 years, but which began to be studied since 1972 by the Chinese researcher Zhu Zhao-Hua, was initially planted by Chinese farmers in order to protect crops from sandstorms and floods, thus ensuring excellent harvests.

case study

"Paulownia is a genus of Scrophulariaceae, originating in China, but also widespread in Italy, as a cultivated or locally spontaneous plant. It includes deciduous trees, with majestic bearing and very beautiful blooms with heights from 3 to 15 m. Among the most common species in gardens and parks we mention the Paulownia Tomentosa.

From the Paulownia stem we obtain very light wood (from 300 to 400 kg / m3 depending on the variety) and of low hardness, but of extraordinary dimensional stability. [...]"Wikipedia

premise

THE PAULOWNIA TREE

29

premise analysis construction system case study

30

Japanese raised hooves. Recently its use has also developed in Italy where it is used in the furniture, fixture and packaging industry. [...] "Wikipedia After years of research, thanks to the varietal selection, some characteristics that make it a plant for the future of humanity are recognized to this plant, thanks to its properties of development and regeneration. The studies had the purpose of adapting the plant to different climates with the aim of promoting its cultivation all over the world, both for reforestation, both for the use of wood and for energy.

The Paulownia wood, for its physical and mechanical characteristics and for its pleasant aesthetic impact, is classified as a precious wood.

Through the technique of basal pruning, the wood that is extracted has no knots along the whole stem, resulting also light and dimensionally stable.

These qualitative characteristics make this wood a superior quality product that finds its greatest use in the field of furnishing and objects [surfboards, coffins etc.] and energy valorisation, the latter obtained from waste wood chips considering the excellent calorific value of the plant.

Although not yet widespread, its use in construction would be particularly performing and represents one of the most LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

In addition to its function as a hydrogeological stabilizer, it has phyto-purifying qualities, which make it ideal for reclaiming soils contaminated with heavy metals, without the need for reclamation and problematic disposal of contaminated clods.

The leaf apparatus, made up of large leaves with a lower surface covered with micropeluria, makes this plant an excellent carbon dioxide fixer.

Paulownia, available in numerous varieties, is well suited to both cold and temperate and Mediterranean climates, making it cultivable successfully in most parts of the world.

It grows on the majority of soil types,

premise analysis construction system

The Paulownia plants, thanks to their development characteristics, would be potentially excellent also for the pursuit of environmental advantages.

The root system is in fact a taproot that extends into the ground in depth, consolidating the latter and making this plant an effective remedy for hydrogeological instability.

preferring soils that are not too muddy or with a preponderant presence of stones.

The plants are planted in the spring with a plant distance for the production of timber of 4x4 meters [600 plants / hectare].

The irrigation doses are in the order of 900 mÂł / year for the first two years of growth.

Cultivation can take place in conjunction with other crops that are not arboreal and weed grasses, legumes are ideal that thanks to nitrogen-fixing properties make the possibility of fertilization superfluous.

CO2

-11TON/HECTAR

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

case study

promising fields of application for this plant, which had the most promising application for this plant, which currently has its Achilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heel in the scarce cultivation that has as a direct consequence a high cost of the raw material, an obstacle that can still be overcome by creating small territorial productive realities with short-cycle agricultural and industrial cycles, thus linking market prices to costs and availability rather than to speculative bubbles.

31

premise analysis construction system case study

32

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

Blockhaus

Among the main products already established on the market we can remember: - Massive box-shaped construction systems [XLAM and MHM]

analysis

- those already established, the result of construction techniques from time known and already consolidated.

- innovative products, based on existing techniques but which try, depending on the type, to provide more adequate answers to the required requirements.

construction system

Analyzing the products available on the market in the world of wooden buildings, it is possible to notice that there are two main categories of products:

premise

3.2 STATE OF THE ART

- Framed structures - Platform Frame structures XLAM LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

case study

- Blockhaus systems

33

premise analysis construction system

On the other hand, innovative products are more oriented towards a specific application in the building sector, so as to be the best possible answer.

Consequently this type of product tends to be part of a precise class of technological elements, whether it is related to locks or partitions, horizontal or vertical.

The most important fact is that almost all products tend to propose or prepare the sandwich shell by placing materials with greater density towards the inner face.

Among them we recall: - Xylevo: formwork brick composed of panels OSB

Xylevo

- Steko: wooden brick with mortise and tenon joints - Incas93: wooden brick that works like a blockhouse equipped with internal insulation in black cork - Xpanel: sandwich panel for large roofs

case study

- Big Matt Vass: prefabrication pushed with provision of systems and wiring in the assembly phase

Big Matt Vass

34

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis construction system Incas93

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

case study

Xpanel

35

premise analysis construction system case study

36

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

PE2014A000026

The PE2014A000026 building system is a completely reversible modular building system made of spruce or paulownia wood panels, superimposed and crossed fiber warp, whose main elements consist of two types of panels, one that serves as vertical structural element, the other acting as a horizontal structural element (floor).

A peculiar feature of this constructive system is the particular shaping of the edges of the panels which, after assembly, at the joints, form internal and surface cavities having a homogeneous cross section both along the floors and along the vertical walls, so that these channels are connected to each other both horizontally and vertically on multiple levels LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis construction system

3.3 CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

case study

03

37

premise analysis construction system case study

38

without interruption.

This feature allows both the assembly of the entire structure from the inside of the same (without the need for scaffolding and only through mechanical connections) and the possibility of passing pipelines of technological systems considerably simplifying the work for the installation allowing however their modification or removal in the simplest and fastest way possible.

Should this not affect the structural response of the construction system, the panels and any other component of the system can be cut, re-shaped, milled in the surfaces directly in situ.

The thickness of the panels and the construction wood allow excellent thermo-acoustic as well as structural performance, without any additional intervention.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND INNOVATIONS - Optimum air tightness: each connection of the construction system is composed of staggered joint profiles and joints such as self-tapping screws and improved adhesion nails.

This makes the sealing tape typical of prefabricated panel building systems superfluous.

Thanks to these design features, savings can be made in terms of construction site time and therefore labor.

- Absence of adhesives: the solid wood boards that make up the panels of the construction system are connected to each other by means of beech blocks previously dried and inserted at high pressure in undersized holes made in the boards.

Once the pieces have reabsorbed the surrounding humidity, they will dilate by fitting into the boards, becoming integral with them.

This system makes it possible not to use adhesives, making the envelope 100% breathable and hygroscopic, as well as perfectly suitable for waste-to-energy treatment.

- High energy performance: The high thickness of the casing [360 mm] and the low conductivity of the paulownia wood allow obtaining high insulation performance [0.18 W / m2K].

This, at least in the climatic zones that characterize Italy, makes any type of insulation superfluous.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis construction system

- Absence of thermal bridges: the insulating material nature of the wood and the particular joints that make all the fibers of the enclosure perpendicular to the thermal flow effectively cancel any thermal bridge in the enclosure.

Another fundamental aspect is the monomaterial nature of the construction system, whose walls, in solid wood, do not present differences in density and permeability, allowing the thermal flows to pass through the envelope in a homogeneous manner, avoiding the risk of partial wear of any external coatings.

