Local Production and Urban Regeneration: Experimentation of a wooden building component - Boards

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component

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>>TARGETS

Design of a sustainable building component that can trigger virtuous industrial short chains Thesis_TOPIC +

Premise Contextual Situation Anthropic Actions: Energy Anthropic Actions: Industrial Production Anthropic Actions: Environment Future Scenarios

State of the Art

CHARACTERISTICS OF A MATERIAL IN A SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK

Existing Technique Analysis Innovative Construction Systems Criticism and Conclusions

Sustainability of the Whole Production Process

Building System PE2014A000026 [Patent in progress] Design of the Constructive System Features and Innovation Thermoacoustic Performances Mechanical Performance Production Cycle Life Cycle Assessment Economic Evaluations

Simplicity of the Entire Production Process

Case Study - ATER District in Preturo, L’Aquila

FEATURES

Know the Existing Phenomenology of Seismic Damage Intervention Strategies Project and Requalification Energy Performance Water Resource Management Energy Production Management

ASSUMPTIONS

Conclusions Considerations on the Building Component Summary of Performance Comparison Final considerations

O2

Reproducibility

Attention to the Industrial Waste Cycle

Recyclability

Possibility of prefabrication

Traceability

Recycling of Production Waste

Prefabbricabilità

Availability

Energy for Renewable Sources Production

"Dry" Assembly Methodology

Cheapness

Possibility of Production by SMEs

Structural Performance Efficiency

Easy Machinability

Ability to Activate Related Production Chain [Induced]

Thermo-acoustic Performance Efficiency

Biodegradation

Production Standardization

High plant integration

WOOD OF PAULOWNIA

PRODUCTION CYCLE

COMPONENT

It grows in most of the climate zones Best CO2 Absorbing Plant Heavy Metal Fixing Machine and PM10 KUP - Rapid Rotation Plantation Excellent mechanical properties Excellent thermal-acoustic properties Wood Suitable for Outdoor Use

A simple production methodology allows the production of this component even in small production plants, so as to be able to insert the new product easily into the portfolio of existing producers, without damaging the existing entrepreneurial fabric, indeed expanding its know-how.

The study of the entire industrial cycle also makes it possible to minimize the environmental impact by assuming not a second life for production waste, but infinite lives in cyclic processes.

The idea of the product is embodied in a wooden panel that can serve as both a horizontal and a vertical closure, suitable for both structural use and use in the casing.

Its particular shape makes it highly integrable with plant systems, simplifying their construction.

The simplicity of installation makes realization quick and cheap.

Compared to existing products, the characteristics of the product point in a significant way also to the saving of the components and to the analysis and optimization in the installation process.

PM10 CO2

CO2 PM10

COV CnHm

Pb

Cd

Pb

Cd

BIOMASS

Hg

Hg PAULOWNIA FOREST

+

SAWMILL

+

PRODUCT FEATURES

URBAN REGENERATION

+

CHARACTERISTICS OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES AT LOW ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

CARPENTRY

+

NOX

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component

01

>>PREMISE Anthropic Dynamics in Energy, Industrial and Environmental Contexts and Vision on Futurable Development Scenarios

CRITICITY OF ANTHROPICAL SCENARIOS

NEW STRATEGIES [Best Practice]

AZIONIANTROPICHEAMBIENTE INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ONCOLOGICAL PATHOLOGIES

ANTHROPIC PRESSURE

HYDROGEOLOGICAL STABILITY

TERAMO

6633 [81,9%]

PESCARA

Municipalities affected by highly critical areas

L’AQUILA BUSSI POPOLI SULMONA

AVEZZANO

ISERNIA 9%

DANGER OF FLOODS

45%

BREAKS HAZARD

46%

GEOLOGICAL STABILITY

Low

High

Sources: Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio, Corpo Forestale dello Stato

Stable

Sharp increase

Increase

sources: Coldiretti, Corpo Forestale dello Stato

sources: ASL Avezzano Sulmona L’Aquila, Agenzia Sanitaria Regionale Abruzzo

LANDSCAPE ENHANCEMENT Through the enhancement policies of the landscape it’s possible to create an economic induced linked to the safeguard that can confine the advancement of the anthropized territory.

REFORESTATION Reforestation is the best remedy against soil erosion and prevents hydrogeological instability.

The development of a wood supply chain would encourage the conversion of uncultivated and abandoned lands into the forest.

INVESTING IN THE INDUSTRY-ENVIRONMENT BOND Linking an industrial supply chain to an environmental process is the best way to create sustainable production and development, as the production phases will tend to follow the biorhythms and to shape the territory.

ANTHROPICALACTIONSINDUSTRIALPRODUCTION 1000

1000 2014

2012

2010

2009

2011

2008

2006

2005

2001

2000

average value

2013

1995

1996 1997

1994

1992 1993

1988

1987

1500

400

25%

20000

1989

600 30000

1990 1991

40000

1998 1999

800

2007

2002

58,6%

2003 2004

1823

50000

500 14,8%

CHEMICAL

FOOD

0

BUILDING

EMPLOYMENT IMPACT OF THE BUILDING SECTOR The comparison of the employment incidence between the construction sector and the other main industrial sectors of the Abruzzo economy sheds light on the importance that this sector has assumed for the entire industrial sector. sources: ANCE, CCIAA Pescara

CHIETI

L’AQUILA

PESCARA

TERAMO

TOTALE 2010

TOTALE 2009

TOTALE 2008

TOTALE 2007

13,5%

14%

18,6%

13,5%

17,7%

19%

21%

24%

38%

36,8%

26%

30%

0 TEXTILE

30,8%

32,5%

sales volume

1,6%

30,2%

10000

34,4%

200

ABRUZZO

VOLUME OF SALE IN ITALIAN REAL ESTATE MARKET The temporal inhomogeneity of demand in the construction sector results in an incredibly variable volume of use.

By simplifying the construction process it is possible to use unskilled labor, which can work flexibly in multiple supply chains.

HOURS OF BUILDING AID IN ABRUZZO Despite the increase in orders in the territory relating to the period following the 2009 earthquake, there has not been a recovery in employment at the local level, a phenomenon largely due to the use of extra-regional companies.

sources: elaborazione Cresme su dati ISTAT, ANCE, CGIA Mestre

sources: ANCE, CGIA Mestre, Provincia de L’Aquila

NON-SPECIALIZED LABOR The use of non-specialized labor increases the occupational flexibility of the industrial sector.

In this way it is possible to cope with market variations efficiently, distributing operators across multiple production chains.

PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND INDUSTRIAL CHAINS The production of a territory can no longer ignore the environmental context but must become an integral part of it, or a subsystem of it, positively influencing it and receiving advantages, triggering other secondary production systems and thus reducing economic and environmental costs, as well as creating a market internal that can provide a stable industrial subsistence base.

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS Every industrial product should be designed with the entire life cycle in mind: from the extraction phase of raw materials to disposal.

Through the analytical phase it is possible to understand which are the critical processes so that the product can become less and less impactful.

ANTHROPICALENERGYACTIONS NATIONAL AND REGIONAL ENERGY MIX ENERGY MIX ITALY

italia

13,2%

3,1%*

3,1%

1,6% 2,8%

5,8%

2,4%

41,7%

13,2%

13,2% 24%

62.8% Fossil fuels

non rinnovabili

Imported Energy**

Renewables

*Bioenergy is classified as renewable and eco-compatible, but particular attention must raw material from the place of production. 60 0 20 be paid to the origin and distance of the 40 In fact not always what is defined as biomass by standardization can boast characteristics of environmental sustainability.

13,2%

0,5%*

10,7%

4%

17,8%

13,2%

3,5%

37,2%

10,65%

abruzzo

rinnovabili

2,4%

ENERGY MIX ABRUZZO

10.65% solid fuels 37.2% natural gas 2.4% oil 3.5% other fuels 17.8% water 0% geothermal 4% wind 10.7% photovoltaic 0.5% bioenergy* 13.2% IMPORTED

Imported Energy**

Renewables

12,9%

13.2% solid fuels 41.7% natural gas 2.4% oil 5.8% other fuels 13.2% water 1.6% geothermal 2.8% wind 3.1% photovoltaic 3.1% bioenergy* 13.2% IMPORTED

33%

53,8% Fossil fuels

80 sources: Enel, Eni, GSE, Legambiente

100 * Mainly France, from power plants fueled by fossil fuels and nuclear energy. ** Mainly from Lazio and Puglia from power plants fueled with fossil fuels.

BOSCHIVA AND LOCAL BIOMASS MAINTENANCE Ordinary and constant forest maintenance would be an important economic driver for the centers of the Abruzzo hinterland: the benefic effects on the natural environment would be added to the use of local biomass for energy production.

COGENERATION, PRODUCTIVITY AND ENERGY The future increase in the energy share from renewable sources will inevitably have to go from an integrated approach between industrial production and energy, trying to fully grasp the possibilities offered by new industrial typologies and energy cogeneration distributed throughout the territory.

COGENERATION, PRODUCTIVITY AND ENERGY The future will increase in the energy share from renewable sources will inevitably have to go from an integrated approach to industrial production and energy, distributed throughout the territory.

sources: Wikipedia, GSE, Enel Spa, Federazione Italiana Produttori Energia da Fonti Rinnovabili, Fare Ambiente, Prometheus Energia

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component

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>>INTERVENTION METHODOLOGY Industrial Supply Chain Intervention Scheme and Effects on Environmental Systems

Local Resources

Best Practice

Land used for grazing in the province of L'Aquila

The area used for grazing in the province of L'Aquila represents 44% of the entire agricultural area.

Most of them are land located in the valley or on modest hills, which are difficult to raise by farmers.

Paulownia and Tea plantation in the Shandong region of China

The Shandong region of China is where the planting of Paulownia has had the greatest following. It is cultivated together with other crops [photo] or in pastures, since its leaves are attractive to sheep and cattle.

It consolidates the soil, reclaiming it and enriching it thanks to its rich foliage.

AGRONOMIC AND TECH RESEARCH The productive need and the industrial demand can act as a driving force for a constant research activity .

LOCAL KNOW HOW DEVELOPMENT The industrial proposal is grafted into the existing productive fabric through training activities, contributing decisively to local development.

REDEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING ASSETS Local production can make a decisive contribution to the redevelopment of the existing building heritage, raising the quality of the urban fabric.

LAND IDENTIFICATION

REBUILDING POLICIES

FINE WOOD

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION

SEMI-FINISHED AND FINISHED PRODUCT

In order not to affect the existing agricultural production, only grazing, abandoned and even contaminated by heavy metals are identified and selected.

The planting of forests managed by rapid rotation allow the cultivation of a precious and multipurpose resource such as the silvicultural product.

