CRECOS Bonjour 12-11-2010-for diffusion

CRECOS 2010 From the architecture of modular products to the organization of development systems

Eric BONJOUR Associate Professor University of Franche-ComtĂŠ - France

November, 12th , 2010 Aalto University, Helsinki

FEMTO-ST / Department AS2M

Helsinki Context Issues Focus Further work

Besancon Lyon

E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

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Outline Context Issues Focus

1. Research context: architectural design 2. Research issues and related contributions

Further work

3. Focus on a method to propagate product architecture decisions onto the project organization 4. Further research

E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

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Increasing complexity of products Context Issues Focus Further work

from a functional viewpoint (requirements for high performance, mass customization ‌) difficult to properly specify system requirements from a physical viewpoint (number of components and interactions) difficult to integrate the system from a behavioral viewpoint (number of operating modes and states) difficult to predict the system behavior and to validate it

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Increasing complexity of development systems functional viewpoint

Context

performance of projects (Quality, Cost, Delay) concurrent processes Specification

Issues Focus

Architecture Detailed design

physical viewpoint

Further work

change of organizations, job positions ‌ persons involved in projects (102 or 3) skills (102 or 3) ‌ collaboration and coordination efforts

Source : UTBM

Needs for methods to help managers to structure product development organizations E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

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Architectural design Two complementary approaches Context Issues Focus Further work

1- According to [Pimmler and Eppinger, 1994], Description of elements that build the system and the interactions that link them.

Aim: handle complexity by decomposing the system into inter-related "modules": functional view: [Stone et al., 2000]; physical view: [Kusiak, 1996; Whitfield, 2002; Yassine, 2007; etc.]

E3

E2 E2 E1

S

E4 E4

E5

E1 E2 E3 E4 E5

E1 E2 0 9 0 9 6 0 0 0

E3 E4 E5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 9

DSM (Design Structure Matrix) [Warfield 1973]

dependency strength or coupling intensity E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

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Architectural design Modules and integrative elements Context

A

Issues Focus

B

A M1

Further work

B

D

X

G

H

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

G

X

X X

X

X

clustering algorithm

X

F

I

I X

H IE

F

X

E M2

E

X

X

C D

C

X

X

X

X

A module is “a unit whose structural elements are all An integrative element is interacting with powerfully connected among themselves and the modules without belonging to in a module relatively weakly connected to elements other [Browning, 2001]. units” units” [Baldwin and Clark, 2000] 7 / 28

E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

Architectural design Context Issues Focus Further work

2- Mapping of one view onto another [Ulrich 1995] : functional layout, mapping of functional elements onto physical elements, specification of the interfaces between physical elements:

F1 F2

F4

F5 F6

F3

Functional view

mapping

Physical view

C1

C4

F2 6 0 0 0 0

F3 0 9 6 0 0

F4 0 0 0 9 0

F5 0 0 0 0 9

F6 0 0 9 3 0

DMM, Domain Mapping Matrix

C3

C2

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

F1 9 0 0 0 0

C5

[Danilovic et Browning, 2004]) Contribution levels of C2 and C3 to the fulfilment of F3

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A key job position: system architect define (ou adapt) architectures and interfaces, Context Issues Focus Further work

define the project organization (project breakdown into tasks and teams, competency management), the aim: efficient development projects guarantee that the system be properly integrated, study operating / dysfunctioning modes and states of the system

General issue : develop models, methods and tools to support these technical and organizational activities and their inter-relationships.

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Outline Context Issues Focus

1. Research context: architectural design 2. Research issues and related contributions

Further work

3. Focus on a method to propagate product architecture decisions onto the project organization 4. Further research

E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

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Research issue: how to handle the global complexity (at least) 3 themes T1: system-product architecture: "optimize" / Context

justify the mapping of functional sets onto physical sets (selection among different alternatives),

Issues Focus Further work

Alternative 1 F1

Functional view

F4

F2

F3

Alternative 2 F5

F1

F6

F2

Functions

F6

F3

Functions

mapping C3

C2 C1

Physical view

F5

F4

C3

C2

C4

C1

C5

C4

C5

Components

Components

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E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