- Absence of vapor barrier: the generous thickness enhances the thermal and hygroscopic behavior of the wood so as to make the vapor barriers superfluous, usually installed in other homologous construction systems [XLAM, MHM] and not [framed structures] in order to avoid surface and interstitial condensation, depending on the presence in the outer

case study

Horizontal slots Section 120x120 mm

Vertical Internal Channels, Section 120x120 mm

- Absence of technological counter-wall: The particular shaping of the edges of the building system panels are designed to create a network of horizontal and vertical channels inside the enclosure, connected to each other, even on several levels, without interruption. This makes the counter-wall unnecessary for housing the pipes typical of framed and solid wood systems [as XLAM and MHM].

The whole net has a constant square section both vertically and horizontally 120x120mm, a dimension that allows the passage of any pipe.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

39

premise case study

construction system

analysis

layers of the section of less dense or less vapor permeable material.

Without the vapor barrier the building envelope gains in breathability and the internal environment is healthier, with considerable labor savings.

40

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

3L

B B-L B-2L

A A-L A-3L

The assembly of the construction elements creates along the joints a network of channels inside the casing formed by vertical channels passing internally to the wall elements and by horizontal pass-through channels both along the internal surfaces of the horizontal elements and along the wall-floor node, with section quadrangular continuous and connected to each other without interruption. This internal network of channels is particularly useful in the design and execution of plant engineering works which can thus be designed and arranged in a manner similar to the concept of plug n play, with a drastic reduction in the timing and production of demolition waste.

3L

Cutting for corner joint

Vertical panel

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

analysis construction system

The peculiarity of the element lies in the profiling of the edges, linked by fixed proportions.

case study

The basic construction element is a wooden panel composed of paulownia tables arranged in layers with orthogonal warping between them. held together by beech pegs pressed into transverse holes.

premise

3.4 PROJECT OF THE ELEMENTS

41

case study

construction system

analysis

premise

3.5 PRODUCTION CYCLE

42

The panel production cycle goes through the following phases:

4] JOINT

1] CUTTING

- Pre-drilling: ø5 holes are drilled on the boards.

- Decortication: The logs, transported to the sawmill, come deprived of the bark where they undergo a first sanding.

- Nailing: The ø5 holes made in the plank are inserted rungs in ø8 beech wood with 2% humidity at a pressure of 30 bar. The difference in humidity will push the beech wood to absorb the surrounding humidity by swelling and consolidating the joint.

- Cutting: The rough-hewn trunks are reduced in tables by saws and trimming machines.

- Drying: The timber undergoes a drying process until reaching a humidity between 10-12%.

2] TRANSPORT IN CARPENTRY - Transport: The timber is transported to the carpentry shop by 16 ton trucks. On average it can carry 40 m3 of wood.

3] SAWN - Planing: The timber is planed in order to regulate it thickness.

- Squaring: The boards are cut and adjusted in length.

5] FINISHING - Calibration: The panel is registered in the calibrator allo purpose of obtaining the flatness of the surfaces.

- Milling: The edges of the panel are shaped

by CNC milling machine with numerical control in order to obtain the profiles for the plant channels [as per patent No. PE2014A000026].

6] SHIPPING TO THE CONSTRUCTION SITE - Transport: Transport on site can be done either by articulated trucks of 16 tons and 3.5 tons trucks, both with a tarpaulin and a folding tailgate.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

- Milling: Possible adjustments [changes to installation first and foremost] can be done by hand cutter in situ.

8] ASSEMBLY - Handling: Using heavy lifting equipment such as cranes, stabilized crane trucks, internal hydraulic bridges or using forklifts.

- Connection: Assembly of the panels by means of conne metal parts such as plates, self-tapping screws and nails.

Sources: Sondaggi Telefonici, PMI nel campo della Falegnameria, www.segheriaaltotenna.com, www.segheriacanepuccia.com

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis

- Cutting: Any openings or other processing can be carried out by hand circular saw.

construction system

7] PREPARATION

case study

The type of means of transport is directly dependent on the dimensions of the size of the construction element decided by the designer.

43

analysis

premise

3.6 THERMO-ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE The remarkable thickness of the panel allows obtaining high thermo-acoustic performance, so as to be sufficient for the achievement of any energy containment objective without the addition of any type of insulation. The massive nature of the system is particularly beneficial in the summer thanks to the thermal inertia of its components.

2500 Pa

2000 Pa

1500 Pa Internal Pressure External Pressure Internal Saturation Pressure

1000 Pa

Attenuation factor 0.0022 Phase displacement 8h 23â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

August

July

June

May

April

March

February

January

December

Verification of Surface Condensation Simulation carried out assuming a wall exposed to the North composed of the wooden panel without any finishing.

2500 Pa

Dynamic Parameters

September

construction system

Thickness 360 mm Surface Mass 144.00 kg/m2 Resistance 5.3129 m2K/W Transmittance value 0.19 W/m2K

Nevember

October

500 Pa

General data

Saturation pressure Interface pressure

2000 Pa 1500 Pa 1000 Pa

case study

500 Pa software used for simulation: Ecotect Analysis, PAN2

Acoustic Indices

Acoustic Attenuation 41 dB

Verification of Interstitial Condensation Simulation carried out by hypothesizing a wall exposed to the north of a high concentration of vapor environment located in the Municipality of L'Aquila [GG 2514, Zone E] in the critical period [January]

Fonte: www.paulowniagreene.ro

44

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise

500 mm

Polystyrene [thick. 160 mm]

analysis

360 mm

Cavity [thick. 40 mm] Drywall [thick. 20 mm]

Building System PE2014A000026

Traditional Vertical Wall

Wall Performance Comparison Chart With the same thermo-acoustic performance, the paulownia wood panel is much lower in overall thickness and does not require insulation or other interventions that lead to an increase in the costs of both labor and materials.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

case study

Cavity [thick. 20 mm]

construction system

Hollow bricks [200x250x130 mm]

Paulownia [slat thick. 40 mm]

45

premise analysis construction system case study Fonte: www.paulowniagreene.ro

46

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

The bibliography on how to calculate and predict the structural behavior of elements and buildings massive wood has a very recent history: the first studies on the subject are in fact of the second half of the 90s.

All available data have an essentially experimental matrix, driven by international scientific research [above all that of Prof. Ing. Ario Ceccotti] and by the interest of economic operators, capable, through the financing activity, of giving life and decisive thrust to experimentation .

CONNECTIONS Reference standard NTC DM 2008 - 4.4.9 Experimental Support Data UNI EN 1075:2002, UNI EN 1380:2001, UNI EN 1380:2001, UNI EN 26891:1991, UNI EN 28970:1991 SERVICE CLASS SUITABILITY Class 1: Moisture of the material in equilibrium with the environment at 20 °C with relative humidity of the air that does not exceed 65% if not a few weeks a year.

Class 2: Moisture of the material in equilibrium with the environment at 20 °C with relative humidity of the air that does not exceed 85% if not a few weeks a year.

y

The Class of the suitable Material is therefore C14, class framed by the regulations among those relating to broad-leaved woods, a species to which the Paulownia belongs.