Wood harvested a short distance from the production sites is an important carbon reservoir as well as a precious and fundamental resource for various industrial

The industrial micro-production linked to the rural economy is currently the only economic system that can be proposed for the territories of the mountainous hinterland.

Wood-based products have the most diverse applications. A local production can reduce prices to the point of being able to expand the material application range.

SOIL CONSUMPTION REDUCTION Reducing the existing urban fabric means drastically reducing the demand for "virgin" land, effectively limiting the uncontrolled expansion of the urbanized area.

NEW PROFESSIONAL FIGURES A dynamic company depends on its productions and its collaborations: new supply chains and innovation can be translated into new professional figures.

2° Pb

STABILIZATION OF EMPLOYMENT Linking the production and consumption of an industrial economy to a territory means creating a constant internal demand that stabilizes local employment.

ECONOMY LINKED TO THE TERRITORY A multi-sector production aimed at domestic consumption is bound together by the production site.

Hg Cd

RECOVERY OF LANDS FROM HEAVY METALS Funds polluted by heavy metals can be recovered through the choice of plants with high absorption coefficient.

OXYGENATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE The increase in tree surface increases the amount of carbon "trapped" in the plants by removing it from the molecules of carbon dioxide, thus releasing oxygen.

WOOD BRANCHES

BIOMASS COGENERATING CENTRALS

PROCESSING WASTE

SECOND GENERATION PRODUCTS

Branches and foliage, while representing production waste, are an excellent source of energy always preferable to non-renewable fossil fuels.

Woody biomass represent an important energy source for territories characterized by silvicultural productions, as far as the neutral emission balance is concerned.

Production scraps, usually in splinters, flakes and shavings, represent an important trigger for complementary industrial chains.

Lower quality productions can be fed by the influx of secondary raw materials deriving from the industrial wood cycle.

PM

PMPM PM

PM CO2 ABSORPTION

REDUCTION OF THIN DUST

The distances between the extractive area and the production area are zeroed: this allows the plants to fix the carbon dioxide produced by the industrial chain.

The proximity of the funds cultivated to the production area is fundamental because it allows the plants to retain the fine dust produced by the processing activities.

ANTHROPIC IMPRESSION REDUCTION

METHODOLOGICAL PRIORITIES: Research and identification of types of raw materials existing in the area or that can be easily introduced in it by scientifically evaluating all the benefits and possible disadvantages that these choices would entail in the medium and long term.

THERMAL ENERGY

ELECTRIC ENERGY

Research and identification of the know-how and industrial capacity of transformation of the building components of the territory, developing the entire project based on the real possibilities of the local system.

The use of district heating from woody biomass would represent an important emacipation of mountain areas from imported natural gas.

In mountain areas, electricity produced from wood biomass would diversify the current energy mix in favor of renewable resources.

Attention to the entire production chain up to the eventual disposal, trying to delay the latter as much as possible regardless of the eco-compatible nature of the element through design choices that produce completely reversible construction systems and above all that this eventuality becomes economically convenient for sector operators.

Complete reversibility of the system in order to make urban fabrics more and more flexible to the continually evolving frameworks thus making urban planning errors and planning errors reversible.

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component

HISTORY +

Classificazione Scientifica Eukaryota Scrophulariaceae Paulownia Paulownia Duclouxii Paulownia Fortunei>Aeronautics, Furniture Paulownia Imperialis>Ornamental Paulownia Mikado>Musical Instruments Paulownia Speciosa Paulownia Tormentosa>Ornamental, Biomass Paulownia Elongata>Aeronautics, Building Clone 112>Ornamentale, Biomass Clone Cotevisa 2>Aeronautics, Building

>>PAULOWNIA TREE

The Paulownia, also known as the "princess tree", appears in Europe in the early 1800s, imported by the East India Company.

La Paulownia: History, Description and Vegetative Characteristics

The genus, which has been cultivated for more than 2600 years, but which began to be studied since 1972 by the Chinese researcher Zhu Zhao-Hua, was initially planted by Chinese farmers in order to protect crops from sandstorms and floods, thus ensuring excellent harvests.

Technical Comparison Sheet

After years of research, thanks to the varietal selection, some characteristics that make it a plant for the future of humanity are recognized to this plant, thanks to its properties of development and regeneration. The studies had the purpose of adapting the plant to different climates with the aim of promoting its cultivation all over the world, both for reforestation, both for the use of wood and for energy.

Spruce [Picea Abies] Black Pine [Pinus Nigra] Paulownia [Varietal Selections]

INFLORESCENCES

Domain Family Gender Species

03

Plant Selection Parameters:

honey The paulownia flowers are endowed with an excellent honey power that allows the production of a high quality honey with an intense aroma

- Possibility of cultivation in Italy - Industrial Use [Construction and Energy] - Intersectoral Possibilities - Dissemination

perfume The intense perfume of the inflorescences during the spring season is perceptible in the case of large plantings even several tens of meters

Motivation for the Choice of Plants: Spruce: for the diffusion of the use in the building Black Pine: potentially cultivable area entity Paulownia: plant object of comparison study

SPRUCE

BLACK PINE

PAULOWNIA

COLOR

Clear - Yellowish

White - Yellowish

Clear - White

HEIGHT AT THE COLLECTION

20 - 35 metres

40 metres

12 - 13 metres

TRUNK DIAMETER AT THE COLLECTION

50 - 200 cm

60 - 150 cm

28 - 30 cm

WOOD - YIELD PER HECTARE

500 - 600 m3/collection

600 - 700 m3/collection

100 m3/collection

BIOMASS - YIELD PER HECTARE

200 - 240 m3/collection

not available

68 m3/collection

CULTIVATION CYCLE

20 - 25 years

30 - 35 years

10 years

NUMBER OF COLLECTIONS AT CYCLE

1

1

3

HUMIDITY AT 30TH DAY

15%

15%

11-12%

MASS

450 Kg/m3

550 - 580 Kg/m3

260 - 400 Kg/m3

CONDUCTIVITY

0.12 W/mK

0.15 W/mK

0.07 W/mK

STEAM RESISTANCE

20 µ

25 µ

50 µ

COMPRESSION RESISTANCE

35 N/mm2

44 N/mm2

23.3 - 37.7 N/mm2

FLEXIBLE RESISTANCE

70 N/mm2

93 N/mm2

28.3 - 64.4 N/mm2

ELASTICITY MODULE

12000 N/mm2

13700 N/mm2

4800 - 7840 N/mm2

SELF-IGNITION TEMPERATURE

280°C

315°C

430°C

CALORIFYING POWER

0.65 Kcal/Kg

0.70 Kcal/Kg

0.70 Kcal/Kg

ASHES

0.40 %

1.90 %

1.29 %

800 a.C

BRANCH

PLANT TYPE

Paulownia in Italy

+

without knots By pruning the trunk from the branches before lignification it is possible to obtain a wood without knots for a height of at least 6 meters.

This allows to obtain a wood without defects upstream, without sorting and processing in the sawmill, considerably increasing the quantity and overall percentage of fine wood in the harvest.

for outdoor use Once dried, paulownia wood tends to keep its humidity percentage constant around 11%, a value that makes it unassailable by most of the typical pathogens of this material.

Empirical tests [mostly historical artifacts in Japan] demonstrate the extraordinary resistance to atmospheric agents.

+

RADICAL APPARATUS

low conductivity The paulownia wood has a particularly low conductivity, with average values equal to about half of those found in other woods typically used in construction such as pine and fir.

This performance would make it possible to significantly reduce thermal losses even with reduced building envelope thicknesses.

dimensional stability After harvesting, paulownia wood suffers in a very limited way from the phenomenon of wood shrinkage so that it can be almost neglected.

Once the sawn pieces are obtained, they are particularly stable dimensionally, undergoing negligible variations over time.

inter-row crop The taproot roots allow the inter-row cultivation of other crops, excluding the arboreal ones and the grasses, as their root system could present problems of removal.

lightness The paulownia wood is particularly light in all its species and its varietal clones.

This characteristic makes this wood the best in aeronautical applications, thanks above all to the remarkable relationship between lightness and resistance.

stabilizes land Extending in depth, the paulownia roots could consolidate the soils that are critical in the hydrogeological structure.

biomass The excellent calorific value of this plant makes it comparable to poplar, although it emits less ash and fine dust.

land remediation This plant is able to absorb large amounts of heavy metals from the soil and water contained in it, which nevertheless remain metabolized in the roots, not affecting the quality of the rest of the tree.

caratteristiche colturali +50°C

-20°C ideal temperature

roccia

2000 masl

900m /ha/y 3

water requirement

0 masl altitude

ok! argilla

land typology

6 mt

sixth of plant

Development of entrepreneurial realities for the development of the short industrial chain sources: CUINTE, Paulownia Sardegna, Junyi Wood Production Co. LTD, Promolegno, Paulownia Euro Italia Sherwood - Foreste ed Alberi Oggi, n°74 (1/02) di Giuliano Gridelli, Roberto Zanuttini e Michele Brunetti

ENERGY PERFORMANCE

2015

Diffusion of ornamental cultivars and domestic biomass

restrains PM10 The size of the foliage, covered with a resinous hair and the structural "umbrella" growth mode forms a natural protection for the soil from PM10.

- +

high thermal inertia An intrinsic characteristic of wood deriving from the molecular structure and low conductivity, a wall built with this wood is able to accumulate a large amount of heat before beginning to radiate it into the surrounding environment, making it ideal for creating a particularly useful thermal lag in the summer period.

2000

THE TRUNK

-

absorbs CO2 It is the best CO2 fixative plant: it absorbs 10 times more than any other plant.

This makes it particularly suitable for CO2 compensation projects

WOOD PERFORMANCES

1900

History of a non-endemic plant, native to China

forage The foliage of this plant is rich in nutrients and suitable for use as a forage crop and remedy against soil erosion caused by pastures for breeding

TECHNICAL DATA SHEET

THE FOLIAGE

IDEAL HABITAT [ITALY]

China, the world's largest producer and consumer

Import of ornamental cultivars

biomass The excellent calorific value of this plant makes it comparable to poplar, although it emits less ash and fine dust

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component

04

>>STATE OF THE ART State of the art and analysis of the potential of industrial products already present on the market

STRUCTURE

VERTICAL

BUILDING ENVELOPE

HORIZONTAL

VERTICAL

INTERNAL PARTITIONS

HORIZONTAL

VERTICAL

INNOVATIVE SYSTEMS

HORIZONTAL

Innovative Construction Systems not yet massively present on the market Name: Xylevo Origin: 2014, Italy Building Principle: Brick Function: Structure, Enclosure It is a modular construction system consisting of a brick in OSB wood with particular shapes that allow it to be assembled with the other bricks.