Research issue: how to handle the global complexity (at least) 3 themes T1: system-product architecture Context Issues

T2: development system architecture: "optimize" / justify the assignment of development tasks to actors,

Focus Further work Alternative 2

Alternative 1 T4

T1

Functional view

T2

T5

T2

T5

T6

T7

T3

Process

mapping

A3

A2 A1

Actors

T4

T1

T7

T3

Process

Physical view

T6

A4

A3

A2 A1

A5

A4

A5

Actors E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

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Research issue: how to handle the global complexity (at least) 3 themes T1: system-product architecture: Context

T2: development system architecture:

Issues

T3: mapping / coupling of different project domains

Focus

Since 2007, growing interest (Eppinger, Sosa, Browning, Danilovic, Lindemann, Aldanondo,…)

Further work

development system

system-product F1

Functional view

F4

F2

F3

F5

T1

F6

T2

T6

T7

T3

C1

A1

C4

C5

A3

A2

coupling

C3

C2

Physical view

T5

Processes

Functions

mapping

T4

A4

A5

Actors

Components

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E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

Related contributions T3: mapping / coupling between different domains (1) E. Bonjour, S. Deniaud, M. Dulmet, G. Harmel, "A fuzzy method for propagating functional architecture constraints to physical architecture", Transactions of ASME, Journal of Mechanical Design , Vol. 131, N° 6, June, 2009 (2) E. Bonjour, M. Dulmet, S. Deniaud, JP. Micaëlli, "Propagating product architecture decisions onto the project organization: a comparison between two methods", International Journal of Design Engineering, Vol. 2, N° 4, 2009, pp.451–471

Context Issues Focus Further work

Alternative 1 system-product

Alternative 2system development

Alternative 2

Alternative 1

Functional view

F1F1 T1 F2F2 F3F3 T2 T3

F4F4 T4

F5F5 T5 F6F6 T7

Fonctions Processus Functions

(1)

MM D dF2 F3 F1

T6

T1

anT2 M DSProcessus Fonctions

mapping

Physical view

C2C2 A2 C1C1 A1

Components Composants Acteurs

C4C4 A4

C5C5 A5

A1 C1 A1

(2) Composants Actors Acteurs

T6

T5 F6 T7

T3

A2 C2 A2

coupling

C3C3 A3

F5

F4 T4

A3 C3 A3

A4 C4 A4

E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

A5 C5 A5

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Related contributions T3: coupling between different domains (3) JP. Micaëlli, E. Bonjour, "Are Skill Design Structure Matrices New Tools for Automotive Design Managers?", In "Trends and Developments in Automotive Engineering", INTECH, 10p., to appear in 2011.

(4) O. Hlaoittinun, E. Bonjour, M. Dulmet, "Managing the competencies of team members in design projects through multi-period task assignment", In IFIP AICT 336, Springer, pp.

338-345, 2010.

Context Issues Focus Further work

development system T4

T1 T2

ll S ki

D SM

Processes

T6

T7

T3

(4) task assignment

A1

M DM

A3

A2

(3)

how to structure design skill networks

T5

A4

A5

Actors

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E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

Related contributions T3: coupling between different domains (5) E. Bonjour, JP Micaëlli, " Design Core Competence Diagnosis: A Case from the Automotive Industry ", IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management , Vol. 57, N° 2, pp. 323 – 337, May 2010

Context Issues Focus

Design core competence: structure and evaluation

Further work

Alternative 1 system-product

Alternative 2system development

Alternative 2

Alternative 1

Functional view

F1F1 T1 F2F2 F3F3 T2 T3

F4F4 T4

F5F5 T5 F6F6 T7

Fonctions Processus Functions mapping

Processes Fonctions Processus

coupling C2C2 A2

Physical view

T4 F4 T5 F5 T6 T1 F1 T6 T4 T5 T1 F2 F6 F3 T7 T2 T3 T7 T2 T3

T6

C1C1 A1

Components Composants Acteurs

A2 C2 A2

C3C3 A3

C4C4 A4

C5C5 A5

Actors

A1 C1 A1

A3 C3 A3

A4 C4 A4

A5 C5 A5

Composants Acteurs E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

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Outline Context Issues Focus

1. Research context: architectural design 2. Research issues and related contributions

Further work

3. Focus on a method to propagate product architecture decisions onto the project organization 4. Further research

E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

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A method to propagate product architecture decisions onto the project organization Context Issues Focus Further work

Purpose: help system architects to predict potential interactions between designers that are likely to ensure efficient system integration since they are identified by propagating architecture decisions. build teams and minimize the coordination efforts (few interactions between teams).