The calculation simulations were carried out with the CLT Designer software of the University of Graz.

case study

z

Given the current absence in the regulatory field of Paulownia wood from the list of construction timber, the processing of the verifications was carried out by selecting among the classes present in the UNI EN 338 standard the performance similarly to the wood being studied, proceeding in the choice always by default, that is choosing the lowest between two values close to the one corresponding to the Paulownia wood.

premise

CARRIERS ELEMENTS Regulatory NTC DM 2008 - 4.4 Experimental Support Data UNI EN 338

analysis

3.7 STRUCTURAL CHECKS OF THE ELEMENT

construction system

REGULATORY

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

47

x

Material Classification: Other products derived from wood for structural use Structure Factor and Dissipative Capacity: qo = 2.0 - Low Ductility Class

premise

1 Continuous Beam - General Information

3.1 Stratigraphy

Class 1 Slat

2 Static system

48

qk g1,k g0,k

1,3 m

6,0 m

Orientation

Material

40 mm

0

C14

#2

40 mm

90

C14

#3

40 mm

0

C14

#4

40 mm

90

C14

#5

40 mm

0

C14

#6

40 mm

90

C14

#7

40 mm

0

C14

#8

40 mm

90

C14

#9

40 mm

0

C14

3.2 Material parameters

2.1 Support widths

Partial safety factor γM = 1,3 Appoggi

x

Larghezza

A

1,3 m

0,06 m

B

7,3 m

0,06 m

Material parameters for C14 flexural strength

14,0 N/mm²

parallel traction resistance

8,0 N/mm²

3 Section user defined section 9 layers (width: 1,000 mm / height: 360 mm)

360 mm

case study

construction system

analysis

Multi-support beam with 2 spans - including the left overhang

Thickness

#1

1.000 mm

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

16,0 N/mm²

perpendicular compression resistance

2,0 N/mm²

cut strength

3,0 N/mm²

transverse shear strength

Span

1,0 N/mm²

parallel modulus of elasticity

7.000,0 N/mm²

5% -fractile of the parallel modulus of elasticity

4.700,0 N/mm²

g 0,k

g

1,k

q

k

Category

1

1,4126 kN/m

1,8 kN/m²

2 kN/m²

A

2

1,4126 kN/m

1,8 kN/m²

2 kN/m²

A

perpendicular modulus of elasticity

230,0 N/mm²

cut module

440,0 N/mm²

Partial safety factor:

cross cut module

44,0 N/mm²

density

290,0 kg/m³

γG = 1,35 γQ = 1,5

average density value

350,0 kg/m³

cut stiffness of the slab

5,0 N/mm²

torsional stiffness

2,5 N/mm²

s

k

Altitude

w k

Load position: Self weight: global Permanent loads: global Variable load: per span Snow: by span Wind: global

3.3 Sectional values 500 mm

Combinations:

EIef

1,841E13 N·mm²

GAef

2,515E7 N

S

y 180 mm

1,437E9 N

360 mm

Load coefficients: according to EN Regulation EAef

analysis

parallel compression resistance

z

construction system

0,4 N/mm²

premise

4 Load

Material parameters for C14 perpendicular tensile strength

case study

1.000 mm

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

49

premise analysis

5 Fire directions

7 Results

Fire duration: 180 minutes side shown to the fire: above Use of a fire-resistant glue kfire = 1,15 d0 = 7 mm Partial safety factor γM,fi = 1 Burning speed βn = 0,8 mm/min

Verification according to the standards: EN 1995-1-1:2009, DIN EN 1995-1-1/NA:2013-08 Assumed calculation procedure: Timoshenko

7.1 SLU

7.1.1 Flexion

5.1 Sectional values for the fire case

h [mm]

8,584E8 N

EIef

3,728E12 N·mm²

GAef

1,369E7 N

0,8

from x

4,45 m

Base combination S

y

case study

360 320 280 240 200 160

1,35*g0,k + 1,35*g1,k + 1,50*1,00*qk

120 80 40 -2,5

z

-1,25

0

0

1,25

2,5

0,05

0,075

0,1

[N/mm²]

1.000 mm

7.1.2 Cut h [mm]

Grado di sfruttamento

50

22,5 %

kmod

200 mm

EAef

500 mm

100 mm

construction system

Degree of exploitation

14,0 %

kmod

0,8

from x

1,3 m

Base combination

1,35*g0,k + 1,35*g1,k + 1,50*1,00*qk

360 320 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0

0

0,025

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

[N/mm²]

7.3 Ultimate limit state for the fire case

k mod from x

0,8

qk g1,k g0,k

1,3 m

0,00 kN 0,00 kN

1,35*g + 0,k 1,35*g + 1,k 1,50*1,00*q k

Base combination

19,26 kN 32,58 kN

11,98 kN 21,40 kN

7.3.1 Flexion

h [mm]

Degree of exploitation

320 280

1,0

mod from x

7.2 SLE

360

16,8 %

k

Exceptional combination

premise

25,2 %

240 200

4,45 m

160

g

+g + 0,k 1,k 0,30*qk

120 80 40 -5

-2,5

0

0

2,5

5

0,05

0,075

0,1

[N/mm²]

7.2.1 Slub arrow 7.3.2 Cut

Limit values according to EN 1995-1-1 Initial deformation winst t = 0: l/300 Final deformation w fin t = inf: l/150 Final deformation w net,fin t = inf: l/250

h [mm]

Limit values according to DIN EN 1995-1-1/NA:2013-08 Initial deformation winst t = 0: l/300 Final deformation w fin t = inf: l/150 Final deformation w net,fin t = inf: l/250 Degree of exploitation

41,4 %

wmax

4,3 mm

kdef

0,85

from x

0,0 m

6,4 %

320 280

kmod

1,0

from x

1,3 m

Exceptional combination

360

g0,k + g1,k + 0,30*qk

240 200 160 120 80 40 0

0

0,025

[N/mm²]

x

wnet,fin t = inf

case study

Final defomation (l/125)

Degree of exploitation

construction system

Degree of exploitation

analysis

7.1.3 Contact pressure

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

51

user defined section 9 layers (width: 1,000 mm / height: 360 mm)

construction system case study

52

360 mm

user defined section 9 layers (width: 1,000 mm / height: 360 mm)