The wall built with this construction system is hollow inside and can be filled with insulating material by blowing [granulated brown cork].

The wall made with this construction system must be completed with insulation and protected with a coating.

Box Construction Systems

The load-bearing wall in these construction systems is made up of massive prefabricated panels, among the most important: - XLAM: Panels made of solid wood boards or overlapping lamellar and glued to crossed fibers.

- MHM: Panels made of solid wood boards or lamellar with grooved surface overlapping and joined by aluminum nails.

Box Construction Systems

The load-bearing wall in these construction systems is made up of massive prefabricated panels, among the most important: - XLAM: Panels made of solid wood boards or overlapping lamellar and glued to crossed fibers.

- MHM: Panels made of solid wood boards or lamellar with grooved surface overlapping and joined by aluminum nails.

Structural Performance, Monolithicity High Costs, Finishing Workings

Structural/thermoacoustic performance, monolithicity High Costs, Finishing Workings

Frame Constructive Systems

Warp Floor

Composed of vertical and horizontal linear elements to form a frame Consisting of horizontal linear elements that support a planking warp sometimes stiffened by bracing. orthogonally to them.

Reduced Costs, Availability of Construction Elements Finishing work

Reduced Costs, Availability of Construction Elements Finishing work

Solid Wood Wall

The thickness and monolithicity of the element guarantees excellent thermo-acoustic performance.

Particularly processed panels such as MHM which, following single-sided milling, achieve even greater performance.

Thermoacoustic performance, Monolithicity High Costs, Availability

Wall in Wood Panels

Plywood or OSB panels can cover framed structures.

Reduced costs Posing Speed

Solid Wood Slab

The thickness and monolithicity of the element guarantees excellent thermo-acoustic performance.

Particularly processed panels such as MHM which, following single-sided milling, achieve even greater performance.

Thermoacoustic performance, Monolithicity High Costs, Availability

Warp Floor

Solid Wood Partition

Solid Wood Slab

The thickness and monolithicity of the element guarantees excellent thermo-acoustic performance.

Particularly processed panels such as MHM which, following single-sided milling, achieve even greater performance.

The thickness and monolithicity of the element guarantees excellent thermo-acoustic performance.

Particularly processed panels such as MHM which, following single-sided milling, achieve even greater performance.

Thermoacoustic performance, Monolithicity High Costs, Availability, Plant Problems

Thermoacoustic performance, Monolithicity High Costs, Availability

Partition in Wood Panels

Warp Floor

Consisting of horizontal linear elements that support a warped plank orthogonally to them having the function of irrigation.

Plywood or OSB panels can cover framed structures.

Reduced Costs, Availability of Construction Elements Finishing work

Reduced costs Posing Speed

Consisting of horizontal linear elements that support a planking warp orthogonally to them.

Reduced Costs, Availability of Construction Elements Finishing work

Name: Incas93 Origin: 2011, Italy Construction Principle: Block Function: Structure, Enclosure Constructed from structural blocks stacked on top of each other to form the supporting wall of the building.

The building element consists of a block of laminated wood with an internal interspace into which a block of brown cork with an insulating function is inserted.

The lower and upper faces of the block are shaped to form male-female joints, ensuring perfect adherence during assembly and making the use of sealing tapes superfluous.

The thickness of the interspace and the characteristics of the cork make a wall made with this system with very high thermo-acoustic performance, without thermal bridges and breathable.

The wall made with this construction system is complete and should only be protected with a coating

Name: Steko Origin: 2010, Germany Building Principle: Brick Function: Structure, Wall It is a modular construction system consisting of a solid wood brick with particular shapes on the lower and upper faces that allow it to be assembled with the other bricks.

The wall made with this construction system must be completed with insulation and protected with a coating.

BlockHaus Construction Systems

Made up of overlapping horizontal linear wooden elements.

Reduced Costs, Monolithicity Plant engineering issues

Panel Slab

Plywood or OSB panels can cover framed structures for irrigation purposes.

Reduced Costs, Availability of Construction Elements Finishing work

BlockHaus Wall

Sandwich Panel Floor

Sandwich Panel Floor

Made up of overlapping linear elements. The resulting wall thickness and the roughness of the surfaces guarantee excellent thermo-acoustic performance.

Consisting of sandwich panels generally formed by a framework of linear structural elements in wood alternating with insulation and covered with protective panels in plywood or OSB type.

BlockHaus partition

Reduced Costs, Monolithicity Plant engineering issues

High Prefabrication Cost

Reduced Costs, Monolithicity Plant engineering issues

High Prefabrication Cost

Made up of overlapping linear elements. The resulting wall thickness and the roughness of the surfaces guarantee excellent thermo-acoustic performance.

Consisting of sandwich panels generally formed by a framework of linear structural elements in wood alternating with insulation and covered with protective panels in plywood or OSB type.

Name: Big Mat VASS Origin: 2012, United States Building Principle: Prefabricated Panel Function: Structure, Enclosure, Plant Engineering It is a construction system for roofs made up of highly prefabricated panels complete with structure, insulation, ventilated cavity and cladding.

There are predisposed for electrical installations that are already wired in the factory production phase.

The assembly takes place by joining the panels previously installed.

Name: Xpanel Origin: 2009, Italy Building Principle: Prefabricated Panel Function: Structure, Enclosure

Platform Frame Construction Systems

Wood and concrete floors

Reduced Costs, Speed and Simplicity of Laying Finishing work

Thickness Reduction, Plant Installations Laying Speed, Thermo-acoustic Comfort

Consisting of linear vertical and horizontal wooden elements arranged at Made up of horizontal linear elements stiffened by a concrete slab. reduced center distance and stiffened by braces or panels.

Beaded Wall

Made up of overlaid wooden beads in framed structures.

Aesthetic Impact Overall Cost, Posing Speed

Wood and concrete floor

Beaded Partition

Wood and concrete floor

Thickness Reduction, Plant Installations Laying Speed, Thermo-acoustic Comfort

Aesthetic Impact Overall Cost, Posing Speed

Thickness Reduction, Plant Installations Laying Speed, Thermo-acoustic Comfort

Made up of horizontal linear elements stiffened by a concrete slab.

Made up of overlaid wooden beads in framed structure.

Made up of horizontal linear elements stiffened by a concrete slab.

sources: Atlante del Legno [Herzog, Maurer, Volz] UTET 1998, www.coperlegno.it, www.clt.info, www.armalam.it, www.promolegno.com, www.berardengolegnami.it, www.xlam.it

It is a construction system for roofing consisting of prefabricated panels complete with structure, insulation, air gap, acoustic insulation and cladding.

The construction element is composed of laminated timber joists, transversely interspersed with insulation and an empty air space, finally closed by an OSB panel.

Below the panel is completed by a fireproof panel and spruce slats having a sound-absorbing function for cavity resonance.

The assembly takes place by joining the panels previously installed. sources: www.stratex.it, www.bigmat.it, www.steko.ch, www.incas93.it, www.nodtex.it

05

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component

>>BUILDING SYSTEM PE2014A000026 The PE2014A000026 Construction System: Concept, Objectives and Innovations

PATENT IN PROGRESS n° PE2014A000026 [Patent Pending]

Innovations

#06

#07

Structural behavior

#08

Thermoacoustic behavior

#09

Going Green

km Zero and Production

Regulatory context

Trasmittance value

Short Rotation Forestry [KUP]

The development of “zero km” production of paulownia wood would make an important resource accessible at reduced costs.

D.M. 14.01.2008 - Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni 2008

U= 0.19 W/m2K

Competent office Ministry of Economic Development - Patent and Trademark Office

A Really Massive System

Material Classification [NTC 2008]

Acoustic Performances

Filing date of the patent December 22, 2014

The thickness of the panel combined with the very low conductivity of the paulownia wood allow the achievement of excellent thermo-acoustic performance of the panel, so as not to need to make the insulation necessary.

Other products derived from wood for structural use

Acoustic Attenuation 41 dB

The rapid rotation plantations [KUP] represent a valid alternative to the woodland crops already present in Italy and could in the future become an important economic and environmental opportunity for the local productive tissues managing to start, starting from the woodland heritage, a series of production cycles virtuosos.

Structure Factor and Dissipative Capacity

Comparison with Traditional Systems

Recycling and Decommissioning of Components

The underlying graphic clearly indicates how much paulownia wood can be decisive in achieving high thermo-acoustic performance, obtained however by laying the only construction element without further insulation or finishing work.

To privilege "reversible" construction techniques means to aim at the complete recovery of the building which can be totally disassembled in order to recover the components for other urban interventions. The absence of adhesives in the components makes any waste-to-energy treatment more sustainable.

Title Modular Wood Construction System

qo=2.0 - Low Ductility Class

z

State Patent In Progress

360 mm

Publication Languages Italian, English

500 mm

Polystyrene

y

Summary

ADVANTAGES - Reduction of the workings of the construction process

sealing tape

Each connection of the construction system is composed of staggered joint profiles and shear joints such as self-tapping TPS screws and improved adhesion nails.

This makes the sealing tape typical of prefabricated panel building systems superfluous, in particular XLAM and MHM. Thanks to these design features, savings can be made in terms of construction site time and therefore labor.

Optimum air tightness thanks to staggered joints

glue

The solid wood boards that make up the building system panels are connected to each other by means of beech blocks previously dried and inserted at high pressure in undersized holes made in the boards.

Once the pieces have reabsorbed the surrounding humidity, they will dilate by fitting into the boards, becoming integral with them.

This system makes it possible not to use adhesives, making the envelope 100% breathable and hygroscopic, as well as perfectly suitable for waste-to-energy treatment.

Absence of adhesives thanks to the plug connections, therefore 100% breathability

insulation

The high thickness of the casing [360 mm] and the low conductivity of the paulownia wood allow obtaining high insolating performances [0.18 W / m2K].

This, at least in the climatic zones that characterize Italy, makes any type of insulation superfluous.

A further advantage resulting from the absence of insulation lies in the homogeneity of the casing: this avoids the risk of interstitial condensation, as there are no variations in density and permeability in the section.

Transmittance value U 0.18 W/m2K

counterwall technological

The particular shaping of the edges of the building system panels are designed to create a network of horizontal and vertical channels inside the enclosure, connected to each other, even on several levels, without interruption. This makes the counter-wall unnecessary for housing the pipes typical of framed and solid wood systems [above all XLAM and MHM].

The whole net has a constant square section both vertically and horizontally 120x120mm, a dimension that allows the passage of any pipe.

Absence of technological counter-wall thanks to the network of infra-wall channels

thermal bridges

The insulating material nature of the wood and the particular joints that make all the fibers of the casing are perpendicular to the thermal flow effectively cancel any thermal bridge in the casing.