Modeling choice: Matrix-based models to represent the mapping between two domains (DMM) and the coupling within a domain (DSM)

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Structure capture the Component DSM (C DSM) (coupling between Ci et Cj) document the Components vs Organization DMM (C-O DMM) (Designer Du 's contribution to the design of the component Ci or Cj). propagate the product architecture choices through the C-O DMM in order to generate the Organization DSM (O DSM) definition of propagation rules identify satisfactory organization structure by applying a clustering algorithm, interpret the result and if necessary, iterate …

Context Issues Focus Further work

Given: C DSM

Du

Ci

Cj

Dv

C1 … C i … C j … C n C 10 1 …

10 X Ci 10 …

10 Cj 10 …

10 Cn 10

Propagate: O DSM

?

Given: C-O DMM D1 … Du C1 …

Ci …

Cj …

Cn D1 …

Du …

Dv …

Dm

… D

v

… Dm

X X

D1 … D u

… D v … Dm

?

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E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

Axioms

Context Issues Focus Further work

If Ci and Cj interact, and if (Ci, Du) are linked and (Cj, Dv) are linked Du and Dv interact.

The intensity of the coupling between Du and Dv is related to both the coupling value between (Ci, Cj) and the mapping values: DMM(Ci, Du) and DMM(Cj, Dv). each C is coupled to itself with an intensity of maximum value, 10.

Given: C DSM Given: C-O DMM C1 … C i … C j … C n 10 …

10 X Ci 10 …

10 Cj 10 …

10 Cn 10 C

1

Propagate: O DSM

D1 … Du C1 …

Ci …

Cj …

Cn D1 …

Du …

Dv …

Dm

… D

v

… Dm

X X

D1 … D u

E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

… D v … Dm

?

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Issues

3

for each C, generate one O DSM with fuzzy treatment

aggregate the Nc O DSM and filter

O DSM

C-O DMM C DSM

Context

2

Proposed method

Focus Further work

Input variables: Ci-Cj ; Ci-Du ; Cj-Dv Fuzzy rules

Output variables Du-Dv

1. if (Ci-Cj is LOW) and (C i-Du is not NU LL) and (Cj-Dv is not NULL) the n (Du -Dv is WEAK) (1) 2. if (Ci-Cj is MEDI UM) and (Ci-Du is LOW) and (C j-Dv is not NULL) the n (Du -Dv is WEAK) (1) 3. if (Ci-Cj is MEDI UM) and (Ci-Du is not NULL ) and (C j-Dv i s LOW ) then (Du -Dv is WEAK) (1) 4. if (Ci-Cj is MEDI UM) and (Ci-Du is MEDI UM) and (Cj-Dv is MEDI UM) the n (Du -Dv is AV ERAGE) (1) 5. if (Ci-Cj is MEDI UM) and (Ci-Du is HIGH) and (Cj-Dv is MEDIUM) then (Du -Dv is STRONG ) (1) 6. if (Ci-Cj is MEDI UM) and (Ci-Du is MEDI UM) and (Cj-Dv is HIGH) then (Du -Dv is ST RONG) (1) 7. if (Ci-Cj is MEDI UM) and (Ci-Du is HIGH) and (Cj-Dv is HIGH) then (Du -Dv is ST RONG) (1) 8. if (Ci-Cj is HIGH) and (Ci-Du is LOW) and (Cj-Dv is LOW) then (Du -Dv is WEAK) (1) 9. if (Ci-Cj is HIGH) and (Ci-Du is LOW) and (Cj-Dv is MEDIUM) the n (Du -Dv is AV ERAGE) (1) 10. if (C i-Cj is HIGH) and (C i-Du is MEDI UM) and (Cj-Dv is LOW) then (Du -Dv is AV ERAGE) (1) 11. if (C i-Cj is HIGH) and (C i-Du is MEDI UM) and (Cj-Dv is MEDIUM) then (Du -Dv is STRONG) (1) 12. if (C i-Cj is HIGH) and (C i-Du is HIGH ) and (Cj-Dv is HIGH) then (Du -Dv is STRONG ) (1) 13. if (C i-Du is NULL) the n (Du -Dv is NU LL) (1) 14. if (C j-Dv is NULL) the n (Du -Dv is NU LL) (1) Bonjour - CRECOS 21 / 15. if (C i-Cj is NU LL) thenE. (Du -Dv is NULL) (1) - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010 16. if (C i-Cj is HIGH) and (C i-Du is LOW) and (Cj-Dv is HIGH) then (Du -Dv is AV ERAGE) (1)