360 mm

1 Section

analysis

premise

1 Internal Tensions - Section

1.000 mm

1.000 mm

1.1 Stratigraphy

1.1 Stratigraphy Slat

Slat

Thickness

Orientation

Thickness

Orientation

Material

Material

#1

40 mm

0

C14

#1

40 mm

0

C14

#2

40 mm

90

C14

#2

40 mm

90

C14

#3

40 mm

0

C14

#3

40 mm

0

C14

#4

40 mm

90

C14

#4

40 mm

90

C14

#5

40 mm

0

C14

#5

40 mm

0

C14

#6

40 mm

90

C14

#6

40 mm

90

C14

#7

40 mm

0

C14

#7

40 mm

0

C14

#8

40 mm

90

C14

#8

40 mm

90

C14

#9

40 mm

0

C14

#9

40 mm

0

C14

1.2 Material parameters Material parameters for C14 flexural strength

14,0 N/mm²

parallel traction resistance

8,0 N/mm²

perpendicular tensile strength

0,4 N/mm²

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

1,0 N/mm²

parallel modulus of elasticity

7.000,0 N/mm²

5% -fractile of the parallel modulus of elasticity

4.700,0 N/mm²

perpendicular modulus of elasticity

230,0 N/mm²

cutting module

440,0 N/mm²

cross cutting module

44,0 N/mm²

density

290,0 kg/m³

average density value

350,0 kg/m³

cut stiffness of the slab

5,0 N/mm²

torsional stiffness

2,5 N/mm²

Fire duration: 180 minutes side shown to the fire: above Use of a fire-resistant glue kfire = 1,15 d0 = 7 mm Partial safety factor γM,fi = 1 Burning speed βn = 0,8 mm/min

analysis

3,0 N/mm²

transverse cut strength

2.1 Sectional values for the fire case

EAef EIef

1.3 Sectional values

GA ef

500 mm

500 mm

8,584E8 N 3,728E12 N·mm² 1,369E7 N

S

y

z

1,437E9 N

EIef

1,841E13 N·mm²

GAef

2,515E7 N

S

y 180 mm

EAef

360 mm

1.000 mm

z

case study

1.000 mm

construction system

2,0 N/mm²

cut strength

200 mm

perpendicular compression resistance

100 mm

16,0 N/mm²

premise

2 Fire directions

Material parameters for C14 parallel compression resistance

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

53

analysis

premise

3 Internal efforts, calculation coefficients and results Bending moment Axial force Cutting force Correction coefficient Partial safety factor System coefficient

Md = 20,0 kN·m Nd = 0,0 kN Vd = 15,0 kN kmod = 0,6 γM = 1,25 kl = 1,1

3.1 Internal strenght, calculation coefficients and results for the fire case Bending moment Axial force Cutting force Correction coefficient Partial safety factor System coefficient

Md = 20,0 kN·m Nd = 0,0 kN Vd = 15,0 kN kmod,fi = 0,6 γM,fi = 1,0 kl = 1,1

h [mm] 360 320

h [mm]

280

buckling / Tensile bending

18,5 %

240

360

200

320

160

280

120

buckling / Tensile bending

80 40 -2

0

-1

0

1

2

240

35,3 %

200 160

[N/mm²]

120 80 40 -2,5

0

0

2,5

5

0,05

0,075

0,1

54

[N/mm²]

h [mm] 360 320

h [mm]

280

Cut

11,7 %

240

360

200

320

160

280

120

Cut

80 40 0

0

0,0125

0,025

0,0375

0,05

0,0625

[N/mm²]

13,3 %

240 200 160 120 80 40 0

0

0,025

case study

construction system

-5

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

[N/mm²]

1 Slab - Section

0,4 N/mm²

parallel compression resistance

16,0 N/mm²

perpendicular compression resistance

2,0 N/mm²

cut strength

3,0 N/mm²

transverse shear strength 1.000 mm

360 mm

Vertical section

1,0 N/mm²

parallel modulus of elasticity

7.000,0 N/mm²

5% -fractile of the parallel modulus of elasticity

4.700,0 N/mm²

perpendicular modulus of elasticity

230,0 N/mm²

cutting module

440,0 N/mm²

cross cutting module

44,0 N/mm²

density

290,0 kg/m³

average density value

350,0 kg/m³

cut stiffness of the slab

5,0 N/mm²

torsional stiffness

2,5 N/mm²

1.000 mm

1.1 Stratigraphy Slat

Thickness

Orientation

Material

#1

40 mm

90

C14

#2

40 mm

0

C14

#3

40 mm

90

C14

#4

40 mm

0

C14

#5

40 mm

90

C14

#6

40 mm

0

C14

#7

40 mm

90

C14

#8

40 mm

0

C14

#9

40 mm

90

C14

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

analysis

8,0 N/mm²

perpendicular tensile strength

construction system

14,0 N/mm²

parallel traction resistance

case study

360 mm

Material parameters for C14 flexural strength

premise

1.2 Material parameters

user defined section 9 layers (width: 1,000 mm / height: 360 mm) Horizontal section

55

3 Internal efforts, calculation coefficients and results

1,4E9 N/m

D

1,12E9 N/m

x

y D xy

1,15E8 N/m

S

y 180 mm

D

360 mm

500 mm

z

1.000 mm

analysis

premise

1.3 Sectional values

nxy,d = 383,0 kN/m kmod = 0,6 γM = 1,25

Mechanism I - Cutting

99,7 %

Mechanism II - Twisting

79,8 %

Mechanism I - Cutting according to ETA-09/0036

99,7 %

Mechanism II - Twisting according to ETA-08/0242

79,8 %

3.1 Internal efforts, calculation coefficients and results for the fire case

2 Fire directions

construction system

Cutting force per unit of length Correction coefficient Partial safety factor

Cutting force per unit of length Correction coefficient Partial safety factor

Fire duration: 180 minutes side shown to fire: below Use of a fire-resistant glue kfire = 1,15 d0 = 7 mm Partial safety factor γM,fi = 1 Burning speed βn = 0,8 mm/min

nxy,d = 266,0 kN/m kmod,fi = 0,6 γM,fi = 1,0

Mechanism I - Cutting

99,6 %

Mechanism II - Twisting

79,7 %

Mechanism I - Cutting according to ETA-09/0036

99,6 %

Mechanism II - Twisting according to ETA-08/0242

70,9 %

2.1 Sectional values for the fire case

56

8,4E8 N/m

Dy

6,23E8 N/m

Dxy

6,974E7 N/m

S

y

209 mm

Dx

249,9 mm

case study

500 mm

z

1.000 mm

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise

1 Cross Compression - System

1.1 Cross section

1.1.1 Stratigraphy Thickness

Orientation

Material

#1

40 mm

90

#2

40 mm

0

C16 C16

#3

40 mm

90

C16

#4

40 mm

0

C16

#5

40 mm

90

C16

#6

40 mm

0

C16

#7

40 mm

90

C16

#8

40 mm

0

C16

#9

40 mm

90

C16

1.1.2 Material parameters

construction system

Slat

analysis

user defined section 9 layers (width: 1,000 mm / height: 360 mm)

Material parameters for C16 2,2 N/mm²

1.2 Directions on the plate Length: 1.000,0 mm Width: 1.000,0 mm Slats glued on the long side and without cracks in the outer layers not provided

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

case study

perpendicular compression resistance

57

3 Results

Force Correction coefficient Partial safety factor

Coefficient k c,90 Surface Aef Utilization

200 mm

200 mm

500 mm

construction system case study

58

2,14 85.501 mm² 51,7 %

1.000 mm

Fc,90,d = 100.000,0 N kmod = 0,6 γM = 1,25

analysis

premise

2 Load situation and calculation coefficients

y

x

y

x

200 mm

200 mm 500 mm 1.000 mm

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

PE2014A000026

kg CO2 1000

857.37

500

0

-1272 kg CO2 eq.