Another fundamental aspect is the monomaterial nature of the construction system, whose walls, in solid wood, do not present differences in density and permeability, allowing the thermal flows to pass through the envelope in a homogeneous manner, avoiding the risk of partial wear of any external coatings .

Monolithicity and nature of wood lead to the absence of thermal bridges

vapor barrier

The generous thickness enhances the thermal and hygroscopic behavior of the wood so as to make the vapor barriers superfluous, usually installed in other homologous construction systems [XLAM, MHM] and not [framed structures] in order to avoid surface and interstitial condensation, depending on the presence in the outer layers of the section of less dense or less vapor permeable material.

Without the vapor barrier the building envelope gains in breathability and the internal environment is healthier, with considerable labor savings.

µ 50: The thickness of the panels and the nature of the wood prevent the risk of surface condensation

ecoforestry model

time

Comparison with Traditional Systems

Delivery Type Telematic Application Completely reversible modular construction system in wood, formed by boards in spruce or paulownia wood, overlaid and cross-fiber warp, whose main elements consist of two types of panel, one that acts as a vertical structural element, the another that acts as a horizontal structural element (floor).

A peculiar feature of this constructive system is the particular shaping of the edges of the panels which, after assembly, at the junctions, form internal and surface cavities having a homogeneous cross section both along the floors and along the vertical walls, so that the aforementioned channels are connected to each other both horizontally and vertically on multiple levels without interruption.

This feature allows both the assembly of the entire structure from the inside of the same (without the need for scaffolding and only through dry mechanical connections) and the possibility of passing pipelines of technological systems considerably simplifying the work for the installation of the same allowing however their modification or removal in the simplest and fastest way possible.

Should this not affect the structural response of the construction system, the panels and any other component of the system can be cut, re-shaped, milled in the surfaces directly in situ.

The thickness of the panels and the construction wood allow excellent thermo-acoustic as well as structural performance, without any additional intervention.

peak carbon carbon storage

Patent holder Desantis Pasquale Pio

x

Hollow bricks

Paulownia wood

Cavity Cavity

Suitability of Service Class

Plant Network The assembly of the construction elements creates along the joints a network of channels inside the casing formed by vertical channels passing internally to the wall elements and by horizontal pass-through channels both along the internal surfaces of the horizontal elements and along the wall-floor node, with section quadrangular continuous and connected to each other without interruption. This internal network of channels is particularly useful in the design and execution of plant engineering works which can thus be designed and arranged in a manner similar to the concept of plug n play, with a drastic reduction in the timing and production of demolition waste.

Class 1: Moisture of the material in equilibrium with the environment at 20 ° C with relative humidity of the air that does not exceed 65% if not a few weeks a year.

Class 2: Moisture of the material in equilibrium with the environment at 20 ° C with relative humidity of the air that does not exceed 85% if not a few weeks a year.

Drywall

The graphs below depict the Life Cycle Assessment of a type panel of the PE2014A000026 construction system compared to that of a traditional masonry, highlighting the environmental benefits that would derive from a conscious industrial production.

1000 kg CO2

2000

500 kg CO2

1500

0 kg CO2

-1272 kg CO2 eq.

1000

-500 kg CO2 500 -1000 kg CO2

-1272 kg CO2 eq.

-1500 kg CO2

-2000 kg CO2

Building System PE2014A000026

Traditional Wall

-2500 kg CO2

0

-500

-1000

Building System PE2014A000026

Traditional Wall

Seismic behavior

Thermoacoustic behavior

Ecocompatibility

The seismic behavior of a building made with this construction system is typical of a box structure, with floor diaphragms and walls connected by staggered joint joints and metal mechanical elements, where the walls have the task of absorbing vertical and horizontal stresses such as vertical loads, wind and seismic stresses.

The remarkable thickness of the panel allows obtaining high thermo-acoustic performance, so as to be sufficient for the achievement of any energy containment objective without the addition of any type of insulation. The massive nature of the system is particularly beneficial in the summer thanks to the thermal inertia of its components.

The entire production process is designed through a holistic approach aimed at inserting into existing production and environmental fabrics: starting from forestry, component manufacturing of this construction system is designed to trigger a series of good practices aimed at strengthening the symbiosis between economic and environmental sustenance.

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component

06

>>INNOVATION The Constructive System PE2014A000026: Description, Orthogonal Projections and Construction Details Scale 1:25, Example Structure Scale 1:50

TECHNOLOGICAL DETAILS SCALE 1:25 Slab-Slab on the Ground

EXEMPLARY STRUCTURE SCALE 1:50

B

Slab-Slab Node - G

CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS SCALE 1:25

3L

B B-L B-2L

Self-tapping screw 8x240/400 mm

A

A - Vertical joint

Self-tapping screw 8x50 mm x2/400

A A-L A-3L

Flat plate 120x120x5 mm/1200 mm Self-tapping screw 8x240/400 mm

LVL closure 480x120 mm

B - Connection with Vertical Channel

B

A

C - Vertical angular joint

Self-tapping screw 8x240 mm x2/400 mm

C

3L

Cutting for corner joint

Self-tapping screw 8x240/400 mm Self-tapping screw 8x360 mm x2/400

Vertical Panel B

D B B-L

3L

D - Last Slab Wall Knot

Self-tapping screw 8x180 mm x2/1200 Angular plate120x120x5 mm/1200 Self-tapping screw 8x240/400 mm

Self-tapping screw 8x360 mm x2/1200

A-2L

A

E

E - Wall-Slab Node

Angular plate120x120x5 mm/1200

Self-tapping screw 8x180 mm x2/1200

Self-tapping screw 8x320 mm x2/1200 Foundation wooden beam120x420 mm Angular plate 60x120x5/700 mm Metal pin connector ø8/400 Concrete Slab [sp. 200 mm]

F

F - Node Wall-Foundations

Flat plate 120x120x5 mm/1200

Self-tapping screw 8x50 mm x2/1200

Horizontal slots Section 120x120 mm

Lamellar wood foundation beam

Buttonholes and Technological Channels

Slab Panel

Foundation Plate in Reinforced Concrete

3L

Cutting for corner joint

Vertical Internal Channels, Section 120x120 mm

A

G

07

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component

>>ASSEMBLY AND STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR The PE2014A000026 Construction System: Assembly and Construction Simulation, Structural Verification of the Construction Element

Self-threaded screw 8x240 mm

connection beam in LVL

vertical panel

Self-threaded screw 8x50 mm

angular plate 120x120x5 mm

laminated in LVL

self-tapping screw 8x180 mm

angular plate 120x120x5 mm

horizontal panel

self-tapping screw 8x360 mm

angular plate 120x120x5 mm

horizontal panel

self-tapping screw 8x240 mm

LVL laminated

vertical panel

connection beam in LVL

LVL laminated

vertical panel

horizontal panel

REGULATORY CONTEXT

ASSEMBLY Wall-Slab Node

CARRIERS ELEMENTS Reference standard NTC DM 2008 - 4 Experimental Support Data UNI EN 338 CONNECTIONS Reference standard NTC DM 2008 - 4.4.9 Experimental Support Data UNI EN 1075:2002, UNI EN 1380:2001, UNI EN 1380:2001, UNI EN 26891:1991, UNI EN 28970:1991 SERVICE CLASS SUITABILITY Class 1: Moisture of the material in equilibrium with the environment at 20 ° C with relative humidity of the air that does not exceed 65% if not a few weeks a year.

Class 2: Moisture of the material in equilibrium with the environment at 20 ° C with relative humidity of the air that does not exceed 85% if not a few weeks a year.

Given the current absence in the regulatory field of Paulownia wood from the list of construction timber, the processing of the verifications was carried out by selecting among the classes present in the UNI EN 338 standard the performance similarly to the wood being studied, proceeding in the choice always by default, that is choosing between two values close to the one corresponding to the Paulownia wood, the lowest.

The Class of the suitable Material is C14 Material parameters for C14 [UNI EN 338]

Elemento Resistente 14,0 N/mm²

flexural strength

CANTIERIZZAZIONE Esempio di costruzione di un edificio su tre livelli

02

- construction of reinforced concrete curb - foundation excavation

- creation of reinforced concrete foundation plate - laying of foundation beams in laminated wood

03 - laying horizontal ground floor panels

04 - assembly of angular metal connections - foundation excavation

05 - installation of vertical ground floor panels - connection of vertical panels to the angular metal connections

9s

parallel traction resistance

8,0 N/mm²

Slat Layers

perpendicular tensile strength

0,4 N/mm²

Total thickness

360 mm

16,0 N/mm²

parallel compression resistance

01

40 mm

Slat Thickness

perpendicular compression resistance

2,0 N/mm²

cut strength

3,0 N/mm²

transverse shear strength

1,0 N/mm²

z

parallel modulus of elasticity

7.000,0 N/mm²

5% -fractile of the parallel modulus of elasticity

4.700,0 N/mm²

perpendicular modulus of elasticity

230,0 N/mm²

cutting module

440,0 N/mm²

cross cutting module

44,0 N/mm²

density

290,0 kg/m³

average density value

350,0 kg/m³

cut stiffness of the slab

5,0 N/mm²

torsional stiffness

2,5 N/mm²

y

x

Material Classification: Other products derived from wood for structural use Structure Factor and Dissipative Capacity: qo=2.0 - Low Ductility Class

Continuous Beam Verification - Summary qk g1,k g0,k

1,3 m

6,0 m

Loads

Flexion g0,k

Span

06

07

- plate assembly - nailing of LVL connection beams

- installation of ground floor vertical internal panels - assembly of metal connections

08 - laying horizontal Piano Primo panels

09 - installation of lamellar wood staircase - assembly of angular metal connections

10 - installation of vertical ground floor panels - assembly of metal connections

g1,k

Degree of exploitation

qk

1

1,4126 kN/m

1,8 kN/m²

2 kN/m²

2

1,4126 kN/m

1,8 kN/m²

2 kN/m²

kmod from x Combination basis

h [mm]

22,5 %

360 320 280

0,8

240

4,45 m

200 160

1,35*g0,k + 1,35*g1,k + 1,50*1,00*qk

120 80 40 -2,5

Contact Pressure

0

-1,25

0

1,25

2,5

0,05

0,075

0,1

[N/mm²]

Cut h [mm]

Degree of exploitation qk g1,k g0,k 0,00 kN 0,00 kN

19,26 kN 32,58 kN

11,98 kN 21,40 kN

kmod from x Combination basis

14,0 %

360 320 280

0,8

240

1,3 m

200 160

1,35*g0,k + 1,35*g1,k + 1,50*1,00*qk

120 80 40 0

0

0,025

[N/mm²]

Internal Tensions Check - Summary

Bending moment M d = 20,0 kN·m

h [mm] 360 320

Axial force N d = 0,0 kN

11

12

- installation of lamellar wood staircase - assembly of angular metal connections

- installation of third floor vertical panels - assembly of metal connections

LABOR

ASPECTS LINKED TO CONSTRUCTION CASE STUDY Independent building

Heightening

Shell Replacement

Building in Adherence

Addition

POSSIBILITY OF INTERVENTION

The simplicity of installation and assembly of the entire system is one of the keys to solving the problems, which are no longer negligible, of work in the construction sector.