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Example concerning a robotized gearbox design project

Context Issues Focus Further work

Capture the Component DSM (C DSM) (coupling between Ci et Cj) after clustering, gearbox architecture Component DSM Internal shift control Synchronizer Actuator Clutch Clutch internal control Differential Internal mechanical parts Housing box

ISC (C1) SYN (C2) ACT (C3) CLU (C4) CIC (C5) DIF (C6) IMP (C7) HBX (C8)

ISC 10 9 9

SYN 9 10

ACT 9

CLU

CIC

10 9

9 9 10

DIF

HBX 6

6 10 9

6

6 6 10 6 6

6

6

IMP

6

6

6 10 6

6 6 6 10

Document the Components vs Organization DMM (C-O DMM) Designers – Components Shifting function architect Internal shift control development leader Synchronizer development leader Actuator development leader Coupling function architect Clutch development leader Clutch internal development leader Power transmission function architect Differential development leader Internal mechanical parts development leader "Strength flow" function architect Housing box development leader

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12

C1 6 9 3 3

C2 6 3 9

C3 9 3

C5 3

C6

C7

C8 3 3

3 9 6

3

3

C4

6 3

6 9 3

6 9 3 9 3

3

E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

3 3 3 3 9 9 3 6 6

6 3 9 3 3

9 9

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Example concerning a robotized gearbox design project

Context Issues

propagate the product architecture choices through the C-O DMM in order to generate the Organization DSM (O DSM) identify satisfactory organization structure by applying a clustering algorithm, interpret the result

Focus

New DSM Matrix; 27-Jun-2008 11:44:31; Total Cost: 38389.0624 E1em ent

Further work

0

Power transmission function architect Differential development leader Internal mechanical parts development leader architect Strength function leader Housing box development leader Actuator development Coupling box development Clutch development leader Clutch internal development leader Shifting function architect Internal shift control development leader Synchronizer development leader

0

8

9

10

11

12

4

5

6

7

1

2

3

8 9 10 11 12 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 0

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Synthesis

Context Issues Focus Further work

This propagation method is based on the following assumption: product architectures "mirror" design organization structures (MacCormack et al., 2008; ‌).

It provides a recommended organization architecture.

It can help managers to steer their attention to interactions that require special attention to limit the risks of poor coordination and system integration.

Limit it is not possible to constrain the product architecture by means of organizational choices (Ex. choice of a supplier for designing a specific module) E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

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0

Outline Context Issues Focus

1. Research context: architectural design 2. Research issues and related contributions

Further work

3. Focus on a method to propagate product architecture decisions onto the project organization 4. Further research

E. Bonjour - CRECOS - Helsinki - 11-12 November, 2010

Context Issues

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A propagation method should be few sensitive to estimation errors but sensitive to major changes of values (i.e. architecture changes).

Focus Further work

test the method when the goal is to propagate architecture changes study the interest for the combination of matrix-based models and constraint satisfaction problems to handle the bidirectional propagation

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Thanks for your attention.

Context

Questions?

Issues Focus Further work

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