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000

2130 -2500

The graph on the left shows how the life cycle of this building component is absolutely sustainable, as the wood used manages to store such a quantity of carbon as to amortize the emissions of the production phase, of the use phase and of the disposal and recycling.

The impact of the component was calculated taking into account a 150x300 cm panel including all the connection components [TPS plates and screws].

From the results obtained it is therefore possible to state that both the product and the production chain are in line with the principles of sustainability.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis construction system

3.8 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

case study

03

59

premise analysis construction system case study

60

CONSIDERATIONS The rapid rotation plantations [KUP] represent a valid alternative to the woodland crops already present in Italy [fir, pine, beech] and could in the future become an important economic and environmental opportunity for local productive tissues, managing to trigger off the heritage woodland, a series of virtuous production cycles.

Forests can be considered real carbon sinks as the carbon dioxide absorbed by the foliage is broken down by returning oxygen to the atmosphere and storing the carbon in the plant.

The use of fast-growing tree crops mixed with the care of existing woods can increase the amount of stored carbon and therefore not released into the atmosphere.

From here it is easy to deduce that managed forests cannot reduce pollution, but can mitigate it.

THE ENERGETIC PROBLEM Energy represents today the voice of greater consistency in the vast majority of production processes.

The environmental impact that energy expenditure may imply is directly related to multiple factors, one of which is the type of energy source.

The situation in Abruzzo, in some ways better, but substantially in line with the national energy panorama, presents a heterogeneous package but largely composed of

kg CO2 1000

585.45

500

28.57

0

0

43.35

200 -500

-1000

-1500

-2000

2224 -2500

Production

Assembling

Divestment

kg CO2 300

290.91 [83.7%]

250

200

150

100

48.64 [14%]

50

0

7.82 [2.3%] Energy

Trasnport

Connections

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

Significantly increasing the percentage of renewable energy is therefore the only way for electricity to truly become an environmentally friendly form of energy. This would also have a positive impact on the price per kW that could, in the summer season, combine zero cost with zero impact.

In conclusion, tap into renewable energy sources taken near the air of use turns out to be the best way to reduce the environmental impact of energy in the production process.

Working range

1km = 3.45 kg CO2

1kWh = 0.73 kg

1kg 3.92 kg CO2

Transport

Energy

Metal Connections

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis

Building site10km

construction system

Forest 50km

case study

Recycling 100km

non-renewable sources [over 54%] and imported, of which it is problematic to establish its nature [13% ].

This means that even an energetically ecological form such as electricity loses its environmental compatibility, as it is produced through fossil fuel power plants [above all diesel] that act as enormous generators.

61

62 LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

case study

laminated in LVL

vertical panel

analysis premise

self-tapping screw 8x360 mm

angular plate 120x120x5 mm

slab panel

connection beam in LVL

construction system

case study

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

construction system

analysis

premise

Self-threaded screw 8x240 mm

connection beam in LVL

vertical panel

Self-threaded screw 8x50 mm

angular plate 120x120x5 mm

laminated in LVL

ASSEMBLY Wall-Slab Node

63

premise analysis construction system case study

64

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

4.1 CASE STUDY

premise analysis

Considering the excellent thermoacoustic performance and the ductility of the component of the Constructive System PE2014A000026 it was decided to hypothesize its possible application in an urban regeneration area.

While the first part of the book this system is told through a continuous performance comparison with the existing production, in this second part will be told instead the points of contact, or in which way it can interface with the existing building heritage and with what results, thinking to the redevelopment of urbanized areas as an opportunity to trigger new ideas and virtuous mechanisms.

case study

PE2014A000026

construction system

04 LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

65

case study

construction system

analysis

premise

4.2 IDENTIFICATION AND CONTEXT

66

The area chosen for the urban redevelopment hypothesis is located in Preturo, part of the Municipality of L'Aquila, in Abruzzo.

The complex chosen for the application of the redevelopment hypothesis is the ATER District north of the town, along State Road 80.

Built between 1985 and 1989, this district is composed of six linear buildings arranged in a court open to the south-east, arranged on a slope of land with an increasing elevation towards the state road.

The composition and functional typology is the same for all buildings: vertical connections made up of stairwells on the southern faรงade that serve the apartments articulated on the landing to form the classic building that culminates with a sloping double-pitched roof.

The supporting structure is composed of a reinforced concrete frame divided into three cross-sectional spans and ten in longitudinal section, which are the same as each other.

The vertical infill walls are in perforated brick with a layer of polystyrene panels [added in the period immediately preceding the earthquake of April 6, 2009].

The roof is instead composed of concrete slab floor and brick tile covering to which a layer of polystyrene panels had been added in the period immediately preceding the earthquake.

The external areas are composed of the internal viability of the district and the asphalt accesses to the road, while there are green flower beds positioned in the area of the open courtyard.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

The short distance from the center of Preturo [500 m] allows citizens to easily reach most of the necessary services, however, making the use of the automobile massive, especially for elderly users.

Airport - 0.5 km

Hospital - 4.5 km

Train station/ Bus terminal - 2.2 km

Industries - 5.1 km

Restaurant - 0.4 km

L'Aquila Old Town - 8.1 km

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis

SS80

construction system

A24

In the medium and long distance, both connections to the main transport hubs [railway stations, bus terminals and airports] and access to basic services [hospital on all] are suitable for users.

In the immediate vicinity, however, the neighborhood is isolated from the urban center of Preturo and lacking services of any kind, so much so that it appears in the concept very similar to the recent satellite quarters of the C.A.S.E. Project, one of which is immediately in front of it.

case study

FACILITY The provision of services around the area is scarce in the immediate vicinity and good in medium and long distances.

67

The earthquake of April, 2009 was the culmination of a much wider seismic swarm, with seismic episodes that began in December 2008 and continued even after the April event.

The main shock, which occurred at 3.32 on 6 April 2009 with a magnitude 6.3 [Richter scale] with its epicenter in the area between Collefracido, Roio Colle and Genzano, reported a dramatic balance: 309 deaths, more than 1600 wounded and damages for over 9.8 billion euros.

case study

construction system

analysis

premise

4.3 6 APRIL EARTHQUAKE

68

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

December 23, 2009 "Preturo, evacuated Ater house" The tenants of the only accessible building of the Ater case in Preturo must have seemed to be on "Scherzi a parte" (a popular TV show) when the traffic wardens presented themselves to tell them that the building is unsafe, starting the eviction.

The thing that amazes, according to the tenants' story, is that the building would be unsafe not so much as a result of the shocks but for problems concerning quantity and quality of the cement.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis construction system

October 22, 2009 "L'Aquila, evicted the New Town earthquake victims" Via Verzieri, in the hamlet of Preturo. The shock of 6 April sends everyone out of the house.

From the sclerometric tests it appears that the concrete is poor. We ask for core samples and other tests.