Simple assemblies in fact allow the use of unskilled labor perhaps coming from other production chains, which can work in this sector only when necessary, when there is a real production requirement of the building sector, thus avoiding thirty-year cycles of expansion and collapse of the real estate sector.

280

buckling / Tensile bending

Cutting force V d = 15,0 kN

13

160 120 80 40 -2

Partial safety factor γM = 1,25 System coefficient kl = 1,1 The rapidity of installation and assembly of the whole system is a direct consequence of the constructive simplicity and of the prefabrication level reached in the design, which allows considerable savings on the costs of the mechanical means necessary for the assembly operations of the building and on the relative labor.

200

Correction coefficient kmod= 0,6

- laying horizontal roofing panels

SPEED

240

18,5 %

"NEARLY ZERO" WASTE

Trying not to produce waste is easier than looking for an ecological value.

The high level of prefabrication, the completely dry assembly and the presence of arrangements for housing the systems reduce the need for building demolition on the building site to a minimum, minimizing the production of demolition waste from problematic disposal and saving costs transfer to landfills, in recent years still on the rise.

0

1

2

[N/mm²]

h [mm] 360 320 280

Cut

11,7 %

240 200 160 120

REVERSIBILITY

The system, in all its phases, is completely reversible.

This allows the total recovery of all the constructive elements by opening interesting scenarios regarding the regeneration of entire urban fabrics, which in the future will be able to vary without waste production or large investments, responding to urban needs in an optimum manner, which change with ever increasing speed high.

0

-1

80 40 0

0

0,0125

0,025

0,0375

0,05

0,0625

[N/mm²]

Slab Check - Summary Cutting force per unit of length Correction coefficient Partial safety factor

nxy,d = 383,0 kN/m kmod = 0,6 γM = 1,25

Mechanism I - Cut

99,7 %

Mechanism II - Twist

79,8 %

Mechanism III - Cutting according to ETA-09/0036

99,7 %

Mechanism IV - Twisting according to ETA-08/0242

79,8 %

The verification is satisfied up to a maximum cutting force of 383 kN / m

Software used for verifying elements: CLT Designer [Università di Graz], Calcolo Automatico Travi in Legno [Alideo de Angelis]

08

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component

>>PRODUCTION CYCLE AND THERMO-ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE The PE2014A000026 Construction System: Thermoacoustic Performance, Production Cycle and Economic Computation of Costs

PRODUCTION CYCLE OF A PANEL 150x300x36 cm [LxWxD] CUTTING Decortication The logs, transported to the sawmill, are deprived of the bark where they undergo a first sanding.

Cut The rough-hewn logs are reduced to boards by saws and trimmers.

ECONOMIC COMPUTATION OF PANEL COSTS

ECONOMIC COMPUTATION OF A TYPICAL BUILDING

DEFINITION

ELECTRICITY COST

UNIT COST

QUANTITY

COST/piece

Paulownia saw wood

-

75.00 €/m3

2.44 m3

183.00 €

TYPE

Decortication, Cutting and Drying

0.20 €/kW

51 kW/m3

2.44 m3

24.88 €

HEIGHT

6 mt

LEVELS

2

drying The timber undergoes a drying process until it reaches a humidity between 10-12%.

SAWMILL

SIMULATION OF THERMO-ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE General Data

Wooden Building on Concrete Foundation Plate

Thickness 360 mm Surface Mass 144.00 kg / m2 Resistance 5.3129 m2K / W Trasmittance value 0.19 W/m2K

65.20 m2

SURFACE

A +++

PERFORMANCES

Dynamic Parameters

Attenuation factor 0.0022 Phase shift 8h 23 ’

Foundations Earth moving and waterproofing

TRANSPORT Transport The timber is transported to the carpentry by articulated lorries of 16 tons.

On average it can carry 40 m3 of wood.

Foundation plate Transport in carpentry

included

0.18 €/km

9.00 €

50 km*

Drainage Works Foundation beams in laminated wood

* The distance considered is based on the short chain hypothesis

44.00 €/m2

40 m2

1760.00 €

320.00 €/m3

8 m3

2560.00 €

-

-

550.00 €

700.00 €/m3

4.08 m3

2856.00 €

Acoustic Indices

Acoustic attenuation 41 dB

7726.00 € Performance Comparison Chart With the same thermo-acoustic performance, the paulownia wood panel is much lower in overall thickness and does not require insulation or other interventions that lead to an increase in the costs of both labor and materials.

WOOD SAW Planing The timber is planed to regulate its thickness.

Planing

0.20 €/kW

48 kW/m3

1.65 m3

15.84 €

Squaring

0.20 €/kW

52 kW/m3

1.65 m3

17.16 €

horizontal structures

Squaring The boards are cut and adjusted in length.

JOINT Pre-Drilling Ø5 holes are drilled on the boards.

Nailing Pegs in ø8 beech wood with 2% humidity at a pressure of 30 bar are inserted in the ø5 holes made in the plank. The difference in humidity will push the beech wood to absorb the surrounding humidity by swelling and consolidating the joint.

Internal horizontal lines

63.12 €/m2

93.66 m2

5911.82 €

Panels for External Boundaries [Overhang]

63.12 €/m2

13.6 m2

858.43 €

Panels for External Boundaries [Balcony]

63.12 €/m2

14.40 m2

908.93 €

Panels for Horizons [Balcony Roof]

63.12 €/m2

14.40 m2

908.93 €

360 mm

Polystyrene [thick. 160 mm] Laterizi Forati [200x250x130 mm]

Paulownia [slat thick. 40 mm]

8588.11 € Drilling

0.20 €/kW

48 kW/m3

0.008 m3

0.08 €

Beech wood dowels

incluso

0.04 €/m3

260 pz/pz

10.4 €

Inserting Tiles

0.20 €/kW

30 kW/m3

1.65 m3

9.90 €

Cavity [thick. 20 mm] Cavity[thick. 40 mm]

Horizontal Coatings Waterproofing Oak Wood Flooring

2.00 €/m2

57.20 m2

114.40 €

60.00 €/m2

57.20 m2

3432.00 €

Drywall [thick. 20 mm]

CARPENTRY

Summer Surface Temperature Calculation Simulation carried out by assuming a south-facing wall composed of a wooden panel without any finish located in the Municipality of L'Aquila [GG 2514, Zone E]

FINISH Calibration

0.20 €/kW

30 kW/m3

1.65 m3

9.90 €

Forming

0.20 €/kW

51 kW/m3

0.20 m3

2.04 €

Milling The edges of the panel are shaped by means of a CNC numerical control milling machine in order to obtain the profiles for the system channels [as per patent No. PE2014A000026].

Traditional Wall

Construction System PE2014A000026

3546.40 €

Calibration The panel is registered in the grader in order to obtain the flatness of the surfaces.

500 mm

Vertical Links Laminated Wood View Staircase

1440.00 €/m

3

0.78 m

3

40 °C

486 W/m2

Irradiance

1123.20€

Outdoor air temperature External surface temperature

35 °C

1123.20 €

Internal surface temperature 30 °C

25 °C

IN CANTIERE

20 °C

TRANSPORT

-

-

284 €/panel Fixtures and Doors Wood Window [Triple Glass, Low-E] 240x120 cm

1200 €/pz

4 pz

4800.00 €

24:00

23:00

22:00

21:00

20:00

19:00

18:00

17:00

16:00

15:00

14:00

13:00

12:00

11:00

Internal Pressure

1000 Pa

transport

sawmill operations

External Pressure Internal Saturation Pressure

panel assembly

Comparison of Costs with Traditional Construction Systems equal performance hypothesis

panel finishing material 64.5%

transport to the construction site 50

100

592.95 €/m

2

150

200

cost of production processes and percentage of overall cost sources: Enel SpA, PMI dell’Autotrasporto, PMI nel campo della Falegnameria, Prezziario Regione Abruzzo

1500 €/m

2

costs of a building made with

costs of a building made with

Construction System PE2014A000026

TRADITIONAL Constructive System

August

July

June

May

April

March

February

January

September

38660.20 €

TOTAL

December

processing 31.5%

preparation of sawn timber

November

500 Pa October

BUILDING SITE

1500 Pa

material

0

sources: Sondaggi Telefonici, PMI nel campo della Falegnameria, www.segheriaaltotenna.com, www.segheriacanepuccia.com

2000 Pa

4800.00 €

transport to carpentry

Connection Assembly of the panels through metal connections such as plates, TPS self-tapping screws and nails.

10:00

2500 Pa

Cut Any openings or other processes can be carried out by hand circular saw.

Handling Using heavy lifting equipment such as cranes, stabilized crane trucks, internal hydraulic bridges or by means of lift trucks.

9:00

Verification of Surface Condensation Simulation carried out assuming a wall exposed to the North composed of the wooden panel without any finishing.

FINISH

ASSEMBLY

8:00

12876.50 €

* The distance considered is based on the hypothesis of use of the panels in the urban agglomeration

TOTAL

Milling Possible arrangements [installation changes in the first place] can be carried out by hand cutter in situ.

7:00

204 m2 12876.50 €

6:00

63.12 €/m2

5:00

Vertical Closure Panels

1.80 €

10 km*

4:00

0.18 €/km

3:00

included

2:00

15 °C

Transport on the construction site

1:00

Transport Transport to the construction site can be carried out either by 16-ton articulated lorries or by 3.5-ton trucks, both with a tarpaulin and a folding tailgate.

The type of transport is directly dependent on the size of the construction element decided by the designer.

Vertical Closures

Verification of Interstitial Condensation Simulation carried out by hypothesizing a wall exposed to the north of a high concentration of vapor located in the Municipality of L'Aquila [GG 2514, Zone E] in the critical period [January] 2500 Pa 2000 Pa

Saturation pressure Interface pressure

1500 Pa 1000 Pa 500 Pa

sources: Prezziario Regione Abruzzo, Prezziario Regione Puglia, Prezziario Regione Toscana, Desantis Nicola & C. S.a.s, Pail Serramenti S.r.l., Oknoplast, www.hekos.com,

software used for simulation: Ecotect Analysis, PAN2

09

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component

>>LIFE CYCLE The PE2014A000026 Construction System: Life Cycle Impact and CO2 Equivalent Balance

Parameters for Life Cycle Assessment

CO2 eq. Processing

150 mm

+90.00 Kg CO

Decortication, Cutting and Drying

Recycling 100km

Process 2

CO2 eq. Fixed by the Material -2444.00 Kg CO

Wood sawing

eq.