Then the first rumors. To a lady of the palace 12-13, classified E, who had asked for the "Berlusconi house", they reply that it is not possible to satisfy her because her house is now A. On the site of the Municipality our building is now A, while the one next to it remains IS. If he wasn't well, how did he get back in business ?!

case study

THE EARTHQUAKE AND THE ATER PRETURO DISTRICT Among the buildings that have suffered significant damage are those in the ATER district of Preturo.

Analyzing the phenomenology of degradation, we can conclude that all the detected damages are attributable both to structural deficiencies and to the interaction between the frame and infill panels.

In the years following the earthquake, the same neighborhood has become the subject of a curious case report on the issue of security that has involved the local political and institutional world with tragicomic nuances.

Below is the history of the highlights for a better understanding of the story through extracts from local and national newspapers:

69

premise analysis construction system case study

70

January 12, 2010 "Preturo, the confusion of the expert reports: complaint" First declare ‘D’ or ‘E’, then directly ‘A’. They are the Ater houses in Via Verzieri in Preturo, on which there are several conflicting technical opinions. For the civil protection technicians those houses held up the earthquake and therefore would be habitable. But there is another expertise of the ‘Abruzzo Test’ laboratory in Sulmona according to which the buildings could collapse due to the insufficient presence of concrete.

The mayor immediately had the residents evacuated but in the near future Bertolaso asked the mayor "to immediately revoke the eviction order considering the houses safe".

June 17, 2011 "Outside of C.A.S.E. housing, a new odyssey for displaced persons" The odyssey begins again for the three families residing in the people's houses, Via dei Verzieri, who received a new ultimatum from the Emergency Management Structure (SGE) with which they were told to leave the C.a.s.e project within a few days. of Cese di Preturo, where they are currently housed, and to return to their homes.

For the Sge, however, the damage is not attributable to the earthquake but to the poor quality construction of the complex, for which there is no right to housing assistance.

March 30, 2014 “Mia Casa, demonstration in L'Aquila for delays on public building reconstruction. Where are we? " Despite some intervention, "the heavy reconstruction of important ATER housing complexes has not yet begun - they write from Mia Casa - sites in Preturo and in other popular districts, with buildings and houses left in complete abandonment".

The Order of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers n. 3803 of 15 August 2009 assigns 150 million euros for works on ATER properties. This sum, with a subsequent Order no. 3805 of September 15, 2009, is "reworked" in 107 million euros for interventions on the ATER building and 43 million euros for interventions on buildings of Municipal Public Housing.

February 16, 2015 "Case Ater di Preturo: thefts in unusable homes" New thefts in L'Aquila. The criminals carried boilers and copper.

On the night between Saturday and Sunday the criminals broke into the Ater houses of Preturo, taking away appliances and some boilers. The complex, currently uninhabitable due to serious defects in the construction phase, which became evident after the earthquake, lives in a situation of complete abandonment.

April 27, 2015 L’AQUILA - Mattresses and furniture abandoned everywhere, piles of rubble piled up in the street, open garages and smashed doors, with the apartments at the mercy of the jackals, who have recently visited them several times.

The situation in which the public housing in Via dei Verzieri, in the Aquila hamlet of Preturo, is in total degradation.

The complex has been uninhabited for six years. On the night of the earthquake the tenants fled and no longer returned due to the damage suffered.

Overall, owned by the Ater, the six buildings are all unusable, some classified as "E" and others "B", some for damage caused by the earthquake, others for criticalities already present before 6 April 2009.

Seismic Classification B - TEMPORARILY INAGIBLE BUILDING Partially unusable, it can become viable through emergency operations.

E - INAGIBILE BUILDING Structural, non-structural damage and geotechnical phenomena.

It can become viable through a recovery project by a specialized technician.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

PADDING - RELIEF There are passing lesions and overturning of the infill panels WALL - CAUSE Wrong installation of the joints with structural meshes, crushing due to the brittle behavior of the bricks.

expulsion of the concrete cover

crush

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis

STRUCTURE - CAUSE Insufficient cross section and/or reinforcement in the pillars of the ground floor

construction system

STRUCTURE - RELIEF Softness mechanisms are visible with consequent expulsion of the concrete cover on the ground floor

case study

STATE OF SEISMIC DEGRADATION From the survey of the damages it is possible to understand how the seismic event did nothing but bring to light those that can be classified as elements of degradation due to errors in the execution phase.

71

premise analysis

On the railings of some loggias it is possible to detect the installation in antennas satellite dishes for the reception of TV channels.

The problem would be surmountable with the adoption of a centralized multiswitch system that would allow the removal of the antennas.

Some loggias are closed by transparent surfaces in order to increase the useful surface of the relative apartment, a phenomenon most likely caused by changed housing needs and the inadequacy of the old asset to the new needs of the tenants.

satellite dishes

Some openings are fitted with overframes in order to improve their thermal behavior. Replacing old fixtures with new-generation fixtures would solve the problem.

case study

construction system

OTHER TYPES OF DEGRADATION The type of degradation prior to the earthquake of 6 April is essentially of an architectural type, mainly due to the non-respect of the rules by some inhabitants of the neighborhood.

closure with transparent surfaces

72

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

- Knowledge of the housing types compared to user composition - Analysis of the concrete structure

case study

construction system

- Analysis and calculation of recoverable materials

analysis

The survey phase had three fundamental objectives:

premise

4.4 SURVEY OF THE EXISTING

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

73

premise analysis construction system case study

74

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis construction system case study LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

75

Double Flap Roof Vertical Closing Elements

Benefits in Structural Services The cladding of the entire pre-existing reinforced concrete frame by means of these wooden panels stiffens the structural links avoiding phenomena of plasticization of the nodes as occurred following the seismic event.

In this case, therefore, the panel acts as a bracing for the reinforced concrete frame.

Vertical Connection Structures

analysis

premise

Selective Demolition

case study

construction system

Horizontal Partition Elements

76

Consolidation Flat Roof Vertical Closing Elements

Benefits in Thermo-acoustic Performance The cladding of the existing structure with these wooden panels to replace the earthquake-damaged casing brings significant advantages in the thermo-acoustic performance of the entire building.

These benefits are due to the considerable thickness of the panel and the low conductivity of paulownia wood.

Vertical Connection Structures

Horizontal Partition Elements

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

4.5 INTERVENTION CREATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL CORE

EXISTING STRUCTURE

HYPOTHESIS

The proposed intervention hypothesis starts from a first phase of targeted demolitions where the existing structure is prepared for redevelopment. In this phase the double-pitched roof and most of the central bays are demolished, in order to create voids inside which to insert technological compartments suitable to house the serving rooms, making the building function as a technological nucleus around which they are articulated the environments. Thus the sense of functioning changes with respect to the conception of the existing building whose core was the staircase body.

The replacement of walls instead serves to significantly improve the thermo-acoustic performance of the enclosure.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis construction system

BUILDING BOX REPLACEMENT

case study

04

77

construction system

analysis

premise

4.6 ENERGY MANAGEMENT The performance efficiency of the redeveloped enclosure with paulownia wood panels drastically reduces the energy demand, allowing to pass from the 180 kWh / m2a of the actual condition to 21 kWh/m2a.

100% of the biomass needed for the neighborhood's needs can be recovered within a radius of 250 m by growing Paulownia to obtain the raw material from uncultivated or abandoned land. The rest of the energy production can be used to reduce the dependence on fossil sources of the rest of the urbanized area, fed by the planting of paulownia, from the forest maintenance timber and biogas produced by the phytodepuration plant.

PREDIMENSIONING HEAT REQUIREMENT Volume Profit x specific heat requirement Choice Generating Unit

wood chip syngas

Silo typology

case study

24191.10 m3 x 0.02 = 483.82 kW

Pyrogasifier from 499 kW termic, 90 kW electric

Supply

78

surface necessary to the needs of the neighborhood Csurface necessary to the needs of the neighborhood

Rectangular, Basement, Capacity 180 m3

Pyrogasifier requirements [full capacity] Real ATER district energy requirement

5000 ton/year of biomass at 20% humidity

8.57 ton/year for building = 51.43 ton/year average paulownia yield in biomass = 18ton/Ha x year 8.82 ton/year of woody biomass = 2.83 Ha of Paulownia

arable other not used woody crops

Province of Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Aquila

woods arboriculture meadows and pastures 135875 Ha available

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

ENERGY REQUIREMENT SOUTH BUILDING [analysis performed with Ecodesigner of ArchiCad16]

Key values Valori chiave

Building envelope performance Dati prestazioni involucro edificio Air leak:d'Aria: Perdità 1.00 External heat capacity Capacità termica esterna: -

m² m² m³ %

Specific annual requests Richieste annuali specifiche Net thermal energy: Energia termica netta: Net cooling energy: Energia di raffreddamento netta: Total energy: Energia Totale Finale:

1/hour 1/ora J/m²K

Energy consuption: Consumo energia: Fuel consuption: Comsumo Combustibile: Primary primaria: energy: Energia Costs: di funzionamento: Costo CO2 Emission: Emissione CO2:

Quantity 4 1/2

Energy Name

0.22 37.54 37.76

kWh/m²y kWh/m²a kWh/m²y kWh/m²a kWh/m²y kWh/m²a

82.83 9.96 21.48 0.84 0.12

kWh/m²y kWh/m²a kWh/m²y kWh/m²a kWh/m²y kWh/m²a EUR/m²y EUR/m²a

Cost

Primary

Emission

kWh/y

EUR/y

kWh/y

kg/y

Heating Cooling Hot water Ventilation Lighting

Total

CO2

Quantity 547 94548 104637 0 8857

95 0 1984 0 44

657 0 26870 0 26573

13 0 280 0 0

208591

2124

54101

293

[%]

51

Cost

45

2 5

analysis

2.887.22 2.464.69 6.901.43 18

[W/m²K]

[%]

kg/m²y kg/m²a

Energy Name

Energy Type

Name

Secondary

Quantity

Cost

kWh/y

EUR/y

Quantity 6

6

Cost 3

43

[%] 94

88954 94548 11757 13330

208591

Totale:

6

CO2 emission

Solar collector Environment Wood Electricity

Renewable

Quantity

Solar collector Environment Wood

Energy consumption [sources]

93

100%

CO2 emission 5

100% 95%

[kWh]

0

25000

50000

75000

[%]

kg/y

2057 66

0 0 293 0

2124

293*

NA

95

Monthly energy balance energy supplied per month

CO2 emission

47.4 40

Lighting and Devices

30

Mechanic Heating

20

3

10

[%]

[%]

97

100

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

45 97

94548

100 * This amount of CO2 is absorbed in one year by 11 pines

Oct Nov

Dec

0 [MWh] 0

Hot Water Internal heat gain Green Energy Solar gain Transmission

10

Infiltration

20

Natural ventilation

30

Hot Water

40

construction system

Geometrical data Dati geometria edificio Grosslorda surface: Area pavimento: Surface of the casing: Area involucro edificio: Ventilated volume: Volume ventilato: Glazed surfaces: Rapporto Vetrate:

Valore U 0.67 0.18 - 0.18 0.18 - 0.70 0.18 - 0.18 1.02 - 2.71

Natural cooling

energy emitted per month

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

case study

Reside... (80%) 03/27/2016 14.00 27/03/2016

Exchange coefficients Coefficienti di scambio di Average of the building Media involucro edificio:envelope: Levels: Piani: External: Esterno: Underground: Sotterraneo: Openings: Aperture:

premise

Energy consuption [intended use]

General Data progetto Dati generali Position: Primarydioperation profile: Profilo Operazione Primaria: Date:Valutazione: Data

79

case study

construction system

analysis

premise

4.7 IDRIC MANAGEMENT

80

The biggest problem in the future will be water supply.

It is clear that the water resource treatment system is today anything but sustainable. You will have to tend to recycle water as much as possible and use different qualities of this resource based on the type of use needed.

As part of the redevelopment project of the ATER district of Preturo, the construction of a water purification plant is hypothesized. The choice is due to three fundamental factors: - Location: the location of the neighborhood, a short distance from the urban center in an area with very low urban density, has abundant outdoor spaces necessary for the plant - Post-intervention demographic density: the neighborhood comes redesigned for 386 inhabitants compared to the existing 192, increasing the water load on the public network - Water load: this type of plant can reduce the burden of digestion purifiers Finally, the choice for the type of plant has fallen on that with a sub-horizontal flow, which is more efficient and economical because it requires less cultivated area and has lower maintenance costs due to the almost total absence of mechanization and electrification.

WORKING SCHEME

Aqueduct

Drinking, Cooking

WC

Laundry

Personal hygiene

Bath / Shower

Crockery

Meteoric waters

Rain recovery

Irrigation

Other

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise

1 GREASE TRAP - Volume: 12000 lt [for 200 people eq.]

2 Gatherers needed

2 IMHOFF TANK - Digester volume: 7500 lt [for 75 people eq.]

- Sedimentary volume: 3000 lt [for 75 people eq.]

4 Imhoff tanks required

Phyto-purifying plants: Phragmites Australis, Typha - Surface required: 4 m2/person - Minimum surface required: 1544 m2 Design Surface: 1600 m2

Imhoff Tank

phytoremediation 3

2

1

Water intake Aqueduct [9%]

Biogas production

Water aquifer

Heating Nearby buildings

Phyto-purifier water supply [91%]

The phytodepuration plant allows the coverage of most of the water requirements, reducing the withdrawal from the network by 91.2%.

WATER SAVING 91%

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

case study

Grease trap

construction system

analysis

3 PHYTO-DEPURATOR BASIN

81

premise

photovoltaic polycrystalline type installed power 950 kWh

case study

construction system

analysis

wood biomass pyrogasifier

82

type of pirogasifier Syngas feed from wood chips installed power 499 kWe thermal, 90 kWe electric

phytodepuration plant type of sub-horizontal flow capacity 386 equivalent inhabitants surface 1600 m2 essence Phragmites Australis, Typha

technological box source 1 solar thermal collector source 2 condensing boiler other purpose maintenance needs

bioclimatic greenhouse material ETFE panels, steel frame

permeable surface

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

4.8 PROJECT

premise analysis case study

ATER PRETURO

construction system

04 LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

83

premise analysis construction system case study

84

Building South - Residential Level

Building South - Ground Floor

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

Facility Collective Study Net Surface 45.00 m2 Probable users

Overall Units 6 Maximum Capacity 72 people

Example of provision of collective services

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

analysis

Overall Units 1 Maximum Capacity 20 people

construction system

Facility Coworking Hub Net Surface 215.00 m2 Probable users

case study

The project hypothesis essentially involves the replacement of the existing envelope with paulownia wood panels of the PE2014A000026 construction system in order to improve its thermo-acoustic performance and therefore decrease the energy demand.