Forest 50km Building site 10km

2

Paulownia Wood

eq.

300 mm

The logs are collected and delivered to the sawmill where they are reduced to boards

2.44 m3 1km = 3.45 kg CO2 Example panel

Working range

1kWh = 0.73 kg CO2

1kg 3.92 kg CO2

Energy

Transport

+21.04 Kg CO

Sawmill-joinery transport 50 km

Metal Connections

2

eq.

480.00 Kg CO

Wood saw KUP Rapid Rotation Plantations carbon storage

peak carbon

ecoforestry model

60% Reuse in Other Productive Cycles

eq.

+310.00 Kg CO

The timber is delivered to the joinery ready for processing for the panel production

The rapid rotation plantations [KUP] represent a valid alternative to the woodland crops already present in Italy [fir, pine, beech] and could in the future become an important economic and environmental opportunity for local productive tissues, managing to trigger off the heritage woodland, a series of virtuous production cycles.

2

2

40% Use in Biomass = 88 Kcal = 0.10 kW

eq.

1.65 m3

time

Forests can be considered real carbon sinks as the carbon dioxide absorbed by the foliage is broken down by returning oxygen to the atmosphere and storing the carbon in the plant.

The use of fast-growing tree crops mixed with the care of existing woods can increase the amount of stored carbon and therefore not released into the atmosphere.

From here it is easy to deduce that managed forests cannot reduce pollution, but can mitigate it.

Planing of the boards

+57.82 Kg CO

2

eq.

Squaring of the boards

+62.64 Kg CO

2

eq.

+0.30 Kg CO

2

eq.

Inserting dowels in beech wood

+36.15 Kg CO

2

eq.

Panel calibration

+36.15 Kg CO

2

eq.

Panel drilling

The Energy Problem Today energy is the voice of greater consistency in the vast majority of production processes.

The environmental impact that energy expenditure may imply is directly related to multiple factors, one of which is the type of energy source.

The reality of Abruzzo, in some ways better but substantially in line with the national energy landscape, presents a heterogeneous package but composed largely of non-renewable sources [over 54%] and imported, of which it is problematic to establish their nature [13%].

This means that even an energetically ecological form such as electricity loses its environmental compatibility, as it is produced through fossil fuel power plants [above all diesel] that act as enormous generators.

Panel shaping

+7.50 Kg CO

2

eq.

Joinery-yard transport 10 km

+2.50 Kg CO

2

eq.

+18.25 Kg CO

2

eq.

2 pre-punched metal plates 120x120x5 mm

+4.32 Kg CO

2

eq.

18 self-tapping TPS screws 8x180 mm

+2.20 Kg CO

2

eq.

9 self-threading TPS screws 5x50 mm

+0.50 Kg CO

2

eq.

Crane use of 25 kW for 10 minutes

Significantly increasing the percentage of renewable energy is therefore the only way for electricity to truly become an environmentally friendly form of energy. This would also have a positive impact on the price per kW that could, in the summer season, combine zero cost with zero impact.

In conclusion, drawing on renewable energy sources taken near the air used is the best way to reduce the environmental impact of energy in the production process.

-200 Kg CO

Building Component The timber, once the finishing processes are completed, is assembled to form the 150x300x36 cm panel

2

eq.

Beech wood plugs

+200 Kg CO

eq.

Biomass processing waste

2

1.45 m3

Assembly The panels are transported in situ where they can be assembled to form the building

1.45 m3

4self-threading screws 8x320 mm

+0.80 Kg CO

2

eq.

Crane use of 25 kW for 10 minutes

+18.25 Kg CO

2

eq.

Divestment

Recycling

metal carpentry

Transport site-landfill 100 km

+25.10 Kg CO

2

eq.

Decommissioning of the entire system by dismantling, recovering the metal parts and re-using the panels for a new building or thermovalorizing them

Recycling

1 panel 150x300x36 cm

Recycling and Decommissioning of Components The construction technique, completely removable, allows the complete dismantling of the building recovering all its elements.

The metal connections can be completely recovered and reused or recycled through a new fusion.

The wooden panel can be easily disassembledfrom artifact to end of life and reused in new construction sites as it is or after preparatory work.

Waste to Energy

Thanks to the mass of the building component it would also be possible, where necessary, to obtain wood to be introduced into new production cycles.

In this way the panel or its derivatives would continue to act as carbon sinks.

Another possible process would be to prepare for the waste-to-energy process, even if in this case all the carbon stored in the wood would return to the atmosphere.

“Carbon tank”

Energy

1.45 m3 of Paulownia wood = 406 Kcal = 0.47 kW

1.45 m3

Electricity and Heat

Comparison Life Cycle Assessment kg CO2

kg CO2

kg CO2

1000

857.37

300

1200

1130

1000

800

-500

600

-1272 kg CO2 eq.

0

-1000

-1500

-2000

400

Construction System PE2014A000026

48.64 [14%]

2.40 0

Traditional Wall [Performance Parity Hypothesis]

500

500

0

0

585.45 28.57

0

43.35

-500

-500

-1000

-1000

-1500

-1500

150

50

-200

857.37

200

200 0

kg CO2 1000

200

100

2130 -2500

290.91 [83.7%]

250

+1127.6 kg CO2 eq.

500

kg CO2 1000

-2000

7.82 [2.3%] Energy

Transport

Typological Distribution

Connections

-2000

2130

2224

-2500

-2500

Balance kg CO TOTAL 2

-1272 kg CO2 eq.

Production

Partial Budget

Assembling

Divestment

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component

10

>>CASE STUDY The ATER district of Preturo [AQ]: Proposal for urban regeneration with the PE2014A000026 building system

Municipality of L'Aquila

Selective Demolition

area of intervention Preturo population 797 people altitude 685 masl

Double Flap Roof Vertical Elements

Benefits in Structural Services The cladding of the entire pre-existing reinforced concrete frame by means of these wooden panels stiffens the structural links avoiding phenomena of plasticization of the nodes as occurred following the seismic event.

In this case, therefore, the panel acts as a bracing for the reinforced concrete frame.

TREATMENT OF THE BUILDING ENCLOSURE ISSUES

STRATEGIES

SOLUTION

North facade

Poor Sunshine

Energy containment

Greater Thermal Dispersion

Increase in Thermal Inertia

Vegetable Wall on Opaque, Dark Sliding Wooden Surfaces on Transparent Surfaces

Summer Sunlight

Energy containment

East facade

Increase in Thermal Inertia

Horizontal Partition Elements

Flat roof covering Vertical Closing Elements

Vegetable Wall on Opaque, Dark Sliding Wooden Surfaces on Transparent Surfaces

Active Systems: - Biomass Woodsogassifier with 500 kW thermal capacity - Solar Collectors for DHW Passive Systems: - Green roof - Greenhouse on the Roof SUMMER COOLING

West facade

Consolidation

WINTER HEATING

LOCATION

Vertical Connection Structures

framing

ENERGY AND MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES

Benefits in Thermo-acoustic Performance The cladding of the existing structure with these wooden panels to replace the earthquake-damaged casing brings significant advantages in the thermo-acoustic performance of the entire building.

These benefits are due to the considerable thickness of the panel and the low conductivity of paulownia wood.

Summer Sunlight

Energy containment Increase in Thermal Inertia

South facade

Summer overheating

Avoid Summer Sunlight

Winter sunshine

Encourage Winter Sunshine

Vegetable Wall on Opaque, Dark Sliding Wooden Surfaces on Transparent Surfaces Solar Control Facade with Microfolded Fixed Panels on Opaque Surfaces and Micro-Perforated Tilt Panels on Transparent Surfaces

Passive Systems: - Natural ventilation - Solar Control Facade - Fireplace effect

WATER MANAGEMENT Phytodepuration plant for 400 eq.people

Vertical Connection Structures Roof

Greater Thermal Dispersion Summer overheating

The complex is located north of the town of Preturo, part of the Municipality of L'Aquila, along State Road 80.

Built between 1985 and 1989, this district is composed of six linear buildings arranged in a south-east open court, with a reinforced concrete frame structure and a double sloping roof.

Horizontal Partition Elements

Increase in Thermal Inertia Heat Tank

Green roof Continuous ETFE coverage with greenhouses located in proximity to the Scala rooms

services and infraProject Proposal

Airport - 0.5 km

Railway Station / Bus Terminal - 2.2 km

A24 Meal - 0.4 km

SS80 Hospital - 4.5 km

Industrial Area - 5.1 km

wood biomass pyrogasifier

L'Aquila Old Town - 8.1 km

50

46%

80

40

40

60

30

30

40

20

10

bioclimatic greenhouse

14%

8%

material ETFE panels, steel frame

technological box

+25000 €/y

25-60 years

18-25 years

+60 years

Income

15000-25000 €/y

Age

6-18 years

0 0-6 years

foreigners

italians

0

Citizenship

17% 13%

4%

6% 0

20 11%

10

type sub-horizontal flow capacity 386 equivalent inhabitants surface 1600 m2 essence Phragmites Australis, Typha

5000-15000 €/y

20

21% 17%

phytodepuration plant

48%

-5000 €/y

94%

users

50

no income

100

type of pirogasifier Syngas feed from wood chips installed power 499 kWe thermal, 90 kWe electric

source 1 solar thermal collector source 2 condensing boiler other purpose maintenance needs

the earthquake of April 6, 2009

PV

SEISMIC CLASSIFICATION

type polycrystalline installed power 950 kWh

B - TEMPORARILY INAGIBLE BUILDING Partially unusable, it can become viable through emergency operations.

E - INAGIBILE BUILDING Structural, non-structural damage and geotechnical phenomena.

It can become viable through a recovery project by a specialized technician.

permeable surface

Damage phenomenology - Mechanism of weak plan and expulsion of the cover due to insufficiency in the reinforcement of the pillars.