Inside the building, after the demolition of the floors of some of the central bays, boxes are inserted using the vertical panels and floors of the paulownia wood system, so as to create a serving nucleus that houses the plants and serving rooms, exploiting the channels and slots peculiarities of the system.

The facades of the buildings are treated according to the exposure.

The North, East and West facades are treated with vegetal walls with holes protected by wooden shutters, with the function of reducing winter dispersion and shielding the rooms from the summer afternoon radiation.

The South facade is treated with a system of axes in micro-perforated metal panels with variable orientation through a tilting system, in order to receive the maximum winter radiation and to screen the building in summer.

On the roof, the garden roof considerably increases the thermal inertia of the building and through the greenhouses present near the staircases act as a heat reservoir.

Outdoor spaces are designed to minimize the â&#x20AC;&#x153;albedoâ&#x20AC;? effect. Consequently, the permeable green surface has been increased, especially near the openings of the buildings.

premise

4.8 PROJECT

85

premise analysis construction system case study

86

Type A Gross surface area 81.00 m2 Overall Units 12 Maximum Capacity 48 inquilini Aeroilluminating surface 1/6.80

Type C Gross surface area 106.00 m2 Overall Units 41 Maximum Capacity 164 inquilini Aeroilluminating surface 1/6.70

Type C Gross surface area 116.00 m2 Overall Units 29 Maximum Capacity 174 inquilini Aeroilluminating surface 1/5.85

EQUIPMENT SERVICES The redevelopment of the neighborhood is due to the increase in the provision of collective services.

While implementing the only activity available in the neighborhood was a ironmongery store, the intervention hypothesis foresees the provision of laundries, areas for the collective study of boys and children and places of professional aggregation such as the coworking area, particularly interesting because it could instill new life in the neighborhood through contributions from people from other districts or countries.

LIVING TYPES There are three housing types but they all have the same common characteristic: the central serving nucleus.

In the event of redevelopment, in fact, PE2014A000026 system is used both as an envelope for energy efficiency and to build, in the central span inside the building, a "structure in the structure" designed to accommodate all the serving rooms, which thus become easily cabled with the systems thanks to the features of the system already discussed.

The rooms served are then articulated around the central core.

Particular attention has been paid to the study of light and natural ventilation: the interior layout of the rooms is in fact designed to obtain the maximum natural ventilation possible, arranging the areas mainly for day use [kitchen, dining room and living room] across the building , so as to have openings

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

case study

construction system

Finally, the composition of all the housing types is designed starting from a basic module: the structural mesh, which is the only non-modifiable element, arranging the environments and providing distinctive elements to each of the types, as in a puzzle, adding and subtracting volumes and surfaces.

premise

All the rooms are never too deep: this is to allow the winter sun to invest the largest possible surface area with its beams.

analysis

on both the southern and northern faรงades, allowing optimal air flow.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

87

premise

PASSIVE SYSTEMS: FUNCTIONING DIAGRAM

analysis

capturing heat: ETFE roof

capturing heat: ETFE

construction system

inertia and isolation: green roof

solar control: winter position

shading and insulation: wooden dark summer location day / winter night inertia and isolation: plant wall

chimney effect: stairwell

case study

solar control: summer position

88

shading and isolation: dark wooden daytime winter position albedo effect reduction: garden

inertia: garden

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis construction system

BUILDING SOUTH

case study

Solar Perspectives: 12.00 PM on January 15

Solar Perspectives: 12.00 PM on July 15

CROSS SECTION

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

89

premise analysis construction system case study

90

Slab-Wall node The paulownia wood panels of the Constructive System are used as an "active coat" because in addition to the thermo-acoustic insulation function, thanks to the internal slots it allows the housing of the skirting board heating system pipes.

Wall-Slab Ground Node The paulownia wood panels completely mask the head of the existing floor, so as to avoid thermal dispersion.

To protect the panels from humidity rising from the ground, a ditch-shaped channel filled with scart stones acts as a drainage manifold, avoiding premature deterioration of the construction elements.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

This constructive system is therefore also sustainable in urban regeneration applications, especially if designed in combination with bioclimatic strategies and careful resource management.

Slab-Wall node The vegetal wall is composed of modules provided with vegetative substrate and irrigation manifolds mounted on an H profile bolted to the paulownia wood panels, which also acts as a support for the track that allows the sliding of wooden shutters.

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

analysis construction system

This building system can bring existing buildings to the efficiency of modern buildings, both in terms of plant performance and energy performance, acting at the source and thus drastically reducing demand, which can thus be easily satisfied through the use of renewable energies on site, thus shortening the distances between productive places and places of consumption.

case study

The design hypothesis has shown how the Constructive System PE2014A000026 is compatible with existing structures,opening the field of action of its component also to the world of urban regeneration.

premise

4.9 CONCLUSIONS

91

premise analysis construction system

REGULATORY REFERENCES

WEBGRAPHY

Norme Tecniche Costruzioni 2008 UNI 8289 Sistema Tecnologico UNI 8290 Sistema Tecnologico UNI EN 338 Strutture in legno - Classi di resistenza

www.regione.abruzzo.it www.6aprile.it www.coldiretti.it www.giordano.it www.bureauveritas.it www.footprintnetwork.com www.legambiente.it www.protezionecivile.gov.it www.promolegno.it www.dataholz.it www.xlam.it www.mhm.it www.berardengolegnami.it www.junyiwood.com www.cuinte.it www.cdp-ecosostenibile.com www.paulownia-it.com www.clt.info www.proholzemilia.it www.invalsa.cnr.it www.fondazionegiordano.org

BIBLIOGRAPHY Forlani M.C., Riqualificazione, Rigenerazione e Valorizzazione dell’Edilizia Sociale - Quartieri A.T.E.R. a L’Aquila, Quodlibet, Macerata 2013 Forlani M.C., Cultura tecnologica e progetto sostenibile: idee e proposte ecocompatibili per i territori del sisma aquilano, Alinea Editrice, 2010 Lavagna M., Life Cycle Assessment in edilizia. Progettare e costruire in una prospettiva di sostenibilità ambientale, Hoepli, 2008

case study

Herzog T., Natterer J., Volz M., Atlante del legno, UTET, 1998

92

Modena R., Piazza M, Tomasi R., Strutture in legno, Hoepli, 2005 Uzielli L., Il manuale del legno strutturale, Mancuso, 2008 Giordano G., Tecnica delle costruzioni in legno, Hoepli, 2001 LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

premise analysis construction system case study LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Pasquale Desantis

pasqualedesantis