- Passing lesions to infills, typical of brittle fracture elements, due to the frame-masonry iteration.

expulsion of the concrete cover

crushing of the wall face

overturning out of plan

-91%

ZERO

BIO MASS

ZERO

water supply

electricity requirement

heating

cooling

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component

11

>>CASE STUDY The ATER district of Preturo [AQ]: Proposal for urban regeneration with the PE2014A000026 building system

ACTIVE SYSTEMS: WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

ENERGY REQUIREMENT SOUTH BUILDING [analysis performed with Ecodesigner of ArchiCad16]

PASSIVE SYSTEMS: SOLAR CONTROL [analysis performed with Ecotect Analysis]

Key values ESTIMATED WATER REQUIREMENT

WATER QUALITY / YEAR

Municipality of L'Aquila [ISTAT survey] - Maximum requirement detected: 73.5 m3/people year - Minimum requirement found: 55.6 m3/people year

Drink, Cook [2%, 1.42 m3] Crockery [4%, 2.84 m3] Irrigation [4%, 2.84 m3]

RESULT WATER LOAD [normal use] Average value ∙ 1.10 [coefficient. peaks] = 71 m3/people year

Other [7%, 4.97 m3]

71.00 m3/people

Users: 386 people Water Load Utilities: 27406 m3/people year Total:

Bath / Shower [35%, 24.85 m3] WC [30%, 21.30 m3] Personal hygiene [6%, 4.26 m ] 3

27406.00 m3/year

Laundry [12%, 8.52 m3] Utilities suitable for restoration with phyto-purified waters

98%

General Data Position: Primary operation profile: Date:

Reside... (80%) 03/27/2016 14.00

Geometrical data Gross surface: Surface of the casing: Ventilated volume: Glazed surfaces:

2.887.22 2.464.69 6.901.43 18

m² m² m³ %

Building envelope performance Air leak: External heat capacity

1.00 -

1/hour J/m²K

Exchange coefficients Average of the building envelope: Levels: External: Underground: Openings:

Valore U 0.67 0.18 - 0.18 0.18 - 0.70 0.18 - 0.18 1.02 - 2.71

[W/m²K]

Specific annual requests Net thermal energy: Net cooling energy: Total energy:

0.22 37.54 37.76

kWh/m²y kWh/m²y kWh/m²y

82.83 9.96 21.48 0.84 0.12

kWh/m²y

Energy consuption: Fuel consuption: Primary energy:

WORKING SCHEME

Costs: CO2 Emission:

Aqueduct

WC

Energy Type

Name

Grease trap

Imhoff Tank

phytoremediation

Bath / Shower

Biogas production

Secondary

Heating Nearby buildings

Irrigation

6

Water aquifer Rain recovery

kWh/y

EUR/y

4:00 PM

EUR/m²y

10:00 AM

12:00 PM

2:00 PM

4:00 PM

10:00 AM

12:00 PM

2:00 PM

4:00 PM

March 15

kg/m²y

kg/y

2057 66

0 0 293 0

2124

293*

Cost 3

CO2 emission

July 15 6

3

43

[%]

[%]

[%]

97

100

94 45

SIZE OF WASTE PURIFICATION Equivalent population: 400 people

Phytopurification basin

97

100 * This amount of CO2 is absorbed in one year by 11 pines

1 GREASE TRAP - Volume: 12000 lt [for 200 people eq.]

2 Gatherers needed

Type of Sub-horizontal Flow System [...] In systems with sub-horizontal flow the flow of water remains constantly below the surface of the substrate and flows horizontally thanks to a slight slope of the bottom of the bed (not exceeding 1%) obtained with a layer of sand below the waterproofing layer. "[Wikipedia]

1/2

Energy

3 PHYTO-DEPURATOR BASIN

Name

Design Surface: 1600 m2

Heating Cooling Hot water Ventilation Lighting

Total

RECOVERED WATER LOAD

PHYTO-DURABLE VOLUME

Quantity 4

4 Imhoff tanks required

1

2

3

Energy consuption [intended use]

2 IMHOFF TANK - Digester volume: 7500 lt [for 75 people eq.]

- Sedimentary volume: 3000 lt [for 75 people eq.]

Phyto-purifying plants: Phragmites Australis, Typha - Surface required: 4 m2/person - Minimum surface required: 1544 m2

CO2

Quantity

Cost

Primary

Emission

kWh/y

EUR/y

kWh/y

kg/y

[%]

51

547 94548 104637 0 8857

95 0 1984 0 44

657 0 26870 0 26573

13 0 280 0 0

208591

2124

54101

293

45

PASSIVE SYSTEMS: FUNCTIONING DIAGRAM Cost

2 5

[%]

Water intake Aqueduct [9%]

Evapotranspiration: 10% in July and August RECOVERED WATER VOLUME Water load + Rain water 27406.00 + 1120 = 28226.00 m3/year Total water load - Evapotranspiration 28226.00 - 460 = 27766.00 m3/year Phyto-purified volume x Correction coefficient 27766.00 x 0.9 = 24989.40 m3/year Aqua needed from the Public Network 27766.00 - 24989.40 = 2776.60 m3/year

Energy Phyto-purifier water supply [91%] The phytodepuration plant allows the coverage of most of the water requirements, reducing the withdrawal from the network by 91.2%.

Name

capturing heat: ETFE roof

Quantity

Solar collector Environment Wood [kWh]

93

100%

CO2 emission 5

100% 95%

0

25000

50000

75000

capturing heat: ETFE greenhouse

94548 [%]

WATER SAVING 91%

inertia and isolation: green roof

95 shading and isolation: dark wooden daytime summer / winter night position

ACTIVE SYSTEMS: ENERGY AND BIOMASS AGRICULTURE IN ABRUZZO The crop distribution in Abruzzo and in the L’Aquila area allows identifying the areas that are most critical and to which it is traditionally attributed less relevance, which can constitute the Paulownia reservoir without substantially changing the identity and landscape of the territory, operating choices that bring real advantages to the agricultural and industrial sector, thinking of all the possible implications, integrating and linking itself together with the territory, without this constituting an environmental and social danger.

2:00 PM

kWh/m²y

NA

208591

Quantity 6

Other

Cost

88954 94548 11757 13330

Totale:

Crockery

Quantity

Solar collector Environment Wood Electricity

Renewable

12:00 PM

CO2 emission

Laundry

Personal hygiene

10:00 AM

kWh/m²y

Energy consumption [sources]

Drinking, Cooking

Meteoric waters

January 15

solar control: winter position

PREDIMENSIONING HEAT REQUIREMENT 44018 Ha 12,8% 2900 Ha 0,84% 280 Ha 0,08%

arable

275 Ha 0,08%

149865 Ha 44%

wood forestry

unused agricultural area

10841 Ha 3,2%

other surface

Typological distribution of crops in the Province of L'Aquila [Source: Coldiretti] Biomass possibility deriving from forest maintenance and forestry Possibility Biomass from Paulownia culture

chimney effect: stairwell

Choice Generating Unit 499 kW thermal pirogasifier, 90 kW electric

family gardens

wood 17634 Ha 5%

Volume Profit x specific heat requirement 24191.10 m3 x 0.02 = 483.82 kW

woody agricultural crops

permanent meadows and pastures

inertia and isolation: green wall

Supply Silo typology

118241 Ha 34%

wood chip syngas Rectangular, Basement, Capacity 180 m3

Pyrogasifier requirements [full capacity] 5000 tons / year of biomass at 20% humidity Real ATER district requirement 8.57 ton / year x building = 51.43 ton / year average paulownia yield in biomass = 18ton / Ha x year 8.82 tons / year of woody biomass = 2.83 Ha of Paulownia

pyrogasification District requirement 100% absorbed by paulownia biomass

Pyogassifier side feed WOOD MAINTENANCE BIOGAS FROM PHYTOREMEDIATION PLANT

shading and isolation: dark wooden daytime winter position surface necessary to the needs of the neighborhood land suitable for cultivation within 2 km

WOODEN BIOMASS RETURN

solar control: summer position

100% of the biomass needed for the district's needs can be recovered within a radius of 250 m by growing Paulownia to obtain biomass from uncultivated or abandoned land. The rest of the energy production can be used to reduce the dependence on fossil sources in the rest of the urbanized area, fed by the planting of paulownia, wood maintenance and the biogas produced by the phyto-purification plant.

“albedo effect” reduction: garden inertia: garden

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component

>>CASE STUDY

movable sunshade panels

ETFE greenhouse

The ATER district of Preturo [AQ]: Proposal for urban regeneration with the PE2014A000026 building system PV panel

SOUTH BUILDING

TABELLA DI CONFRONTO PRE/POST INTERVENTO

SERVICES AND COLLECTIVE EQUIPMENT

PRE-REDESIGN

POST-REDESIGN

Apartments

72

82

Settable inhabitants

192

386

SOCIOLOGY COMPLEMENTARY: Thinking about housing units in order to stimulate the heterogeneous and transversal coexistence of any class or type of tenants.

80 270

80 270

plant box

Type A

common laundry

sunshade panels 80 270

storage area

GREENHOUSE ROOF PLAN SCALA 1:200

1400 m2

2685 m2

102 m2

POST-REDESIGN

420 m2 [-70%]

3706 m2 [+28%]

979 m2 [+960%]

PRIVATE PARKING: Using the example of the Bedzed project in Sutton, London the use of private cars is reduced by 70%, consequently the superficial quota destined to private parking is considerably reduced thanks to the intermodal use of alternative means to private transport such as cars sharing, bike sharing and public transport.

In conclusion, this surface can be reduced by 70%.

BIKE SHARING: Collective rooms on the ground floor are used for the storage and management of bicycles that can be used for individual mobility.

PHYSICAL AND ENERGETIC FACTORS

COLLECTIVE LAUNDRY: The presence of common rooms used as laundry influences positively both energy saving [as there are fewer machines but larger ones] and space available to tenants in their housing units.

NATURAL LIGHTING: The overall width of the transparent surfaces and the correct relationship between this and the volume of the rooms reduces daytime lighting requirements.

NATURAL VENTILATION: The orientation of the openings and the layout of the rooms is fundamental for summer cooling.

NEIGHBORHOOD SERVICES COWORKING HUB: Environments used for collective work offer workstations suitable for professional activities or start-ups in an embryonic stage that cannot sustain the logistic costs deriving from entrepreneurial activity.

COLLECTIVE STUDY: Environments used for the collective study in order to give the possibility to youth groups to interface with each other in the learning process.

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

Type A Gross surface area 81.00 m2 Probable combinations

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

3°

IRONMONGERY: The building hosting the only activity in the neighborhood is demolished and the activity transferred to the ground floor of the building facing the highway.

Service Laundry Net Surface 14.00 m2 Probable users

Service Bike Sharing Net Surface 14.00 m2 Probable users

Overall Units 10 Full capacity 60 persone

Overall Units 12 Full capacity 72 persone

A

A

L

L

80 270

PRE-REDESIGN

EQUIPMENT WAREHOUSE: Some rooms on the top floors are used as a warehouse for garden equipment to allow tenants simple maintenance of green roofs.

2° 80 270

PERMEABLE SURFACE

SYMBIOSIS: The heterogeneous cohabitation of tenants stimulates the emergence of symbiotic relationships that determine the formation of atypical family units aimed at mutual benefit.

1°

80 270

COLLECTIVE SERVICES

PRIVATE PARKING

COLLECTIVE EQUIPMENT

APARTMENTS PROJECT PARADIGM

80 270

12

serbatoio di accumulo ACS

serbatoio di accumulo ACS

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

Type B

coworking space

common laundry

common laundry

common laundry

SECOND FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:200

80 270

Overall Units 12 Maximum Capacity 48 inquilini Aeroilluminant ratio 1/6.80

80 270

80 270

80 270

Type B Gross surface area 106.00 m2 Probable combinations

80 270

Service Coworking space Net Surface 45.00 m2 Probable users

1°

2°

80 270

L

80 270

80 270

3°

80 270

A

A

A

A

A

A

L

L

80 270

L

80 270

L

L

80 270

Overall Units 6 Full capacity 72 persone

caldaia ausiliaria

caldaia ausiliaria

Overall Units 41 Maximum Capacity 164 inquilini Aeroilluminant ratio 1/6.70

Type C

bike sharing

coworking hub

bike sharing

FIRST FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:200

Type C Gross surface area 116.00 m2 Probable combinations 80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

1°

2° 3° 80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

80 270

4°

A

GROUNDFLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:200

caldaia ausiliaria

B

caldaia ausiliaria

Service Coworking Hub Net Surface 215.00 m2 Probable users

Overall Units 29 Maximum Capacity 174 inquilini Aeroilluminant ratio 1/5.85

Overall Units 1 Full capacity 20 persone

13

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component

A

B

>>CASE STUDY The ATER district of Preturo [AQ]: Proposal for urban regeneration with the PE2014A000026 building system

SOUTH BUILDING

polycrystalline photovoltaic panel

25°

E

65°

sunshade in laminated pine wood

green wall

balancing sun blinds in winter position

A

B

F

integrated solar collector for water heating

D

rain water drainage

C

Section A | Scale 1:50

Section B | Scale 1:50

01

01

01 02

02

01

03 04 10

03

04

02 01

02

05

06

05

04

07

09

02

10

03

02

03

06 05

05

01

08

03 07

11

03 04

08 06

04

08

04

11

05 08 05

12

07

12

09

06

06 13

13 07

A 01 - frame: low-emission double glass [4/8/4 mm] 02 - frame: wooden frame 03 - frame: tubular frame with rectangular PVC section [section 80x60 mm] 04 - structure, intervention: panel in paulownia wood [sp. 360 mm] 05 - systems: baseboard heating 06 - floor slab: leveling screed in lightened concrete [sp. 100 mm] 07 - structure, existing: reinforced concrete beam [section 250x400 mm] 08 - facade: swinging shutters in micro-perforated sheet

B 01 - structure, intervention: panel in paulownia wood boards [sp. 240 mm] 02 - systems: baseboard heating 03 - floor slab: leveling screed 04 - structure, intervention: paulownia wood plank floor [sp. 360 mm] 05 - implants: high density EPS insulation [sp. 280 mm] 06 - floor slab: leveling screed in lightened concrete [sp. 100 mm] 07 - structure, existing: reinforced concrete beam [section 600x250 mm]

C 01 - frame: low-emission double glass [4/8/4 mm] 02 - frame: wooden frame 03 - frame: tubular frame with rectangular PVC section [section 80x60 mm] 04 - flooring: engineered parquet [sp. 10 mm] 05 - systems: floor heating 06 - insulation in EPS panels [sp. 150 mm] 07 - structure, existing: concrete and masonry floor cast in place [sp. 200 mm] 08 - existing structure: reinforced concrete foundation beam 09 - structure, intervention: steel T profile [255x450x20 mm] 10 - external: "double T" steel beam 11 - structure, intervention: panel in paulownia wood boards [sp. 360 mm] 12 - drainage: drainage gravel [sizes 20-80 mm] 13 - drainage: reinforced concrete drainage channel

D 01 - floor: anhydrite-based self-leveling screed [sp. 60 mm] 02 - attic: waterproofing in PVC sheath [sp. 2 mm] 03 - floor slab: insulation in EPS panels [sp. 150 mm] 04 - structure, existing: concrete and masonry floor cast in place [sp. 200 mm] 05 - systems: floor heating

E 01 - green roof: plant essence [sedum acre, sedum telephium] 02 - green roof: substrate [sp. 250 mm] 03 - green roof: geotextile 04 - green roof: drainage gravel [10-50 mm pieces] 05 - green roof: waterproofing in PVC sheath [sp. 2 mm] 06 - structure, intervention: in paulownia wood panels bolted to the floor in c.a.

07 - structure, existing: concrete and masonry floor cast in place [sp. 200 mm] 08 - green roof: plastic drainage module

07

F 01 - systems: baseboard heating 02 - dark: laminated pine panel [sp. 40 mm] 03 - dark: steel track and anti-friction bearings 04 - vegetable wall: "double T" steel beam 05 - vegetal wall: geotextile 06 - vegetable wall: substrate containment module 07 - vegetable wall: drip irrigation pipe Ф 15 mm 08 - implants: high density EPS insulation [sp. 60 mm] 09 - floor slab: leveling screed in lightened concrete [sp. 100 mm] 10 - structure, intervention: steel corner profile [255x255x20 mm] 11 - structure, existing: reinforced concrete beam [section 250x400 mm] 12 - vegetal wall: cavity for ventilation 13 - structure, intervention: panel in paulownia wood [sp. 360 mm]

UNIVERSITY “G.D’ANNUNZIO” - CHIETI PESCARA - MASTER’S DEGREE IN BUILDING ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Thesis supervisor: Prof. Archt. Maria Cristina Forlani - Correlators: Archt. PhD Luciana Mastrolonardo, Prof. Eng. Alberto Viskovic

LOCAL PRODUCTION AND URBAN REGENERATION: Experimentation of a wooden building component

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>>CONCLUSIONS Conclusions on the Construction System Design and its Applications

GENERAL CONSIDERATION

IL COMPONENTE EDILIZIO

In a context of urban regeneration of the existing heritage, the use of a wooden building component was experimented hypothesizing its local production and the repercussions on the territory involved.

Patent

W/m2y 360 mm

On the basis of the studies carried out, the choice of producing Paulownia wood on the territory could actually bring advantages to the local environmental systems as the production needs would collimate with the pursuit of landscape enhancement.

500 mm

0.19 W/m2K

trasmittance value

8 h 23’

thermal lag

41 dB

acoustic attenuation

short rotation forestry

Traditional Wall

Building System PE2014A000026

8m

PAULOWNIA: less than 11 Ton CO2/Ha less PM10/PM6 less Hg/Pb/Cd

GROWING

10° year

7° year

4° year

1° year

6m

LCA kg CO2

1130

material wood energy biomass

kg CO2

857.37

6 cm

30 cm

0

0

30 cm

-1272 kg CO2 eq.

30 cm

LIFE CYCLE The equivalent CO2 balance shows how sustainable the building component is compared to traditional productions.

Two factors predominantly affect the result: the raw material chosen and the concept of the set chain.

The wood used in the production processes fixes a large quantity of carbon removing it from the atmosphere, while the setting of the short chain in a radius of 50 km drastically reduces the pollution deriving from transport.

+1127.6 kg CO2 eq.

12 m

THERMO-ACOUSTIC The results and the stratigraphy of the building component show excellent thermo-acoustic performance, mainly due to three factors: - low material conductivity - thickness of the element - mass of the element These factors in fact make the workings typically required in high performance index walls [insulation, vapor barrier, etc.] superfluous.

The comparison with a wall made with traditional technologies highlights the greater amount of work and the overall thickness of the latter.

2130

2.40 Traditional Building [with same perfomance]

LCA of Building System PE2014A000026

The cultivation of Paulownia in poor quality soils could trigger multiple collateral supply chains not directly related to building such as forage for the breeding or production of honey.

€€€

transport 4%

-60% processing 31.5%

284 € 592.95 €/m2

Ecocompatibility High performance Low cost

case study

costs of a building made with Building System PE2014A000026 materials 64.5%

1500 €/m2

costs of a building made with TRADITIONAL tecnique with the same performance

Costo dell’Elemento Tipo

model of intervention on the existing

CO2 emission

21.48 kW/m2y

100% from woody biomass

primary energy consumption Building System PE2014A000026

180.00 kW/m2a

180

kW/m2y

primary energy consumption EXISTING buildings

21

13330 kWh/y

100711 kWh/y

0 kWh/y

primary energy

electricity

heating

cooling

293

kg/y

kW/m2y

Water supply of the aqueduct [9%]

intervention: technological core Phyto-purifier water supply [91%]

-91% The production cycle of the Paulownia wooden building component was found to be sustainable as: - The nature of the raw material has resulted in a passive CO2 balance [-1272 kg CO2eq.]

- The short chain has drastically reduced the consumption of fossil sources necessary in transport.

intervention: building envelope replacement

In the redevelopment of existing structures, the Construction System PE2014A000026 has proved able to adapt to the existing building heritage and its problems without losing the performance characteristics of the system. existing structure: reinforced concrete frame

It is therefore possible to upgrade existing structures to an optimal performance level, like a new generation building.

The phytodepuration plant allows the coverage of most of the water requirements, reducing the withdrawal from the network by 91.2%.

RECOVERED WATER LOAD

11 pine trees

Water volume recovered

24989.40 m3 Water volume from the aqueduct

2776.60 m3

skin redevelopment

skin redevelopment

core

core

intervention model performance index casing

+468%

COSTS The computations of the construction costs of a building with this construction system show a cost reduction of 60%.

The keystone of this result lies in the drastic reduction of work in progress: in fact, compared to a higher cost in the initial phase of raw production [63.10 € / m2] it becomes far more convenient in the finishing phase.

The high installation costs of the insulation and the vapor barrier are reduced thanks to the high thermal and acoustic performance of the component, which makes any other type of intervention superfluous.

ENERGY The energy performances of the existing buildings redeveloped with this construction system show an optimal wrapping performance, where to the insulating power is added an excellent thermal inertia added to the complete wall perspiration, so much the demand is so small as to be able to hypothesize an under-sizing of the plants with respect to the standards.

WATER The results of a correct sizing of a phytodepuration plant highlight the sustainability of this choice.

The plant is able to cover most of the water needs of buildings, making it therefore a valid solution for water treatment in medium and small urban agglomerations.

RETRAINING From the project it is possible to understand the potential of the construction system even in redevelopment operations.

The system was in fact tested both as a casing and as a prevailing thermo-regulating function, and as a "core" hosting the serving spaces of the rooms that were able to find in the underground channels great functional simplicity.